8179242: OutOfMemoryError in java/util/Arrays/ParallelPrefix.java
authormli
Wed, 14 Jun 2017 19:29:54 -0700
changeset 45476 3955aa021599
parent 45475 19aefb1b6fc6
child 45477 626e01f24933
8179242: OutOfMemoryError in java/util/Arrays/ParallelPrefix.java Reviewed-by: psandoz
jdk/test/TEST.ROOT
jdk/test/TEST.groups
jdk/test/java/util/Arrays/ParallelPrefix.java
jdk/test/java/util/Arrays/largeMemory/ParallelPrefix.java
--- a/jdk/test/TEST.ROOT	Thu Jun 15 08:34:42 2017 +0800
+++ b/jdk/test/TEST.ROOT	Wed Jun 14 19:29:54 2017 -0700
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@
 othervm.dirs=java/awt java/beans javax/accessibility javax/imageio javax/sound javax/print javax/management com/sun/awt sun/awt sun/java2d sun/pisces javax/xml/jaxp/testng/validation java/lang/ProcessHandle
 
 # Tests that cannot run concurrently
-exclusiveAccess.dirs=java/rmi/Naming java/util/prefs sun/management/jmxremote sun/tools/jstatd sun/security/mscapi java/util/stream java/util/BitSet/stream javax/rmi com/sun/corba/cachedSocket
+exclusiveAccess.dirs=java/rmi/Naming java/util/prefs sun/management/jmxremote sun/tools/jstatd sun/security/mscapi java/util/stream java/util/Arrays/largeMemory java/util/BitSet/stream javax/rmi com/sun/corba/cachedSocket
 
 # Group definitions
 groups=TEST.groups [closed/TEST.groups]
--- a/jdk/test/TEST.groups	Thu Jun 15 08:34:42 2017 +0800
+++ b/jdk/test/TEST.groups	Wed Jun 14 19:29:54 2017 -0700
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-#  Copyright (c) 2013, 2016, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
+#  Copyright (c) 2013, 2017, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
 #  DO NOT ALTER OR REMOVE COPYRIGHT NOTICES OR THIS FILE HEADER.
 #
 #  This code is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
@@ -641,6 +641,7 @@
   java/security/PermissionCollection/Concurrent.java \
   java/security/Principal/Implies.java \
   java/security/cert/GetInstance.java \
+  java/util/Arrays/largeMemory/ParallelPrefix.java  \
   java/util/logging/DrainFindDeadlockTest.java \
   java/util/logging/LoggingMXBeanTest.java \
   java/util/logging/TestLogConfigurationDeadLock.java \
@@ -709,7 +710,6 @@
   java/nio/Buffer/Chars.java  \
   java/nio/file/Files/StreamTest.java  \
   java/security/BasicPermission/Wildcard.java \
-  java/util/Arrays/ParallelPrefix.java  \
   java/util/Arrays/SetAllTest.java  \
   java/util/BitSet/stream/BitSetStreamTest.java  \
   java/util/Collection/CollectionDefaults.java  \
--- a/jdk/test/java/util/Arrays/ParallelPrefix.java	Thu Jun 15 08:34:42 2017 +0800
+++ /dev/null	Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
@@ -1,279 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Copyright (c) 2013, 2017, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
- * DO NOT ALTER OR REMOVE COPYRIGHT NOTICES OR THIS FILE HEADER.
- *
- * This code is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
- * under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 2 only, as
- * published by the Free Software Foundation.
- *
- * This code is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
- * ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or
- * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU General Public License
- * version 2 for more details (a copy is included in the LICENSE file that
- * accompanied this code).
- *
- * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License version
- * 2 along with this work; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation,
- * Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA.
- *
- * Please contact Oracle, 500 Oracle Parkway, Redwood Shores, CA 94065 USA
- * or visit www.oracle.com if you need additional information or have any
- * questions.
- */
-
-/**
- * @test 8014076 8025067
- * @summary unit test for Arrays.ParallelPrefix().
- * @author Tristan Yan
- * @run testng ParallelPrefix
- */
-
-import java.util.Arrays;
-import java.util.function.BinaryOperator;
-import java.util.function.DoubleBinaryOperator;
-import java.util.function.Function;
-import java.util.function.IntBinaryOperator;
-import java.util.function.LongBinaryOperator;
-import java.util.stream.IntStream;
-import java.util.stream.LongStream;
-import static org.testng.Assert.*;
-import org.testng.annotations.DataProvider;
-import org.testng.annotations.Test;
-
-public class ParallelPrefix {
-    //Array size less than MIN_PARTITION
-    private static final int SMALL_ARRAY_SIZE = 1 << 3;
-
-    //Array size equals MIN_PARTITION
-    private static final int THRESHOLD_ARRAY_SIZE = 1 << 4;
-
-    //Array size greater than MIN_PARTITION
-    private static final int MEDIUM_ARRAY_SIZE = 1 << 8;
-
-    //Array size much greater than MIN_PARTITION
-    private static final int LARGE_ARRAY_SIZE = 1 << 14;
-
-    private static final int[] ARRAY_SIZE_COLLECTION  = new int[]{
-        SMALL_ARRAY_SIZE,
-        THRESHOLD_ARRAY_SIZE,
-        MEDIUM_ARRAY_SIZE,
-        LARGE_ARRAY_SIZE
-    };
-
-    @DataProvider(name = "intSet")
-    public static Object[][] intSet(){
-        return genericData(size -> IntStream.range(0, size).toArray(),
-                new IntBinaryOperator[]{
-                    Integer::sum,
-                    Integer::min});
-    }
-
-    @DataProvider(name = "longSet")
-    public static Object[][] longSet(){
-        return genericData(size -> LongStream.range(0, size).toArray(),
-                new LongBinaryOperator[]{
-                    Long::sum,
-                    Long::min});
-    }
-
-    @DataProvider(name = "doubleSet")
-    public static Object[][] doubleSet(){
-        return genericData(size -> IntStream.range(0, size).mapToDouble(i -> (double)i).toArray(),
-                new DoubleBinaryOperator[]{
-                    Double::sum,
-                    Double::min});
-    }
-
-    @DataProvider(name = "stringSet")
-    public static Object[][] stringSet(){
-        Function<Integer, String[]> stringsFunc = size ->
-                IntStream.range(0, size).mapToObj(Integer::toString).toArray(String[]::new);
-        BinaryOperator<String> concat = String::concat;
-        return genericData(stringsFunc,
-                (BinaryOperator<String>[]) new BinaryOperator[]{
-                    concat });
-    }
-
-    private static <T, OPS> Object[][] genericData(Function<Integer, T> generateFunc, OPS[] ops) {
-        //test arrays which size is equals n-1, n, n+1, test random data
-        Object[][] data = new Object[ARRAY_SIZE_COLLECTION.length * 3 * ops.length][4];
-        for(int n = 0; n < ARRAY_SIZE_COLLECTION.length; n++ ) {
-            for(int testValue = -1 ; testValue <= 1; testValue++) {
-                int array_size = ARRAY_SIZE_COLLECTION[n] + testValue;
-                for(int opsN = 0; opsN < ops.length; opsN++) {
-                    int index = n * 3 * ops.length + (testValue + 1) * ops.length + opsN;
-                    data[index][0] = generateFunc.apply(array_size);
-                    data[index][1] = array_size / 3;
-                    data[index][2] = 2 * array_size / 3;
-                    data[index][3] = ops[opsN];
-                }
-            }
-        }
-        return data;
-    }
-
-    @Test(dataProvider="intSet")
-    public void testParallelPrefixForInt(int[] data, int fromIndex, int toIndex, IntBinaryOperator op) {
-        int[] sequentialResult = data.clone();
-        for (int index = fromIndex + 1; index < toIndex; index++) {
-            sequentialResult[index ] = op.applyAsInt(sequentialResult[index  - 1], sequentialResult[index]);
-        }
-
-        int[] parallelResult = data.clone();
-        Arrays.parallelPrefix(parallelResult, fromIndex, toIndex, op);
-        assertArraysEqual(parallelResult, sequentialResult);
-
-        int[] parallelRangeResult = Arrays.copyOfRange(data, fromIndex, toIndex);
-        Arrays.parallelPrefix(parallelRangeResult, op);
-        assertArraysEqual(parallelRangeResult, Arrays.copyOfRange(sequentialResult, fromIndex, toIndex));
-    }
-
-    @Test(dataProvider="longSet")
-    public void testParallelPrefixForLong(long[] data, int fromIndex, int toIndex, LongBinaryOperator op) {
-        long[] sequentialResult = data.clone();
-        for (int index = fromIndex + 1; index < toIndex; index++) {
-            sequentialResult[index ] = op.applyAsLong(sequentialResult[index  - 1], sequentialResult[index]);
-        }
-
-        long[] parallelResult = data.clone();
-        Arrays.parallelPrefix(parallelResult, fromIndex, toIndex, op);
-        assertArraysEqual(parallelResult, sequentialResult);
-
-        long[] parallelRangeResult = Arrays.copyOfRange(data, fromIndex, toIndex);
-        Arrays.parallelPrefix(parallelRangeResult, op);
-        assertArraysEqual(parallelRangeResult, Arrays.copyOfRange(sequentialResult, fromIndex, toIndex));
-    }
-
-    @Test(dataProvider="doubleSet")
-    public void testParallelPrefixForDouble(double[] data, int fromIndex, int toIndex, DoubleBinaryOperator op) {
-        double[] sequentialResult = data.clone();
-        for (int index = fromIndex + 1; index < toIndex; index++) {
-            sequentialResult[index ] = op.applyAsDouble(sequentialResult[index  - 1], sequentialResult[index]);
-        }
-
-        double[] parallelResult = data.clone();
-        Arrays.parallelPrefix(parallelResult, fromIndex, toIndex, op);
-        assertArraysEqual(parallelResult, sequentialResult);
-
-        double[] parallelRangeResult = Arrays.copyOfRange(data, fromIndex, toIndex);
-        Arrays.parallelPrefix(parallelRangeResult, op);
-        assertArraysEqual(parallelRangeResult, Arrays.copyOfRange(sequentialResult, fromIndex, toIndex));
-    }
-
-    @Test(dataProvider="stringSet")
-    public void testParallelPrefixForStringr(String[] data , int fromIndex, int toIndex, BinaryOperator<String> op) {
-        String[] sequentialResult = data.clone();
-        for (int index = fromIndex + 1; index < toIndex; index++) {
-            sequentialResult[index ] = op.apply(sequentialResult[index  - 1], sequentialResult[index]);
-        }
-
-        String[] parallelResult = data.clone();
-        Arrays.parallelPrefix(parallelResult, fromIndex, toIndex, op);
-        assertArraysEqual(parallelResult, sequentialResult);
-
-        String[] parallelRangeResult = Arrays.copyOfRange(data, fromIndex, toIndex);
-        Arrays.parallelPrefix(parallelRangeResult, op);
-        assertArraysEqual(parallelRangeResult, Arrays.copyOfRange(sequentialResult, fromIndex, toIndex));
-    }
-
-    @Test
-    public void testNPEs() {
-        // null array
-        assertThrowsNPE(() -> Arrays.parallelPrefix((int[]) null, Integer::max));
-        assertThrowsNPE(() -> Arrays.parallelPrefix((long []) null, Long::max));
-        assertThrowsNPE(() -> Arrays.parallelPrefix((double []) null, Double::max));
-        assertThrowsNPE(() -> Arrays.parallelPrefix((String []) null, String::concat));
-
-        // null array w/ range
-        assertThrowsNPE(() -> Arrays.parallelPrefix((int[]) null, 0, 0, Integer::max));
-        assertThrowsNPE(() -> Arrays.parallelPrefix((long []) null, 0, 0, Long::max));
-        assertThrowsNPE(() -> Arrays.parallelPrefix((double []) null, 0, 0, Double::max));
-        assertThrowsNPE(() -> Arrays.parallelPrefix((String []) null, 0, 0, String::concat));
-
-        // null op
-        assertThrowsNPE(() -> Arrays.parallelPrefix(new int[] {}, null));
-        assertThrowsNPE(() -> Arrays.parallelPrefix(new long[] {}, null));
-        assertThrowsNPE(() -> Arrays.parallelPrefix(new double[] {}, null));
-        assertThrowsNPE(() -> Arrays.parallelPrefix(new String[] {}, null));
-
-        // null op w/ range
-        assertThrowsNPE(() -> Arrays.parallelPrefix(new int[] {}, 0, 0, null));
-        assertThrowsNPE(() -> Arrays.parallelPrefix(new long[] {}, 0, 0, null));
-        assertThrowsNPE(() -> Arrays.parallelPrefix(new double[] {}, 0, 0, null));
-        assertThrowsNPE(() -> Arrays.parallelPrefix(new String[] {}, 0, 0, null));
-    }
-
-    @Test
-    public void testIAEs() {
-        assertThrowsIAE(() -> Arrays.parallelPrefix(new int[] {}, 1, 0, Integer::max));
-        assertThrowsIAE(() -> Arrays.parallelPrefix(new long[] {}, 1, 0, Long::max));
-        assertThrowsIAE(() -> Arrays.parallelPrefix(new double[] {}, 1, 0, Double::max));
-        assertThrowsIAE(() -> Arrays.parallelPrefix(new String[] {}, 1, 0, String::concat));
-    }
-
-    @Test
-    public void testAIOOBEs() {
-        // bad "fromIndex"
-        assertThrowsAIOOB(() -> Arrays.parallelPrefix(new int[] {}, -1, 0, Integer::max));
-        assertThrowsAIOOB(() -> Arrays.parallelPrefix(new long[] {}, -1, 0, Long::max));
-        assertThrowsAIOOB(() -> Arrays.parallelPrefix(new double[] {}, -1, 0, Double::max));
-        assertThrowsAIOOB(() -> Arrays.parallelPrefix(new String[] {}, -1, 0, String::concat));
-
-        // bad "toIndex"
-        assertThrowsAIOOB(() -> Arrays.parallelPrefix(new int[] {}, 0, 1, Integer::max));
-        assertThrowsAIOOB(() -> Arrays.parallelPrefix(new long[] {}, 0, 1, Long::max));
-        assertThrowsAIOOB(() -> Arrays.parallelPrefix(new double[] {}, 0, 1, Double::max));
-        assertThrowsAIOOB(() -> Arrays.parallelPrefix(new String[] {}, 0, 1, String::concat));
-    }
-
-    // "library" code
-
-    private void assertThrowsNPE(ThrowingRunnable r) {
-        assertThrows(NullPointerException.class, r);
-    }
-
-    private void assertThrowsIAE(ThrowingRunnable r) {
-        assertThrows(IllegalArgumentException.class, r);
-    }
-
-    private void assertThrowsAIOOB(ThrowingRunnable r) {
-        assertThrows(ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException.class, r);
-    }
-
-    static void assertArraysEqual(int[] actual, int[] expected) {
-        try {
-            assertEquals(actual, expected, "");
-        } catch (AssertionError x) {
-            throw new AssertionError(String.format("Expected:%s, actual:%s",
-                    Arrays.toString(expected), Arrays.toString(actual)), x);
-        }
-    }
-
-    static void assertArraysEqual(long[] actual, long[] expected) {
-        try {
-            assertEquals(actual, expected, "");
-        } catch (AssertionError x) {
-            throw new AssertionError(String.format("Expected:%s, actual:%s",
-                    Arrays.toString(expected), Arrays.toString(actual)), x);
-        }
-    }
-
-    static void assertArraysEqual(double[] actual, double[] expected) {
-        try {
-            assertEquals(actual, expected, "");
-        } catch (AssertionError x) {
-            throw new AssertionError(String.format("Expected:%s, actual:%s",
-                    Arrays.toString(expected), Arrays.toString(actual)), x);
-        }
-    }
-
-    static void assertArraysEqual(String[] actual, String[] expected) {
-        try {
-            assertEquals(actual, expected, "");
-        } catch (AssertionError x) {
-            throw new AssertionError(String.format("Expected:%s, actual:%s",
-                    Arrays.toString(expected), Arrays.toString(actual)), x);
-        }
-    }
-}
-
--- /dev/null	Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
+++ b/jdk/test/java/util/Arrays/largeMemory/ParallelPrefix.java	Wed Jun 14 19:29:54 2017 -0700
@@ -0,0 +1,308 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 2013, 2017, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
+ * DO NOT ALTER OR REMOVE COPYRIGHT NOTICES OR THIS FILE HEADER.
+ *
+ * This code is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+ * under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 2 only, as
+ * published by the Free Software Foundation.
+ *
+ * This code is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
+ * ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU General Public License
+ * version 2 for more details (a copy is included in the LICENSE file that
+ * accompanied this code).
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License version
+ * 2 along with this work; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation,
+ * Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA.
+ *
+ * Please contact Oracle, 500 Oracle Parkway, Redwood Shores, CA 94065 USA
+ * or visit www.oracle.com if you need additional information or have any
+ * questions.
+ */
+
+/**
+ * @test 8014076 8025067
+ * @summary unit test for Arrays.ParallelPrefix().
+ * @author Tristan Yan
+ * @modules java.management jdk.management
+ * @run testng/othervm -Xms256m -Xmx1024m ParallelPrefix
+ */
+
+import java.lang.management.ManagementFactory;
+import java.util.Arrays;
+import java.util.function.BinaryOperator;
+import java.util.function.DoubleBinaryOperator;
+import java.util.function.Function;
+import java.util.function.IntBinaryOperator;
+import java.util.function.LongBinaryOperator;
+import java.util.stream.IntStream;
+import java.util.stream.LongStream;
+import com.sun.management.OperatingSystemMXBean;
+import static org.testng.Assert.*;
+import org.testng.annotations.DataProvider;
+import org.testng.annotations.Test;
+import org.testng.annotations.BeforeSuite;
+
+public class ParallelPrefix {
+    //Array size less than MIN_PARTITION
+    private static final int SMALL_ARRAY_SIZE = 1 << 3;
+
+    //Array size equals MIN_PARTITION
+    private static final int THRESHOLD_ARRAY_SIZE = 1 << 4;
+
+    //Array size greater than MIN_PARTITION
+    private static final int MEDIUM_ARRAY_SIZE = 1 << 8;
+
+    //Array size much greater than MIN_PARTITION
+    private static final int LARGE_ARRAY_SIZE = 1 << 14;
+
+    private static int[] arraySizeCollection;
+
+    @BeforeSuite
+    public static void setup() {
+        java.lang.management.OperatingSystemMXBean bean =
+                ManagementFactory.getOperatingSystemMXBean();
+        if (bean instanceof OperatingSystemMXBean) {
+            OperatingSystemMXBean os = (OperatingSystemMXBean)bean;
+            long physicalMemorySize = os.getTotalPhysicalMemorySize() / (1024 * 1024);
+            System.out.println("System memory size: " + physicalMemorySize + "M");
+            // when we can get system memory size, and it's larger than 2G,
+            // then we enable large array size test below,
+            // else disable large array size test below.
+            if (physicalMemorySize > (2 * 1024)) {
+                arraySizeCollection  = new int[]{
+                        SMALL_ARRAY_SIZE,
+                        THRESHOLD_ARRAY_SIZE,
+                        MEDIUM_ARRAY_SIZE,
+                        LARGE_ARRAY_SIZE
+                    };
+                System.out.println("System memory is large enough, add large array size test");
+                return;
+            }
+        }
+        arraySizeCollection  = new int[]{
+                SMALL_ARRAY_SIZE,
+                THRESHOLD_ARRAY_SIZE,
+                MEDIUM_ARRAY_SIZE
+            };
+        System.out.println("System memory is not large enough, remove large array size test");
+    }
+
+    @DataProvider(name = "intSet")
+    public static Object[][] intSet(){
+        return genericData(size -> IntStream.range(0, size).toArray(),
+                new IntBinaryOperator[]{
+                    Integer::sum,
+                    Integer::min});
+    }
+
+    @DataProvider(name = "longSet")
+    public static Object[][] longSet(){
+        return genericData(size -> LongStream.range(0, size).toArray(),
+                new LongBinaryOperator[]{
+                    Long::sum,
+                    Long::min});
+    }
+
+    @DataProvider(name = "doubleSet")
+    public static Object[][] doubleSet(){
+        return genericData(size -> IntStream.range(0, size).mapToDouble(i -> (double)i).toArray(),
+                new DoubleBinaryOperator[]{
+                    Double::sum,
+                    Double::min});
+    }
+
+    @DataProvider(name = "stringSet")
+    public static Object[][] stringSet(){
+        Function<Integer, String[]> stringsFunc = size ->
+                IntStream.range(0, size).mapToObj(Integer::toString).toArray(String[]::new);
+        BinaryOperator<String> concat = String::concat;
+        return genericData(stringsFunc,
+                (BinaryOperator<String>[]) new BinaryOperator[]{
+                    concat });
+    }
+
+    private static <T, OPS> Object[][] genericData(Function<Integer, T> generateFunc, OPS[] ops) {
+        //test arrays which size is equals n-1, n, n+1, test random data
+        Object[][] data = new Object[arraySizeCollection.length * 3 * ops.length][4];
+        for(int n = 0; n < arraySizeCollection.length; n++ ) {
+            for(int testValue = -1 ; testValue <= 1; testValue++) {
+                int array_size = arraySizeCollection[n] + testValue;
+                for(int opsN = 0; opsN < ops.length; opsN++) {
+                    int index = n * 3 * ops.length + (testValue + 1) * ops.length + opsN;
+                    data[index][0] = generateFunc.apply(array_size);
+                    data[index][1] = array_size / 3;
+                    data[index][2] = 2 * array_size / 3;
+                    data[index][3] = ops[opsN];
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        return data;
+    }
+
+    @Test(dataProvider="intSet")
+    public void testParallelPrefixForInt(int[] data, int fromIndex, int toIndex, IntBinaryOperator op) {
+        int[] sequentialResult = data.clone();
+        for (int index = fromIndex + 1; index < toIndex; index++) {
+            sequentialResult[index ] = op.applyAsInt(sequentialResult[index  - 1], sequentialResult[index]);
+        }
+
+        int[] parallelResult = data.clone();
+        Arrays.parallelPrefix(parallelResult, fromIndex, toIndex, op);
+        assertArraysEqual(parallelResult, sequentialResult);
+
+        int[] parallelRangeResult = Arrays.copyOfRange(data, fromIndex, toIndex);
+        Arrays.parallelPrefix(parallelRangeResult, op);
+        assertArraysEqual(parallelRangeResult, Arrays.copyOfRange(sequentialResult, fromIndex, toIndex));
+    }
+
+    @Test(dataProvider="longSet")
+    public void testParallelPrefixForLong(long[] data, int fromIndex, int toIndex, LongBinaryOperator op) {
+        long[] sequentialResult = data.clone();
+        for (int index = fromIndex + 1; index < toIndex; index++) {
+            sequentialResult[index ] = op.applyAsLong(sequentialResult[index  - 1], sequentialResult[index]);
+        }
+
+        long[] parallelResult = data.clone();
+        Arrays.parallelPrefix(parallelResult, fromIndex, toIndex, op);
+        assertArraysEqual(parallelResult, sequentialResult);
+
+        long[] parallelRangeResult = Arrays.copyOfRange(data, fromIndex, toIndex);
+        Arrays.parallelPrefix(parallelRangeResult, op);
+        assertArraysEqual(parallelRangeResult, Arrays.copyOfRange(sequentialResult, fromIndex, toIndex));
+    }
+
+    @Test(dataProvider="doubleSet")
+    public void testParallelPrefixForDouble(double[] data, int fromIndex, int toIndex, DoubleBinaryOperator op) {
+        double[] sequentialResult = data.clone();
+        for (int index = fromIndex + 1; index < toIndex; index++) {
+            sequentialResult[index ] = op.applyAsDouble(sequentialResult[index  - 1], sequentialResult[index]);
+        }
+
+        double[] parallelResult = data.clone();
+        Arrays.parallelPrefix(parallelResult, fromIndex, toIndex, op);
+        assertArraysEqual(parallelResult, sequentialResult);
+
+        double[] parallelRangeResult = Arrays.copyOfRange(data, fromIndex, toIndex);
+        Arrays.parallelPrefix(parallelRangeResult, op);
+        assertArraysEqual(parallelRangeResult, Arrays.copyOfRange(sequentialResult, fromIndex, toIndex));
+    }
+
+    @Test(dataProvider="stringSet")
+    public void testParallelPrefixForStringr(String[] data , int fromIndex, int toIndex, BinaryOperator<String> op) {
+        String[] sequentialResult = data.clone();
+        for (int index = fromIndex + 1; index < toIndex; index++) {
+            sequentialResult[index ] = op.apply(sequentialResult[index  - 1], sequentialResult[index]);
+        }
+
+        String[] parallelResult = data.clone();
+        Arrays.parallelPrefix(parallelResult, fromIndex, toIndex, op);
+        assertArraysEqual(parallelResult, sequentialResult);
+
+        String[] parallelRangeResult = Arrays.copyOfRange(data, fromIndex, toIndex);
+        Arrays.parallelPrefix(parallelRangeResult, op);
+        assertArraysEqual(parallelRangeResult, Arrays.copyOfRange(sequentialResult, fromIndex, toIndex));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testNPEs() {
+        // null array
+        assertThrowsNPE(() -> Arrays.parallelPrefix((int[]) null, Integer::max));
+        assertThrowsNPE(() -> Arrays.parallelPrefix((long []) null, Long::max));
+        assertThrowsNPE(() -> Arrays.parallelPrefix((double []) null, Double::max));
+        assertThrowsNPE(() -> Arrays.parallelPrefix((String []) null, String::concat));
+
+        // null array w/ range
+        assertThrowsNPE(() -> Arrays.parallelPrefix((int[]) null, 0, 0, Integer::max));
+        assertThrowsNPE(() -> Arrays.parallelPrefix((long []) null, 0, 0, Long::max));
+        assertThrowsNPE(() -> Arrays.parallelPrefix((double []) null, 0, 0, Double::max));
+        assertThrowsNPE(() -> Arrays.parallelPrefix((String []) null, 0, 0, String::concat));
+
+        // null op
+        assertThrowsNPE(() -> Arrays.parallelPrefix(new int[] {}, null));
+        assertThrowsNPE(() -> Arrays.parallelPrefix(new long[] {}, null));
+        assertThrowsNPE(() -> Arrays.parallelPrefix(new double[] {}, null));
+        assertThrowsNPE(() -> Arrays.parallelPrefix(new String[] {}, null));
+
+        // null op w/ range
+        assertThrowsNPE(() -> Arrays.parallelPrefix(new int[] {}, 0, 0, null));
+        assertThrowsNPE(() -> Arrays.parallelPrefix(new long[] {}, 0, 0, null));
+        assertThrowsNPE(() -> Arrays.parallelPrefix(new double[] {}, 0, 0, null));
+        assertThrowsNPE(() -> Arrays.parallelPrefix(new String[] {}, 0, 0, null));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testIAEs() {
+        assertThrowsIAE(() -> Arrays.parallelPrefix(new int[] {}, 1, 0, Integer::max));
+        assertThrowsIAE(() -> Arrays.parallelPrefix(new long[] {}, 1, 0, Long::max));
+        assertThrowsIAE(() -> Arrays.parallelPrefix(new double[] {}, 1, 0, Double::max));
+        assertThrowsIAE(() -> Arrays.parallelPrefix(new String[] {}, 1, 0, String::concat));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testAIOOBEs() {
+        // bad "fromIndex"
+        assertThrowsAIOOB(() -> Arrays.parallelPrefix(new int[] {}, -1, 0, Integer::max));
+        assertThrowsAIOOB(() -> Arrays.parallelPrefix(new long[] {}, -1, 0, Long::max));
+        assertThrowsAIOOB(() -> Arrays.parallelPrefix(new double[] {}, -1, 0, Double::max));
+        assertThrowsAIOOB(() -> Arrays.parallelPrefix(new String[] {}, -1, 0, String::concat));
+
+        // bad "toIndex"
+        assertThrowsAIOOB(() -> Arrays.parallelPrefix(new int[] {}, 0, 1, Integer::max));
+        assertThrowsAIOOB(() -> Arrays.parallelPrefix(new long[] {}, 0, 1, Long::max));
+        assertThrowsAIOOB(() -> Arrays.parallelPrefix(new double[] {}, 0, 1, Double::max));
+        assertThrowsAIOOB(() -> Arrays.parallelPrefix(new String[] {}, 0, 1, String::concat));
+    }
+
+    // "library" code
+
+    private void assertThrowsNPE(ThrowingRunnable r) {
+        assertThrows(NullPointerException.class, r);
+    }
+
+    private void assertThrowsIAE(ThrowingRunnable r) {
+        assertThrows(IllegalArgumentException.class, r);
+    }
+
+    private void assertThrowsAIOOB(ThrowingRunnable r) {
+        assertThrows(ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException.class, r);
+    }
+
+    static void assertArraysEqual(int[] actual, int[] expected) {
+        try {
+            assertEquals(actual, expected, "");
+        } catch (AssertionError x) {
+            throw new AssertionError(String.format("Expected:%s, actual:%s",
+                    Arrays.toString(expected), Arrays.toString(actual)), x);
+        }
+    }
+
+    static void assertArraysEqual(long[] actual, long[] expected) {
+        try {
+            assertEquals(actual, expected, "");
+        } catch (AssertionError x) {
+            throw new AssertionError(String.format("Expected:%s, actual:%s",
+                    Arrays.toString(expected), Arrays.toString(actual)), x);
+        }
+    }
+
+    static void assertArraysEqual(double[] actual, double[] expected) {
+        try {
+            assertEquals(actual, expected, "");
+        } catch (AssertionError x) {
+            throw new AssertionError(String.format("Expected:%s, actual:%s",
+                    Arrays.toString(expected), Arrays.toString(actual)), x);
+        }
+    }
+
+    static void assertArraysEqual(String[] actual, String[] expected) {
+        try {
+            assertEquals(actual, expected, "");
+        } catch (AssertionError x) {
+            throw new AssertionError(String.format("Expected:%s, actual:%s",
+                    Arrays.toString(expected), Arrays.toString(actual)), x);
+        }
+    }
+}
+