--- /dev/null	Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
+++ b/jdk/src/share/classes/java/dyn/BootstrapMethod.java	Wed Sep 08 18:40:11 2010 -0700
@@ -0,0 +1,82 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 2010, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
+ * DO NOT ALTER OR REMOVE COPYRIGHT NOTICES OR THIS FILE HEADER.
+ *
+ * This code is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+ * under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 2 only, as
+ * published by the Free Software Foundation.  Oracle designates this
+ * particular file as subject to the "Classpath" exception as provided
+ * by Oracle in the LICENSE file that accompanied this code.
+ *
+ * This code is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
+ * ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU General Public License
+ * version 2 for more details (a copy is included in the LICENSE file that
+ * accompanied this code).
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License version
+ * 2 along with this work; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation,
+ * Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA.
+ *
+ * Please contact Oracle, 500 Oracle Parkway, Redwood Shores, CA 94065 USA
+ * or visit www.oracle.com if you need additional information or have any
+ * questions.
+ */
+
+package java.dyn;
+
+import java.lang.annotation.*;
+
+/**
+ * Annotation on InvokeDynamic method calls which requests the JVM to use a specific
+ * <a href="package-summary.html#bsm">bootstrap method</a>
+ * to link the call.  This annotation is not retained as such in the class file,
+ * but is transformed into a constant-pool entry for the invokedynamic instruction which
+ * specifies the desired bootstrap method.
+ * <p>
+ * If only the <code>value</code> is given, it must name a subclass of {@link CallSite}
+ * with a constructor which accepts a class, string, and method type.
+ * If the <code>value</code> and <code>name</code> are both given, there must be
+ * a static method in the given class of the given name which accepts a class, string,
+ * and method type, and returns a reference coercible to {@link CallSite}.
+ * <p>
+ * This annotation can be placed either on the return type of a single {@link InvokeDynamic}
+ * call (see examples) or else it can be placed on an enclosing class or method, where it
+ * determines a default bootstrap method for any {@link InvokeDynamic} calls which are not
+ * specifically annotated with a bootstrap method.
+ * Every {@link InvokeDynamic} call must be given a bootstrap method.
+ * <p>
+ * Examples:
+<blockquote><pre>
+&#064;BootstrapMethod(value=MyLanguageRuntime.class, name="bootstrapDynamic")
+String x = (String) InvokeDynamic.greet();
+//BSM => MyLanguageRuntime.bootstrapDynamic(Here.class, "greet", methodType(String.class))
+&#064;BootstrapMethod(MyCallSite.class)
+void example() throws Throwable {
+    InvokeDynamic.greet();
+    //BSM => new MyCallSite(Here.class, "greet", methodType(void.class))
+}
+</pre></blockquote>
+ * <p>
+ */
+@Target({ElementType.TYPE_USE,
+            // For defaulting every indy site within a class or method; cf. @SuppressWarnings:
+            ElementType.TYPE, ElementType.METHOD, ElementType.CONSTRUCTOR
+            })
+@Retention(RetentionPolicy.SOURCE)
+public @interface BootstrapMethod {
+    /** The class containing the bootstrap method. */
+    Class<?> value();
+
+    /** The name of the bootstrap method.
+     *  If this is the empty string, an instance of the bootstrap class is created,
+     *  and a constructor is invoked.
+     *  Otherwise, there must be a static method of the required name.
+     */
+    String name() default "";  // empty string denotes a constructor with 'new'
+
+    /** The argument types of the bootstrap method, as passed out by the JVM.
+     *  There is usually no reason to override the default.
+     */
+    Class<?>[] arguments() default {Class.class, String.class, MethodType.class};
+}

--- a/jdk/src/share/classes/java/dyn/CallSite.java	Sun Aug 29 22:41:28 2010 -0700
+++ b/jdk/src/share/classes/java/dyn/CallSite.java	Wed Sep 08 18:40:11 2010 -0700
@@ -25,56 +25,26 @@
 
 package java.dyn;
 
-import sun.dyn.Access;
-import sun.dyn.MemberName;
-import sun.dyn.CallSiteImpl;
+import sun.dyn.*;
+import java.util.Collection;
 
 /**
- * A {@code CallSite} reifies an {@code invokedynamic} instruction from bytecode,
- * and controls its linkage.
- * Every linked {@code CallSite} object corresponds to a distinct instance
- * of the {@code invokedynamic} instruction, and vice versa.
- * <p>
- * Every linked {@code CallSite} object has one state variable,
- * a {@link MethodHandle} reference called the {@code target}.
- * This reference is never null.  Though it can change its value
- * successive values must always have exactly the {@link MethodType method type}
- * called for by the bytecodes of the associated {@code invokedynamic} instruction
- * <p>
- * It is the responsibility of each class's
- * {@link Linkage#registerBootstrapMethod(Class, MethodHandle) bootstrap method}
- * to produce call sites which have been pre-linked to an initial target method.
- * The required {@link MethodType type} for the target method is a parameter
- * to each bootstrap method call.
- * <p>
- * The bootstrap method may elect to produce call sites of a
- * language-specific subclass of {@code CallSite}.  In such a case,
- * the subclass may claim responsibility for initializing its target to
- * a non-null value, by overriding {@link #initialTarget}.
+ * A {@code CallSite} is a holder for a variable {@link MethodHandle},
+ * which is called its {@code target}.
+ * Every call to a {@code CallSite} is delegated to the site's current target.
  * <p>
- * An {@code invokedynamic} instruction which has not yet been executed
- * is said to be <em>unlinked</em>.  When an unlinked call site is executed,
- * the containing class's bootstrap method is called to manufacture a call site,
- * for the instruction.  If the bootstrap method does not assign a non-null
- * value to the new call site's target variable, the method {@link #initialTarget}
- * is called to produce the new call site's first target method.
+ * A call site is initially created in an <em>unlinked</em> state,
+ * which is distinguished by a null target variable.
+ * Before the call site may be invoked (and before certain other
+ * operations are attempted), the call site must be linked to
+ * a non-null target.
  * <p>
- * A freshly-created {@code CallSite} object is not yet in a linked state.
- * An unlinked {@code CallSite} object reports null for its {@code callerClass}.
- * When the JVM receives a {@code CallSite} object from a bootstrap method,
- * it first ensures that its target is non-null and of the correct type.
- * The JVM then links the {@code CallSite} object to the call site instruction,
- * enabling the {@code callerClass} to return the class in which the instruction occurs.
- * <p>
- * Next, the JVM links the instruction to the {@code CallSite}, at which point
- * any further execution of the {@code invokedynamic} instruction implicitly
- * invokes the current target of the {@code CallSite} object.
- * After this two-way linkage, both the instruction and the {@code CallSite}
- * object are said to be linked.
- * <p>
- * This state of linkage continues until the method containing the
- * dynamic call site is garbage collected, or the dynamic call site
- * is invalidated by an explicit request.
+ * A call site may be <em>relinked</em> by changing its target.
+ * The new target must be non-null and must have the same
+ * {@linkplain MethodHandle#type() type}
+ * as the previous target.
+ * Thus, though a call site can be relinked to a series of
+ * successive targets, it cannot change its type.
  * <p>
  * Linkage happens once in the lifetime of any given {@code CallSite} object.
  * Because of call site invalidation, this linkage can be repeated for
@@ -87,6 +57,10 @@
  * Here is a sample use of call sites and bootstrap methods which links every
  * dynamic call site to print its arguments:
 <blockquote><pre><!-- see indy-demo/src/PrintArgsDemo.java -->
+&#064;BootstrapMethod(value=PrintArgsDemo.class, name="bootstrapDynamic")
+static void test() throws Throwable {
+    InvokeDynamic.baz("baz arg", 2, 3.14);
+}
 private static void printArgs(Object... args) {
   System.out.println(java.util.Arrays.deepToString(args));
 }
@@ -96,17 +70,16 @@
   Class thisClass = lookup.lookupClass();  // (who am I?)
   printArgs = lookup.findStatic(thisClass,
       "printArgs", MethodType.methodType(void.class, Object[].class));
-  Linkage.registerBootstrapMethod("bootstrapDynamic");
 }
 private static CallSite bootstrapDynamic(Class caller, String name, MethodType type) {
   // ignore caller and name, but match the type:
   return new CallSite(MethodHandles.collectArguments(printArgs, type));
 }
 </pre></blockquote>
- * @see Linkage#registerBootstrapMethod(java.lang.Class, java.dyn.MethodHandle)
  * @author John Rose, JSR 292 EG
  */
 public class CallSite
+    implements MethodHandleProvider
 {
     private static final Access IMPL_TOKEN = Access.getToken();
 
@@ -209,6 +182,7 @@
      * {@code InvokeDynamicBootstrapError}, which in turn causes the
      * linkage of the {@code invokedynamic} instruction to terminate
      * abnormally.
+     * @deprecated transitional form defined in EDR but removed in PFD
      */
     protected MethodHandle initialTarget(Class<?> callerClass, String name, MethodType type) {
         throw new InvokeDynamicBootstrapError("target must be initialized before call site is linked: "+name+type);
@@ -278,16 +252,40 @@
      */
     @Override
     public String toString() {
-        StringBuilder buf = new StringBuilder("CallSite#");
-        buf.append(hashCode());
-        if (!isLinked())
-            buf.append("[unlinked]");
-        else
-            buf.append("[")
-                .append("from ").append(vmmethod.getDeclaringClass().getName())
-                .append(" : ").append(getTarget().type())
-                .append(" => ").append(getTarget())
-                .append("]");
-        return buf.toString();
+        return "CallSite"+(target == null ? "" : target.type());
     }
+
+    /**
+     * <em>PROVISIONAL API, WORK IN PROGRESS:</em>
+     * Produce a method handle equivalent to an invokedynamic instruction
+     * which has been linked to this call site.
+     * <p>If this call site is a {@link ConstantCallSite}, this method
+     * simply returns the call site's target, since that will not change.
+     * <p>Otherwise, this method is equivalent to the following code:
+     * <p><blockquote><pre>
+     * MethodHandle getTarget, invoker, result;
+     * getTarget = MethodHandles.lookup().bind(this, "getTarget", MethodType.methodType(MethodHandle.class));
+     * invoker = MethodHandles.exactInvoker(this.type());
+     * result = MethodHandles.foldArguments(invoker, getTarget)
+     * </pre></blockquote>
+     * @return a method handle which always invokes this call site's current target
+     */
+    public final MethodHandle dynamicInvoker() {
+        if (this instanceof ConstantCallSite)
+            return getTarget();  // will not change dynamically
+        MethodHandle getCSTarget = GET_TARGET;
+        if (getCSTarget == null)
+            GET_TARGET = getCSTarget = MethodHandles.Lookup.IMPL_LOOKUP.
+                findVirtual(CallSite.class, "getTarget", MethodType.methodType(MethodHandle.class));
+        MethodHandle getTarget = MethodHandleImpl.bindReceiver(IMPL_TOKEN, getCSTarget, this);
+        MethodHandle invoker = MethodHandles.exactInvoker(this.type());
+        return MethodHandles.foldArguments(invoker, getTarget);
+    }
+    private static MethodHandle GET_TARGET = null;  // link this lazily, not eagerly
+
+    /** Implementation of {@link MethodHandleProvider} which returns {@code this.dynamicInvoker()}. */
+    public final MethodHandle asMethodHandle() { return dynamicInvoker(); }
+
+    /** Implementation of {@link MethodHandleProvider}, which returns {@code this.dynamicInvoker().asType(type)}. */
+    public final MethodHandle asMethodHandle(MethodType type) { return dynamicInvoker().asType(type); }
 }

--- /dev/null	Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
+++ b/jdk/src/share/classes/java/dyn/ConstantCallSite.java	Wed Sep 08 18:40:11 2010 -0700
@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 2010, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
+ * DO NOT ALTER OR REMOVE COPYRIGHT NOTICES OR THIS FILE HEADER.
+ *
+ * This code is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+ * under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 2 only, as
+ * published by the Free Software Foundation.  Oracle designates this
+ * particular file as subject to the "Classpath" exception as provided
+ * by Oracle in the LICENSE file that accompanied this code.
+ *
+ * This code is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
+ * ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU General Public License
+ * version 2 for more details (a copy is included in the LICENSE file that
+ * accompanied this code).
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License version
+ * 2 along with this work; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation,
+ * Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA.
+ *
+ * Please contact Oracle, 500 Oracle Parkway, Redwood Shores, CA 94065 USA
+ * or visit www.oracle.com if you need additional information or have any
+ * questions.
+ */
+
+package java.dyn;
+
+/**
+ * A {@code ConstantCallSite} is a {@link CallSite} whose target is permanent, and can never be changed.
+ * The only way to relink an {@code invokedynamic} instruction bound to a {@code ConstantCallSite} is
+ * to invalidate the instruction as a whole.
+ * @author John Rose, JSR 292 EG
+ */
+public class ConstantCallSite extends CallSite {
+    /** Create a call site with a permanent target. */
+    public ConstantCallSite(MethodHandle target) {
+        super(target);
+    }
+    /** Throw an {@link IllegalArgumentException}, because this kind of call site cannot change its target. */
+    @Override public final void setTarget(MethodHandle ignore) {
+        throw new IllegalArgumentException("ConstantCallSite");
+    }
+}

--- a/jdk/src/share/classes/java/dyn/InvokeDynamic.java	Sun Aug 29 22:41:28 2010 -0700
+++ b/jdk/src/share/classes/java/dyn/InvokeDynamic.java	Wed Sep 08 18:40:11 2010 -0700
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@
  * The target method is a property of the reified {@linkplain CallSite call site object}
  * which is linked to each active {@code invokedynamic} instruction.
  * The call site object is initially produced by a
- * {@linkplain java.dyn.Linkage#registerBootstrapMethod(Class, MethodHandle) bootstrap method}
+ * {@linkplain BootstrapMethod bootstrap method}
  * associated with the class whose bytecodes include the dynamic call site.
  * <p>
  * The type {@code InvokeDynamic} has no particular meaning as a
@@ -45,22 +45,31 @@
  * It may be imported for ease of use.
  * <p>
  * Here are some examples:
- * <p><blockquote><pre>
- * Object x; String s; int i;
- * x = InvokeDynamic.greet("world"); // greet(Ljava/lang/String;)Ljava/lang/Object;
- * s = InvokeDynamic.&lt;String&gt;hail(x); // hail(Ljava/lang/Object;)Ljava/lang/String;
- * InvokeDynamic.&lt;void&gt;cogito(); // cogito()V
- * i = InvokeDynamic.&lt;int&gt;#"op:+"(2, 3); // "op:+"(II)I
- * </pre></blockquote>
+<blockquote><pre><!-- see indy-demo/src/JavaDocExamples.java -->
+&#064;BootstrapMethod(value=Here.class, name="bootstrapDynamic")
+static void example() throws Throwable {
+    Object x; String s; int i;
+    x = InvokeDynamic.greet("world"); // greet(Ljava/lang/String;)Ljava/lang/Object;
+    s = (String) InvokeDynamic.hail(x); // hail(Ljava/lang/Object;)Ljava/lang/String;
+    InvokeDynamic.cogito(); // cogito()V
+    i = (int) InvokeDynamic.#"op:+"(2, 3); // "op:+"(II)I
+}
+static MethodHandle bootstrapDynamic(Class caller, String name, MethodType type) { ... }
+</pre></blockquote>
  * Each of the above calls generates a single invokedynamic instruction
  * with the name-and-type descriptors indicated in the comments.
+ * <p>
  * The argument types are taken directly from the actual arguments,
- * while the return type is taken from the type parameter.
- * (This type parameter may be a primtive, and it defaults to {@code Object}.)
+ * while the return type corresponds to the target of the assignment.
+ * (Currently, the return type must be given as a false type parameter.
+ * This type parameter is an irregular use of the generic type syntax,
+ * and is likely to change in favor of a convention based on target typing.)
+ * <p>
  * The final example uses a special syntax for uttering non-Java names.
  * Any name legal to the JVM may be given between the double quotes.
+ * <p>
  * None of these calls is complete without a bootstrap method,
- * which must be registered by the static initializer of the enclosing class.
+ * which must be declared for the enclosing class or method.
  * @author John Rose, JSR 292 EG
  */
 @MethodHandle.PolymorphicSignature

--- a/jdk/src/share/classes/java/dyn/InvokeDynamicBootstrapError.java	Sun Aug 29 22:41:28 2010 -0700
+++ b/jdk/src/share/classes/java/dyn/InvokeDynamicBootstrapError.java	Wed Sep 08 18:40:11 2010 -0700
@@ -28,15 +28,11 @@
 /**
  * Thrown to indicate that an {@code invokedynamic} instruction has
  * failed to find its
- * {@linkplain Linkage#registerBootstrapMethod(Class, MethodHandle) bootstrap method},
+ * {@linkplain BootstrapMethod bootstrap method},
  * or the bootstrap method has
  * failed to provide a
  * {@linkplain CallSite} call site with a non-null {@linkplain MethodHandle target}
  * of the correct {@linkplain MethodType method type}.
- * <p>
- * The bootstrap method must have been declared during a class's initialization
- * by a call to one of the overloadings of
- * {@link Linkage#registerBootstrapMethod registerBootstrapMethod}.
  *
  * @author John Rose, JSR 292 EG
  */

--- a/jdk/src/share/classes/java/dyn/Linkage.java	Sun Aug 29 22:41:28 2010 -0700
+++ b/jdk/src/share/classes/java/dyn/Linkage.java	Wed Sep 08 18:40:11 2010 -0700
@@ -25,7 +25,6 @@
 
 package java.dyn;
 
-import java.lang.annotation.Annotation;
 import java.dyn.MethodHandles.Lookup;
 import java.util.WeakHashMap;
 import sun.dyn.Access;
@@ -56,11 +55,7 @@
      * <li>the class containing the {@code invokedynamic} instruction, for which the bootstrap method was registered
      * <li>the name of the method being invoked (a {@link String})
      * <li>the type of the method being invoked (a {@link MethodType})
-     * <li><em>TBD</em> optionally, an unordered array of {@link Annotation}s attached to the call site
-     *     <em>(Until this feature is implemented, this will always receive an empty array.)</em>
      * </ul>
-     * <em>(TBD: The final argument type may be missing from the method handle's type.
-     * Additional arguments may be added in the future.)</em>
      * The bootstrap method acts as a factory method which accepts the given arguments
      * and returns a {@code CallSite} object (possibly of a subclass of {@code CallSite}).
      * <p>
@@ -86,6 +81,7 @@
      *            or is already running in another thread
      * @exception SecurityException if there is a security manager installed,
      *            and a {@link LinkagePermission} check fails for "registerBootstrapMethod"
+     * @deprecated Use @{@link BootstrapMethod} annotations instead
      */
     public static
     void registerBootstrapMethod(Class callerClass, MethodHandle bootstrapMethod) {
@@ -97,14 +93,9 @@
 
     static private void checkBSM(MethodHandle mh) {
         if (mh == null)  throw newIllegalArgumentException("null bootstrap method");
-        if (mh.type() == BOOTSTRAP_METHOD_TYPE_2)
-            // For now, always pass an empty array for the Annotations argument
-            mh = MethodHandles.insertArguments(mh, BOOTSTRAP_METHOD_TYPE_2.parameterCount()-1,
-                                               (Object)NO_ANNOTATIONS);
         if (mh.type() == BOOTSTRAP_METHOD_TYPE)  return;
         throw new WrongMethodTypeException(mh.toString());
     }
-    static private final Annotation[] NO_ANNOTATIONS = { };
 
     /**
      * <em>PROVISIONAL API, WORK IN PROGRESS:</em>
@@ -115,6 +106,7 @@
      * @throws NoSuchMethodException if there is no such method
      * @throws IllegalStateException if the caller class's static initializer
      *         has already run, or is already running in another thread
+     * @deprecated Use @{@link BootstrapMethod} annotations instead
      */
     public static
     void registerBootstrapMethod(Class<?> runtime, String name) {
@@ -131,6 +123,7 @@
      * @throws IllegalArgumentException if there is no such method
      * @throws IllegalStateException if the caller class's static initializer
      *         has already run, or is already running in another thread
+     * @deprecated Use @{@link BootstrapMethod} annotations instead
      */
     public static
     void registerBootstrapMethod(String name) {
@@ -142,18 +135,10 @@
     void registerBootstrapMethodLookup(Class<?> callerClass, Class<?> runtime, String name) {
         Lookup lookup = new Lookup(IMPL_TOKEN, callerClass);
         MethodHandle bootstrapMethod;
-        // Try both types.  TBD
         try {
-            bootstrapMethod = lookup.findStatic(runtime, name, BOOTSTRAP_METHOD_TYPE_2);
+            bootstrapMethod = lookup.findStatic(runtime, name, BOOTSTRAP_METHOD_TYPE);
         } catch (NoAccessException ex) {
-            bootstrapMethod = null;
-        }
-        if (bootstrapMethod == null) {
-            try {
-                bootstrapMethod = lookup.findStatic(runtime, name, BOOTSTRAP_METHOD_TYPE);
-            } catch (NoAccessException ex) {
-                throw new IllegalArgumentException("no such bootstrap method in "+runtime+": "+name, ex);
-            }
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException("no such bootstrap method in "+runtime+": "+name, ex);
         }
         checkBSM(bootstrapMethod);
         MethodHandleImpl.registerBootstrap(IMPL_TOKEN, callerClass, bootstrapMethod);
@@ -172,6 +157,7 @@
      *            and the immediate caller of this method is not in the same
      *            package as the caller class
      *            and a {@link LinkagePermission} check fails for "getBootstrapMethod"
+     * @deprecated
      */
     public static
     MethodHandle getBootstrapMethod(Class callerClass) {
@@ -188,10 +174,6 @@
     public static final MethodType BOOTSTRAP_METHOD_TYPE
             = MethodType.methodType(CallSite.class,
                                     Class.class, String.class, MethodType.class);
-    static final MethodType BOOTSTRAP_METHOD_TYPE_2
-            = MethodType.methodType(CallSite.class,
-                                    Class.class, String.class, MethodType.class,
-                                    Annotation[].class);
 
     /**
      * <em>PROVISIONAL API, WORK IN PROGRESS:</em>

--- a/jdk/src/share/classes/java/dyn/LinkagePermission.java	Sun Aug 29 22:41:28 2010 -0700
+++ b/jdk/src/share/classes/java/dyn/LinkagePermission.java	Wed Sep 08 18:40:11 2010 -0700
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright (c) 2008, 2009, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
+ * Copyright (c) 2008, 2010, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
  * DO NOT ALTER OR REMOVE COPYRIGHT NOTICES OR THIS FILE HEADER.
  *
  * This code is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
@@ -31,6 +31,7 @@
 import java.util.StringTokenizer;
 
 /**
+ * <em>PROVISIONAL API, WORK IN PROGRESS:</em>
  * This class is for managing runtime permission checking for
  * operations performed by methods in the {@link Linkage} class.
  * Like a {@link RuntimePermission}, on which it is modeled,
@@ -52,13 +53,6 @@
  * </tr>
  *
  * <tr>
- *   <td>registerBootstrapMethod.{class name}</td>
- *   <td>Specifying a bootstrap method for {@code invokedynamic} instructions within a class of the given name</td>
- *   <td>An attacker could attempt to attach a bootstrap method to a class which
- *       has just been loaded, thus gaining control of its {@code invokedynamic} calls.</td>
- * </tr>
- *
- * <tr>
  *   <td>invalidateAll</td>
  *   <td>Force the relinking of invokedynamic call sites everywhere.</td>
  *   <td>This could allow an attacker to slow down the system,
@@ -73,8 +67,9 @@
  *   <td>See {@code invalidateAll}.</td>
  * </tr>
  * </table>
+ * <p>ISSUE: Is this still needed?
  *
- * @see java.security.RuntimePermission
+ * @see java.lang.RuntimePermission
  * @see java.lang.SecurityManager
  *
  * @author John Rose, JSR 292 EG
@@ -84,7 +79,7 @@
     /**
      * Create a new LinkagePermission with the given name.
      * The name is the symbolic name of the LinkagePermission, such as
-     * "registerBootstrapMethod", "invalidateCallerClass.*", etc. An asterisk
+     * "invalidateCallerClass.*", etc. An asterisk
      * may appear at the end of the name, following a ".", or by itself, to
      * signify a wildcard match.
      *

--- a/jdk/src/share/classes/java/dyn/MethodHandle.java	Sun Aug 29 22:41:28 2010 -0700
+++ b/jdk/src/share/classes/java/dyn/MethodHandle.java	Wed Sep 08 18:40:11 2010 -0700
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright (c) 2008, 2009, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
+ * Copyright (c) 2008, 2010, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
  * DO NOT ALTER OR REMOVE COPYRIGHT NOTICES OR THIS FILE HEADER.
  *
  * This code is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
@@ -36,11 +36,13 @@
 /**
  * A method handle is a typed, directly executable reference to a method,
  * constructor, field, or similar low-level operation, with optional
- * conversion or substitution of arguments or return values.
+ * transformations of arguments or return values.
+ * (These transformations include conversion, insertion, deletion,
+ * substitution.  See the methods of this class and of {@link MethodHandles}.)
  * <p>
  * Method handles are strongly typed according to signature.
  * They are not distinguished by method name or enclosing class.
- * A method handle must be invoked under a signature which exactly matches
+ * A method handle must be invoked under a signature which matches
  * the method handle's own {@link MethodType method type}.
  * <p>
  * Every method handle confesses its type via the {@code type} accessor.
@@ -174,9 +176,10 @@
  * merely a documentation convention.  These type parameters do
  * not play a role in type-checking method handle invocations.
  * <p>
- * Note: Like classes and strings, method handles that correspond directly
- * to fields and methods can be represented directly as constants to be
- * loaded by {@code ldc} bytecodes.
+ * Like classes and strings, method handles that correspond to accessible
+ * fields, methods, and constructors can be represented directly
+ * in a class file's constant pool as constants to be loaded by {@code ldc} bytecodes.
+ * Loading such a constant causes the component classes of its type to be loaded as necessary.
  *
  * @see MethodType
  * @see MethodHandles
@@ -186,6 +189,7 @@
         // Note: This is an implementation inheritance hack, and will be removed
         // with a JVM change which moves the required hidden state onto this class.
         extends MethodHandleImpl
+        implements MethodHandleProvider
 {
     private static Access IMPL_TOKEN = Access.getToken();
 
@@ -197,7 +201,7 @@
      * those methods which are signature polymorphic.
      */
     @java.lang.annotation.Target({java.lang.annotation.ElementType.METHOD,java.lang.annotation.ElementType.TYPE})
-    @java.lang.annotation.Retention(java.lang.annotation.RetentionPolicy.CLASS)
+    @java.lang.annotation.Retention(java.lang.annotation.RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME)
     @interface PolymorphicSignature { }
 
     private MethodType type;
@@ -274,10 +278,14 @@
      * and performing simple conversions for arguments and return types.
      * The signature at the call site of {@code invokeGeneric} must
      * have the same arity as this method handle's {@code type}.
-     * The same conversions are allowed on arguments or return values as are supported by
-     * by {@link MethodHandles#convertArguments}.
+     * <p>
      * If the call site signature exactly matches this method handle's {@code type},
      * the call proceeds as if by {@link #invokeExact}.
+     * <p>
+     * Otherwise, the call proceeds as if this method handle were first
+     * adjusted by calling {@link #asType} to adjust this method handle
+     * to the required type, and then the call proceeds as if by
+     * {@link #invokeExact} on the adjusted method handle.
      */
     public final native @PolymorphicSignature <R,A> R invokeGeneric(A... args) throws Throwable;
 
@@ -538,4 +546,10 @@
     public final MethodHandle bindTo(Object x) {
         return MethodHandles.insertArguments(this, 0, x);
     }
+
+    /** Implementation of {@link MethodHandleProvider}, which returns {@code this}. */
+    public final MethodHandle asMethodHandle() { return this; }
+
+    /** Implementation of {@link MethodHandleProvider}, which returns {@code this.asType(type)}. */
+    public final MethodHandle asMethodHandle(MethodType type) { return this.asType(type); }
 }

--- /dev/null	Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
+++ b/jdk/src/share/classes/java/dyn/MethodHandleProvider.java	Wed Sep 08 18:40:11 2010 -0700
@@ -0,0 +1,80 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 2009, 2010, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
+ * DO NOT ALTER OR REMOVE COPYRIGHT NOTICES OR THIS FILE HEADER.
+ *
+ * This code is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+ * under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 2 only, as
+ * published by the Free Software Foundation.  Oracle designates this
+ * particular file as subject to the "Classpath" exception as provided
+ * by Oracle in the LICENSE file that accompanied this code.
+ *
+ * This code is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
+ * ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU General Public License
+ * version 2 for more details (a copy is included in the LICENSE file that
+ * accompanied this code).
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License version
+ * 2 along with this work; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation,
+ * Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA.
+ *
+ * Please contact Oracle, 500 Oracle Parkway, Redwood Shores, CA 94065 USA
+ * or visit www.oracle.com if you need additional information or have any
+ * questions.
+ */
+
+package java.dyn;
+
+/**
+ * An interface for an object to provide a target {@linkplain MethodHandle method handle} to a {@code invokedynamic} instruction.
+ * There are many function-like objects in various Java APIs.
+ * This interface provides a standard way for such function-like objects to be bound
+ * to a dynamic call site, by providing a view of their behavior in the form of a low-level method handle.
+ * <p>
+ * The type {@link MethodHandle} is a concrete class whose implementation
+ * hierarchy (if any) may be tightly coupled to the underlying JVM implementation.
+ * It cannot also serve as a base type for user-defined functional APIs.
+ * For this reason, {@code MethodHandle} cannot be subclassed to add new
+ * behavior to method handles.  But this interface can be used to provide
+ * a link between a user-defined function and the {@code invokedynamic}
+ * instruction and the method handle API.
+ */
+public interface MethodHandleProvider {
+    /** Produce a method handle which will serve as a behavioral proxy for the current object.
+     *  The type and invocation behavior of the proxy method handle are user-defined,
+     *  and should have some relation to the intended meaning of the original object itself.
+     *  <p>
+     *  The current object may have a changeable behavior.
+     *  For example, {@link CallSite} has a {@code setTarget} method which changes its invocation.
+     *  In such a case, it is <em>incorrect</em> for {@code asMethodHandle} to return
+     *  a method handle whose behavior may diverge from that of the current object.
+     *  Rather, the returned method handle must stably and permanently access
+     *  the behavior of the current object, even if that behavior is changeable.
+     *  <p>
+     *  The reference identity of the proxy method handle is not guaranteed to
+     *  have any particular relation to the reference identity of the object.
+     *  In particular, several objects with the same intended meaning could
+     *  share a common method handle, or the same object could return different
+     *  method handles at different times.  In the latter case, the different
+     *  method handles should have the same type and invocation behavior,
+     *  and be usable from any thread at any time.
+     *  In particular, if a MethodHandleProvider is bound to an <code>invokedynamic</code>
+     *  call site, the proxy method handle extracted at the time of binding
+     *  will be used for an unlimited time, until the call site is rebound.
+     *  <p>
+     *  The type {@link MethodHandle} itself implements {@code MethodHandleProvider}, and
+     *  for this method simply returns {@code this}.
+     */
+    public MethodHandle asMethodHandle();
+
+    /** Produce a method handle of a given type which will serve as a behavioral proxy for the current object.
+     *  As for the no-argument version {@link #asMethodHandle()}, the invocation behavior of the
+     *  proxy method handle is user-defined.  But the type must be the given type,
+     *  or else a {@link WrongMethodTypeException} must be thrown.
+     *  <p>
+     *  If the current object somehow represents a variadic or overloaded behavior,
+     *  the method handle returned for a given type might represent only a subset of
+     *  the current object's repertoire of behaviors, which correspond to that type.
+     */
+    public MethodHandle asMethodHandle(MethodType type) throws WrongMethodTypeException;
+}

--- a/jdk/src/share/classes/java/dyn/package-info.java	Sun Aug 29 22:41:28 2010 -0700
+++ b/jdk/src/share/classes/java/dyn/package-info.java	Wed Sep 08 18:40:11 2010 -0700
@@ -40,20 +40,18 @@
  * The JVM links any such call (regardless of signature) to a dynamically
  * typed method handle invocation.  In the case of {@code invokeGeneric},
  * argument and return value conversions are applied.
+ * </li>
  *
- * <li>In source code, the class {@link java.dyn.InvokeDynamic} appears to accept
+ * <li>In source code, the class {@link java.dyn.InvokeDynamic InvokeDynamic} appears to accept
  * any static method invocation, of any name and any signature.
  * But instead of emitting
  * an {@code invokestatic} instruction for such a call, the Java compiler emits
  * an {@code invokedynamic} instruction with the given name and signature.
- *
- * <li>When the JVM links an {@code invokedynamic} instruction, it calls the
- * {@linkplain java.dyn.Linkage#registerBootstrapMethod(Class, MethodHandle) bootstrap method}
- * of the containing class to obtain a {@linkplain java.dyn.CallSite call site} object through which
- * the call site will link its target {@linkplain java.dyn.MethodHandle method handle}.
+ * </li>
  *
  * <li>The JVM bytecode format supports immediate constants of
- * the classes {@link java.dyn.MethodHandle} and {@link java.dyn.MethodType}.
+ * the classes {@link java.dyn.MethodHandle MethodHandle} and {@link java.dyn.MethodType MethodType}.
+ * </li>
  * </ul>
  *
  * <h2><a name="jvm_mods"></a>Corresponding JVM bytecode format changes</h2>
@@ -65,18 +63,50 @@
  * The first byte is the opcode 186 (hexadecimal {@code BA}).
  * The next two bytes are a constant pool index (in the same format as for the other {@code invoke} instructions).
  * The final two bytes are reserved for future use and required to be zero.
- * The constant pool reference is to a entry with tag {@code CONSTANT_NameAndType}
- * (decimal 12).  It is thus not a method reference of any sort, but merely
- * the method name, argument types, and return type of the dynamic call site.
- * <em>(TBD: The EG is discussing the possibility of a special constant pool entry type,
- * so that other information may be added, such as a per-instruction bootstrap
- * method and/or annotations.)</em>
+ * The constant pool reference of an {@code invokedynamic} instruction is to a entry
+ * with tag {@code CONSTANT_InvokeDynamic} (decimal 17).  See below for its format.
+ * The entry specifies the bootstrap method (a {@link java.dyn.MethodHandle MethodHandle} constant),
+ * the dynamic invocation name, and the argument types and return type of the call.
+ * <p>
+ * Each instance of an {@code invokedynamic} instruction is called a <em>dynamic call site</em>.
+ * Multiple instances of an {@code invokedynamic} instruction can share a single
+ * {@code CONSTANT_InvokeDynamic} entry.
+ * In any case, distinct call sites always have distinct linkage state.
+ * <p>
+ * Moreover, for the purpose of distinguishing dynamic call sites,
+ * the JVM is allowed (but not required) to make internal copies
+ * of {@code invokedynamic} instructions, each one
+ * constituting a separate dynamic call site with its own linkage state.
+ * Such copying, if it occurs, cannot be observed except indirectly via
+ * execution of bootstrap methods and target methods.
+ * <p>
+ * A dynamic call site is originally in an unlinked state.  In this state, there is
+ * no target method for the call site to invoke.
+ * A dynamic call site is linked by means of a bootstrap method,
+ * as <a href="#bsm">described below</a>.
+ * <p>
+ * <em>(Historic Note: Some older JVMs may allow the index of a {@code CONSTANT_NameAndType}
+ * instead of a {@code CONSTANT_InvokeDynamic}.  In earlier, obsolete versions of this API, the
+ * bootstrap method was specified dynamically, in a per-class basis, during class initialization.)</em>
+ *
+ * <h3>constant pool entries for {@code invokedynamic} instructions</h3>
+ * If a constant pool entry has the tag {@code CONSTANT_InvokeDynamic} (decimal 17),
+ * it must contain exactly four more bytes.
+ * The first two bytes after the tag must be an index to a {@code CONSTANT_MethodHandle}
+ * entry, and the second two bytes must be an index to a {@code CONSTANT_NameAndType}.
+ * The first index specifies a bootstrap method used by the associated dynamic call sites.
+ * The second index specifies the method name, argument types, and return type of the dynamic call site.
+ * The structure of such an entry is therefore analogous to a {@code CONSTANT_Methodref},
+ * except that the {@code CONSTANT_Class} reference in a {@code CONSTANT_Methodref} entry
+ * is replaced by a bootstrap method reference.
  *
  * <h3>constant pool entries for {@code MethodType}s</h3>
  * If a constant pool entry has the tag {@code CONSTANT_MethodType} (decimal 16),
- * it must contain exactly two more bytes, which are an index to a {@code CONSTANT_Utf8}
- * entry which represents a method type signature.  The JVM will ensure that on first
- * execution of an {@code ldc} instruction for this entry, a {@link java.dyn.MethodType}
+ * it must contain exactly two more bytes, which must be an index to a {@code CONSTANT_Utf8}
+ * entry which represents a method type signature.
+ * <p>
+ * The JVM will ensure that on first
+ * execution of an {@code ldc} instruction for this entry, a {@link java.dyn.MethodType MethodType}
  * will be created which represents the signature.
  * Any classes mentioned in the {@code MethodType} will be loaded if necessary,
  * but not initialized.
@@ -86,12 +116,15 @@
  * <h3>constant pool entries for {@code MethodHandle}s</h3>
  * If a constant pool entry has the tag {@code CONSTANT_MethodHandle} (decimal 15),
  * it must contain exactly three more bytes.  The first byte after the tag is a subtag
- * value in the range 1 through 9, and the last two are an index to a
+ * value which must be in the range 1 through 9, and the last two must be an index to a
  * {@code CONSTANT_Fieldref}, {@code CONSTANT_Methodref}, or
  * {@code CONSTANT_InterfaceMethodref} entry which represents a field or method
  * for which a method handle is to be created.
+ * Furthermore, the subtag value and the type of the constant index value
+ * must agree according to the table below.
+ * <p>
  * The JVM will ensure that on first execution of an {@code ldc} instruction
- * for this entry, a {@link java.dyn.MethodHandle} will be created which represents
+ * for this entry, a {@link java.dyn.MethodHandle MethodHandle} will be created which represents
  * the field or method reference, according to the specific mode implied by the subtag.
  * <p>
  * As with {@code CONSTANT_Class} and {@code CONSTANT_MethodType} constants,
@@ -126,6 +159,129 @@
  * Method handles for subtags {@code REF_getStatic}, {@code REF_putStatic}, and {@code REF_invokeStatic}
  * may force class initialization on their first invocation, just like the corresponding bytecodes.
  *
+ * <h2><a name="bsm"></a>Bootstrap Methods</h2>
+ * Before the JVM can execute a dynamic call site (an {@code invokedynamic} instruction),
+ * the call site must first be <em>linked</em>.
+ * Linking is accomplished by calling a <em>bootstrap method</em>
+ * which is given the static information content of the call site,
+ * and which must produce a {@link java.dyn.MethodHandle method handle}
+ * that gives the behavior of the call site.
+ * <p>
+ * Each {@code invokedynamic} instruction statically specifies its own
+ * bootstrap method as a constant pool reference.
+ * The constant pool reference also specifies the call site's name and type signature,
+ * just like {@code invokevirtual} and the other invoke instructions.
+ * <p>
+ * Linking starts with resolving the constant pool entry for the
+ * bootstrap method, and resolving a {@link java.dyn.MethodType MethodType} object for
+ * the type signature of the dynamic call site.
+ * This resolution process may trigger class loading.
+ * It may therefore throw an error if a class fails to load.
+ * This error becomes the abnormal termination of the dynamic
+ * call site execution.
+ * Linkage does not trigger class initialization.
+ * <p>
+ * Next, the bootstrap method call is started, with four values being stacked:
+ * <ul>
+ * <li>a {@code MethodHandle}, the resolved bootstrap method itself </li>
+ * <li>a {@code Class}, the <em>caller class</em> in which dynamic call site occurs </li>
+ * <li>a {@code String}, the method name mentioned in the call site </li>
+ * <li>a {@code MethodType}, the resolved type signature of the call </li>
+ * </ul>
+ * The method handle is then applied to the other values as if by
+ * {@linkplain java.dyn.MethodHandle#invokeGeneric the <code>invokeGeneric</code> method}.
+ * The returned result must be a {@link java.dyn.CallSite CallSite}, a {@link java.dyn.MethodHandle MethodHandle},
+ * or another {@link java.dyn.MethodHandleProvider MethodHandleProvider} value.
+ * The method {@linkplain java.dyn.MethodHandleProvider#asMethodHandle asMethodHandle}
+ * is then called on the returned value.  The result of that second
+ * call is the {@code MethodHandle} which becomes the
+ * permanent binding for the dynamic call site.
+ * That method handle's type must be exactly equal to the type
+ * derived from the dynamic call site signature and passed to
+ * the bootstrap method.
+ * <p>
+ * After resolution, the linkage process may fail in a variety of ways.
+ * All failures are reported by an {@link java.dyn.InvokeDynamicBootstrapError InvokeDynamicBootstrapError},
+ * which is thrown as the abnormal termination of the dynamic call
+ * site execution.
+ * The following circumstances will cause this:
+ * <ul>
+ * <li>the bootstrap method invocation completes abnormally </li>
+ * <li>the result from the bootstrap invocation is not a reference to
+ *     an object of type {@link java.dyn.MethodHandleProvider MethodHandleProvider} </li>
+ * <li>the call to {@code asMethodHandle} completes abnormally </li>
+ * <li>the call to {@code asMethodHandle} fails to return a reference to
+ *     an object of type {@link java.dyn.MethodHandle MethodHandle} </li>
+ * <li>the method handle produced by {@code asMethodHandle} does not have
+ *     the expected {@code MethodType} </li>
+ * </ul>
+ * <h3>timing of linkage</h3>
+ * A dynamic call site is linked just before its first execution.
+ * The bootstrap method call implementing the linkage occurs within
+ * a thread that is attempting a first execution.
+ * <p>
+ * If there are several such threads, the JVM picks one thread
+ * and runs the bootstrap method while the others wait for the
+ * invocation to terminate normally or abnormally.
+ * <p>
+ * After a bootstrap method is called and a method handle target
+ * successfully extracted, the JVM attempts to link the instruction
+ * being executed to the target method handle.
+ * This may fail if there has been intervening linkage
+ * or invalidation event for the same instruction.
+ * If such a failure occurs, the dynamic call site must be
+ * re-executed from the beginning, either re-linking it
+ * (if it has been invalidated) or invoking the target
+ * (if it the instruction has been linked by some other means).
+ * <p>
+ * If the instruction is linked successfully, the target method
+ * handle is invoked to complete the instruction execution.
+ * The state of linkage continues until the method containing the
+ * dynamic call site is garbage collected, or the dynamic call site
+ * is invalidated by an explicit request,
+ * such as {@link java.dyn.Linkage#invalidateCallerClass Linkage.invalidateCallerClass}.
+ * <p>
+ * In an application which requires dynamic call sites with individually
+ * mutable behaviors, their bootstrap methods should produce distinct
+ * {@link java.dyn.CallSite CallSite} objects, one for each linkage request.
+ * <p>
+ * If a class containing {@code invokedynamic} instructions
+ * is {@linkplain java.dyn.Linkage#invalidateCallerClass(Class) invalidated},
+ * subsequent execution of those {@code invokedynamic} instructions
+ * will require linking.
+ * It is as if they had never been executed in the first place.
+ * (However, invalidation does not cause constant pool entries to be
+ * resolved a second time.)
+ * <p>
+ * Invalidation events and bootstrap method calls for a particular
+ * dynamic call site are globally ordered relative to each other.
+ * When an invokedynamic instruction is invalidated, if there is
+ * simultaneously a bootstrap method invocation in process
+ * (in the same thread or a different thread), the result
+ * eventually returned must not be used to link the call site.
+ * Put another way, when a call site is invalidated, its
+ * subsequent linkage (if any) must be performed by a bootstrap method
+ * call initiated after the invalidation occurred.
+ * <p>
+ * If several threads simultaneously execute a bootstrap method for a single dynamic
+ * call site, the JVM must choose one target object and installs it visibly to
+ * all threads.  Any other bootstrap method calls are allowed to complete, but their
+ * results are ignored, and their dynamic call site invocations proceed with the originally
+ * chosen target object.
+ * <p>
+ * The JVM is free to duplicate dynamic call sites.
+ * This means that, even if a class contains just one {@code invokedynamic}
+ * instruction, its bootstrap method may be executed several times,
+ * once for each duplicate.  Thus, bootstrap method code should not
+ * assume an exclusive one-to-one correspondence between particular occurrences
+ * of {@code invokedynamic} bytecodes in class files and linkage events.
+ * <p>
+ * In principle, each individual execution of an {@code invokedynamic}
+ * instruction could be deemed (by a conforming implementation) to be a separate
+ * duplicate, requiring its own execution of the bootstrap method.
+ * However, implementations are expected to perform code duplication
+ * (if at all) in order to improve performance, not make it worse.
+ *
  * @author John Rose, JSR 292 EG
  */
 

--- a/jdk/src/share/classes/sun/dyn/CallSiteImpl.java	Sun Aug 29 22:41:28 2010 -0700
+++ b/jdk/src/share/classes/sun/dyn/CallSiteImpl.java	Wed Sep 08 18:40:11 2010 -0700
@@ -49,18 +49,21 @@
         }
         CallSite site;
         try {
-            if (bootstrapMethod.type().parameterCount() == 3)
-                site = bootstrapMethod.<CallSite>invokeExact(caller, name, type);
-            else if (bootstrapMethod.type().parameterCount() == 4)
-                site = bootstrapMethod.<CallSite>invokeExact(caller, name, type,
-                                                             !(info instanceof java.lang.annotation.Annotation[]) ? null
-                                                             : (java.lang.annotation.Annotation[]) info);
+            Object binding;
+            if (false)  // switch when invokeGeneric works
+                binding = bootstrapMethod.invokeGeneric(caller, name, type);
             else
-                throw new InternalError("bad BSM: "+bootstrapMethod);
-            if (!(site instanceof CallSite))
-                throw new InvokeDynamicBootstrapError("class bootstrap method failed to create a call site: "+caller);
-            PRIVATE_INITIALIZE_CALL_SITE.<void>invokeExact(site,
-                                                           name, type,
+                binding = bootstrapMethod.invokeVarargs(new Object[]{ caller, name, type });
+            //System.out.println("BSM for "+name+type+" => "+binding);
+            if (binding instanceof CallSite) {
+                site = (CallSite) binding;
+            } else if (binding instanceof MethodHandleProvider) {
+                MethodHandle target = ((MethodHandleProvider) binding).asMethodHandle();
+                site = new ConstantCallSite(target);
+            } else {
+                throw new ClassCastException("bootstrap method failed to produce a MethodHandle or CallSite");
+            }
+            PRIVATE_INITIALIZE_CALL_SITE.<void>invokeExact(site, name, type,
                                                            callerMethod, callerBCI);
             assert(site.getTarget() != null);
             assert(site.getTarget().type().equals(type));

--- a/jdk/test/java/dyn/MethodHandlesTest.java	Sun Aug 29 22:41:28 2010 -0700
+++ b/jdk/test/java/dyn/MethodHandlesTest.java	Wed Sep 08 18:40:11 2010 -0700
@@ -1327,7 +1327,8 @@
         MethodHandle result = MethodHandles.spreadArguments(target2, newType);
         Object[] returnValue;
         if (pos == 0) {
-            returnValue = (Object[]) result.invokeExact(args);
+            Object rawRetVal = result.invokeExact(args);
+            returnValue = (Object[]) rawRetVal;
         } else {
             Object[] args1 = Arrays.copyOfRange(args, 0, pos+1);
             args1[pos] = Arrays.copyOfRange(args, pos, args.length);