#

# DO NOT ALTER OR REMOVE COPYRIGHT NOTICES OR THIS FILE HEADER.

#

# This code is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it

# under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 2 only, as

# published by the Free Software Foundation.  Oracle designates this

# particular file as subject to the "Classpath" exception as provided

# by Oracle in the LICENSE file that accompanied this code.

#

# This code is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT

# ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or

# FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU General Public License

# version 2 for more details (a copy is included in the LICENSE file that

# accompanied this code).

#

# You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License version

# 2 along with this work; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation,

# Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA.

#

# Please contact Oracle, 500 Oracle Parkway, Redwood Shores, CA 94065 USA

# or visit www.oracle.com if you need additional information or have any

# questions.

#

# tzdb data for South America and environs

# This file is in the public domain, so clarified as of

# 2009-05-17 by Arthur David Olson.

# This file is by no means authoritative; if you think you know better,

# go ahead and edit the file (and please send any changes to

# tz@iana.org for general use in the future).  For more, please see

# the file CONTRIBUTING in the tz distribution.

# From Paul Eggert (2016-12-05):

#

# Unless otherwise specified, the source for data through 1990 is:

# Thomas G. Shanks and Rique Pottenger, The International Atlas (6th edition),

# San Diego: ACS Publications, Inc. (2003).

# Unfortunately this book contains many errors and cites no sources.

#

# Many years ago Gwillim Law wrote that a good source

# for time zone data was the International Air Transport

# Association's Standard Schedules Information Manual (IATA SSIM),

# published semiannually.  Law sent in several helpful summaries

# of the IATA's data after 1990.  Except where otherwise noted,

# IATA SSIM is the source for entries after 1990.

#

# For data circa 1899, a common source is:

# Milne J. Civil time. Geogr J. 1899 Feb;13(2):173-94.

# https://www.jstor.org/stable/1774359

#

# These tables use numeric abbreviations like -03 and -0330 for

# integer hour and minute UT offsets.  Although earlier editions used

# alphabetic time zone abbreviations, these abbreviations were

# invented and did not reflect common practice.

###############################################################################

###############################################################################

# Argentina

# From Bob Devine (1988-01-28):

# Argentina: first Sunday in October to first Sunday in April since 1976.

# Double Summer time from 1969 to 1974.  Switches at midnight.

# From U. S. Naval Observatory (1988-01-19):

# ARGENTINA           3 H BEHIND   UTC

# From Hernan G. Otero (1995-06-26):

# I am sending modifications to the Argentine time zone table...

# AR was chosen because they are the ISO letters that represent Argentina.

# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S

Rule	Arg	1930	only	-	Dec	 1	0:00	1:00	-

Rule	Arg	1931	only	-	Apr	 1	0:00	0	-

Rule	Arg	1931	only	-	Oct	15	0:00	1:00	-

Rule	Arg	1932	1940	-	Mar	 1	0:00	0	-

Rule	Arg	1932	1939	-	Nov	 1	0:00	1:00	-

Rule	Arg	1940	only	-	Jul	 1	0:00	1:00	-

Rule	Arg	1941	only	-	Jun	15	0:00	0	-

Rule	Arg	1941	only	-	Oct	15	0:00	1:00	-

Rule	Arg	1943	only	-	Aug	 1	0:00	0	-

Rule	Arg	1943	only	-	Oct	15	0:00	1:00	-

Rule	Arg	1946	only	-	Mar	 1	0:00	0	-

Rule	Arg	1946	only	-	Oct	 1	0:00	1:00	-

Rule	Arg	1963	only	-	Oct	 1	0:00	0	-

Rule	Arg	1963	only	-	Dec	15	0:00	1:00	-

Rule	Arg	1964	1966	-	Mar	 1	0:00	0	-

Rule	Arg	1964	1966	-	Oct	15	0:00	1:00	-

Rule	Arg	1967	only	-	Apr	 2	0:00	0	-

Rule	Arg	1967	1968	-	Oct	Sun>=1	0:00	1:00	-

Rule	Arg	1968	1969	-	Apr	Sun>=1	0:00	0	-

Rule	Arg	1974	only	-	Jan	23	0:00	1:00	-

Rule	Arg	1974	only	-	May	 1	0:00	0	-

Rule	Arg	1988	only	-	Dec	 1	0:00	1:00	-

#

# From Hernan G. Otero (1995-06-26):

# These corrections were contributed by InterSoft Argentina S.A.,

# obtaining the data from the:

# Talleres de Hidrografía Naval Argentina

# (Argentine Naval Hydrography Institute)

Rule	Arg	1989	1993	-	Mar	Sun>=1	0:00	0	-

Rule	Arg	1989	1992	-	Oct	Sun>=15	0:00	1:00	-

#

# From Hernan G. Otero (1995-06-26):

# From this moment on, the law that mandated the daylight saving

# time corrections was derogated and no more modifications

# to the time zones (for daylight saving) are now made.

#

# From Rives McDow (2000-01-10):

# On October 3, 1999, 0:00 local, Argentina implemented daylight savings time,

# which did not result in the switch of a time zone, as they stayed 9 hours

# from the International Date Line.

Rule	Arg	1999	only	-	Oct	Sun>=1	0:00	1:00	-

# From Paul Eggert (2007-12-28):

# DST was set to expire on March 5, not March 3, but since it was converted

# to standard time on March 3 it's more convenient for us to pretend that

# it ended on March 3.

Rule	Arg	2000	only	-	Mar	3	0:00	0	-

#

# From Peter Gradelski via Steffen Thorsen (2000-03-01):

# We just checked with our São Paulo office and they say the government of

# Argentina decided not to become one of the countries that go on or off DST.

# So Buenos Aires should be -3 hours from GMT at all times.

#

# From Fabián L. Arce Jofré (2000-04-04):

# The law that claimed DST for Argentina was derogated by President Fernando

# de la Rúa on March 2, 2000, because it would make people spend more energy

# in the winter time, rather than less.  The change took effect on March 3.

#

# From Mariano Absatz (2001-06-06):

# one of the major newspapers here in Argentina said that the 1999

# Timezone Law (which never was effectively applied) will (would?) be

# in effect.... The article is at

# http://ar.clarin.com/diario/2001-06-06/e-01701.htm

# ... The Law itself is "Ley No. 25155", sanctioned on 1999-08-25, enacted

# 1999-09-17, and published 1999-09-21.  The official publication is at:

# http://www.boletin.jus.gov.ar/BON/Primera/1999/09-Septiembre/21/PDF/BO21-09-99LEG.PDF

# Regretfully, you have to subscribe (and pay) for the on-line version....

#

# (2001-06-12):

# the timezone for Argentina will not change next Sunday.

# Apparently it will do so on Sunday 24th....

# http://ar.clarin.com/diario/2001-06-12/s-03501.htm

#

# (2001-06-25):

# Last Friday (yes, the last working day before the date of the change), the

# Senate annulled the 1999 law that introduced the changes later postponed.

# http://www.clarin.com.ar/diario/2001-06-22/s-03601.htm

# It remains the vote of the Deputies..., but it will be the same....

# This kind of things had always been done this way in Argentina.

# We are still -03:00 all year round in all of the country.

#

# From Steffen Thorsen (2007-12-21):

# A user (Leonardo Chaim) reported that Argentina will adopt DST....

# all of the country (all Zone-entries) are affected.  News reports like

# http://www.lanacion.com.ar/opinion/nota.asp?nota_id=973037 indicate

# that Argentina will use DST next year as well, from October to

# March, although exact rules are not given.

#

# From Jesper Nørgaard Welen (2007-12-26)

# The last hurdle of Argentina DST is over, the proposal was approved in

# the lower chamber too (Diputados) with a vote 192 for and 2 against.

# By the way thanks to Mariano Absatz and Daniel Mario Vega for the link to

# the original scanned proposal, where the dates and the zero hours are

# clear and unambiguous...This is the article about final approval:

# http://www.lanacion.com.ar/politica/nota.asp?nota_id=973996

#

# From Paul Eggert (2007-12-22):

# For dates after mid-2008, the following rules are my guesses and

# are quite possibly wrong, but are more likely than no DST at all.

# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2008-09-05):

# As per message from Carlos Alberto Fonseca Arauz (Nicaragua),

# Argentina will start DST on Sunday October 19, 2008.

#

# http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_argentina03.html

# http://www.impulsobaires.com.ar/nota.php?id=57832 (in spanish)

# From Juan Manuel Docile in https://bugs.gentoo.org/240339 (2008-10-07)

# via Rodrigo Severo:

# Argentinian law No. 25.155 is no longer valid.

# http://www.infoleg.gov.ar/infolegInternet/anexos/60000-64999/60036/norma.htm

# The new one is law No. 26.350

# http://www.infoleg.gov.ar/infolegInternet/anexos/135000-139999/136191/norma.htm

# So there is no summer time in Argentina for now.

# From Mariano Absatz (2008-10-20):

# Decree 1693/2008 applies Law 26.350 for the summer 2008/2009 establishing DST

# in Argentina from 2008-10-19 until 2009-03-15.

# http://www.boletinoficial.gov.ar/Bora.Portal/CustomControls/PdfContent.aspx?fp=16102008&pi=3&pf=4&s=0&sec=01

#

# Decree 1705/2008 excepting 12 Provinces from applying DST in the summer

# 2008/2009: Catamarca, La Rioja, Mendoza, Salta, San Juan, San Luis, La

# Pampa, Neuquén, Rio Negro, Chubut, Santa Cruz and Tierra del Fuego

# http://www.boletinoficial.gov.ar/Bora.Portal/CustomControls/PdfContent.aspx?fp=17102008&pi=1&pf=1&s=0&sec=01

#

# Press release 235 dated Saturday October 18th, from the Government of the

# Province of Jujuy saying it will not apply DST either (even when it was not

# included in Decree 1705/2008).

# http://www.jujuy.gov.ar/index2/partes_prensa/18_10_08/235-181008.doc

# From fullinet (2009-10-18):

# As announced in

# http://www.argentina.gob.ar/argentina/portal/paginas.dhtml?pagina=356

# (an official .gob.ar) under title: "Sin Cambio de Hora"

# (English: "No hour change").

#

# "Por el momento, el Gobierno Nacional resolvió no modificar la hora

# oficial, decisión que estaba en estudio para su implementación el

# domingo 18 de octubre. Desde el Ministerio de Planificación se anunció

# que la Argentina hoy, en estas condiciones meteorológicas, no necesita

# la modificación del huso horario, ya que 2009 nos encuentra con

# crecimiento en la producción y distribución energética."

Rule	Arg	2007	only	-	Dec	30	0:00	1:00	-

Rule	Arg	2008	2009	-	Mar	Sun>=15	0:00	0	-

Rule	Arg	2008	only	-	Oct	Sun>=15	0:00	1:00	-

# From Mariano Absatz (2004-05-21):

# Today it was officially published that the Province of Mendoza is changing

# its timezone this winter... starting tomorrow night....

# http://www.gobernac.mendoza.gov.ar/boletin/pdf/20040521-27158-normas.pdf

# From Paul Eggert (2004-05-24):

# It's Law No. 7,210.  This change is due to a public power emergency, so for

# now we'll assume it's for this year only.

#

# From Paul Eggert (2018-01-31):

# Hora de verano para la República Argentina

# http://buenasiembra.com.ar/esoterismo/astrologia/hora-de-verano-de-la-republica-argentina-27.html

# says that standard time in Argentina from 1894-10-31

# to 1920-05-01 was -4:16:48.25.  Go with this more-precise value

# over Shanks & Pottenger.  It is upward compatible with Milne, who

# says Córdoba time was -4:16:48.2.

#

# From Mariano Absatz (2004-06-05):

# These media articles from a major newspaper mostly cover the current state:

# http://www.lanacion.com.ar/04/05/27/de_604825.asp

# http://www.lanacion.com.ar/04/05/28/de_605203.asp

#

# The following eight (8) provinces pulled clocks back to UTC-04:00 at

# midnight Monday May 31st. (that is, the night between 05/31 and 06/01).

# Apparently, all nine provinces would go back to UTC-03:00 at the same

# time in October 17th.

#

# Catamarca, Chubut, La Rioja, San Juan, San Luis, Santa Cruz,

# Tierra del Fuego, Tucumán.

#

# From Mariano Absatz (2004-06-14):

# ... this weekend, the Province of Tucumán decided it'd go back to UTC-03:00

# yesterday midnight (that is, at 24:00 Saturday 12th), since the people's

# annoyance with the change is much higher than the power savings obtained....

#

# From Gwillim Law (2004-06-14):

# http://www.lanacion.com.ar/04/06/10/de_609078.asp ...

#     "The time change in Tierra del Fuego was a conflicted decision from

#   the start.  The government had decreed that the measure would take

#   effect on June 1, but a normative error forced the new time to begin

#   three days earlier, from a Saturday to a Sunday....

# Our understanding was that the change was originally scheduled to take place

# on June 1 at 00:00 in Chubut, Santa Cruz, Tierra del Fuego (and some other

# provinces).  Sunday was May 30, only two days earlier.  So the article

# contains a contradiction.  I would give more credence to the Saturday/Sunday

# date than the "three days earlier" phrase, and conclude that Tierra del

# Fuego set its clocks back at 2004-05-30 00:00.

#

# From Steffen Thorsen (2004-10-05):

# The previous law 7210 which changed the province of Mendoza's time zone

# back in May have been modified slightly in a new law 7277, which set the

# new end date to 2004-09-26 (original date was 2004-10-17).

# http://www.gobernac.mendoza.gov.ar/boletin/pdf/20040924-27244-normas.pdf

#

# From Mariano Absatz (2004-10-05):

# San Juan changed from UTC-03:00 to UTC-04:00 at midnight between

# Sunday, May 30th and Monday, May 31st.  It changed back to UTC-03:00

# at midnight between Saturday, July 24th and Sunday, July 25th....

# http://www.sanjuan.gov.ar/prensa/archivo/000329.html

# http://www.sanjuan.gov.ar/prensa/archivo/000426.html

# http://www.sanjuan.gov.ar/prensa/archivo/000441.html

# From Alex Krivenyshev (2008-01-17):

# Here are articles that Argentina Province San Luis is planning to end DST

# as earlier as upcoming Monday January 21, 2008 or February 2008:

#

# Provincia argentina retrasa reloj y marca diferencia con resto del país

# (Argentine Province delayed clock and mark difference with the rest of the

# country)

# http://cl.invertia.com/noticias/noticia.aspx?idNoticia=200801171849_EFE_ET4373&idtel

#

# Es inminente que en San Luis atrasen una hora los relojes

# (It is imminent in San Luis clocks one hour delay)

# https://www.lagaceta.com.ar/nota/253414/Economia/Es-inminente-que-en-San-Luis-atrasen-una-hora-los-relojes.html

# http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_argentina02.html

# From Jesper Nørgaard Welen (2008-01-18):

# The page of the San Luis provincial government

# http://www.sanluis.gov.ar/notas.asp?idCanal=0&id=22812

# confirms what Alex Krivenyshev has earlier sent to the tz

# emailing list about that San Luis plans to return to standard

# time much earlier than the rest of the country. It also

# confirms that upon request the provinces San Juan and Mendoza

# refused to follow San Luis in this change.

#

# The change is supposed to take place Monday the 21st at 0:00

# hours. As far as I understand it if this goes ahead, we need

# a new timezone for San Luis (although there are also documented

# independent changes in the southamerica file of San Luis in

# 1990 and 1991 which has not been confirmed).

# From Jesper Nørgaard Welen (2008-01-25):

# Unfortunately the below page has become defunct, about the San Luis

# time change. Perhaps because it now is part of a group of pages "Most

# important pages of 2008."

#

# You can use

# http://www.sanluis.gov.ar/notas.asp?idCanal=8141&id=22834

# instead it seems. Or use "Buscador" from the main page of the San Luis

# government, and fill in "huso" and click OK, and you will get 3 pages

# from which the first one is identical to the above.

# From Mariano Absatz (2008-01-28):

# I can confirm that the Province of San Luis (and so far only that

# province) decided to go back to UTC-3 effective midnight Jan 20th 2008

# (that is, Monday 21st at 0:00 is the time the clocks were delayed back

# 1 hour), and they intend to keep UTC-3 as their timezone all year round

# (that is, unless they change their mind any minute now).

#

# So we'll have to add yet another city to 'southamerica' (I think San

# Luis city is the mos populated city in the Province, so it'd be

# America/Argentina/San_Luis... of course I can't remember if San Luis's

# history of particular changes goes along with Mendoza or San Juan :-(

# (I only remember not being able to collect hard facts about San Luis

# back in 2004, when these provinces changed to UTC-4 for a few days, I

# mailed them personally and never got an answer).

# From Paul Eggert (2014-08-12):

# Unless otherwise specified, data entries are from Shanks & Pottenger through

# 1992, from the IATA otherwise.  As noted below, Shanks & Pottenger say that

# America/Cordoba split into 6 subregions during 1991/1992, one of which

# was America/San_Luis, but we haven't verified this yet so for now we'll

# keep America/Cordoba a single region rather than splitting it into the

# other 5 subregions.

# From Mariano Absatz (2009-03-13):

# Yesterday (with our usual 2-day notice) the Province of San Luis

# decided that next Sunday instead of "staying" @utc-03:00 they will go

# to utc-04:00 until the second Saturday in October...

#

# The press release is at

# http://www.sanluis.gov.ar/SL/Paginas/NoticiaDetalle.asp?TemaId=1&InfoPrensaId=3102

# (I couldn't find the decree, but www.sanluis.gov.ar

# is the official page for the Province Government.)

#

# There's also a note in only one of the major national papers ...

# http://www.lanacion.com.ar/nota.asp?nota_id=1107912

#

# The press release says [quick and dirty translation]:

# ... announced that next Sunday, at 00:00, Puntanos (the San Luis

# inhabitants) will have to turn back one hour their clocks

#

# Since then, San Luis will establish its own Province timezone. Thus,

# during 2009, this timezone change will run from 00:00 the third Sunday

# in March until 24:00 of the second Saturday in October.

# From Mariano Absatz (2009-10-16):

# ...the Province of San Luis is a case in itself.

#

# The Law at

# http://www.diputadossanluis.gov.ar/diputadosasp/paginas/verNorma.asp?NormaID=276

# is ambiguous because establishes a calendar from the 2nd Sunday in

# October at 0:00 thru the 2nd Saturday in March at 24:00 and the

# complement of that starting on the 2nd Sunday of March at 0:00 and

# ending on the 2nd Saturday of March at 24:00.

#

# This clearly breaks every time the 1st of March or October is a Sunday.

#

# IMHO, the "spirit of the Law" is to make the changes at 0:00 on the 2nd

# Sunday of October and March.

#

# The problem is that the changes in the rest of the Provinces that did

# change in 2007/2008, were made according to the Federal Law and Decrees

# that did so on the 3rd Sunday of October and March.

#

# In fact, San Luis actually switched from UTC-4 to UTC-3 last Sunday

# (October 11th) at 0:00.

#

# So I guess a new set of rules, besides "Arg", must be made and the last

# America/Argentina/San_Luis entries should change to use these...

# ...

# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2010-04-09):

# According to news reports from El Diario de la República Province San

# Luis, Argentina (standard time UTC-04) will keep Daylight Saving Time

# after April 11, 2010 - will continue to have same time as rest of

# Argentina (UTC-3) (no DST).

#

# Confirmaron la prórroga del huso horario de verano (Spanish)

# http://www.eldiariodelarepublica.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=29383&Itemid=9

# or (some English translation):

# http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_argentina08.html

# From Mariano Absatz (2010-04-12):

# yes...I can confirm this...and given that San Luis keeps calling

# UTC-03:00 "summer time", we should't just let San Luis go back to "Arg"

# rules...San Luis is still using "Western ARgentina Time" and it got

# stuck on Summer daylight savings time even though the summer is over.

# From Paul Eggert (2018-01-23):

# Perhaps San Luis operates on the legal fiction that it is at -04

# with perpetual daylight saving time, but ordinary usage typically seems to

# just say it's at -03; see, for example,

# https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hora_oficial_argentina

# We've documented similar situations as being plain changes to

# standard time, so let's do that here too.  This does not change UTC

# offsets, only tm_isdst and the time zone abbreviations.  One minor

# plus is that this silences a zic complaint that there's no POSIX TZ

# setting for timestamps past 2038.

# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]

#

# Buenos Aires (BA), Capital Federal (CF),

Zone America/Argentina/Buenos_Aires -3:53:48 - LMT	1894 Oct 31

			-4:16:48 -	CMT	1920 May    # Córdoba Mean Time

			-4:00	-	-04	1930 Dec

			-4:00	Arg	-04/-03	1969 Oct  5

			-3:00	Arg	-03/-02	1999 Oct  3

			-4:00	Arg	-04/-03	2000 Mar  3

			-3:00	Arg	-03/-02

#

# Córdoba (CB), Santa Fe (SF), Entre Ríos (ER), Corrientes (CN), Misiones (MN),

# Chaco (CC), Formosa (FM), Santiago del Estero (SE)

#

# Shanks & Pottenger also make the following claims, which we haven't verified:

# - Formosa switched to -3:00 on 1991-01-07.

# - Misiones switched to -3:00 on 1990-12-29.

# - Chaco switched to -3:00 on 1991-01-04.

# - Santiago del Estero switched to -4:00 on 1991-04-01,

#   then to -3:00 on 1991-04-26.

#

Zone America/Argentina/Cordoba -4:16:48 - LMT	1894 Oct 31

			-4:16:48 -	CMT	1920 May

			-4:00	-	-04	1930 Dec

			-4:00	Arg	-04/-03	1969 Oct  5

			-3:00	Arg	-03/-02	1991 Mar  3

			-4:00	-	-04	1991 Oct 20

			-3:00	Arg	-03/-02	1999 Oct  3

			-4:00	Arg	-04/-03	2000 Mar  3

			-3:00	Arg	-03/-02

#

# Salta (SA), La Pampa (LP), Neuquén (NQ), Rio Negro (RN)

Zone America/Argentina/Salta -4:21:40 - LMT	1894 Oct 31

			-4:16:48 -	CMT	1920 May

			-4:00	-	-04	1930 Dec

			-4:00	Arg	-04/-03	1969 Oct  5

			-3:00	Arg	-03/-02	1991 Mar  3

			-4:00	-	-04	1991 Oct 20

			-3:00	Arg	-03/-02	1999 Oct  3

			-4:00	Arg	-04/-03	2000 Mar  3

			-3:00	Arg	-03/-02	2008 Oct 18

			-3:00	-	-03

#

# Tucumán (TM)

Zone America/Argentina/Tucuman -4:20:52 - LMT	1894 Oct 31

			-4:16:48 -	CMT	1920 May

			-4:00	-	-04	1930 Dec

			-4:00	Arg	-04/-03	1969 Oct  5

			-3:00	Arg	-03/-02	1991 Mar  3

			-4:00	-	-04	1991 Oct 20

			-3:00	Arg	-03/-02	1999 Oct  3

			-4:00	Arg	-04/-03	2000 Mar  3

			-3:00	-	-03	2004 Jun  1

			-4:00	-	-04	2004 Jun 13

			-3:00	Arg	-03/-02

#

# La Rioja (LR)

Zone America/Argentina/La_Rioja -4:27:24 - LMT	1894 Oct 31

			-4:16:48 -	CMT	1920 May

			-4:00	-	-04	1930 Dec

			-4:00	Arg	-04/-03	1969 Oct  5

			-3:00	Arg	-03/-02	1991 Mar  1

			-4:00	-	-04	1991 May  7

			-3:00	Arg	-03/-02	1999 Oct  3

			-4:00	Arg	-04/-03	2000 Mar  3

			-3:00	-	-03	2004 Jun  1

			-4:00	-	-04	2004 Jun 20

			-3:00	Arg	-03/-02	2008 Oct 18

			-3:00	-	-03

#

# San Juan (SJ)

Zone America/Argentina/San_Juan -4:34:04 - LMT	1894 Oct 31

			-4:16:48 -	CMT	1920 May

			-4:00	-	-04	1930 Dec

			-4:00	Arg	-04/-03	1969 Oct  5