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package javax.sound.midi;

/**
 * {@code MidiMessage} is the base class for MIDI messages. They include not
 * only the standard MIDI messages that a synthesizer can respond to, but also
 * "meta-events" that can be used by sequencer programs. There are meta-events
 * for such information as lyrics, copyrights, tempo indications, time and key
 * signatures, markers, etc. For more information, see the Standard MIDI Files
 * 1.0 specification, which is part of the Complete MIDI 1.0 Detailed
 * Specification published by the MIDI Manufacturer's Association
 * (<a href = http://www.midi.org>http://www.midi.org</a>).
 * <p>
 * The base {@code MidiMessage} class provides access to three types of
 * information about a MIDI message:
 * <ul>
 * <li>The messages's status byte</li>
 * <li>The total length of the message in bytes (the status byte plus any data
 * bytes)</li>
 * <li>A byte array containing the complete message</li>
 * </ul>
 *
 * {@code MidiMessage} includes methods to get, but not set, these values.
 * Setting them is a subclass responsibility.
 * <p>
 * <a name="integersVsBytes"></a> The MIDI standard expresses MIDI data in
 * bytes. However, because Java<sup>TM</sup> uses signed bytes, the Java Sound
 * API uses integers instead of bytes when expressing MIDI data. For example,
 * the {@link #getStatus()} method of {@code MidiMessage} returns MIDI status
 * bytes as integers. If you are processing MIDI data that originated outside
 * Java Sound and now is encoded as signed bytes, the bytes can can be
 * converted to integers using this conversion:
 *
 * <center>{@code int i = (int)(byte & 0xFF)}</center>
 * <p>
 * If you simply need to pass a known MIDI byte value as a method parameter, it
 * can be expressed directly as an integer, using (for example) decimal or
 * hexadecimal notation. For instance, to pass the "active sensing" status byte
 * as the first argument to ShortMessage's
 * {@link ShortMessage#setMessage(int) setMessage(int)} method, you can express
 * it as 254 or 0xFE.
 *
 * @author David Rivas
 * @author Kara Kytle
 * @see Track
 * @see Sequence
 * @see Receiver
 */
public abstract class MidiMessage implements Cloneable {

    /**
     * The MIDI message data. The first byte is the status byte for the message;
     * subsequent bytes up to the length of the message are data bytes for this
     * message.
     *
     * @see #getLength
     */
    protected byte[] data;

    /**
     * The number of bytes in the MIDI message, including the status byte and
     * any data bytes.
     *
     * @see #getLength
     */
    protected int length = 0;

    /**
     * Constructs a new {@code MidiMessage}. This protected constructor is
     * called by concrete subclasses, which should ensure that the data array
     * specifies a complete, valid MIDI message.
     *
     * @param  data an array of bytes containing the complete message. The
     *         message data may be changed using the {@code setMessage} method.
     * @see #setMessage
     */
    protected MidiMessage(byte[] data) {
        this.data = data;
        if (data != null) {
            this.length = data.length;
        }
    }

    /**
     * Sets the data for the MIDI message. This protected method is called by
     * concrete subclasses, which should ensure that the data array specifies a
     * complete, valid MIDI message.
     *
     * @param  data the data bytes in the MIDI message
     * @param  length the number of bytes in the data byte array
     * @throws InvalidMidiDataException if the parameter values do not specify a
     *         valid MIDI meta message
     */
    protected void setMessage(byte[] data, int length)
            throws InvalidMidiDataException {
        if (length < 0 || (length > 0 && length > data.length)) {
            throw new IndexOutOfBoundsException(
                    "length out of bounds: " + length);
        }
        this.length = length;

        if (this.data == null || this.data.length < this.length) {
            this.data = new byte[this.length];
        }
        System.arraycopy(data, 0, this.data, 0, length);
    }

    /**
     * Obtains the MIDI message data. The first byte of the returned byte array
     * is the status byte of the message. Any subsequent bytes up to the length
     * of the message are data bytes. The byte array may have a length which is
     * greater than that of the actual message; the total length of the message
     * in bytes is reported by the {@link #getLength} method.
     *
     * @return the byte array containing the complete {@code MidiMessage} data
     */
    public byte[] getMessage() {
        byte[] returnedArray = new byte[length];
        System.arraycopy(data, 0, returnedArray, 0, length);
        return returnedArray;
    }

    /**
     * Obtains the status byte for the MIDI message. The status "byte" is
     * represented as an integer; see the
     * <a href="#integersVsBytes">discussion</a> in the {@code MidiMessage}
     * class description.
     *
     * @return the integer representation of this event's status byte
     */
    public int getStatus() {
        if (length > 0) {
            return (data[0] & 0xFF);
        }
        return 0;
    }

    /**
     * Obtains the total length of the MIDI message in bytes. A MIDI message
     * consists of one status byte and zero or more data bytes. The return value
     * ranges from 1 for system real-time messages, to 2 or 3 for channel
     * messages, to any value for meta and system exclusive messages.
     *
     * @return the length of the message in bytes
     */
    public int getLength() {
        return length;
    }

    /**
     * Creates a new object of the same class and with the same contents as this
     * object.
     *
     * @return a clone of this instance
     */
    public abstract Object clone();
}