/*

 * DO NOT ALTER OR REMOVE COPYRIGHT NOTICES OR THIS FILE HEADER.

 *

 * This code is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it

 * under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 2 only, as

 * published by the Free Software Foundation.  Oracle designates this

 * particular file as subject to the "Classpath" exception as provided

 * by Oracle in the LICENSE file that accompanied this code.

 *

 * This code is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT

 * ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or

 * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU General Public License

 * version 2 for more details (a copy is included in the LICENSE file that

 * accompanied this code).

 *

 * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License version

 * 2 along with this work; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation,

 * Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA.

 *

 * Please contact Oracle, 500 Oracle Parkway, Redwood Shores, CA 94065 USA

 * or visit www.oracle.com if you need additional information or have any

 * questions.

 */

/*

 * Written by Doug Lea with assistance from members of JCP JSR-166

 * Expert Group.  Adapted and released, under explicit permission,

 * from JDK ArrayList.java which carries the following copyright:

 *

 * Copyright 1997 by Sun Microsystems, Inc.,

 * 901 San Antonio Road, Palo Alto, California, 94303, U.S.A.

 * All rights reserved.

 */

package java.util.concurrent;

import java.lang.invoke.VarHandle;

import java.lang.reflect.Field;

import java.util.Arrays;

import java.util.Collection;

import java.util.Comparator;

import java.util.ConcurrentModificationException;

import java.util.Iterator;

import java.util.List;

import java.util.ListIterator;

import java.util.NoSuchElementException;

import java.util.Objects;

import java.util.RandomAccess;

import java.util.Spliterator;

import java.util.Spliterators;

import java.util.function.Consumer;

import java.util.function.Predicate;

import java.util.function.UnaryOperator;

/**

 * A thread-safe variant of {@link java.util.ArrayList} in which all mutative

 * operations ({@code add}, {@code set}, and so on) are implemented by

 * making a fresh copy of the underlying array.

 *

 * <p>This is ordinarily too costly, but may be <em>more</em> efficient

 * than alternatives when traversal operations vastly outnumber

 * mutations, and is useful when you cannot or don't want to

 * synchronize traversals, yet need to preclude interference among

 * concurrent threads.  The "snapshot" style iterator method uses a

 * reference to the state of the array at the point that the iterator

 * was created. This array never changes during the lifetime of the

 * iterator, so interference is impossible and the iterator is

 * guaranteed not to throw {@code ConcurrentModificationException}.

 * The iterator will not reflect additions, removals, or changes to

 * the list since the iterator was created.  Element-changing

 * operations on iterators themselves ({@code remove}, {@code set}, and

 * {@code add}) are not supported. These methods throw

 * {@code UnsupportedOperationException}.

 *

 * <p>All elements are permitted, including {@code null}.

 *

 * <p>Memory consistency effects: As with other concurrent

 * collections, actions in a thread prior to placing an object into a

 * {@code CopyOnWriteArrayList}

 * <a href="package-summary.html#MemoryVisibility"><i>happen-before</i></a>

 * actions subsequent to the access or removal of that element from

 * the {@code CopyOnWriteArrayList} in another thread.

 *

 * <p>This class is a member of the

 * <a href="{@docRoot}/java.base/java/util/package-summary.html#CollectionsFramework">

 * Java Collections Framework</a>.

 *

 * @since 1.5

 * @author Doug Lea

 * @param <E> the type of elements held in this list

 */

public class CopyOnWriteArrayList<E>

    implements List<E>, RandomAccess, Cloneable, java.io.Serializable {

    private static final long serialVersionUID = 8673264195747942595L;

    /**

     * The lock protecting all mutators.  (We have a mild preference

     * for builtin monitors over ReentrantLock when either will do.)

     */

    final transient Object lock = new Object();

    /** The array, accessed only via getArray/setArray. */

    private transient volatile Object[] array;

    /**

     * Gets the array.  Non-private so as to also be accessible

     * from CopyOnWriteArraySet class.

     */

    final Object[] getArray() {

        return array;

    }

    /**

     * Sets the array.

     */

    final void setArray(Object[] a) {

        array = a;

    }

    /**

     * Creates an empty list.

     */

    public CopyOnWriteArrayList() {

        setArray(new Object[0]);

    }

    /**

     * Creates a list containing the elements of the specified

     * collection, in the order they are returned by the collection's

     * iterator.

     *

     * @param c the collection of initially held elements

     * @throws NullPointerException if the specified collection is null

     */

    public CopyOnWriteArrayList(Collection<? extends E> c) {

        Object[] es;

        if (c.getClass() == CopyOnWriteArrayList.class)

            es = ((CopyOnWriteArrayList<?>)c).getArray();

        else {

            es = c.toArray();

            // defend against c.toArray (incorrectly) not returning Object[]

            // (see e.g. https://bugs.openjdk.java.net/browse/JDK-6260652)

            if (es.getClass() != Object[].class)

                es = Arrays.copyOf(es, es.length, Object[].class);

        }

        setArray(es);

    }

    /**

     * Creates a list holding a copy of the given array.

     *

     * @param toCopyIn the array (a copy of this array is used as the

     *        internal array)

     * @throws NullPointerException if the specified array is null

     */

    public CopyOnWriteArrayList(E[] toCopyIn) {

        setArray(Arrays.copyOf(toCopyIn, toCopyIn.length, Object[].class));

    }

    /**

     * Returns the number of elements in this list.

     *

     * @return the number of elements in this list

     */

    public int size() {

        return getArray().length;

    }

    /**

     * Returns {@code true} if this list contains no elements.

     *

     * @return {@code true} if this list contains no elements

     */

    public boolean isEmpty() {

        return size() == 0;

    }

    /**

     * static version of indexOf, to allow repeated calls without

     * needing to re-acquire array each time.

     * @param o element to search for

     * @param es the array

     * @param from first index to search

     * @param to one past last index to search

     * @return index of element, or -1 if absent

     */

    private static int indexOfRange(Object o, Object[] es, int from, int to) {

        if (o == null) {

            for (int i = from; i < to; i++)

                if (es[i] == null)

                    return i;

        } else {

            for (int i = from; i < to; i++)

                if (o.equals(es[i]))

                    return i;

        }

        return -1;

    }

    /**

     * static version of lastIndexOf.

     * @param o element to search for

     * @param es the array

     * @param from index of first element of range, last element to search

     * @param to one past last element of range, first element to search

     * @return index of element, or -1 if absent

     */

    private static int lastIndexOfRange(Object o, Object[] es, int from, int to) {

        if (o == null) {

            for (int i = to - 1; i >= from; i--)

                if (es[i] == null)

                    return i;

        } else {

            for (int i = to - 1; i >= from; i--)

                if (o.equals(es[i]))

                    return i;

        }

        return -1;

    }

    /**

     * Returns {@code true} if this list contains the specified element.

     * More formally, returns {@code true} if and only if this list contains

     * at least one element {@code e} such that {@code Objects.equals(o, e)}.

     *

     * @param o element whose presence in this list is to be tested

     * @return {@code true} if this list contains the specified element

     */

    public boolean contains(Object o) {

        return indexOf(o) >= 0;

    }

    /**

     * {@inheritDoc}

     */

    public int indexOf(Object o) {

        Object[] es = getArray();

        return indexOfRange(o, es, 0, es.length);

    }

    /**

     * Returns the index of the first occurrence of the specified element in

     * this list, searching forwards from {@code index}, or returns -1 if

     * the element is not found.

     * More formally, returns the lowest index {@code i} such that

     * {@code i >= index && Objects.equals(get(i), e)},

     * or -1 if there is no such index.

     *

     * @param e element to search for

     * @param index index to start searching from

     * @return the index of the first occurrence of the element in

     *         this list at position {@code index} or later in the list;

     *         {@code -1} if the element is not found.

     * @throws IndexOutOfBoundsException if the specified index is negative

     */

    public int indexOf(E e, int index) {

        Object[] es = getArray();

        return indexOfRange(e, es, index, es.length);

    }

    /**

     * {@inheritDoc}

     */

    public int lastIndexOf(Object o) {

        Object[] es = getArray();

        return lastIndexOfRange(o, es, 0, es.length);

    }

    /**

     * Returns the index of the last occurrence of the specified element in

     * this list, searching backwards from {@code index}, or returns -1 if

     * the element is not found.

     * More formally, returns the highest index {@code i} such that

     * {@code i <= index && Objects.equals(get(i), e)},

     * or -1 if there is no such index.

     *

     * @param e element to search for

     * @param index index to start searching backwards from

     * @return the index of the last occurrence of the element at position

     *         less than or equal to {@code index} in this list;

     *         -1 if the element is not found.

     * @throws IndexOutOfBoundsException if the specified index is greater

     *         than or equal to the current size of this list

     */

    public int lastIndexOf(E e, int index) {

        Object[] es = getArray();

        return lastIndexOfRange(e, es, 0, index + 1);

    }

    /**

     * Returns a shallow copy of this list.  (The elements themselves

     * are not copied.)

     *

     * @return a clone of this list

     */

    public Object clone() {

        try {

            @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")

            CopyOnWriteArrayList<E> clone =

                (CopyOnWriteArrayList<E>) super.clone();

            clone.resetLock();

            // Unlike in readObject, here we cannot visibility-piggyback on the

            // volatile write in setArray().

            VarHandle.releaseFence();

            return clone;

        } catch (CloneNotSupportedException e) {

            // this shouldn't happen, since we are Cloneable

            throw new InternalError();

        }

    }

    /**

     * Returns an array containing all of the elements in this list

     * in proper sequence (from first to last element).

     *

     * <p>The returned array will be "safe" in that no references to it are

     * maintained by this list.  (In other words, this method must allocate

     * a new array).  The caller is thus free to modify the returned array.

     *

     * <p>This method acts as bridge between array-based and collection-based

     * APIs.

     *

     * @return an array containing all the elements in this list

     */

    public Object[] toArray() {

        return getArray().clone();

    }

    /**

     * Returns an array containing all of the elements in this list in

     * proper sequence (from first to last element); the runtime type of

     * the returned array is that of the specified array.  If the list fits

     * in the specified array, it is returned therein.  Otherwise, a new

     * array is allocated with the runtime type of the specified array and

     * the size of this list.

     *

     * <p>If this list fits in the specified array with room to spare

     * (i.e., the array has more elements than this list), the element in

     * the array immediately following the end of the list is set to

     * {@code null}.  (This is useful in determining the length of this

     * list <i>only</i> if the caller knows that this list does not contain

     * any null elements.)

     *

     * <p>Like the {@link #toArray()} method, this method acts as bridge between

     * array-based and collection-based APIs.  Further, this method allows

     * precise control over the runtime type of the output array, and may,

     * under certain circumstances, be used to save allocation costs.

     *

     * <p>Suppose {@code x} is a list known to contain only strings.

     * The following code can be used to dump the list into a newly

     * allocated array of {@code String}:

     *

     * <pre> {@code String[] y = x.toArray(new String[0]);}</pre>

     *

     * Note that {@code toArray(new Object[0])} is identical in function to

     * {@code toArray()}.

     *

     * @param a the array into which the elements of the list are to

     *          be stored, if it is big enough; otherwise, a new array of the

     *          same runtime type is allocated for this purpose.

     * @return an array containing all the elements in this list

     * @throws ArrayStoreException if the runtime type of the specified array

     *         is not a supertype of the runtime type of every element in

     *         this list

     * @throws NullPointerException if the specified array is null

     */

    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")

    public <T> T[] toArray(T[] a) {

        Object[] es = getArray();

        int len = es.length;

        if (a.length < len)

            return (T[]) Arrays.copyOf(es, len, a.getClass());

        else {

            System.arraycopy(es, 0, a, 0, len);

            if (a.length > len)

                a[len] = null;

            return a;

        }

    }

    // Positional Access Operations

    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")

    static <E> E elementAt(Object[] a, int index) {

        return (E) a[index];

    }

    static String outOfBounds(int index, int size) {

        return "Index: " + index + ", Size: " + size;

    }

    /**

     * {@inheritDoc}

     *

     * @throws IndexOutOfBoundsException {@inheritDoc}

     */

    public E get(int index) {

        return elementAt(getArray(), index);

    }

    /**

     * Replaces the element at the specified position in this list with the

     * specified element.

     *

     * @throws IndexOutOfBoundsException {@inheritDoc}

     */

    public E set(int index, E element) {

        synchronized (lock) {

            Object[] es = getArray();

            E oldValue = elementAt(es, index);

            if (oldValue != element) {

                es = es.clone();

                es[index] = element;

                setArray(es);

            }

            return oldValue;

        }

    }

    /**

     * Appends the specified element to the end of this list.

     *

     * @param e element to be appended to this list

     * @return {@code true} (as specified by {@link Collection#add})

     */

    public boolean add(E e) {

        synchronized (lock) {

            Object[] es = getArray();

            int len = es.length;

            es = Arrays.copyOf(es, len + 1);

            es[len] = e;

            setArray(es);

            return true;

        }

    }

    /**

     * Inserts the specified element at the specified position in this

     * list. Shifts the element currently at that position (if any) and

     * any subsequent elements to the right (adds one to their indices).

     *

     * @throws IndexOutOfBoundsException {@inheritDoc}

     */

    public void add(int index, E element) {

        synchronized (lock) {

            Object[] es = getArray();

            int len = es.length;

            if (index > len || index < 0)

                throw new IndexOutOfBoundsException(outOfBounds(index, len));

            Object[] newElements;

            int numMoved = len - index;

            if (numMoved == 0)

                newElements = Arrays.copyOf(es, len + 1);

            else {

                newElements = new Object[len + 1];

                System.arraycopy(es, 0, newElements, 0, index);

                System.arraycopy(es, index, newElements, index + 1,

                                 numMoved);

            }

            newElements[index] = element;

            setArray(newElements);

        }

    }

    /**

     * Removes the element at the specified position in this list.

     * Shifts any subsequent elements to the left (subtracts one from their

     * indices).  Returns the element that was removed from the list.

     *

     * @throws IndexOutOfBoundsException {@inheritDoc}

     */

    public E remove(int index) {

        synchronized (lock) {

            Object[] es = getArray();

            int len = es.length;

            E oldValue = elementAt(es, index);

            int numMoved = len - index - 1;

            Object[] newElements;

            if (numMoved == 0)

                newElements = Arrays.copyOf(es, len - 1);

            else {

                newElements = new Object[len - 1];

                System.arraycopy(es, 0, newElements, 0, index);

                System.arraycopy(es, index + 1, newElements, index,

                                 numMoved);

            }

            setArray(newElements);

            return oldValue;

        }

    }

    /**

     * Removes the first occurrence of the specified element from this list,

     * if it is present.  If this list does not contain the element, it is

     * unchanged.  More formally, removes the element with the lowest index

     * {@code i} such that {@code Objects.equals(o, get(i))}

     * (if such an element exists).  Returns {@code true} if this list

     * contained the specified element (or equivalently, if this list

     * changed as a result of the call).

     *

     * @param o element to be removed from this list, if present

     * @return {@code true} if this list contained the specified element

     */

    public boolean remove(Object o) {

        Object[] snapshot = getArray();

        int index = indexOfRange(o, snapshot, 0, snapshot.length);