jdk/src/share/native/sun/font/bidi/ubidi.c
changeset 2 90ce3da70b43
child 1310 edc39463f896
--- /dev/null	Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
+++ b/jdk/src/share/native/sun/font/bidi/ubidi.c	Sat Dec 01 00:00:00 2007 +0000
@@ -0,0 +1,1433 @@
+/*
+ * Portions Copyright 2000-2004 Sun Microsystems, Inc.  All Rights Reserved.
+ * DO NOT ALTER OR REMOVE COPYRIGHT NOTICES OR THIS FILE HEADER.
+ *
+ * This code is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+ * under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 2 only, as
+ * published by the Free Software Foundation.  Sun designates this
+ * particular file as subject to the "Classpath" exception as provided
+ * by Sun in the LICENSE file that accompanied this code.
+ *
+ * This code is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
+ * ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU General Public License
+ * version 2 for more details (a copy is included in the LICENSE file that
+ * accompanied this code).
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License version
+ * 2 along with this work; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation,
+ * Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA.
+ *
+ * Please contact Sun Microsystems, Inc., 4150 Network Circle, Santa Clara,
+ * CA 95054 USA or visit www.sun.com if you need additional information or
+ * have any questions.
+ */
+
+/*
+ * (C) Copyright IBM Corp. 1999-2003 - All Rights Reserved
+ *
+ * The original version of this source code and documentation is
+ * copyrighted and owned by IBM. These materials are provided
+ * under terms of a License Agreement between IBM and Sun.
+ * This technology is protected by multiple US and International
+ * patents. This notice and attribution to IBM may not be removed.
+ */
+
+/*
+*
+******************************************************************************
+*   file name:  ubidi.c
+*   encoding:   US-ASCII
+*   tab size:   8 (not used)
+*   indentation:4
+*
+*   created on: 1999jul27
+*   created by: Markus W. Scherer
+*/
+
+/* set import/export definitions */
+#ifndef U_COMMON_IMPLEMENTATION
+#   define U_COMMON_IMPLEMENTATION
+#endif
+
+#include "cmemory.h"
+#include "utypes.h"
+#include "uchardir.h"
+#include "ubidi.h"
+#include "ubidiimp.h"
+
+/*
+ * General implementation notes:
+ *
+ * Throughout the implementation, there are comments like (W2) that refer to
+ * rules of the BiDi algorithm in its version 5, in this example to the second
+ * rule of the resolution of weak types.
+ *
+ * For handling surrogate pairs, where two UChar's form one "abstract" (or UTF-32)
+ * character according to UTF-16, the second UChar gets the directional property of
+ * the entire character assigned, while the first one gets a BN, a boundary
+ * neutral, type, which is ignored by most of the algorithm according to
+ * rule (X9) and the implementation suggestions of the BiDi algorithm.
+ *
+ * Later, adjustWSLevels() will set the level for each BN to that of the
+ * following character (UChar), which results in surrogate pairs getting the
+ * same level on each of their surrogates.
+ *
+ * In a UTF-8 implementation, the same thing could be done: the last byte of
+ * a multi-byte sequence would get the "real" property, while all previous
+ * bytes of that sequence would get BN.
+ *
+ * It is not possible to assign all those parts of a character the same real
+ * property because this would fail in the resolution of weak types with rules
+ * that look at immediately surrounding types.
+ *
+ * As a related topic, this implementation does not remove Boundary Neutral
+ * types from the input, but ignores them whereever this is relevant.
+ * For example, the loop for the resolution of the weak types reads
+ * types until it finds a non-BN.
+ * Also, explicit embedding codes are neither changed into BN nor removed.
+ * They are only treated the same way real BNs are.
+ * As stated before, adjustWSLevels() takes care of them at the end.
+ * For the purpose of conformance, the levels of all these codes
+ * do not matter.
+ *
+ * Note that this implementation never modifies the dirProps
+ * after the initial setup.
+ *
+ *
+ * In this implementation, the resolution of weak types (Wn),
+ * neutrals (Nn), and the assignment of the resolved level (In)
+ * are all done in one single loop, in resolveImplicitLevels().
+ * Changes of dirProp values are done on the fly, without writing
+ * them back to the dirProps array.
+ *
+ *
+ * This implementation contains code that allows to bypass steps of the
+ * algorithm that are not needed on the specific paragraph
+ * in order to speed up the most common cases considerably,
+ * like text that is entirely LTR, or RTL text without numbers.
+ *
+ * Most of this is done by setting a bit for each directional property
+ * in a flags variable and later checking for whether there are
+ * any LTR characters or any RTL characters, or both, whether
+ * there are any explicit embedding codes, etc.
+ *
+ * If the (Xn) steps are performed, then the flags are re-evaluated,
+ * because they will then not contain the embedding codes any more
+ * and will be adjusted for override codes, so that subsequently
+ * more bypassing may be possible than what the initial flags suggested.
+ *
+ * If the text is not mixed-directional, then the
+ * algorithm steps for the weak type resolution are not performed,
+ * and all levels are set to the paragraph level.
+ *
+ * If there are no explicit embedding codes, then the (Xn) steps
+ * are not performed.
+ *
+ * If embedding levels are supplied as a parameter, then all
+ * explicit embedding codes are ignored, and the (Xn) steps
+ * are not performed.
+ *
+ * White Space types could get the level of the run they belong to,
+ * and are checked with a test of (flags&MASK_EMBEDDING) to
+ * consider if the paragraph direction should be considered in
+ * the flags variable.
+ *
+ * If there are no White Space types in the paragraph, then
+ * (L1) is not necessary in adjustWSLevels().
+ */
+
+/* prototypes --------------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+static void
+getDirProps(UBiDi *pBiDi, const UChar *text);
+
+static UBiDiDirection
+resolveExplicitLevels(UBiDi *pBiDi);
+
+static UBiDiDirection
+checkExplicitLevels(UBiDi *pBiDi, UErrorCode *pErrorCode);
+
+static UBiDiDirection
+directionFromFlags(Flags flags);
+
+static void
+resolveImplicitLevels(UBiDi *pBiDi,
+                      int32_t start, int32_t limit,
+                      DirProp sor, DirProp eor);
+
+static void
+adjustWSLevels(UBiDi *pBiDi);
+
+/* to avoid some conditional statements, use tiny constant arrays */
+static const Flags flagLR[2]={ DIRPROP_FLAG(L), DIRPROP_FLAG(R) };
+static const Flags flagE[2]={ DIRPROP_FLAG(LRE), DIRPROP_FLAG(RLE) };
+static const Flags flagO[2]={ DIRPROP_FLAG(LRO), DIRPROP_FLAG(RLO) };
+
+#define DIRPROP_FLAG_LR(level) flagLR[(level)&1]
+#define DIRPROP_FLAG_E(level) flagE[(level)&1]
+#define DIRPROP_FLAG_O(level) flagO[(level)&1]
+
+/* UBiDi object management -------------------------------------------------- */
+
+U_CAPI UBiDi * U_EXPORT2
+ubidi_open(void)
+{
+    UErrorCode errorCode=U_ZERO_ERROR;
+    return ubidi_openSized(0, 0, &errorCode);
+}
+
+U_CAPI UBiDi * U_EXPORT2
+ubidi_openSized(int32_t maxLength, int32_t maxRunCount, UErrorCode *pErrorCode) {
+    UBiDi *pBiDi;
+
+    /* check the argument values */
+    if(pErrorCode==NULL || U_FAILURE(*pErrorCode)) {
+        return NULL;
+    } else if(maxLength<0 || maxRunCount<0) {
+        *pErrorCode=U_ILLEGAL_ARGUMENT_ERROR;
+        return NULL;    /* invalid arguments */
+    }
+
+    /* allocate memory for the object */
+    pBiDi=(UBiDi *)icu_malloc(sizeof(UBiDi));
+    if(pBiDi==NULL) {
+        *pErrorCode=U_MEMORY_ALLOCATION_ERROR;
+        return NULL;
+    }
+
+    /* reset the object, all pointers NULL, all flags FALSE, all sizes 0 */
+    icu_memset(pBiDi, 0, sizeof(UBiDi));
+
+    /* allocate memory for arrays as requested */
+    if(maxLength>0) {
+        if( !getInitialDirPropsMemory(pBiDi, maxLength) ||
+            !getInitialLevelsMemory(pBiDi, maxLength)
+        ) {
+            *pErrorCode=U_MEMORY_ALLOCATION_ERROR;
+        }
+    } else {
+        pBiDi->mayAllocateText=TRUE;
+    }
+
+    if(maxRunCount>0) {
+        if(maxRunCount==1) {
+            /* use simpleRuns[] */
+            pBiDi->runsSize=sizeof(Run);
+        } else if(!getInitialRunsMemory(pBiDi, maxRunCount)) {
+            *pErrorCode=U_MEMORY_ALLOCATION_ERROR;
+        }
+    } else {
+        pBiDi->mayAllocateRuns=TRUE;
+    }
+
+    if(U_SUCCESS(*pErrorCode)) {
+        return pBiDi;
+    } else {
+        ubidi_close(pBiDi);
+        return NULL;
+    }
+}
+
+/*
+ * We are allowed to allocate memory if memory==NULL or
+ * mayAllocate==TRUE for each array that we need.
+ * We also try to grow and shrink memory as needed if we
+ * allocate it.
+ *
+ * Assume sizeNeeded>0.
+ * If *pMemory!=NULL, then assume *pSize>0.
+ *
+ * ### this realloc() may unnecessarily copy the old data,
+ * which we know we don't need any more;
+ * is this the best way to do this??
+ */
+extern bool_t
+ubidi_getMemory(void **pMemory, int32_t *pSize, bool_t mayAllocate, int32_t sizeNeeded) {
+    /* check for existing memory */
+    if(*pMemory==NULL) {
+        /* we need to allocate memory */
+        if(mayAllocate && (*pMemory=icu_malloc(sizeNeeded))!=NULL) {
+            *pSize=sizeNeeded;
+            return TRUE;
+        } else {
+            return FALSE;
+        }
+    } else {
+        /* there is some memory, is it enough or too much? */
+        if(sizeNeeded>*pSize && !mayAllocate) {
+            /* not enough memory, and we must not allocate */
+            return FALSE;
+        } else if(sizeNeeded!=*pSize && mayAllocate) {
+            /* we may try to grow or shrink */
+            void *memory;
+
+            if((memory=icu_realloc(*pMemory, sizeNeeded))!=NULL) {
+                *pMemory=memory;
+                *pSize=sizeNeeded;
+                return TRUE;
+            } else {
+                /* we failed to grow */
+                return FALSE;
+            }
+        } else {
+            /* we have at least enough memory and must not allocate */
+            return TRUE;
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+U_CAPI void U_EXPORT2
+ubidi_close(UBiDi *pBiDi) {
+    if(pBiDi!=NULL) {
+        if(pBiDi->dirPropsMemory!=NULL) {
+            icu_free(pBiDi->dirPropsMemory);
+        }
+        if(pBiDi->levelsMemory!=NULL) {
+            icu_free(pBiDi->levelsMemory);
+        }
+        if(pBiDi->runsMemory!=NULL) {
+            icu_free(pBiDi->runsMemory);
+        }
+        icu_free(pBiDi);
+    }
+}
+
+/* set to approximate "inverse BiDi" ---------------------------------------- */
+
+U_CAPI void U_EXPORT2
+ubidi_setInverse(UBiDi *pBiDi, bool_t isInverse) {
+    if(pBiDi!=NULL) {
+        pBiDi->isInverse=isInverse;
+    }
+}
+
+U_CAPI bool_t U_EXPORT2
+ubidi_isInverse(UBiDi *pBiDi) {
+    if(pBiDi!=NULL) {
+        return pBiDi->isInverse;
+    } else {
+        return FALSE;
+    }
+}
+
+/* ubidi_setPara ------------------------------------------------------------ */
+
+U_CAPI void U_EXPORT2
+ubidi_setPara(UBiDi *pBiDi, const UChar *text, int32_t length,
+              UBiDiLevel paraLevel, UBiDiLevel *embeddingLevels,
+              UErrorCode *pErrorCode) {
+    UBiDiDirection direction;
+
+    /* check the argument values */
+    if(pErrorCode==NULL || U_FAILURE(*pErrorCode)) {
+        return;
+    } else if(pBiDi==NULL || text==NULL ||
+              ((UBIDI_MAX_EXPLICIT_LEVEL<paraLevel) && !IS_DEFAULT_LEVEL(paraLevel)) ||
+              length<-1
+    ) {
+        *pErrorCode=U_ILLEGAL_ARGUMENT_ERROR;
+        return;
+    }
+
+    if(length==-1) {
+        // length=u_strlen(text);
+                const UChar *p = text - 1;
+                while(*++p);
+                length = p - text;
+    }
+
+    /* initialize the UBiDi structure */
+    pBiDi->text=text;
+    pBiDi->length=length;
+    pBiDi->paraLevel=paraLevel;
+    pBiDi->direction=UBIDI_LTR;
+    pBiDi->trailingWSStart=length;  /* the levels[] will reflect the WS run */
+
+    pBiDi->dirProps=NULL;
+    pBiDi->levels=NULL;
+    pBiDi->runs=NULL;
+
+    if(length==0) {
+        /*
+         * For an empty paragraph, create a UBiDi object with the paraLevel and
+         * the flags and the direction set but without allocating zero-length arrays.
+         * There is nothing more to do.
+         */
+        if(IS_DEFAULT_LEVEL(paraLevel)) {
+            pBiDi->paraLevel&=1;
+        }
+        if(paraLevel&1) {
+            pBiDi->flags=DIRPROP_FLAG(R);
+            pBiDi->direction=UBIDI_RTL;
+        } else {
+            pBiDi->flags=DIRPROP_FLAG(L);
+            pBiDi->direction=UBIDI_LTR;
+        }
+
+        pBiDi->runCount=0;
+        return;
+    }
+
+    pBiDi->runCount=-1;
+
+    /*
+     * Get the directional properties,
+     * the flags bit-set, and
+     * determine the partagraph level if necessary.
+     */
+    if(getDirPropsMemory(pBiDi, length)) {
+        pBiDi->dirProps=pBiDi->dirPropsMemory;
+        getDirProps(pBiDi, text);
+    } else {
+        *pErrorCode=U_MEMORY_ALLOCATION_ERROR;
+        return;
+    }
+
+    /* are explicit levels specified? */
+    if(embeddingLevels==NULL) {
+        /* no: determine explicit levels according to the (Xn) rules */\
+        if(getLevelsMemory(pBiDi, length)) {
+            pBiDi->levels=pBiDi->levelsMemory;
+            direction=resolveExplicitLevels(pBiDi);
+        } else {
+            *pErrorCode=U_MEMORY_ALLOCATION_ERROR;
+            return;
+        }
+    } else {
+        /* set BN for all explicit codes, check that all levels are paraLevel..UBIDI_MAX_EXPLICIT_LEVEL */
+        pBiDi->levels=embeddingLevels;
+        direction=checkExplicitLevels(pBiDi, pErrorCode);
+        if(U_FAILURE(*pErrorCode)) {
+            return;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /*
+     * The steps after (X9) in the UBiDi algorithm are performed only if
+     * the paragraph text has mixed directionality!
+     */
+    pBiDi->direction=direction;
+    switch(direction) {
+    case UBIDI_LTR:
+        /* make sure paraLevel is even */
+        pBiDi->paraLevel=(UBiDiLevel)((pBiDi->paraLevel+1)&~1);
+
+        /* all levels are implicitly at paraLevel (important for ubidi_getLevels()) */
+        pBiDi->trailingWSStart=0;
+        break;
+    case UBIDI_RTL:
+        /* make sure paraLevel is odd */
+        pBiDi->paraLevel|=1;
+
+        /* all levels are implicitly at paraLevel (important for ubidi_getLevels()) */
+        pBiDi->trailingWSStart=0;
+        break;
+    default:
+        /*
+         * If there are no external levels specified and there
+         * are no significant explicit level codes in the text,
+         * then we can treat the entire paragraph as one run.
+         * Otherwise, we need to perform the following rules on runs of
+         * the text with the same embedding levels. (X10)
+         * "Significant" explicit level codes are ones that actually
+         * affect non-BN characters.
+         * Examples for "insignificant" ones are empty embeddings
+         * LRE-PDF, LRE-RLE-PDF-PDF, etc.
+         */
+        if(embeddingLevels==NULL && !(pBiDi->flags&DIRPROP_FLAG_MULTI_RUNS)) {
+            resolveImplicitLevels(pBiDi, 0, length,
+                                    GET_LR_FROM_LEVEL(pBiDi->paraLevel),
+                                    GET_LR_FROM_LEVEL(pBiDi->paraLevel));
+        } else {
+            /* sor, eor: start and end types of same-level-run */
+            UBiDiLevel *levels=pBiDi->levels;
+            int32_t start, limit=0;
+            UBiDiLevel level, nextLevel;
+            DirProp sor, eor;
+
+            /* determine the first sor and set eor to it because of the loop body (sor=eor there) */
+            level=pBiDi->paraLevel;
+            nextLevel=levels[0];
+            if(level<nextLevel) {
+                eor=GET_LR_FROM_LEVEL(nextLevel);
+            } else {
+                eor=GET_LR_FROM_LEVEL(level);
+            }
+
+            do {
+                /* determine start and limit of the run (end points just behind the run) */
+
+                /* the values for this run's start are the same as for the previous run's end */
+                sor=eor;
+                start=limit;
+                level=nextLevel;
+
+                /* search for the limit of this run */
+                while(++limit<length && levels[limit]==level) {}
+
+                /* get the correct level of the next run */
+                if(limit<length) {
+                    nextLevel=levels[limit];
+                } else {
+                    nextLevel=pBiDi->paraLevel;
+                }
+
+                /* determine eor from max(level, nextLevel); sor is last run's eor */
+                if((level&~UBIDI_LEVEL_OVERRIDE)<(nextLevel&~UBIDI_LEVEL_OVERRIDE)) {
+                    eor=GET_LR_FROM_LEVEL(nextLevel);
+                } else {
+                    eor=GET_LR_FROM_LEVEL(level);
+                }
+
+                /* if the run consists of overridden directional types, then there
+                   are no implicit types to be resolved */
+                if(!(level&UBIDI_LEVEL_OVERRIDE)) {
+                    resolveImplicitLevels(pBiDi, start, limit, sor, eor);
+                } else {
+                    /* remove the UBIDI_LEVEL_OVERRIDE flags */
+                    do {
+                        levels[start++]&=~UBIDI_LEVEL_OVERRIDE;
+                    } while(start<limit);
+                }
+            } while(limit<length);
+        }
+
+        /* reset the embedding levels for some non-graphic characters (L1), (X9) */
+        adjustWSLevels(pBiDi);
+
+        /* for "inverse BiDi", ubidi_getRuns() modifies the levels of numeric runs following RTL runs */
+        if(pBiDi->isInverse) {
+            if(!ubidi_getRuns(pBiDi)) {
+                *pErrorCode=U_MEMORY_ALLOCATION_ERROR;
+                return;
+            }
+        }
+        break;
+    }
+}
+
+/* perform (P2)..(P3) ------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+/*
+ * Get the directional properties for the text,
+ * calculate the flags bit-set, and
+ * determine the partagraph level if necessary.
+ */
+static void
+getDirProps(UBiDi *pBiDi, const UChar *text) {
+    DirProp *dirProps=pBiDi->dirPropsMemory;    /* pBiDi->dirProps is const */
+
+    int32_t i=0, i0, i1, length=pBiDi->length;
+    Flags flags=0;      /* collect all directionalities in the text */
+    UChar uchar;
+    DirProp dirProp;
+
+    if(IS_DEFAULT_LEVEL(pBiDi->paraLevel)) {
+        /* determine the paragraph level (P2..P3) */
+        for(;;) {
+            uchar=text[i];
+            if(!IS_FIRST_SURROGATE(uchar) || i+1==length || !IS_SECOND_SURROGATE(text[i+1])) {
+                /* not a surrogate pair */
+                flags|=DIRPROP_FLAG(dirProps[i]=dirProp=u_charDirection(uchar));
+            } else {
+                /* a surrogate pair */
+                dirProps[i++]=BN;   /* first surrogate in the pair gets the BN type */
+                flags|=DIRPROP_FLAG(dirProps[i]=dirProp=u_surrogatePairDirection(uchar, text[i]))|DIRPROP_FLAG(BN);
+            }
+            ++i;
+            if(dirProp==L) {
+                pBiDi->paraLevel=0;
+                break;
+            } else if(dirProp==R || dirProp==AL) {
+                pBiDi->paraLevel=1;
+                break;
+            } else if(i>=length) {
+                /*
+                 * see comment in ubidi.h:
+                 * the DEFAULT_XXX values are designed so that
+                 * their bit 0 alone yields the intended default
+                 */
+                pBiDi->paraLevel&=1;
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+    } else {
+        flags|=DIRPROP_FLAG_LR(pBiDi->paraLevel);
+    }
+
+    /* get the rest of the directional properties and the flags bits */
+    while(i<length) {
+        uchar=text[i];
+        if(!IS_FIRST_SURROGATE(uchar) || i+1==length || !IS_SECOND_SURROGATE(text[i+1])) {
+            /* not a surrogate pair */
+            flags|=DIRPROP_FLAG(dirProps[i]=u_charDirection(uchar));
+        } else {
+            /* a surrogate pair */
+            dirProps[i++]=BN;   /* first surrogate in the pair gets the BN type */
+            flags|=DIRPROP_FLAG(dirProps[i]=dirProp=u_surrogatePairDirection(uchar, text[i]))|DIRPROP_FLAG(BN);
+        }
+        ++i;
+    }
+    if(flags&MASK_EMBEDDING) {
+        flags|=DIRPROP_FLAG_LR(pBiDi->paraLevel);
+    }
+
+    pBiDi->flags=flags;
+}
+
+/* perform (X1)..(X9) ------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+/*
+ * Resolve the explicit levels as specified by explicit embedding codes.
+ * Recalculate the flags to have them reflect the real properties
+ * after taking the explicit embeddings into account.
+ *
+ * The BiDi algorithm is designed to result in the same behavior whether embedding
+ * levels are externally specified (from "styled text", supposedly the preferred
+ * method) or set by explicit embedding codes (LRx, RLx, PDF) in the plain text.
+ * That is why (X9) instructs to remove all explicit codes (and BN).
+ * However, in a real implementation, this removal of these codes and their index
+ * positions in the plain text is undesirable since it would result in
+ * reallocated, reindexed text.
+ * Instead, this implementation leaves the codes in there and just ignores them
+ * in the subsequent processing.
+ * In order to get the same reordering behavior, positions with a BN or an
+ * explicit embedding code just get the same level assigned as the last "real"
+ * character.
+ *
+ * Some implementations, not this one, then overwrite some of these
+ * directionality properties at "real" same-level-run boundaries by
+ * L or R codes so that the resolution of weak types can be performed on the
+ * entire paragraph at once instead of having to parse it once more and
+ * perform that resolution on same-level-runs.
+ * This limits the scope of the implicit rules in effectively
+ * the same way as the run limits.
+ *
+ * Instead, this implementation does not modify these codes.
+ * On one hand, the paragraph has to be scanned for same-level-runs, but
+ * on the other hand, this saves another loop to reset these codes,
+ * or saves making and modifying a copy of dirProps[].
+ *
+ *
+ * Note that (Pn) and (Xn) changed significantly from version 4 of the BiDi algorithm.
+ *
+ *
+ * Handling the stack of explicit levels (Xn):
+ *
+ * With the BiDi stack of explicit levels,
+ * as pushed with each LRE, RLE, LRO, and RLO and popped with each PDF,
+ * the explicit level must never exceed UBIDI_MAX_EXPLICIT_LEVEL==61.
+ *
+ * In order to have a correct push-pop semantics even in the case of overflows,
+ * there are two overflow counters:
+ * - countOver60 is incremented with each LRx at level 60
+ * - from level 60, one RLx increases the level to 61
+ * - countOver61 is incremented with each LRx and RLx at level 61
+ *
+ * Popping levels with PDF must work in the opposite order so that level 61
+ * is correct at the correct point. Underflows (too many PDFs) must be checked.
+ *
+ * This implementation assumes that UBIDI_MAX_EXPLICIT_LEVEL is odd.
+ */
+
+static UBiDiDirection
+resolveExplicitLevels(UBiDi *pBiDi) {
+    const DirProp *dirProps=pBiDi->dirProps;
+    UBiDiLevel *levels=pBiDi->levels;
+
+    int32_t i=0, length=pBiDi->length;
+    Flags flags=pBiDi->flags;       /* collect all directionalities in the text */
+    DirProp dirProp;
+    UBiDiLevel level=pBiDi->paraLevel;
+
+    UBiDiDirection direction;
+
+    /* determine if the text is mixed-directional or single-directional */
+    direction=directionFromFlags(flags);
+
+    /* we may not need to resolve any explicit levels */
+    if(direction!=UBIDI_MIXED) {
+        /* not mixed directionality: levels don't matter - trailingWSStart will be 0 */
+    } else if(!(flags&MASK_EXPLICIT) || pBiDi->isInverse) {
+        /* mixed, but all characters are at the same embedding level */
+        /* or we are in "inverse BiDi" */
+        /* set all levels to the paragraph level */
+        for(i=0; i<length; ++i) {
+            levels[i]=level;
+        }
+    } else {
+        /* continue to perform (Xn) */
+
+        /* (X1) level is set for all codes, embeddingLevel keeps track of the push/pop operations */
+        /* both variables may carry the UBIDI_LEVEL_OVERRIDE flag to indicate the override status */
+        UBiDiLevel embeddingLevel=level, newLevel, stackTop=0;
+
+        UBiDiLevel stack[UBIDI_MAX_EXPLICIT_LEVEL];        /* we never push anything >=UBIDI_MAX_EXPLICIT_LEVEL */
+        uint32_t countOver60=0, countOver61=0;  /* count overflows of explicit levels */
+
+        /* recalculate the flags */
+        flags=0;
+
+        /* since we assume that this is a single paragraph, we ignore (X8) */
+        for(i=0; i<length; ++i) {
+            dirProp=dirProps[i];
+            switch(dirProp) {
+            case LRE:
+            case LRO:
+                /* (X3, X5) */
+                newLevel=(UBiDiLevel)((embeddingLevel+2)&~(UBIDI_LEVEL_OVERRIDE|1)); /* least greater even level */
+                if(newLevel<=UBIDI_MAX_EXPLICIT_LEVEL) {
+                    stack[stackTop]=embeddingLevel;
+                    ++stackTop;
+                    embeddingLevel=newLevel;
+                    if(dirProp==LRO) {
+                        embeddingLevel|=UBIDI_LEVEL_OVERRIDE;
+                    } else {
+                        embeddingLevel&=~UBIDI_LEVEL_OVERRIDE;
+                    }
+                } else if((embeddingLevel&~UBIDI_LEVEL_OVERRIDE)==UBIDI_MAX_EXPLICIT_LEVEL) {
+                    ++countOver61;
+                } else /* (embeddingLevel&~UBIDI_LEVEL_OVERRIDE)==UBIDI_MAX_EXPLICIT_LEVEL-1 */ {
+                    ++countOver60;
+                }
+                flags|=DIRPROP_FLAG(BN);
+                break;
+            case RLE:
+            case RLO:
+                /* (X2, X4) */
+                newLevel=(UBiDiLevel)(((embeddingLevel&~UBIDI_LEVEL_OVERRIDE)+1)|1); /* least greater odd level */
+                if(newLevel<=UBIDI_MAX_EXPLICIT_LEVEL) {
+                    stack[stackTop]=embeddingLevel;
+                    ++stackTop;
+                    embeddingLevel=newLevel;
+                    if(dirProp==RLO) {
+                        embeddingLevel|=UBIDI_LEVEL_OVERRIDE;
+                    } else {
+                        embeddingLevel&=~UBIDI_LEVEL_OVERRIDE;
+                    }
+                } else {
+                    ++countOver61;
+                }
+                flags|=DIRPROP_FLAG(BN);
+                break;
+            case PDF:
+                /* (X7) */
+                /* handle all the overflow cases first */
+                if(countOver61>0) {
+                    --countOver61;
+                } else if(countOver60>0 && (embeddingLevel&~UBIDI_LEVEL_OVERRIDE)!=UBIDI_MAX_EXPLICIT_LEVEL) {
+                    /* handle LRx overflows from level 60 */
+                    --countOver60;
+                } else if(stackTop>0) {
+                    /* this is the pop operation; it also pops level 61 while countOver60>0 */
+                    --stackTop;
+                    embeddingLevel=stack[stackTop];
+                /* } else { (underflow) */
+                }
+                flags|=DIRPROP_FLAG(BN);
+                break;
+            case B:
+                /*
+                 * We do not really expect to see a paragraph separator (B),
+                 * but we should do something reasonable with it,
+                 * especially at the end of the text.
+                 */
+                stackTop=0;
+                countOver60=countOver61=0;
+                embeddingLevel=level=pBiDi->paraLevel;
+                flags|=DIRPROP_FLAG(B);
+                break;
+            case BN:
+                /* BN, LRE, RLE, and PDF are supposed to be removed (X9) */
+                /* they will get their levels set correctly in adjustWSLevels() */
+                flags|=DIRPROP_FLAG(BN);
+                break;
+            default:
+                /* all other types get the "real" level */
+                if(level!=embeddingLevel) {
+                    level=embeddingLevel;
+                    if(level&UBIDI_LEVEL_OVERRIDE) {
+                        flags|=DIRPROP_FLAG_O(level)|DIRPROP_FLAG_MULTI_RUNS;
+                    } else {
+                        flags|=DIRPROP_FLAG_E(level)|DIRPROP_FLAG_MULTI_RUNS;
+                    }
+                }
+                if(!(level&UBIDI_LEVEL_OVERRIDE)) {
+                    flags|=DIRPROP_FLAG(dirProp);
+                }
+                break;
+            }
+
+            /*
+             * We need to set reasonable levels even on BN codes and
+             * explicit codes because we will later look at same-level runs (X10).
+             */
+            levels[i]=level;
+        }
+        if(flags&MASK_EMBEDDING) {
+            flags|=DIRPROP_FLAG_LR(pBiDi->paraLevel);
+        }
+
+        /* subsequently, ignore the explicit codes and BN (X9) */
+
+        /* again, determine if the text is mixed-directional or single-directional */
+        pBiDi->flags=flags;
+        direction=directionFromFlags(flags);
+    }
+    return direction;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Use a pre-specified embedding levels array:
+ *
+ * Adjust the directional properties for overrides (->LEVEL_OVERRIDE),
+ * ignore all explicit codes (X9),
+ * and check all the preset levels.
+ *
+ * Recalculate the flags to have them reflect the real properties
+ * after taking the explicit embeddings into account.
+ */
+static UBiDiDirection
+checkExplicitLevels(UBiDi *pBiDi, UErrorCode *pErrorCode) {
+    const DirProp *dirProps=pBiDi->dirProps;
+    UBiDiLevel *levels=pBiDi->levels;
+
+    int32_t i, length=pBiDi->length;
+    Flags flags=0;  /* collect all directionalities in the text */
+    UBiDiLevel level, paraLevel=pBiDi->paraLevel;
+
+    for(i=0; i<length; ++i) {
+      // dlf: we special case levels array for java, 0 means base level, not actually 0
+      if (levels[i] == 0) {
+        levels[i] = paraLevel;
+      }
+        level=levels[i];
+        if(level&UBIDI_LEVEL_OVERRIDE) {
+            /* keep the override flag in levels[i] but adjust the flags */
+            level&=~UBIDI_LEVEL_OVERRIDE;     /* make the range check below simpler */
+            flags|=DIRPROP_FLAG_O(level);
+        } else {
+            /* set the flags */
+            flags|=DIRPROP_FLAG_E(level)|DIRPROP_FLAG(dirProps[i]);
+        }
+        if(level<paraLevel || UBIDI_MAX_EXPLICIT_LEVEL<level) {
+            /* level out of bounds */
+            *pErrorCode=U_ILLEGAL_ARGUMENT_ERROR;
+            return UBIDI_LTR;
+        }
+    }
+    if(flags&MASK_EMBEDDING) {
+        flags|=DIRPROP_FLAG_LR(pBiDi->paraLevel);
+    }
+
+    /* determine if the text is mixed-directional or single-directional */
+    pBiDi->flags=flags;
+    return directionFromFlags(flags);
+}
+
+/* determine if the text is mixed-directional or single-directional */
+static UBiDiDirection
+directionFromFlags(Flags flags) {
+    /* if the text contains AN and neutrals, then some neutrals may become RTL */
+    if(!(flags&MASK_RTL || ((flags&DIRPROP_FLAG(AN)) && (flags&MASK_POSSIBLE_N)))) {
+        return UBIDI_LTR;
+    } else if(!(flags&MASK_LTR)) {
+        return UBIDI_RTL;
+    } else {
+        return UBIDI_MIXED;
+    }
+}
+
+/* perform rules (Wn), (Nn), and (In) on a run of the text ------------------ */
+
+/*
+ * This implementation of the (Wn) rules applies all rules in one pass.
+ * In order to do so, it needs a look-ahead of typically 1 character
+ * (except for W5: sequences of ET) and keeps track of changes
+ * in a rule Wp that affect a later Wq (p<q).
+ *
+ * historyOfEN is a variable-saver: it contains 4 boolean states;
+ * a bit in it set to 1 means:
+ *  bit 0: the current code is an EN after W2
+ *  bit 1: the current code is an EN after W4
+ *  bit 2: the previous code was an EN after W2
+ *  bit 3: the previous code was an EN after W4
+ * In other words, b0..1 have transitions of EN in the current iteration,
+ * while b2..3 have the transitions of EN in the previous iteration.
+ * A simple historyOfEN<<=2 suffices for the propagation.
+ *
+ * The (Nn) and (In) rules are also performed in that same single loop,
+ * but effectively one iteration behind for white space.
+ *
+ * Since all implicit rules are performed in one step, it is not necessary
+ * to actually store the intermediate directional properties in dirProps[].
+ */
+
+#define EN_SHIFT 2
+#define EN_AFTER_W2 1
+#define EN_AFTER_W4 2
+#define EN_ALL 3
+#define PREV_EN_AFTER_W2 4
+#define PREV_EN_AFTER_W4 8
+
+static void
+resolveImplicitLevels(UBiDi *pBiDi,
+                      int32_t start, int32_t limit,
+                      DirProp sor, DirProp eor) {
+    const DirProp *dirProps=pBiDi->dirProps;
+    UBiDiLevel *levels=pBiDi->levels;
+
+    int32_t i, next, neutralStart=-1;
+    DirProp prevDirProp, dirProp, nextDirProp, lastStrong, beforeNeutral=L;
+    UBiDiLevel numberLevel;
+    uint8_t historyOfEN;
+
+    /* initialize: current at sor, next at start (it is start<limit) */
+    next=start;
+    dirProp=lastStrong=sor;
+    nextDirProp=dirProps[next];
+    historyOfEN=0;
+
+    if(pBiDi->isInverse) {
+        /*
+         * For "inverse BiDi", we set the levels of numbers just like for
+         * regular L characters, plus a flag that ubidi_getRuns() will use
+         * to set a similar flag on the corresponding output run.
+         */
+        numberLevel=levels[start];
+        if(numberLevel&1) {
+            ++numberLevel;
+        }
+    } else {
+        /* normal BiDi: least greater even level */
+        numberLevel=(UBiDiLevel)((levels[start]+2)&~1);
+    }
+
+    /*
+     * In all steps of this implementation, BN and explicit embedding codes
+     * must be treated as if they didn't exist (X9).
+     * They will get levels set before a non-neutral character, and remain
+     * undefined before a neutral one, but adjustWSLevels() will take care
+     * of all of them.
+     */
+    while(DIRPROP_FLAG(nextDirProp)&MASK_BN_EXPLICIT) {
+        if(++next<limit) {
+            nextDirProp=dirProps[next];
+        } else {
+            nextDirProp=eor;
+            break;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /*
+     * Note: at the end of this file, there is a prototype
+     * of a version of this function that uses a statetable
+     * at the core of this state machine.
+     * If you make changes to this state machine,
+     * please update that prototype as well.
+     */
+
+    /* loop for entire run */
+    while(next<limit) {
+        /* advance */
+        prevDirProp=dirProp;
+        dirProp=nextDirProp;
+        i=next;
+        do {
+            if(++next<limit) {
+                nextDirProp=dirProps[next];
+            } else {
+                nextDirProp=eor;
+                break;
+            }
+        } while(DIRPROP_FLAG(nextDirProp)&MASK_BN_EXPLICIT);
+        historyOfEN<<=EN_SHIFT;
+
+        /* (W1..W7) */
+        switch(dirProp) {
+        case L:
+            lastStrong=L;
+            break;
+        case R:
+            lastStrong=R;
+            break;
+        case AL:
+            /* (W3) */
+            lastStrong=AL;
+            dirProp=R;
+            break;
+        case EN:
+            /* we have to set historyOfEN correctly */
+            if(lastStrong==AL) {
+                /* (W2) */
+                dirProp=AN;
+            } else {
+                if(lastStrong==L) {
+                    /* (W7) */
+                    dirProp=L;
+                }
+                /* this EN stays after (W2) and (W4) - at least before (W7) */
+                historyOfEN|=EN_ALL;
+            }
+            break;
+        case ES:
+            if( historyOfEN&PREV_EN_AFTER_W2 &&     /* previous was EN before (W4) */
+                nextDirProp==EN && lastStrong!=AL   /* next is EN and (W2) won't make it AN */
+            ) {
+                /* (W4) */
+                if(lastStrong!=L) {
+                    dirProp=EN;
+                } else {
+                    /* (W7) */
+                    dirProp=L;
+                }
+                historyOfEN|=EN_AFTER_W4;
+            } else {
+                /* (W6) */
+                dirProp=ON;
+            }
+            break;
+        case CS:
+            if( historyOfEN&PREV_EN_AFTER_W2 &&     /* previous was EN before (W4) */
+                nextDirProp==EN && lastStrong!=AL   /* next is EN and (W2) won't make it AN */
+            ) {
+                /* (W4) */
+                if(lastStrong!=L) {
+                    dirProp=EN;
+                } else {
+                    /* (W7) */
+                    dirProp=L;
+                }
+                historyOfEN|=EN_AFTER_W4;
+            } else if(prevDirProp==AN &&                    /* previous was AN */
+                      (nextDirProp==AN ||                   /* next is AN */
+                      (nextDirProp==EN && lastStrong==AL))  /* or (W2) will make it one */
+            ) {
+                /* (W4) */
+                dirProp=AN;
+            } else {
+                /* (W6) */
+                dirProp=ON;
+            }
+            break;
+        case ET:
+            /* get sequence of ET; advance only next, not current, previous or historyOfEN */
+            if(next<limit) {
+                while(DIRPROP_FLAG(nextDirProp)&MASK_ET_NSM_BN /* (W1), (X9) */) {
+                    if(++next<limit) {
+                        nextDirProp=dirProps[next];
+                    } else {
+                        nextDirProp=eor;
+                        break;
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+
+            /* now process the sequence of ET like a single ET */
+            if((historyOfEN&PREV_EN_AFTER_W4) ||     /* previous was EN before (W5) */
+                (nextDirProp==EN && lastStrong!=AL)   /* next is EN and (W2) won't make it AN */
+            ) {
+                /* (W5) */
+                if(lastStrong!=L) {
+                    dirProp=EN;
+                } else {
+                    /* (W7) */
+                    dirProp=L;
+                }
+            } else {
+                /* (W6) */
+                dirProp=ON;
+            }
+
+            /* apply the result of (W1), (W5)..(W7) to the entire sequence of ET */
+            break;
+        case NSM:
+            /* (W1) */
+            dirProp=prevDirProp;
+            /* set historyOfEN back to prevDirProp's historyOfEN */
+            historyOfEN>>=EN_SHIFT;
+            /*
+             * Technically, this should be done before the switch() in the form
+             *      if(nextDirProp==NSM) {
+             *          dirProps[next]=nextDirProp=dirProp;
+             *      }
+             *
+             * - effectively one iteration ahead.
+             * However, whether the next dirProp is NSM or is equal to the current dirProp
+             * does not change the outcome of any condition in (W2)..(W7).
+             */
+            break;
+        default:
+            break;
+        }
+
+        /* here, it is always [prev,this,next]dirProp!=BN; it may be next>i+1 */
+
+        /* perform (Nn) - here, only L, R, EN, AN, and neutrals are left */
+        /* for "inverse BiDi", treat neutrals like L */
+        /* this is one iteration late for the neutrals */
+        if(DIRPROP_FLAG(dirProp)&MASK_N) {
+            if(neutralStart<0) {
+                /* start of a sequence of neutrals */
+                neutralStart=i;
+                beforeNeutral=prevDirProp;
+            }
+        } else /* not a neutral, can be only one of { L, R, EN, AN } */ {
+            /*
+             * Note that all levels[] values are still the same at this
+             * point because this function is called for an entire
+             * same-level run.
+             * Therefore, we need to read only one actual level.
+             */
+            UBiDiLevel level=levels[i];
+
+            if(neutralStart>=0) {
+                UBiDiLevel final;
+                /* end of a sequence of neutrals (dirProp is "afterNeutral") */
+                if(!(pBiDi->isInverse)) {
+                    if(beforeNeutral==L) {
+                        if(dirProp==L) {
+                            final=0;                /* make all neutrals L (N1) */
+                        } else {
+                            final=level;            /* make all neutrals "e" (N2) */
+                        }
+                    } else /* beforeNeutral is one of { R, EN, AN } */ {
+                        if(dirProp==L) {
+                            final=level;            /* make all neutrals "e" (N2) */
+                        } else {
+                            final=1;                /* make all neutrals R (N1) */
+                        }
+                    }
+                } else {
+                    /* "inverse BiDi": collapse [before]dirProps L, EN, AN into L */
+                    if(beforeNeutral!=R) {
+                        if(dirProp!=R) {
+                            final=0;                /* make all neutrals L (N1) */
+                        } else {
+                            final=level;            /* make all neutrals "e" (N2) */
+                        }
+                    } else /* beforeNeutral is one of { R, EN, AN } */ {
+                        if(dirProp!=R) {
+                            final=level;            /* make all neutrals "e" (N2) */
+                        } else {
+                            final=1;                /* make all neutrals R (N1) */
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+                /* perform (In) on the sequence of neutrals */
+                if((level^final)&1) {
+                    /* do something only if we need to _change_ the level */
+                    do {
+                        ++levels[neutralStart];
+                    } while(++neutralStart<i);
+                }
+                neutralStart=-1;
+            }
+
+            /* perform (In) on the non-neutral character */
+            /*
+             * in the cases of (W5), processing a sequence of ET,
+             * and of (X9), skipping BN,
+             * there may be multiple characters from i to <next
+             * that all get (virtually) the same dirProp and (really) the same level
+             */
+            if(dirProp==L) {
+                if(level&1) {
+                    ++level;
+                } else {
+                    i=next;     /* we keep the levels */
+                }
+            } else if(dirProp==R) {
+                if(!(level&1)) {
+                    ++level;
+                } else {
+                    i=next;     /* we keep the levels */
+                }
+            } else /* EN or AN */ {
+                /* this level depends on whether we do "inverse BiDi" */
+                level=numberLevel;
+            }
+
+            /* apply the new level to the sequence, if necessary */
+            while(i<next) {
+                levels[i++]=level;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /* perform (Nn) - here,
+       the character after the the neutrals is eor, which is either L or R */
+    /* this is one iteration late for the neutrals */
+    if(neutralStart>=0) {
+        /*
+         * Note that all levels[] values are still the same at this
+         * point because this function is called for an entire
+         * same-level run.
+         * Therefore, we need to read only one actual level.
+         */
+        UBiDiLevel level=levels[neutralStart], final;
+
+        /* end of a sequence of neutrals (eor is "afterNeutral") */
+        if(!(pBiDi->isInverse)) {
+            if(beforeNeutral==L) {
+                if(eor==L) {
+                    final=0;                /* make all neutrals L (N1) */
+                } else {
+                    final=level;            /* make all neutrals "e" (N2) */
+                }
+            } else /* beforeNeutral is one of { R, EN, AN } */ {
+                if(eor==L) {
+                    final=level;            /* make all neutrals "e" (N2) */
+                } else {
+                    final=1;                /* make all neutrals R (N1) */
+                }
+            }
+        } else {
+            /* "inverse BiDi": collapse [before]dirProps L, EN, AN into L */
+            if(beforeNeutral!=R) {
+                if(eor!=R) {
+                    final=0;                /* make all neutrals L (N1) */
+                } else {
+                    final=level;            /* make all neutrals "e" (N2) */
+                }
+            } else /* beforeNeutral is one of { R, EN, AN } */ {
+                if(eor!=R) {
+                    final=level;            /* make all neutrals "e" (N2) */
+                } else {
+                    final=1;                /* make all neutrals R (N1) */
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        /* perform (In) on the sequence of neutrals */
+        if((level^final)&1) {
+            /* do something only if we need to _change_ the level */
+            do {
+                ++levels[neutralStart];
+            } while(++neutralStart<limit);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/* perform (L1) and (X9) ---------------------------------------------------- */
+
+/*
+ * Reset the embedding levels for some non-graphic characters (L1).
+ * This function also sets appropriate levels for BN, and
+ * explicit embedding types that are supposed to have been removed
+ * from the paragraph in (X9).
+ */
+static void
+adjustWSLevels(UBiDi *pBiDi) {
+    const DirProp *dirProps=pBiDi->dirProps;
+    UBiDiLevel *levels=pBiDi->levels;
+    int32_t i;
+
+    if(pBiDi->flags&MASK_WS) {
+        UBiDiLevel paraLevel=pBiDi->paraLevel;
+        Flags flag;
+
+        i=pBiDi->trailingWSStart;
+        while(i>0) {
+            /* reset a sequence of WS/BN before eop and B/S to the paragraph paraLevel */
+            while(i>0 && DIRPROP_FLAG(dirProps[--i])&MASK_WS) {
+                levels[i]=paraLevel;
+            }
+
+            /* reset BN to the next character's paraLevel until B/S, which restarts above loop */
+            /* here, i+1 is guaranteed to be <length */
+            while(i>0) {
+                flag=DIRPROP_FLAG(dirProps[--i]);
+                if(flag&MASK_BN_EXPLICIT) {
+                    levels[i]=levels[i+1];
+                } else if(flag&MASK_B_S) {
+                    levels[i]=paraLevel;
+                    break;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /* now remove the UBIDI_LEVEL_OVERRIDE flags, if any */
+    /* (a separate loop can be optimized more easily by a compiler) */
+    if(pBiDi->flags&MASK_OVERRIDE) {
+        for(i=pBiDi->trailingWSStart; i>0;) {
+            levels[--i]&=~UBIDI_LEVEL_OVERRIDE;
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/* -------------------------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+U_CAPI UBiDiDirection U_EXPORT2
+ubidi_getDirection(const UBiDi *pBiDi) {
+    if(pBiDi!=NULL) {
+        return pBiDi->direction;
+    } else {
+        return UBIDI_LTR;
+    }
+}
+
+U_CAPI const UChar * U_EXPORT2
+ubidi_getText(const UBiDi *pBiDi) {
+    if(pBiDi!=NULL) {
+        return pBiDi->text;
+    } else {
+        return NULL;
+    }
+}
+
+U_CAPI int32_t U_EXPORT2
+ubidi_getLength(const UBiDi *pBiDi) {
+    if(pBiDi!=NULL) {
+        return pBiDi->length;
+    } else {
+        return 0;
+    }
+}
+
+U_CAPI UBiDiLevel U_EXPORT2
+ubidi_getParaLevel(const UBiDi *pBiDi) {
+    if(pBiDi!=NULL) {
+        return pBiDi->paraLevel;
+    } else {
+        return 0;
+    }
+}
+
+/* statetable prototype ----------------------------------------------------- */
+
+/*
+ * This is here for possible future
+ * performance work and is not compiled right now.
+ */
+
+#if 0
+/*
+ * This is a piece of code that could be part of ubidi.c/resolveImplicitLevels().
+ * It replaces in the (Wn) state machine the switch()-if()-cascade with
+ * just a few if()s and a state table.
+ */
+
+/* use the state table only for the following dirProp's */
+#define MASK_W_TABLE (FLAG(L)|FLAG(R)|FLAG(AL)|FLAG(EN)|FLAG(ES)|FLAG(CS)|FLAG(ET)|FLAG(AN))
+
+/*
+ * inputs:
+ *
+ * 0..1 historyOfEN - 2b
+ * 2    prevDirProp==AN - 1b
+ * 3..4 lastStrong, one of { L, R, AL, none } - 2b
+ * 5..7 dirProp, one of { L, R, AL, EN, ES, CS, ET, AN } - 3b
+ * 8..9 nextDirProp, one of { EN, AN, other }
+ *
+ * total: 10b=1024 states
+ */
+enum { _L, _R, _AL, _EN, _ES, _CS, _ET, _AN, _OTHER };  /* lastStrong, dirProp */
+enum { __EN, __AN, __OTHER };                           /* nextDirProp */
+
+#define LAST_STRONG_SHIFT 3
+#define DIR_PROP_SHIFT 5
+#define NEXT_DIR_PROP_SHIFT 8
+
+/* masks after shifting */
+#define LAST_STRONG_MASK 3
+#define DIR_PROP_MASK 7
+#define STATE_MASK 0x1f
+
+/* convert dirProp into _dirProp (above enum) */
+static DirProp inputDirProp[dirPropCount]={ _X<<DIR_PROP_SHIFT, ... };
+
+/* convert dirProp into __dirProp (above enum) */
+static DirProp inputNextDirProp[dirPropCount]={ __X<<NEXT_DIR_PROP_SHIFT, ... };
+
+/*
+ * outputs:
+ *
+ * dirProp, one of { L, R, EN, AN, ON } - 3b
+ *
+ * 0..1 historyOfEN - 2b
+ * 2    prevDirProp==AN - 1b
+ * 3..4 lastStrong, one of { L, R, AL, none } - 2b
+ * 5..7 new dirProp, one of { L, R, EN, AN, ON }
+ *
+ * total: 8 bits=1 byte per state
+ */
+enum { ___L, ___R, ___EN, ___AN, ___ON, ___count };
+
+/* convert ___dirProp into dirProp (above enum) */
+static DirProp outputDirProp[___count]={ X, ... };
+
+/* state table */
+static uint8_t wnTable[1024]={ /* calculate with switch()-if()-cascade */ };
+
+static void
+resolveImplicitLevels(BiDi *pBiDi,
+                      Index start, Index end,
+                      DirProp sor, DirProp eor) {
+    /* new variable */
+    uint8_t state;
+
+    /* remove variable lastStrong */
+
+    /* set initial state (set lastStrong, the rest is 0) */
+    state= sor==L ? 0 : _R<<LAST_STRONG_SHIFT;
+
+    while(next<limit) {
+        /* advance */
+        prevDirProp=dirProp;
+        dirProp=nextDirProp;
+        i=next;
+        do {
+            if(++next<limit) {
+                nextDirProp=dirProps[next];
+            } else {
+                nextDirProp=eor;
+                break;
+            }
+        } while(FLAG(nextDirProp)&MASK_BN_EXPLICIT);
+
+        /* (W1..W7) */
+        /* ### This may be more efficient with a switch(dirProp). */
+        if(FLAG(dirProp)&MASK_W_TABLE) {
+            state=wnTable[
+                    ((int)state)|
+                    inputDirProp[dirProp]|
+                    inputNextDirProp[nextDirProp]
+            ];
+            dirProp=outputDirProp[state>>DIR_PROP_SHIFT];
+            state&=STATE_MASK;
+        } else if(dirProp==ET) {
+            /* get sequence of ET; advance only next, not current, previous or historyOfEN */
+            while(next<limit && FLAG(nextDirProp)&MASK_ET_NSM_BN /* (W1), (X9) */) {
+                if(++next<limit) {
+                    nextDirProp=dirProps[next];
+                } else {
+                    nextDirProp=eor;
+                    break;
+                }
+            }
+
+            state=wnTable[
+                    ((int)state)|
+                    _ET<<DIR_PROP_SHIFT|
+                    inputNextDirProp[nextDirProp]
+            ];
+            dirProp=outputDirProp[state>>DIR_PROP_SHIFT];
+            state&=STATE_MASK;
+
+            /* apply the result of (W1), (W5)..(W7) to the entire sequence of ET */
+        } else if(dirProp==NSM) {
+            /* (W1) */
+            dirProp=prevDirProp;
+            /* keep prevDirProp's EN and AN states! */
+        } else /* other */ {
+            /* set EN and AN states to 0 */
+            state&=LAST_STRONG_MASK<<LAST_STRONG_SHIFT;
+        }
+
+        /* perform (Nn) and (In) as usual */
+    }
+    /* perform (Nn) and (In) as usual */
+}
+#endif