/*
 * Copyright (c) 2010, 2013, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
 * DO NOT ALTER OR REMOVE COPYRIGHT NOTICES OR THIS FILE HEADER.
 *
 * This code is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
 * under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 2 only, as
 * published by the Free Software Foundation.  Oracle designates this
 * particular file as subject to the "Classpath" exception as provided
 * by Oracle in the LICENSE file that accompanied this code.
 *
 * This code is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
 * ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or
 * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU General Public License
 * version 2 for more details (a copy is included in the LICENSE file that
 * accompanied this code).
 *
 * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License version
 * 2 along with this work; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation,
 * Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA.
 *
 * Please contact Oracle, 500 Oracle Parkway, Redwood Shores, CA 94065 USA
 * or visit www.oracle.com if you need additional information or have any
 * questions.
 */

/*
 * This file is available under and governed by the GNU General Public
 * License version 2 only, as published by the Free Software Foundation.
 * However, the following notice accompanied the original version of this
 * file, and Oracle licenses the original version of this file under the BSD
 * license:
 */
/*
   Copyright 2009-2013 Attila Szegedi

   Licensed under both the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "Apache License")
   and the BSD License (the "BSD License"), with licensee being free to
   choose either of the two at their discretion.

   You may not use this file except in compliance with either the Apache
   License or the BSD License.

   If you choose to use this file in compliance with the Apache License, the
   following notice applies to you:

       You may obtain a copy of the Apache License at

           http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0

       Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
       distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
       WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or
       implied. See the License for the specific language governing
       permissions and limitations under the License.

   If you choose to use this file in compliance with the BSD License, the
   following notice applies to you:

       Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
       modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are
       met:
       * Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
         notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
       * Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
         notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
         documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
       * Neither the name of the copyright holder nor the names of
         contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived from
         this software without specific prior written permission.

       THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS "AS
       IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED
       TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A
       PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL COPYRIGHT HOLDER
       BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR
       CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF
       SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR
       BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY,
       WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR
       OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF
       ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
*/

package jdk.dynalink.beans;

import java.lang.invoke.MethodHandle;
import java.lang.invoke.MethodHandles;
import java.lang.invoke.MethodType;
import java.lang.reflect.AccessibleObject;
import java.lang.reflect.Constructor;
import java.lang.reflect.Field;
import java.lang.reflect.Member;
import java.lang.reflect.Method;
import java.lang.reflect.Modifier;
import java.util.Arrays;
import java.util.Collections;
import java.util.HashMap;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.Map;
import java.util.Set;
import jdk.dynalink.CallSiteDescriptor;
import jdk.dynalink.NamedOperation;
import jdk.dynalink.Namespace;
import jdk.dynalink.NamespaceOperation;
import jdk.dynalink.Operation;
import jdk.dynalink.StandardNamespace;
import jdk.dynalink.StandardOperation;
import jdk.dynalink.beans.GuardedInvocationComponent.ValidationType;
import jdk.dynalink.internal.InternalTypeUtilities;
import jdk.dynalink.linker.GuardedInvocation;
import jdk.dynalink.linker.GuardingDynamicLinker;
import jdk.dynalink.linker.LinkRequest;
import jdk.dynalink.linker.LinkerServices;
import jdk.dynalink.linker.support.Guards;
import jdk.dynalink.linker.support.Lookup;
import jdk.internal.reflect.CallerSensitive;

/**
 * A base class for both {@link StaticClassLinker} and {@link BeanLinker}. Deals with common aspects of property
 * exposure and method calls for both static and instance facets of a class.
 */
abstract class AbstractJavaLinker implements GuardingDynamicLinker {

    final Class<?> clazz;
    private final MethodHandle classGuard;
    private final MethodHandle assignableGuard;
    private final Map<String, AnnotatedDynamicMethod> propertyGetters = new HashMap<>();
    private final Map<String, DynamicMethod> propertySetters = new HashMap<>();
    private final Map<String, DynamicMethod> methods = new HashMap<>();

    AbstractJavaLinker(final Class<?> clazz, final MethodHandle classGuard) {
        this(clazz, classGuard, classGuard);
    }

    AbstractJavaLinker(final Class<?> clazz, final MethodHandle classGuard, final MethodHandle assignableGuard) {
        this.clazz = clazz;
        this.classGuard = classGuard;
        this.assignableGuard = assignableGuard;

        final FacetIntrospector introspector = createFacetIntrospector();
        // Add methods and properties
        for(final Method method: introspector.getMethods()) {
            final String name = method.getName();
            // Add method
            addMember(name, method, methods);
            // Add the method as a property getter and/or setter
            if(name.startsWith("get") && name.length() > 3 && method.getParameterTypes().length == 0) {
                // Property getter
                setPropertyGetter(method, 3);
            } else if(name.startsWith("is") && name.length() > 2 && method.getParameterTypes().length == 0 &&
                    method.getReturnType() == boolean.class) {
                // Boolean property getter
                setPropertyGetter(method, 2);
            } else if(name.startsWith("set") && name.length() > 3 && method.getParameterTypes().length == 1) {
                // Property setter
                addMember(decapitalize(name.substring(3)), method, propertySetters);
            }
        }

        // Add field getter/setters as property getters/setters.
        for(final Field field: introspector.getFields()) {
            final String name = field.getName();
            // Only add a property getter when one is not defined already as a getXxx()/isXxx() method.
            if(!propertyGetters.containsKey(name)) {
                setPropertyGetter(name, introspector.unreflectGetter(field), ValidationType.EXACT_CLASS);
            }
            if(!(Modifier.isFinal(field.getModifiers()) || propertySetters.containsKey(name))) {
                addMember(name, new SimpleDynamicMethod(introspector.unreflectSetter(field), clazz, name),
                        propertySetters);
            }
        }

        // Add inner classes, but only those for which we don't hide a property with it
        for(final Map.Entry<String, MethodHandle> innerClassSpec: introspector.getInnerClassGetters().entrySet()) {
            final String name = innerClassSpec.getKey();
            if(!propertyGetters.containsKey(name)) {
                setPropertyGetter(name, innerClassSpec.getValue(), ValidationType.EXACT_CLASS);
            }
        }
    }

    private static String decapitalize(final String str) {
        assert str != null;
        if(str.isEmpty()) {
            return str;
        }

        final char c0 = str.charAt(0);
        if(Character.isLowerCase(c0)) {
            return str;
        }

        // If it has two consecutive upper-case characters, i.e. "URL", don't decapitalize
        if(str.length() > 1 && Character.isUpperCase(str.charAt(1))) {
            return str;
        }

        final char c[] = str.toCharArray();
        c[0] = Character.toLowerCase(c0);
        return new String(c);
    }

    abstract FacetIntrospector createFacetIntrospector();

    Set<String> getReadablePropertyNames() {
        return getUnmodifiableKeys(propertyGetters);
    }

    Set<String> getWritablePropertyNames() {
        return getUnmodifiableKeys(propertySetters);
    }

    Set<String> getMethodNames() {
        return getUnmodifiableKeys(methods);
    }

    private static Set<String> getUnmodifiableKeys(final Map<String, ?> m) {
        return Collections.unmodifiableSet(m.keySet());
    }

    /**
     * Sets the specified dynamic method to be the property getter for the specified property. Note that you can only
     * use this when you're certain that the method handle does not belong to a caller-sensitive method. For properties
     * that are caller-sensitive, you must use {@link #setPropertyGetter(String, SingleDynamicMethod, ValidationType)}
     * instead.
     * @param name name of the property
     * @param handle the method handle that implements the property getter
     * @param validationType the validation type for the property
     */
    private void setPropertyGetter(final String name, final SingleDynamicMethod handle, final ValidationType validationType) {
        propertyGetters.put(name, new AnnotatedDynamicMethod(handle, validationType));
    }

    /**
     * Sets the specified reflective method to be the property getter for the specified property.
     * @param getter the getter method
     * @param prefixLen the getter prefix in the method name; should be 3 for getter names starting with "get" and 2 for
     * names starting with "is".
     */
    private void setPropertyGetter(final Method getter, final int prefixLen) {
        setPropertyGetter(decapitalize(getter.getName().substring(prefixLen)), createDynamicMethod(
                getMostGenericGetter(getter)), ValidationType.INSTANCE_OF);
    }

    /**
     * Sets the specified method handle to be the property getter for the specified property. Note that you can only
     * use this when you're certain that the method handle does not belong to a caller-sensitive method. For properties
     * that are caller-sensitive, you must use {@link #setPropertyGetter(String, SingleDynamicMethod, ValidationType)}
     * instead.
     * @param name name of the property
     * @param handle the method handle that implements the property getter
     * @param validationType the validation type for the property
     */
    void setPropertyGetter(final String name, final MethodHandle handle, final ValidationType validationType) {
        setPropertyGetter(name, new SimpleDynamicMethod(handle, clazz, name), validationType);
    }

    private void addMember(final String name, final AccessibleObject ao, final Map<String, DynamicMethod> methodMap) {
        addMember(name, createDynamicMethod(ao), methodMap);
    }

    private void addMember(final String name, final SingleDynamicMethod method, final Map<String, DynamicMethod> methodMap) {
        final DynamicMethod existingMethod = methodMap.get(name);
        final DynamicMethod newMethod = mergeMethods(method, existingMethod, clazz, name);
        if(newMethod != existingMethod) {
            methodMap.put(name, newMethod);
        }
    }

    /**
     * Given one or more reflective methods or constructors, creates a dynamic method that represents them all. The
     * methods should represent all overloads of the same name (or all constructors of the class).
     * @param members the reflective members
     * @param clazz the class declaring the reflective members
     * @param name the common name of the reflective members.
     * @return a dynamic method representing all the specified reflective members.
     */
    static DynamicMethod createDynamicMethod(final Iterable<? extends AccessibleObject> members, final Class<?> clazz, final String name) {
        DynamicMethod dynMethod = null;
        for(final AccessibleObject method: members) {
            dynMethod = mergeMethods(createDynamicMethod(method), dynMethod, clazz, name);
        }
        return dynMethod;
    }

    /**
     * Given a reflective method or a constructor, creates a dynamic method that represents it. This method will
     * distinguish between caller sensitive and ordinary methods/constructors, and create appropriate caller sensitive
     * dynamic method when needed.
     * @param m the reflective member
     * @return the single dynamic method representing the reflective member
     */
    private static SingleDynamicMethod createDynamicMethod(final AccessibleObject m) {
        if (m.isAnnotationPresent(CallerSensitive.class)) {
            // Method has @CallerSensitive annotation
            return new CallerSensitiveDynamicMethod(m);
        }
        // Method has no @CallerSensitive annotation
        final MethodHandle mh;
        try {
            mh = unreflectSafely(m);
        } catch (final IllegalAccessError e) {
            // java.lang.invoke can in some case conservatively treat as caller sensitive methods that aren't
            // marked with the annotation. In this case, we'll fall back to treating it as caller sensitive.
            return new CallerSensitiveDynamicMethod(m);
        }
        // Proceed with non-caller sensitive
        final Member member = (Member)m;
        return new SimpleDynamicMethod(mh, member.getDeclaringClass(), member.getName(), m instanceof Constructor);
    }

    /**
     * Unreflects a method handle from a Method or a Constructor using safe (zero-privilege) unreflection. Should be
     * only used for methods and constructors that are not caller sensitive. If a caller sensitive method were
     * unreflected through this mechanism, it would not be a security issue, but would be bound to the zero-privilege
     * unreflector as its caller, and thus completely useless.
     * @param m the method or constructor
     * @return the method handle
     */
    private static MethodHandle unreflectSafely(final AccessibleObject m) {
        if(m instanceof Method) {
            final Method reflMethod = (Method)m;
            final MethodHandle handle = Lookup.PUBLIC.unreflect(reflMethod);
            if(Modifier.isStatic(reflMethod.getModifiers())) {
                return StaticClassIntrospector.editStaticMethodHandle(handle);
            }
            return handle;
        }
        return StaticClassIntrospector.editConstructorMethodHandle(Lookup.PUBLIC.unreflectConstructor((Constructor<?>)m));
    }

    private static DynamicMethod mergeMethods(final SingleDynamicMethod method, final DynamicMethod existing, final Class<?> clazz, final String name) {
        if(existing == null) {
            return method;
        } else if(existing.contains(method)) {
            return existing;
        } else if(existing instanceof SingleDynamicMethod) {
            final OverloadedDynamicMethod odm = new OverloadedDynamicMethod(clazz, name);
            odm.addMethod(((SingleDynamicMethod)existing));
            odm.addMethod(method);
            return odm;
        } else if(existing instanceof OverloadedDynamicMethod) {
            ((OverloadedDynamicMethod)existing).addMethod(method);
            return existing;
        }
        throw new AssertionError();
    }

    @Override
    public GuardedInvocation getGuardedInvocation(final LinkRequest request, final LinkerServices linkerServices)
            throws Exception {
        final CallSiteDescriptor callSiteDescriptor = request.getCallSiteDescriptor();

        final MissingMemberHandlerFactory missingMemberHandlerFactory;
        final LinkerServices directLinkerServices;
        if (linkerServices instanceof LinkerServicesWithMissingMemberHandlerFactory) {
            final LinkerServicesWithMissingMemberHandlerFactory lswmmhf = ((LinkerServicesWithMissingMemberHandlerFactory)linkerServices);
            missingMemberHandlerFactory = lswmmhf.missingMemberHandlerFactory;
            directLinkerServices = lswmmhf.linkerServices;
        } else {
            missingMemberHandlerFactory = null;
            directLinkerServices = linkerServices;
        }

        final GuardedInvocationComponent gic = getGuardedInvocationComponent(
                new ComponentLinkRequest(request, directLinkerServices,
                        missingMemberHandlerFactory));
        return gic != null ? gic.getGuardedInvocation() : null;
    }

    static final class ComponentLinkRequest {
        final LinkRequest linkRequest;
        final LinkerServices linkerServices;
        final MissingMemberHandlerFactory missingMemberHandlerFactory;
        final Operation baseOperation;
        final List<Namespace> namespaces;
        final Object name;

        ComponentLinkRequest(final LinkRequest linkRequest,
                final LinkerServices linkerServices,
                final MissingMemberHandlerFactory missingMemberHandlerFactory) {
            this.linkRequest = linkRequest;
            this.linkerServices = linkerServices;
            this.missingMemberHandlerFactory = missingMemberHandlerFactory;
            final Operation namedOp = linkRequest.getCallSiteDescriptor().getOperation();
            this.name = NamedOperation.getName(namedOp);
            final Operation namespaceOp = NamedOperation.getBaseOperation(namedOp);
            this.baseOperation = NamespaceOperation.getBaseOperation(namespaceOp);
            this.namespaces = Arrays.asList(NamespaceOperation.getNamespaces(namespaceOp));
        }

        private ComponentLinkRequest(final LinkRequest linkRequest,
                final LinkerServices linkerServices,
                final MissingMemberHandlerFactory missingMemberHandlerFactory,
                final Operation baseOperation, final List<Namespace> namespaces, final Object name) {
            this.linkRequest = linkRequest;
            this.linkerServices = linkerServices;
            this.missingMemberHandlerFactory = missingMemberHandlerFactory;
            this.baseOperation = baseOperation;
            this.namespaces = namespaces;
            this.name = name;
        }

        CallSiteDescriptor getDescriptor() {
            return linkRequest.getCallSiteDescriptor();
        }

        ComponentLinkRequest popNamespace() {
            return new ComponentLinkRequest(linkRequest, linkerServices,
                    missingMemberHandlerFactory, baseOperation,
                namespaces.subList(1, namespaces.size()), name);
        }
    }

    protected GuardedInvocationComponent getGuardedInvocationComponent(final ComponentLinkRequest req)
    throws Exception {
        if (!req.namespaces.isEmpty()) {
            final Namespace ns = req.namespaces.get(0);
            final Operation op = req.baseOperation;
            if (op == StandardOperation.GET) {
                if (ns == StandardNamespace.PROPERTY) {
                    return getPropertyGetter(req.popNamespace());
                } else if (ns == StandardNamespace.METHOD) {
                    return getMethodGetter(req.popNamespace());
                }
            } else if (op == StandardOperation.SET && ns == StandardNamespace.PROPERTY) {
                return getPropertySetter(req.popNamespace());
            }
        }
        return null;
    }

    GuardedInvocationComponent getNextComponent(final ComponentLinkRequest req) throws Exception {
        if (req.namespaces.isEmpty()) {
            return createNoSuchMemberHandler(req.missingMemberHandlerFactory,
                    req.linkRequest, req.linkerServices);
        }
        final GuardedInvocationComponent gic = getGuardedInvocationComponent(req);
        if (gic != null) {
            return gic;
        }
        return getNextComponent(req.popNamespace());
    }

    private GuardedInvocationComponent createNoSuchMemberHandler(
            final MissingMemberHandlerFactory missingMemberHandlerFactory,
            final LinkRequest linkRequest, final LinkerServices linkerServices) throws Exception {
        if (missingMemberHandlerFactory == null) {
            return null;
        }
        final MethodHandle handler = missingMemberHandlerFactory.createMissingMemberHandler(linkRequest, linkerServices);
        if (handler == null) {
            return null;
        }
        final MethodType type = linkRequest.getCallSiteDescriptor().getMethodType();
        // The returned handler is allowed to differ in return type.
        assert handler.type().changeReturnType(type.returnType()).equals(type);
        return getClassGuardedInvocationComponent(handler, type);
    }

    static final <T> List<T> pop(final List<T> l) {
        return l.subList(1, l.size());
    }

    MethodHandle getClassGuard(final CallSiteDescriptor desc) {
        return getClassGuard(desc.getMethodType());
    }

    MethodHandle getClassGuard(final MethodType type) {
        return Guards.asType(classGuard, type);
    }

    GuardedInvocationComponent getClassGuardedInvocationComponent(final MethodHandle invocation, final MethodType type) {
        return new GuardedInvocationComponent(invocation, getClassGuard(type), clazz, ValidationType.EXACT_CLASS);
    }

    abstract SingleDynamicMethod getConstructorMethod(final String signature);

    private MethodHandle getAssignableGuard(final MethodType type) {
        return Guards.asType(assignableGuard, type);
    }

    private GuardedInvocation createGuardedDynamicMethodInvocation(final CallSiteDescriptor callSiteDescriptor,
            final LinkerServices linkerServices, final String methodName, final Map<String, DynamicMethod> methodMap){
        final MethodHandle inv = getDynamicMethodInvocation(callSiteDescriptor, linkerServices, methodName, methodMap);
        return inv == null ? null : new GuardedInvocation(inv, getClassGuard(callSiteDescriptor.getMethodType()));
    }

    private MethodHandle getDynamicMethodInvocation(final CallSiteDescriptor callSiteDescriptor,
            final LinkerServices linkerServices, final String methodName, final Map<String, DynamicMethod> methodMap) {
        final DynamicMethod dynaMethod = getDynamicMethod(methodName, methodMap);
        return dynaMethod != null ? dynaMethod.getInvocation(callSiteDescriptor, linkerServices) : null;
    }

    private DynamicMethod getDynamicMethod(final String methodName, final Map<String, DynamicMethod> methodMap) {
        final DynamicMethod dynaMethod = methodMap.get(methodName);
        return dynaMethod != null ? dynaMethod : getExplicitSignatureDynamicMethod(methodName, methodMap);
    }

    private SingleDynamicMethod getExplicitSignatureDynamicMethod(final String fullName,
            final Map<String, DynamicMethod> methodsMap) {
        // What's below is meant to support the "name(type, type, ...)" syntax that programmers can use in a method name
        // to manually pin down an exact overloaded variant. This is not usually required, as the overloaded method
        // resolution works correctly in almost every situation. However, in presence of many language-specific
        // conversions with a radically dynamic language, most overloaded methods will end up being constantly selected
        // at invocation time, so a programmer knowledgeable of the situation might choose to pin down an exact overload
        // for performance reasons.

        // Is the method name lexically of the form "name(types)"?
        final int lastChar = fullName.length() - 1;
        if(fullName.charAt(lastChar) != ')') {
            return null;
        }
        final int openBrace = fullName.indexOf('(');
        if(openBrace == -1) {
            return null;
        }

        final String name = fullName.substring(0, openBrace);
        final String signature = fullName.substring(openBrace + 1, lastChar);

        // Find an existing method for the "name" part
        final DynamicMethod simpleNamedMethod = methodsMap.get(name);
        if(simpleNamedMethod == null) {
            // explicit signature constructor access
            // Java.type("java.awt.Color")["(int,int,int)"]
            // will get Color(int,int,int) constructor of Color class.
            if (name.isEmpty()) {
                return getConstructorMethod(signature);
            }

            return null;
        }

        // Try to get a narrowed dynamic method for the explicit parameter types.
        return simpleNamedMethod.getMethodForExactParamTypes(signature);
    }

    private static final MethodHandle IS_METHOD_HANDLE_NOT_NULL = Guards.isNotNull().asType(MethodType.methodType(
            boolean.class, MethodHandle.class));
    private static final MethodHandle CONSTANT_NULL_DROP_METHOD_HANDLE = MethodHandles.dropArguments(
            MethodHandles.constant(Object.class, null), 0, MethodHandle.class);

    private GuardedInvocationComponent getPropertySetter(final ComponentLinkRequest req) throws Exception {
        if (req.name == null) {
            return getUnnamedPropertySetter(req);
        }
        return getNamedPropertySetter(req);
    }

    private GuardedInvocationComponent getUnnamedPropertySetter(final ComponentLinkRequest req) throws Exception {
        final CallSiteDescriptor callSiteDescriptor = req.getDescriptor();
        // Must have three arguments: target object, property name, and property value.
        assertParameterCount(callSiteDescriptor, 3);

        // We want setters that conform to "Object(O, V)". Note, we aren't doing "R(O, V)" as it might not be
        // valid for us to convert return values proactively. Also, since we don't know what setters will be
        // invoked, we'll conservatively presume Object return type. The one exception is void return.
        final MethodType origType = callSiteDescriptor.getMethodType();
        final MethodType type = origType.returnType() == void.class ? origType : origType.changeReturnType(Object.class);
        final LinkerServices linkerServices = req.linkerServices;

        // What's below is basically:
        //   foldArguments(guardWithTest(isNotNull, invoke, null|nextComponent.invocation),
        //     get_setter_handle(type, linkerServices))
        // only with a bunch of method signature adjustments. Basically, retrieve method setter
        // MethodHandle; if it is non-null, invoke it, otherwise either return null, or delegate to next
        // component's invocation.

        // Call site type is "ret_type(object_type,property_name_type,property_value_type)", which we'll
        // abbreviate to R(O, N, V) going forward, although we don't really use R here (see above about using
        // Object return type).
        final MethodType setterType = type.dropParameterTypes(1, 2);
        // Bind property setter handle to the expected setter type and linker services. Type is
        // MethodHandle(Object, String, Object)
        final MethodHandle boundGetter = MethodHandles.insertArguments(getPropertySetterHandle, 0,
                callSiteDescriptor.changeMethodType(setterType), linkerServices);

        // Cast getter to MethodHandle(O, N, V)
        final MethodHandle typedGetter = linkerServices.asType(boundGetter, type.changeReturnType(
                MethodHandle.class));

        // Handle to invoke the setter R(MethodHandle, O, V)
        final MethodHandle invokeHandle = MethodHandles.exactInvoker(setterType);
        // Handle to invoke the setter, dropping unnecessary fold arguments R(MethodHandle, O, N, V)
        final MethodHandle invokeHandleFolded = MethodHandles.dropArguments(invokeHandle, 2, type.parameterType(
                1));
        final GuardedInvocationComponent nextComponent = getNextComponent(req);

        final MethodHandle fallbackFolded;
        if (nextComponent == null) {
            // Object(MethodHandle)->Object(MethodHandle, O, N, V); returns constant null
            fallbackFolded = MethodHandles.dropArguments(CONSTANT_NULL_DROP_METHOD_HANDLE, 1,
                    type.parameterList()).asType(type.insertParameterTypes(0, MethodHandle.class));
        } else {
            // Object(O, N, V)->Object(MethodHandle, O, N, V); adapts the next component's invocation to drop the
            // extra argument resulting from fold
            fallbackFolded = MethodHandles.dropArguments(nextComponent.getGuardedInvocation().getInvocation(),
                    0, MethodHandle.class);
        }

        // fold(R(MethodHandle, O, N, V), MethodHandle(O, N, V))
        final MethodHandle compositeSetter = MethodHandles.foldArguments(MethodHandles.guardWithTest(
                    IS_METHOD_HANDLE_NOT_NULL, invokeHandleFolded, fallbackFolded), typedGetter);
        if(nextComponent == null) {
            return getClassGuardedInvocationComponent(compositeSetter, type);
        }
        return nextComponent.compose(compositeSetter, getClassGuard(type), clazz, ValidationType.EXACT_CLASS);
    }

    private GuardedInvocationComponent getNamedPropertySetter(final ComponentLinkRequest req) throws Exception {
        final CallSiteDescriptor callSiteDescriptor = req.getDescriptor();
        // Must have two arguments: target object and property value
        assertParameterCount(callSiteDescriptor, 2);
        final GuardedInvocation gi = createGuardedDynamicMethodInvocation(callSiteDescriptor, req.linkerServices,
                req.name.toString(), propertySetters);
        // If we have a property setter with this name, this composite operation will always stop here
        if(gi != null) {
            return new GuardedInvocationComponent(gi, clazz, ValidationType.EXACT_CLASS);
        }
        // If we don't have a property setter with this name, always fall back to the next namespace (if any).
        return getNextComponent(req);
    }

    private static final Lookup privateLookup = new Lookup(MethodHandles.lookup());

    private static final MethodHandle IS_ANNOTATED_METHOD_NOT_NULL = Guards.isNotNull().asType(MethodType.methodType(
            boolean.class, AnnotatedDynamicMethod.class));
    private static final MethodHandle CONSTANT_NULL_DROP_ANNOTATED_METHOD = MethodHandles.dropArguments(
            MethodHandles.constant(Object.class, null), 0, AnnotatedDynamicMethod.class);
    private static final MethodHandle GET_ANNOTATED_METHOD = privateLookup.findVirtual(AnnotatedDynamicMethod.class,
            "getTarget", MethodType.methodType(MethodHandle.class, CallSiteDescriptor.class, LinkerServices.class));
    private static final MethodHandle GETTER_INVOKER = MethodHandles.invoker(MethodType.methodType(Object.class, Object.class));

    private GuardedInvocationComponent getPropertyGetter(final ComponentLinkRequest req) throws Exception {
        if (req.name == null) {
            return getUnnamedPropertyGetter(req);
        }
        return getNamedPropertyGetter(req);
    }

    private GuardedInvocationComponent getUnnamedPropertyGetter(final ComponentLinkRequest req) throws Exception {
        // Since we can't know what kind of a getter we'll get back on different invocations, we'll just
        // conservatively presume Object. Note we can't just coerce to a narrower call site type as the linking
        // runtime might not allow coercing at that call site.
        final CallSiteDescriptor callSiteDescriptor = req.getDescriptor();
        final MethodType type = callSiteDescriptor.getMethodType().changeReturnType(Object.class);
        // Must have exactly two arguments: receiver and name
        assertParameterCount(callSiteDescriptor, 2);

        // What's below is basically:
        //   foldArguments(guardWithTest(isNotNull, invoke(get_handle), null|nextComponent.invocation), get_getter_handle)
        // only with a bunch of method signature adjustments. Basically, retrieve method getter
        // AnnotatedDynamicMethod; if it is non-null, invoke its "handle" field, otherwise either return null,
        // or delegate to next component's invocation.

        final LinkerServices linkerServices = req.linkerServices;
        final MethodHandle typedGetter = linkerServices.asType(getPropertyGetterHandle, type.changeReturnType(
                AnnotatedDynamicMethod.class));
        final MethodHandle callSiteBoundMethodGetter = MethodHandles.insertArguments(
                GET_ANNOTATED_METHOD, 1, callSiteDescriptor, linkerServices);
        final MethodHandle callSiteBoundInvoker = MethodHandles.filterArguments(GETTER_INVOKER, 0,
                callSiteBoundMethodGetter);
        // Object(AnnotatedDynamicMethod, Object)->Object(AnnotatedDynamicMethod, T0)
        final MethodHandle invokeHandleTyped = linkerServices.asType(callSiteBoundInvoker,
                MethodType.methodType(type.returnType(), AnnotatedDynamicMethod.class, type.parameterType(0)));
        // Since it's in the target of a fold, drop the unnecessary second argument
        // Object(AnnotatedDynamicMethod, T0)->Object(AnnotatedDynamicMethod, T0, T1)
        final MethodHandle invokeHandleFolded = MethodHandles.dropArguments(invokeHandleTyped, 2,
                type.parameterType(1));
        final GuardedInvocationComponent nextComponent = getNextComponent(req);

        final MethodHandle fallbackFolded;
        if(nextComponent == null) {
            // Object(AnnotatedDynamicMethod)->Object(AnnotatedDynamicMethod, T0, T1); returns constant null
            fallbackFolded = MethodHandles.dropArguments(CONSTANT_NULL_DROP_ANNOTATED_METHOD, 1,
                    type.parameterList()).asType(type.insertParameterTypes(0, AnnotatedDynamicMethod.class));
        } else {
            // Object(T0, T1)->Object(AnnotatedDynamicMethod, T0, T1); adapts the next component's invocation to
            // drop the extra argument resulting from fold and to change its return type to Object.
            final MethodHandle nextInvocation = nextComponent.getGuardedInvocation().getInvocation();
            final MethodType nextType = nextInvocation.type();
            fallbackFolded = MethodHandles.dropArguments(nextInvocation.asType(
                    nextType.changeReturnType(Object.class)), 0, AnnotatedDynamicMethod.class);
        }

        // fold(Object(AnnotatedDynamicMethod, T0, T1), AnnotatedDynamicMethod(T0, T1))
        final MethodHandle compositeGetter = MethodHandles.foldArguments(MethodHandles.guardWithTest(
                    IS_ANNOTATED_METHOD_NOT_NULL, invokeHandleFolded, fallbackFolded), typedGetter);
        if(nextComponent == null) {
            return getClassGuardedInvocationComponent(compositeGetter, type);
        }
        return nextComponent.compose(compositeGetter, getClassGuard(type), clazz, ValidationType.EXACT_CLASS);
    }

    private GuardedInvocationComponent getNamedPropertyGetter(final ComponentLinkRequest req) throws Exception {
        final CallSiteDescriptor callSiteDescriptor = req.getDescriptor();
        // Must have exactly one argument: receiver
        assertParameterCount(callSiteDescriptor, 1);
        // Fixed name
        final AnnotatedDynamicMethod annGetter = propertyGetters.get(req.name.toString());
        if(annGetter == null) {
            // We have no such property, always delegate to the next component operation
            return getNextComponent(req);
        }
        final MethodHandle getter = annGetter.getInvocation(req);
        // NOTE: since property getters (not field getters!) are no-arg, we don't have to worry about them being
        // overloaded in a subclass. Therefore, we can discover the most abstract superclass that has the
        // method, and use that as the guard with Guards.isInstance() for a more stably linked call site. If
        // we're linking against a field getter, don't make the assumption.
        // NOTE: No delegation to the next component operation if we have a property with this name, even if its
        // value is null.
        final ValidationType validationType = annGetter.validationType;
        // TODO: we aren't using the type that declares the most generic getter here!
        return new GuardedInvocationComponent(getter, getGuard(validationType,
                callSiteDescriptor.getMethodType()), clazz, validationType);
    }

    private MethodHandle getGuard(final ValidationType validationType, final MethodType methodType) {
        switch(validationType) {
            case EXACT_CLASS: {
                return getClassGuard(methodType);
            }
            case INSTANCE_OF: {
                return getAssignableGuard(methodType);
            }
            case IS_ARRAY: {
                return Guards.isArray(0, methodType);
            }
            case NONE: {
                return null;
            }
            default: {
                throw new AssertionError();
            }
        }
    }

    private static final MethodHandle IS_DYNAMIC_METHOD = Guards.isInstance(DynamicMethod.class,
            MethodType.methodType(boolean.class, Object.class));
    private static final MethodHandle OBJECT_IDENTITY = MethodHandles.identity(Object.class);

    private GuardedInvocationComponent getMethodGetter(final ComponentLinkRequest req) throws Exception {
        if (req.name == null) {
            return getUnnamedMethodGetter(req);
        }
        return getNamedMethodGetter(req);
    }

    private static MethodType getMethodGetterType(final ComponentLinkRequest req) {
        // The created method handle will always return a DynamicMethod (or null), but since we don't want that type to
        // be visible outside of this linker, declare it to return Object.
        return req.getDescriptor().getMethodType().changeReturnType(Object.class);
    }

    private GuardedInvocationComponent getUnnamedMethodGetter(final ComponentLinkRequest req) throws Exception {
        // Must have exactly two arguments: receiver and name
        assertParameterCount(req.getDescriptor(), 2);
        final GuardedInvocationComponent nextComponent = getNextComponent(req);
        final LinkerServices linkerServices = req.linkerServices;
        final MethodType type = getMethodGetterType(req);
        if(nextComponent == null) {
            // No next component operation; just return a component for this operation.
            return getClassGuardedInvocationComponent(linkerServices.asType(getDynamicMethod, type), type);
        }

        // What's below is basically:
        // foldArguments(guardWithTest(isNotNull, identity, nextComponent.invocation), getter) only with a
        // bunch of method signature adjustments. Basically, execute method getter; if it returns a non-null
        // DynamicMethod, use identity to return it, otherwise delegate to nextComponent's invocation.

        final MethodHandle typedGetter = linkerServices.asType(getDynamicMethod, type);
        // Since it is part of the foldArgument() target, it will have extra args that we need to drop.
        final MethodHandle returnMethodHandle = linkerServices.asType(MethodHandles.dropArguments(
                OBJECT_IDENTITY, 1, type.parameterList()), type.insertParameterTypes(0, Object.class));
        final MethodHandle nextComponentInvocation = nextComponent.getGuardedInvocation().getInvocation();
        // The assumption is that getGuardedInvocationComponent() already asType()'d it correctly modulo the
        // return type.
        assert nextComponentInvocation.type().changeReturnType(type.returnType()).equals(type);
        // Since it is part of the foldArgument() target, we have to drop an extra arg it receives.
        final MethodHandle nextCombinedInvocation = MethodHandles.dropArguments(nextComponentInvocation, 0,
                Object.class);
        // Assemble it all into a fold(guard(isNotNull, identity, nextInvocation), get)
        // Note that nextCombinedInvocation needs to have its return type changed to Object
        final MethodHandle compositeGetter = MethodHandles.foldArguments(MethodHandles.guardWithTest(
                IS_DYNAMIC_METHOD, returnMethodHandle,
                nextCombinedInvocation.asType(nextCombinedInvocation.type().changeReturnType(Object.class))),
                typedGetter);

        return nextComponent.compose(compositeGetter, getClassGuard(type), clazz, ValidationType.EXACT_CLASS);
    }

    private GuardedInvocationComponent getNamedMethodGetter(final ComponentLinkRequest req)
            throws Exception {
        // Must have exactly one argument: receiver
        assertParameterCount(req.getDescriptor(), 1);
        final DynamicMethod method = getDynamicMethod(req.name.toString());
        if(method == null) {
            // We have no such method, always delegate to the next component
            return getNextComponent(req);
        }
        // No delegation to the next namespace; if we have a method with that name, we'll always return it at
        // this point.
        final MethodType type = getMethodGetterType(req);
        return getClassGuardedInvocationComponent(req.linkerServices.asType(MethodHandles.dropArguments(
                MethodHandles.constant(Object.class, method), 0, type.parameterType(0)), type), type);
    }

    static class MethodPair {
        final MethodHandle method1;
        final MethodHandle method2;

        MethodPair(final MethodHandle method1, final MethodHandle method2) {
            this.method1 = method1;
            this.method2 = method2;
        }

        MethodHandle guardWithTest(final MethodHandle test) {
            return MethodHandles.guardWithTest(test, method1, method2);
        }
    }

    static MethodPair matchReturnTypes(final MethodHandle m1, final MethodHandle m2) {
        final MethodType type1 = m1.type();
        final MethodType type2 = m2.type();
        final Class<?> commonRetType = InternalTypeUtilities.getCommonLosslessConversionType(type1.returnType(),
                type2.returnType());
        return new MethodPair(
                m1.asType(type1.changeReturnType(commonRetType)),
                m2.asType(type2.changeReturnType(commonRetType)));
    }

    private static void assertParameterCount(final CallSiteDescriptor descriptor, final int paramCount) {
        if(descriptor.getMethodType().parameterCount() != paramCount) {
            throw new BootstrapMethodError(descriptor.getOperation() + " must have exactly " + paramCount + " parameters.");
        }
    }

    private static MethodHandle GET_PROPERTY_GETTER_HANDLE = MethodHandles.dropArguments(privateLookup.findOwnSpecial(
            "getPropertyGetterHandle", Object.class, Object.class), 1, Object.class);
    private final MethodHandle getPropertyGetterHandle = GET_PROPERTY_GETTER_HANDLE.bindTo(this);

    /**
     * @param id the property ID
     * @return the method handle for retrieving the property, or null if the property does not exist
     */
    @SuppressWarnings("unused")
    private Object getPropertyGetterHandle(final Object id) {
        return propertyGetters.get(String.valueOf(id));
    }

    // Type is MethodHandle(BeanLinker, MethodType, LinkerServices, Object, String, Object), of which the two "Object"
    // args are dropped; this makes handles with first three args conform to "Object, String, Object" though, which is
    // a typical property setter with variable name signature (target, name, value).
    private static final MethodHandle GET_PROPERTY_SETTER_HANDLE = MethodHandles.dropArguments(MethodHandles.dropArguments(
            privateLookup.findOwnSpecial("getPropertySetterHandle", MethodHandle.class, CallSiteDescriptor.class,
                    LinkerServices.class, Object.class), 3, Object.class), 5, Object.class);
    // Type is MethodHandle(MethodType, LinkerServices, Object, String, Object)
    private final MethodHandle getPropertySetterHandle = GET_PROPERTY_SETTER_HANDLE.bindTo(this);

    @SuppressWarnings("unused")
    private MethodHandle getPropertySetterHandle(final CallSiteDescriptor setterDescriptor, final LinkerServices linkerServices,
            final Object id) {
        return getDynamicMethodInvocation(setterDescriptor, linkerServices, String.valueOf(id), propertySetters);
    }

    private static MethodHandle GET_DYNAMIC_METHOD = MethodHandles.dropArguments(privateLookup.findOwnSpecial(
            "getDynamicMethod", Object.class, Object.class), 1, Object.class);
    private final MethodHandle getDynamicMethod = GET_DYNAMIC_METHOD.bindTo(this);

    @SuppressWarnings("unused")
    // This method is marked to return Object instead of DynamicMethod as it's used as a linking component and we don't
    // want to make the DynamicMethod type observable externally (e.g. as the return type of a MethodHandle returned for
    // GET:METHOD linking).
    private Object getDynamicMethod(final Object name) {
        return getDynamicMethod(String.valueOf(name), methods);
    }

    /**
     * Returns a dynamic method of the specified name.
     *
     * @param name name of the method
     * @return the dynamic method (either {@link SimpleDynamicMethod} or {@link OverloadedDynamicMethod}, or null if the
     * method with the specified name does not exist.
     */
    DynamicMethod getDynamicMethod(final String name) {
        return getDynamicMethod(name, methods);
    }

    /**
     * Find the most generic superclass that declares this getter. Since getters have zero args (aside from the
     * receiver), they can't be overloaded, so we're free to link with an instanceof guard for the most generic one,
     * creating more stable call sites.
     * @param getter the getter
     * @return getter with same name, declared on the most generic superclass/interface of the declaring class
     */
    private static Method getMostGenericGetter(final Method getter) {
        return getMostGenericGetter(getter.getName(), getter.getReturnType(), getter.getDeclaringClass());
    }

    private static Method getMostGenericGetter(final String name, final Class<?> returnType, final Class<?> declaringClass) {
        if(declaringClass == null) {
            return null;
        }
        // Prefer interfaces
        for(final Class<?> itf: declaringClass.getInterfaces()) {
            final Method itfGetter = getMostGenericGetter(name, returnType, itf);
            if(itfGetter != null) {
                return itfGetter;
            }
        }
        final Method superGetter = getMostGenericGetter(name, returnType, declaringClass.getSuperclass());
        if(superGetter != null) {
            return superGetter;
        }
        if(!CheckRestrictedPackage.isRestrictedClass(declaringClass)) {
            try {
                return declaringClass.getMethod(name);
            } catch(final NoSuchMethodException e) {
                // Intentionally ignored, meant to fall through
            }
        }
        return null;
    }

    private static final class AnnotatedDynamicMethod {
        private final SingleDynamicMethod method;
        /*private*/ final ValidationType validationType;

        AnnotatedDynamicMethod(final SingleDynamicMethod method, final ValidationType validationType) {
            this.method = method;
            this.validationType = validationType;
        }

        MethodHandle getInvocation(final ComponentLinkRequest req) {
            return method.getInvocation(req.getDescriptor(), req.linkerServices);
        }

        @SuppressWarnings("unused")
        MethodHandle getTarget(final CallSiteDescriptor desc, final LinkerServices linkerServices) {
            final MethodHandle inv = linkerServices.filterInternalObjects(method.getTarget(desc));
            assert inv != null;
            return inv;
        }
    }
}