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<h1>OpenJDK Build README</h1>
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<hr>
<h2><a name="introduction">Introduction</a></h2>
<blockquote>
This README file contains build instructions for the
<a href="http://openjdk.java.net" target="_blank">OpenJDK</a>.
Building the source code for the
OpenJDK
requires
a certain degree of technical expertise.
<!-- ====================================================== -->
<h3>!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! THIS IS A MAJOR RE-WRITE of this document. !!!!!!!!!!!!!</h3>
<blockquote>
Some Headlines:
<ul>
<li>
The build is now a "<code>configure && make</code>" style build
</li>
<li>
Any GNU make 3.81 or newer should work, except on
Windows where 4.0 or newer is recommended.
</li>
<li>
The build should scale, i.e. more processors should
cause the build to be done in less wall-clock time
</li>
<li>
Nested or recursive make invocations have been significantly
reduced, as has the total fork/exec or spawning
of sub processes during the build
</li>
<li>
Windows MKS usage is no longer supported
</li>
<li>
Windows Visual Studio <code>vsvars*.bat</code> and
<code>vcvars*.bat</code> files are run automatically
</li>
<li>
Ant is no longer used when building the OpenJDK
</li>
<li>
Use of ALT_* environment variables for configuring the
build is no longer supported
</li>
</ul>
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
<!-- ====================================================== -->
<hr>
<h2><a name="contents">Contents</a></h2>
<blockquote>
<ul>
<li><a href="#introduction">Introduction</a></li>
<li><a href="#hg">Use of Mercurial</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#get_source">Getting the Source</a></li>
<li><a href="#repositories">Repositories</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#building">Building</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#setup">System Setup</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#linux">Linux</a></li>
<li><a href="#solaris">Solaris</a></li>
<li><a href="#macosx">Mac OS X</a></li>
<li><a href="#windows">Windows</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#configure">Configure</a></li>
<li><a href="#make">Make</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#testing">Testing</a></li>
</ul>
<hr>
<ul>
<li><a href="#hints">Appendix A: Hints and Tips</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#faq">FAQ</a></li>
<li><a href="#performance">Build Performance Tips</a></li>
<li><a href="#troubleshooting">Troubleshooting</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#gmake">Appendix B: GNU Make Information</a></li>
<li><a href="#buildenvironments">Appendix C: Build Environments</a></li>
<!-- Leave out
<li><a href="#mapping">Appendix D: Mapping Old Builds to the New Builds</a></li>
-->
</ul>
</blockquote>
<!-- ====================================================== -->
<hr>
<h2><a name="hg">Use of Mercurial</a></h2>
<blockquote>
The OpenJDK sources are maintained with the revision control system
<a href="http://mercurial.selenic.com/wiki/Mercurial">Mercurial</a>.
If you are new to Mercurial, please see the
<a href="http://mercurial.selenic.com/wiki/BeginnersGuides">
Beginner Guides</a>
or refer to the <a href="http://hgbook.red-bean.com/">
Mercurial Book</a>.
The first few chapters of the book provide an excellent overview of
Mercurial, what it is and how it works.
<br>
For using Mercurial with the OpenJDK refer to the
<a href="http://openjdk.java.net/guide/repositories.html#installConfig">
Developer Guide: Installing and Configuring Mercurial</a>
section for more information.
<h3><a name="get_source">Getting the Source</a></h3>
<blockquote>
To get the entire set of OpenJDK Mercurial repositories
use the script <code>get_source.sh</code> located in the
root repository:
<blockquote>
<code>
hg clone http://hg.openjdk.java.net/jdk9/jdk9
<i>YourOpenJDK</i>
<br>
cd <i>YourOpenJDK</i>
<br>
bash ./get_source.sh
</code>
</blockquote>
Once you have all the repositories, keep in mind that each
repository is its own independent repository.
You can also re-run <code>./get_source.sh</code> anytime to
pull over all the latest changesets in all the repositories.
This set of nested repositories has been given the term
"forest" and there are various ways to apply the same
<code>hg</code> command to each of the repositories.
For example, the script <code>make/scripts/hgforest.sh</code>
can be used to repeat the same <code>hg</code>
command on every repository, e.g.
<blockquote>
<code>
cd <i>YourOpenJDK</i>
<br>
bash ./make/scripts/hgforest.sh status
</code>
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
<h3><a name="repositories">Repositories</a></h3>
<blockquote>
<p>The set of repositories and what they contain:</p>
<table border="1">
<thead>
<tr>
<th>Repository</th>
<th>Contains</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
. (root)
</td>
<td>
common configure and makefile logic
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
hotspot
</td>
<td>
source code and make files for building
the OpenJDK Hotspot Virtual Machine
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
langtools
</td>
<td>
source code for the OpenJDK javac and language tools
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
jdk
</td>
<td>
source code and make files for building
the OpenJDK runtime libraries and misc files
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
jaxp
</td>
<td>
source code for the OpenJDK JAXP functionality
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
jaxws
</td>
<td>
source code for the OpenJDK JAX-WS functionality
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
corba
</td>
<td>
source code for the OpenJDK Corba functionality
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
nashorn
</td>
<td>
source code for the OpenJDK JavaScript implementation
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</blockquote>
<h3><a name="guidelines">Repository Source Guidelines</a></h3>
<blockquote>
There are some very basic guidelines:
<ul>
<li>
Use of whitespace in source files
(.java, .c, .h, .cpp, and .hpp files)
is restricted.
No TABs, no trailing whitespace on lines, and files
should not terminate in more than one blank line.
</li>
<li>
Files with execute permissions should not be added
to the source repositories.
</li>
<li>
All generated files need to be kept isolated from
the files
maintained or managed by the source control system.
The standard area for generated files is the top level
<code>build/</code> directory.
</li>
<li>
The default build process should be to build the product
and nothing else, in one form, e.g. a product (optimized),
debug (non-optimized, -g plus assert logic), or
fastdebug (optimized, -g plus assert logic).
</li>
<li>
The <tt>.hgignore</tt> file in each repository
must exist and should
include <tt>^build/</tt>, <tt>^dist/</tt> and
optionally any
<tt>nbproject/private</tt> directories.
<strong>It should NEVER</strong> include
anything in the
<tt>src/</tt> or <tt>test/</tt>
or any managed directory area of a repository.
</li>
<li>
Directory names and file names should never contain
blanks or
non-printing characters.
</li>
<li>
Generated source or binary files should NEVER be added to
the repository (that includes <tt>javah</tt> output).
There are some exceptions to this rule, in particular
with some of the generated configure scripts.
</li>
<li>
Files not needed for typical building
or testing of the repository
should not be added to the repository.
</li>
</ul>
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
<!-- ====================================================== -->
<hr>
<h2><a name="building">Building</a></h2>
<blockquote>
The very first step in building the OpenJDK is making sure the
system itself has everything it needs to do OpenJDK builds.
Once a system is setup, it generally doesn't need to be done again.
<br>
Building the OpenJDK is now done with running a
<a href="#configure"><code>configure</code></a>
script which will try and find and verify you have everything
you need, followed by running
<a href="#gmake"><code>make</code></a>, e.g.
<blockquote>
<b>
<code>
bash ./configure<br>
make all
</code>
</b>
</blockquote>
Where possible the <code>configure</code> script will attempt to located the
various components in the default locations or via component
specific variable settings.
When the normal defaults fail or components cannot be found,
additional <code>configure</code> options may be necessary to help <code>configure</code>
find the necessary tools for the build, or you may need to
re-visit the setup of your system due to missing software
packages.
<br>
<strong>NOTE:</strong> The <code>configure</code> script
file does not have
execute permissions and will need to be explicitly run with
<code>bash</code>,
see the <a href="#guidelines">source guidelines</a>.
<!-- ====================================================== -->
<hr>
<h3><a name="setup">System Setup</a></h3>
<blockquote>
Before even attempting to use a system to build the OpenJDK
there are some very basic system setups needed.
For all systems:
<ul>
<li>
Be sure the GNU make utility is version 3.81 (4.0 on
windows) or newer, e.g. run "<code>make -version</code>"
</li>
<li>
Install a
<a name="bootjdk">Bootstrap JDK</a>.
All OpenJDK builds require access to a previously released
JDK called the <i>bootstrap JDK</i> or <i>boot JDK.</i>
The general rule is that the bootstrap JDK
must be an instance of the previous major
release of the JDK. In addition, there may be
a requirement to use a release at or beyond a
particular update level.
<br> <br>
<b><i>Building JDK 9 requires JDK 8. JDK 9
developers should not use JDK 9 as the boot
JDK, to ensure that JDK 9 dependencies are
not introduced into the parts of the system
that are built with JDK 8.</i></b>
<br> <br>
The JDK 8 binaries can be downloaded from Oracle's
<a href="http://www.oracle.com/technetwork/java/javase/downloads/index.html"
target="_blank">JDK 8 download site</a>.
For build performance reasons it
is very important that this bootstrap JDK be made available
on the local disk of the machine doing the build.
You should add its <code>bin</code> directory
to the <code>PATH</code> environment variable.
If <code>configure</code> has any issues finding this JDK, you may
need to use the <code>configure</code> option
<code>--with-boot-jdk</code>.
</li>
<li>
Ensure that GNU make, the Bootstrap JDK,
and the compilers are all
in your PATH environment variable
</li>
</ul>
And for specific systems:
<table border="1">
<thead>
<tr>
<th>Linux</th>
<th>Solaris</th>
<th>Windows</th>
<th>Mac OS X</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
Install all the software development
packages needed including
<a href="#alsa">alsa</a>,
<a href="#freetype">freetype</a>,
<a href="#cups">cups</a>, and
<a href="#xrender">xrender</a>.
<br>
See
<a href="#SDBE">specific system packages</a>.
</td>
<td>
Install all the software development
packages needed including
<a href="#studio">Studio Compilers</a>,
<a href="#freetype">freetype</a>,
<a href="#cups">cups</a>, and
<a href="#xrender">xrender</a>.
<br>
See
<a href="#SDBE">specific system packages</a>.
</td>
<td>
<ul>
<li>
Install one of
<a href="#cygwin">CYGWIN</a> or
<a href="#msys">MinGW/MSYS</a>
</li>
<li>
Install
<a href="#vs2013">Visual Studio 2013</a>
</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td>
Install
<a href="https://developer.apple.com/xcode/">XCode 4.5.2</a>
and also install the "Command line tools" found under the
preferences pane "Downloads"
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<h4><a name="linux">Linux</a></h4>
<blockquote>
With Linux, try and favor the system packages over
building your own
or getting packages from other areas.
Most Linux builds should be possible with the system's
available packages.
<br>
Note that some Linux systems have a habit of pre-populating
your environment variables for you, for example <code>JAVA_HOME</code>
might get pre-defined for you to refer to the JDK installed on
your Linux system.
You will need to unset <code>JAVA_HOME</code>.
It's a good idea to run <code>env</code> and verify the
environment variables you are getting from the default system
settings make sense for building the OpenJDK.
</blockquote>
<h4><a name="solaris">Solaris</a></h4>
<blockquote>
<h5><a name="studio">Studio Compilers</a></h5>
<blockquote>
At a minimum, the
<a href="http://www.oracle.com/technetwork/server-storage/solarisstudio/downloads/index.htm" target="_blank">
Studio 12 Update 1 Compilers</a>
(containing version 5.10 of the C and C++ compilers) is required,
including specific patches.
<p>
The Solaris SPARC patch list is:
<ul>
<li>
118683-05: SunOS 5.10: Patch for profiling libraries and assembler
</li>
<li>
119963-21: SunOS 5.10: Shared library patch for C++
</li>
<li>
120753-08: SunOS 5.10: Microtasking libraries (libmtsk) patch
</li>
<li>
128228-09: Sun Studio 12 Update 1: Patch for Sun C++ Compiler
</li>
<li>
141860-03: Sun Studio 12 Update 1: Patch for Compiler Common patch for Sun C C++ F77 F95
</li>
<li>
141861-05: Sun Studio 12 Update 1: Patch for Sun C Compiler
</li>
<li>
142371-01: Sun Studio 12.1 Update 1: Patch for dbx
</li>
<li>
143384-02: Sun Studio 12 Update 1: Patch for debuginfo handling
</li>
<li>
143385-02: Sun Studio 12 Update 1: Patch for Compiler Common patch for Sun C C++ F77 F95
</li>
<li>
142369-01: Sun Studio 12.1: Patch for Performance Analyzer Tools
</li>
</ul>
<p>
The Solaris X86 patch list is:
<ul>
<li>
119961-07: SunOS 5.10_x86, x64, Patch for profiling libraries and assembler
</li>
<li>
119964-21: SunOS 5.10_x86: Shared library patch for C++_x86
</li>
<li>
120754-08: SunOS 5.10_x86: Microtasking libraries (libmtsk) patch
</li>
<li>
141858-06: Sun Studio 12 Update 1_x86: Sun Compiler Common patch for x86 backend
</li>
<li>
128229-09: Sun Studio 12 Update 1_x86: Patch for C++ Compiler
</li>
<li>
142363-05: Sun Studio 12 Update 1_x86: Patch for C Compiler
</li>
<li>
142368-01: Sun Studio 12.1_x86: Patch for Performance Analyzer Tools
</li>
</ul>
<p>
Place the <code>bin</code> directory in <code>PATH</code>.
<p>
The Oracle Solaris Studio Express compilers at:
<a href="http://www.oracle.com/technetwork/server-storage/solarisstudio/downloads/index-jsp-142582.html" target="_blank">
Oracle Solaris Studio Express Download site</a>
are also an option, although these compilers have not
been extensively used yet.
</blockquote>
</blockquote> <!-- Solaris -->
<h4><a name="windows">Windows</a></h4>
<blockquote>
<h5><a name="toolkit">Windows Unix Toolkit</a></h5>
<blockquote>
Building on Windows requires a Unix-like environment, notably a
Unix-like shell.
There are several such environments available of which
<a href="http://www.cygwin.com/">Cygwin</a> and
<a href="http://www.mingw.org/wiki/MSYS">MinGW/MSYS</a> are
currently supported for
the OpenJDK build. One of the differences of these
systems from standard Windows tools is the way
they handle Windows path names, particularly path names which contain
spaces, backslashes as path separators and possibly drive letters.
Depending
on the use case and the specifics of each environment these path
problems can
be solved by a combination of quoting whole paths, translating
backslashes to
forward slashes, escaping backslashes with additional backslashes and
translating the path names to their
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/8.3_filename">
"8.3" version</a>.
<h6><a name="cygwin">CYGWIN</a></h6>
<blockquote>
CYGWIN is an open source, Linux-like environment which tries to emulate
a complete POSIX layer on Windows. It tries to be smart about path names
and can usually handle all kinds of paths if they are correctly quoted
or escaped although internally it maps drive letters <code><drive>:</code>
to a virtual directory <code>/cygdrive/<drive></code>.
<p>
You can always use the <code>cygpath</code> utility to map pathnames with spaces
or the backslash character into the <code>C:/</code> style of pathname
(called 'mixed'), e.g. <code>cygpath -s -m "<i>path</i>"</code>.
</p>
<p>
Note that the use of CYGWIN creates a unique problem with regards to
setting <a href="#path"><code>PATH</code></a>. Normally on Windows
the <code>PATH</code> variable contains directories
separated with the ";" character (Solaris and Linux use ":").
With CYGWIN, it uses ":", but that means that paths like "C:/path"
cannot be placed in the CYGWIN version of <code>PATH</code> and
instead CYGWIN uses something like <code>/cygdrive/c/path</code>
which CYGWIN understands, but only CYGWIN understands.
</p>
<p>
The OpenJDK build requires CYGWIN version 1.7.16 or newer.
Information about CYGWIN can
be obtained from the CYGWIN website at
<a href="http://www.cygwin.com" target="_blank">www.cygwin.com</a>.
</p>
<p>
By default CYGWIN doesn't install all the tools required for building
the OpenJDK.
Along with the default installation, you need to install
the following tools.
<blockquote>
<table border="1">
<thead>
<tr>
<td>Binary Name</td>
<td>Category</td>
<td>Package</td>
<td>Description</td>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>ar.exe</td>
<td>Devel</td>
<td>binutils</td>
<td>
The GNU assembler, linker and binary utilities
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>make.exe</td>
<td>Devel</td>
<td>make</td>
<td>
The GNU version of the 'make' utility built for CYGWIN
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>m4.exe</td>
<td>Interpreters</td>
<td>m4</td>
<td>
GNU implementation of the traditional Unix macro
processor
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>cpio.exe</td>
<td>Utils</td>
<td>cpio</td>
<td>
A program to manage archives of files
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>gawk.exe</td>
<td>Utils</td>
<td>awk</td>
<td>
Pattern-directed scanning and processing language
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>file.exe</td>
<td>Utils</td>
<td>file</td>
<td>
Determines file type using 'magic' numbers
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>zip.exe</td>
<td>Archive</td>
<td>zip</td>
<td>
Package and compress (archive) files
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>unzip.exe</td>
<td>Archive</td>
<td>unzip</td>
<td>
Extract compressed files in a ZIP archive
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>free.exe</td>
<td>System</td>
<td>procps</td>
<td>
Display amount of free and used memory in the system
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</blockquote>
Note that the CYGWIN software can conflict with other non-CYGWIN
software on your Windows system.
CYGWIN provides a
<a href="http://cygwin.com/faq/faq.using.html" target="_blank">FAQ</a> for
known issues and problems, of particular interest is the
section on
<a href="http://cygwin.com/faq/faq.using.html#faq.using.bloda" target="_blank">
BLODA (applications that interfere with CYGWIN)</a>.
</blockquote>
<h6><a name="msys">MinGW/MSYS</a></h6>
<blockquote>
MinGW ("Minimalist GNU for Windows") is a collection of free Windows
specific header files and import libraries combined with GNU toolsets that
allow one to produce native Windows programs that do not rely on any
3rd-party C runtime DLLs. MSYS is a supplement to MinGW which allows building
applications and programs which rely on traditional UNIX tools to
be present. Among others this includes tools like <code>bash</code>
and <code>make</code>.
See <a href="http://www.mingw.org/wiki/MSYS" target="_blank">MinGW/MSYS</a>
for more information.
<p>
Like Cygwin, MinGW/MSYS can handle different types of path formats. They
are internally converted to paths with forward slashes and drive letters
<code><drive>:</code> replaced by a virtual
directory <code>/<drive></code>. Additionally, MSYS automatically
detects binaries compiled for the MSYS environment and feeds them with the
internal, Unix-style path names. If native Windows applications are called
from within MSYS programs their path arguments are automatically converted
back to Windows style path names with drive letters and backslashes as
path separators. This may cause problems for Windows applications which
use forward slashes as parameter separator (e.g. <code>cl /nologo /I</code>)
because MSYS may wrongly <a href="http://mingw.org/wiki/Posix_path_conversion">
replace such parameters by drive letters</a>.
</p>
<p>
In addition to the tools which will be installed
by default, you have
to manually install the
<code>msys-zip</code> and
<code>msys-unzip</code> packages.
This can be easily done with the MinGW command line installer:
<blockquote>
<code>mingw-get.exe install msys-zip</code>
<br>
<code>mingw-get.exe install msys-unzip</code>
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
<h5><a name="vs2013">Visual Studio 2013 Compilers</a></h5>
<blockquote>
<p>
The 32-bit and 64-bit OpenJDK Windows build requires
Microsoft Visual Studio C++ 2013 (VS2013) Professional
Edition or Express compiler.
The compiler and other tools are expected to reside
in the location defined by the variable
<code>VS120COMNTOOLS</code> which
is set by the Microsoft Visual Studio installer.
</p>
<p>
Only the C++ part of VS2013 is needed.
Try to let the installation go to the default
install directory.
Always reboot your system after installing VS2013.
The system environment variable VS120COMNTOOLS
should be
set in your environment.
</p>
<p>
Make sure that TMP and TEMP are also set
in the environment
and refer to Windows paths that exist,
like <code>C:\temp</code>,
not <code>/tmp</code>, not <code>/cygdrive/c/temp</code>,
and not <code>C:/temp</code>.
<code>C:\temp</code> is just an example,
it is assumed that this area is
private to the user, so by default
after installs you should
see a unique user path in these variables.
</p>
</blockquote>
</blockquote> <!-- Windows -->
<h4><a name="macosx">Mac OS X</a></h4>
<blockquote>
Make sure you get the right XCode version.
</blockquote> <!-- Mac OS X -->
</blockquote>
<!-- ====================================================== -->
<hr>
<h3><a name="configure">Configure</a></h3>
<blockquote>
The basic invocation of the <code>configure</code> script
looks like:
<blockquote>
<b><code>bash ./configure [<i>options</i>]</code></b>
</blockquote>
This will create an output directory containing the
"configuration" and setup an area for the build result.
This directory typically looks like:
<blockquote>
<b><code>build/linux-x64-normal-server-release</code></b>
</blockquote>
<code>configure</code> will try to figure out what system you are running on
and where all necessary build components are.
If you have all prerequisites for building installed,
it should find everything.
If it fails to detect any component automatically,
it will exit and inform you about the problem.
When this happens, read more below in
<a href="#configureoptions">the <code>configure</code> options</a>.
<p>
Some examples:
</p>
<table border="1">
<thead>
<tr>
<th>Description</th>
<th>Configure Command Line</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>Windows 32bit build with freetype specified</td>
<td>
<code>bash ./configure --with-freetype=/cygdrive/c/freetype-i586 --with-target-bits=32</code>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Debug 64bit Build</td>
<td>
<code>bash ./configure --enable-debug --with-target-bits=64</code>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<!-- ====================================================== -->
<h4><a name="configureoptions">Configure Options</a></h4>
<blockquote>
Complete details on all the OpenJDK <code>configure</code> options can
be seen with:
<blockquote>
<b><code>bash ./configure --help=short</code></b>
</blockquote>
Use <code>-help</code> to see all the <code>configure</code> options
available.
You can generate any number of different configurations,
e.g. debug, release, 32, 64, etc.
Some of the more commonly used <code>configure</code> options are:
<table border="1">
<thead>
<tr>
<th width="300">OpenJDK Configure Option</th>
<th>Description</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><b><code>--enable-debug</code></b></td>
<td>
set the debug level to fastdebug (this is a shorthand for
<code>--with-debug-level=fastdebug</code>)
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><b><code>--with-alsa=</code></b><i>path</i></td>
<td>
select the location of the
<a name="alsa">Advanced Linux Sound Architecture (ALSA)</a>
<br>
Version 0.9.1 or newer of the ALSA files are
required for building the OpenJDK on Linux.
These Linux files are usually available from an "alsa"
of "libasound"
development package,
and it's highly recommended that you try and use
the package provided by the particular version of Linux that
you are using.
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><b><code>--with-boot-jdk=</code></b><i>path</i></td>
<td>
select the <a href="#bootjdk">Bootstrap JDK</a>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><b><code>--with-boot-jdk-jvmargs=</code></b>"<i>args</i>"</td>
<td>
provide the JVM options to be used to run the
<a href="#bootjdk">Bootstrap JDK</a>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><b><code>--with-cacerts=</code></b><i>path</i></td>
<td>
select the path to the cacerts file.
<br>
See <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Certificate_Authority" target="_blank">
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Certificate_Authority</a>
for a better understanding of the Certificate Authority (CA).
A certificates file named "cacerts"
represents a system-wide keystore with CA certificates.
In JDK and JRE
binary bundles, the "cacerts" file contains root CA certificates from
several public CAs (e.g., VeriSign, Thawte, and Baltimore).
The source contain a cacerts file
without CA root certificates.
Formal JDK builders will need to secure
permission from each public CA and include the certificates into their
own custom cacerts file.
Failure to provide a populated cacerts file
will result in verification errors of a certificate chain during runtime.
By default an empty cacerts file is provided and that should be
fine for most JDK developers.
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><b><code>--with-cups=</code></b><i>path</i></td>
<td>
select the CUPS install location
<br>
The
<a name="cups">Common UNIX Printing System (CUPS) Headers</a>
are required for building the
OpenJDK on Solaris and Linux.
The Solaris header files can be obtained by installing
the package <strong>SFWcups</strong> from the Solaris Software
Companion CD/DVD, these often will be installed into the
directory <code>/opt/sfw/cups</code>.
<br>
The CUPS header files can always be downloaded from
<a href="http://www.cups.org" target="_blank">www.cups.org</a>.
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><b><code>--with-cups-include=</code></b><i>path</i></td>
<td>
select the CUPS include directory location
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><b><code>--with-debug-level=</code></b><i>level</i></td>
<td>
select the debug information level of release,
fastdebug, or slowdebug
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><b><code>--with-dev-kit=</code></b><i>path</i></td>
<td>
select location of the compiler install or
developer install location
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><b><code>--with-freetype=</code></b><i>path</i></td>
<td>
select the freetype files to use.
<br>
Expecting the
<a name="freetype">freetype</a> libraries under
<code>lib/</code> and the
headers under <code>include/</code>.
<br>
Version 2.3 or newer of FreeType is required.
On Unix systems required files can be available as part of your
distribution (while you still may need to upgrade them).
Note that you need development version of package that
includes both the FreeType library and header files.
<br>
You can always download latest FreeType version from the
<a href="http://www.freetype.org" target="_blank">FreeType website</a>.
<br>
Building the freetype 2 libraries from scratch is also possible,
however on Windows refer to the
<a href="http://freetype.freedesktop.org/wiki/FreeType_DLL">
Windows FreeType DLL build instructions</a>.
<br>
Note that by default FreeType is built with byte code hinting
support disabled due to licensing restrictions.
In this case, text appearance and metrics are expected to
differ from Sun's official JDK build.
See
<a href="http://freetype.sourceforge.net/freetype2/index.html">
the SourceForge FreeType2 Home Page
</a>
for more information.
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><b><code>--with-import-hotspot=</code></b><i>path</i></td>
<td>
select the location to find hotspot
binaries from a previous build to avoid building
hotspot
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><b><code>--with-target-bits=</code></b><i>arg</i></td>
<td>
select 32 or 64 bit build
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><b><code>--with-jvm-variants=</code></b><i>variants</i></td>
<td>
select the JVM variants to build from, comma
separated list that can include:
server, client, kernel, zero and zeroshark
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><b><code>--with-memory-size=</code></b><i>size</i></td>
<td>
select the RAM size that GNU make will think
this system has
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a name="msvcrNN"><b><code>--with-msvcr-dll=</code></b><i>path</i></a></td>
<td>
select the <code>msvcr100.dll</code>
file to include in the
Windows builds (C/C++ runtime library for
Visual Studio).
<br>
This is usually picked up automatically
from the redist
directories of Visual Studio 2013.
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><b><code>--with-num-cores=</code></b><i>cores</i></td>
<td>
select the number of cores to use (processor
count or CPU count)
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><b><code>--with-x=</code></b><i>path</i></td>
<td>
select the location of the X11 and xrender files.
<br>
The
<a name="xrender">XRender Extension Headers</a>
are required for building the
OpenJDK on Solaris and Linux.
<br>
The Linux header files are usually available from a "Xrender"
development package, it's recommended that you try and use
the package provided by the particular distribution of Linux that
you are using.
<br>
The Solaris XRender header files is
included with the other X11 header files
in the package <strong>SFWxwinc</strong>
on new enough versions of
Solaris and will be installed in
<code>/usr/X11/include/X11/extensions/Xrender.h</code> or
<code>/usr/openwin/share/include/X11/extensions/Xrender.h</code>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
<!-- ====================================================== -->
<hr>
<h3><a name="make">Make</a></h3>
<blockquote>
The basic invocation of the <code>make</code> utility
looks like:
<blockquote>
<b><code>make all</code></b>
</blockquote>
This will start the build to the output directory containing the
"configuration" that was created by the <code>configure</code>
script. Run <code>make help</code> for more information on
the available targets.
<br>
There are some of the make targets that
are of general interest:
<table border="1">
<thead>
<tr>
<th>Make Target</th>
<th>Description</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><i>empty</i></td>
<td>build everything but no images</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><b><code>all</code></b></td>
<td>build everything including images</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><b><code>all-conf</code></b></td>
<td>build all configurations</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><b><code>images</code></b></td>
<td>create complete j2sdk and j2re images</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><b><code>install</code></b></td>
<td>install the generated images locally,
typically in <code>/usr/local</code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><b><code>clean</code></b></td>
<td>remove all files generated by make,
but not those generated by <code>configure</code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><b><code>dist-clean</code></b></td>
<td>remove all files generated by both
and <code>configure</code> (basically killing the configuration)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><b><code>help</code></b></td>
<td>give some help on using <code>make</code>,
including some interesting make targets</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
<!-- ====================================================== -->
<hr>
<h2><a name="testing">Testing</a></h2>
<blockquote>
When the build is completed, you should see the generated
binaries and associated files in the <code>j2sdk-image</code>
directory in the output directory.
In particular, the
<code>build/<i>*</i>/images/j2sdk-image/bin</code>
directory should contain executables for the
OpenJDK tools and utilities for that configuration.
The testing tool <code>jtreg</code> will be needed
and can be found at:
<a href="http://openjdk.java.net/jtreg/" target="_blank">
the jtreg site</a>.
The provided regression tests in the repositories
can be run with the command:
<blockquote>
<code><b>cd test && make PRODUCT_HOME=`pwd`/../build/*/images/j2sdk-image all</b></code>
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
<!-- ====================================================== -->
<!-- ====================================================== -->
<!-- ====================================================== -->
<!-- ====================================================== -->
<!-- ====================================================== -->
<!-- ====================================================== -->
<!-- ====================================================== -->
<!-- ====================================================== -->
<!-- ====================================================== -->
<!-- ====================================================== -->
<hr>
<h2><a name="hints">Appendix A: Hints and Tips</a></h2>
<blockquote>
<h3><a name="faq">FAQ</a></h3>
<blockquote>
<p>
<b>Q:</b> The <code>generated-configure.sh</code> file looks horrible!
How are you going to edit it?
<br>
<b>A:</b> The <code>generated-configure.sh</code> file is generated (think
"compiled") by the autoconf tools. The source code is
in <code>configure.ac</code> and various .m4 files in common/autoconf,
which are much more readable.
</p>
<p>
<b>Q:</b>
Why is the <code>generated-configure.sh</code> file checked in,
if it is generated?
<br>
<b>A:</b>
If it was not generated, every user would need to have the autoconf
tools installed, and re-generate the <code>configure</code> file
as the first step.
Our goal is to minimize the work needed to be done by the user
to start building OpenJDK, and to minimize
the number of external dependencies required.
</p>
<p>
<b>Q:</b>
Do you require a specific version of autoconf for regenerating
<code>generated-configure.sh</code>?
<br>
<b>A:</b>
Yes, version 2.69 is required and should be easy
enough to aquire on all supported operating
systems. The reason for this is to avoid
large spurious changes in <code>generated-configure.sh</code>.
</p>
<p>
<b>Q:</b>
How do you regenerate <code>generated-configure.sh</code>
after making changes to the input files?
<br>
<b>A:</b>
Regnerating <code>generated-configure.sh</code>
should always be done using the
script <code>common/autoconf/autogen.sh</code> to
ensure that the correct files get updated. This
script should also be run after mercurial tries to
merge <code>generated-configure.sh</code> as a
merge of the generated file is not guaranteed to
be correct.
</p>
<p>
<b>Q:</b>
What are the files in <code>common/makefiles/support/*</code> for?
They look like gibberish.
<br>
<b>A:</b>
They are a somewhat ugly hack to compensate for command line length
limitations on certain platforms (Windows, Solaris).
Due to a combination of limitations in make and the shell,
command lines containing too many files will not work properly.
These
helper files are part of an elaborate hack that will compress the
command line in the makefile and then uncompress it safely.
We're
not proud of it, but it does fix the problem.
If you have any better suggestions, we're all ears! :-)
</p>
<p>
<b>Q:</b>
I want to see the output of the commands that make runs,
like in the old build. How do I do that?
<br>
<b>A:</b>
You specify the <code>LOG</code> variable to make. There are
several log levels:
</p>
<blockquote>
<ul>
<li>
<b><code>warn</code></b> — Default and very quiet.
</li>
<li>
<b><code>info</code></b> — Shows more progress information
than warn.
</li>
<li>
<b><code>debug</code></b> — Echos all command lines and
prints all macro calls for compilation definitions.
</li>
<li>
<b><code>trace</code></b> — Echos all $(shell) command
lines as well.
</li>
</ul>
</blockquote>
<p>
<b>Q:</b>
When do I have to re-run <code>configure</code>?
<br>
<b>A:</b>
Normally you will run <code>configure</code> only once for creating a
configuration.
You need to re-run configuration only if you want to change any
configuration options,
or if you pull down changes to the <code>configure</code> script.
</p>
<p>
<b>Q:</b>
I have added a new source file. Do I need to modify the makefiles?
<br>
<b>A:</b>
Normally, no. If you want to create e.g. a new native
library,
you will need to modify the makefiles. But for normal file
additions or removals, no changes are needed. There are certan
exceptions for some native libraries where the source files are spread
over many directories which also contain sources for other
libraries. In these cases it was simply easier to create include lists
rather than excludes.
</p>
<p>
<b>Q:</b>
When I run <code>configure --help</code>, I see many strange options,
like <code>--dvidir</code>. What is this?
<br>
<b>A:</b>
Configure provides a slew of options by default, to all projects
that use autoconf. Most of them are not used in OpenJDK,
so you can safely ignore them. To list only OpenJDK specific features,
use <code>configure --help=short</code> instead.
</p>
<p>
<b>Q:</b>
<code>configure</code> provides OpenJDK-specific features such as
<code>--with-builddeps-server</code> that are not
described in this document. What about those?
<br>
<b>A:</b>
Try them out if you like! But be aware that most of these are
experimental features.
Many of them don't do anything at all at the moment; the option
is just a placeholder. Others depend on
pieces of code or infrastructure that is currently
not ready for prime time.
</p>
<p>
<b>Q:</b>
How will you make sure you don't break anything?
<br>
<b>A:</b>
We have a script that compares the result of the new build system
with the result of the old. For most part, we aim for (and achieve)
byte-by-byte identical output. There are however technical issues
with e.g. native binaries, which might differ in a byte-by-byte
comparison, even
when building twice with the old build system.
For these, we compare relevant aspects
(e.g. the symbol table and file size).
Note that we still don't have 100%
equivalence, but we're close.
</p>
<p>
<b>Q:</b>
I noticed this thing X in the build that looks very broken by design.
Why don't you fix it?
<br>
<b>A:</b>
Our goal is to produce a build output that is as close as
technically possible to the old build output.
If things were weird in the old build,
they will be weird in the new build.
Often, things were weird before due to obscurity,
but in the new build system the weird stuff comes up to the surface.
The plan is to attack these things at a later stage,
after the new build system is established.
</p>
<p>
<b>Q:</b>
The code in the new build system is not that well-structured.
Will you fix this?
<br>
<b>A:</b>
Yes! The new build system has grown bit by bit as we converted
the old system. When all of the old build system is converted,
we can take a step back and clean up the structure of the new build
system. Some of this we plan to do before replacing the old build
system and some will need to wait until after.
</p>
<p>
<b>Q:</b>
Is anything able to use the results of the new build's default make target?
<br>
<b>A:</b>
Yes, this is the minimal (or roughly minimal)
set of compiled output needed for a developer to actually
execute the newly built JDK. The idea is that in an incremental
development fashion, when doing a normal make,
you should only spend time recompiling what's changed
(making it purely incremental) and only do the work that's
needed to actually run and test your code.
The packaging stuff that is part of the <code>images</code>
target is not needed for a normal developer who wants to
test his new code. Even if it's quite fast, it's still unnecessary.
We're targeting sub-second incremental rebuilds! ;-)
(Or, well, at least single-digit seconds...)
</p>
<p>
<b>Q:</b>
I usually set a specific environment variable when building,
but I can't find the equivalent in the new build.
What should I do?
<br>
<b>A:</b>
It might very well be that we have neglected to add support for
an option that was actually used from outside the build system.
Email us and we will add support for it!
</p>
</blockquote>
<h3><a name="performance">Build Performance Tips</a></h3>
<blockquote>
<p>Building OpenJDK requires a lot of horsepower.
Some of the build tools can be adjusted to utilize more or less
of resources such as
parallel threads and memory.
The <code>configure</code> script analyzes your system and selects reasonable
values for such options based on your hardware.
If you encounter resource problems, such as out of memory conditions,
you can modify the detected values with:</p>
<ul>
<li>
<b><code>--with-num-cores</code></b>
—
number of cores in the build system,
e.g. <code>--with-num-cores=8</code>
</li>
<li>
<b><code>--with-memory-size</code></b>
— memory (in MB) available in the build system,
e.g. <code>--with-memory-size=1024</code>
</li>
</ul>
<p>It might also be necessary to specify the JVM arguments passed
to the Bootstrap JDK, using e.g.
<code>--with-boot-jdk-jvmargs="-Xmx8G -enableassertions"</code>.
Doing this will override the default JVM arguments
passed to the Bootstrap JDK.</p>
<p>One of the top goals of the new build system is to improve the
build performance and decrease the time needed to build. This will
soon also apply to the java compilation when the Smart Javac wrapper
is fully supported.</p>
<p>At the end of a successful execution of <code>configure</code>,
you will get a performance summary,
indicating how well the build will perform. Here you will
also get performance hints.
If you want to build fast, pay attention to those!</p>
<h4>Building with ccache</h4>
<p>The OpenJDK build supports building with ccache
when using gcc or clang. Using ccache can
radically speed up compilation of native code if
you often rebuild the same sources. Your milage
may vary however so we recommend evaluating it for
yourself. To enable it, make sure it's on the path
and configure with <code>--enable-ccache</code>.</p>
<h4>Building on local disk</h4>
<p>If you are using network shares, e.g. via NFS, for your source code,
make sure the build directory is situated on local disk.
The performance
penalty is extremely high for building on a network share,
close to unusable.</p>
<h4>Building only one JVM</h4>
<p>The old build builds multiple JVMs on 32-bit systems (client and
server; and on Windows kernel as well). In the new build we have
changed this default to only build server when it's available. This
improves build times for those not interested in multiple JVMs. To
mimic the old behavior on platforms that support it,
use <code>--with-jvm-variants=client,server</code>.</p>
<h4>Selecting the number of cores to build on</h4>
<p>By default, <code>configure</code> will analyze your machine and run the make
process in parallel with as many threads as you have cores. This
behavior can be overridden, either "permanently" (on a <code>configure</code>
basis) using <code>--with-num-cores=N</code> or for a single build
only (on a make basis), using <code>make JOBS=N</code>.</p>
<p>If you want to make a slower build just this time, to save some CPU
power for other processes, you can run
e.g. <code>make JOBS=2</code>. This will force the makefiles
to only run 2 parallel processes, or even <code>make JOBS=1</code>
which will disable parallelism.</p>
<p>If you want to have it the other way round, namely having slow
builds default and override with fast if you're
impatient, you should call <code>configure</code> with
<code>--with-num-cores=2</code>, making 2 the default.
If you want to run with more
cores, run <code>make JOBS=8</code></p>
</blockquote>
<h3><a name="troubleshooting">Troubleshooting</a></h3>
<blockquote>
<h4>Solving build problems</h4>
<blockquote>
If the build fails (and it's not due to a compilation error in
a source file you've changed), the first thing you should do
is to re-run the build with more verbosity.
Do this by adding <code>LOG=debug</code> to your make command line.
<br>
The build log (with both stdout and stderr intermingled,
basically the same as you see on your console) can be found as
<code>build.log</code> in your build directory.
<br>
You can ask for help on build problems with the new build system
on either the
<a href="http://mail.openjdk.java.net/mailman/listinfo/build-dev">
build-dev</a>
or the
<a href="http://mail.openjdk.java.net/mailman/listinfo/build-infra-dev">
build-infra-dev</a>
mailing lists. Please include the relevant parts
of the build log.
<br>
A build can fail for any number of reasons.
Most failures
are a result of trying to build in an environment in which all the
pre-build requirements have not been met.
The first step in
troubleshooting a build failure is to recheck that you have satisfied
all the pre-build requirements for your platform.
Scanning the <code>configure</code> log is a good first step, making
sure that what it found makes sense for your system.
Look for strange error messages or any difficulties that
<code>configure</code> had in finding things.
<br>
Some of the more common problems with builds are briefly
described
below, with suggestions for remedies.
<ul>
<li>
<b>Corrupted Bundles on Windows:</b>
<blockquote>
Some virus scanning software has been known to
corrupt the
downloading of zip bundles.
It may be necessary to disable the 'on access' or
'real time'
virus scanning features to prevent this corruption.
This type of "real time" virus scanning can also
slow down the
build process significantly.
Temporarily disabling the feature, or excluding the build
output directory may be necessary to get correct and
faster builds.
</blockquote>
</li>
<li>
<b>Slow Builds:</b>
<blockquote>
If your build machine seems to be overloaded from too many
simultaneous C++ compiles, try setting the
<code>JOBS=1</code> on the <code>make</code> command line.
Then try increasing the count slowly to an acceptable
level for your system. Also:
<blockquote>
Creating the javadocs can be very slow,
if you are running
javadoc, consider skipping that step.
<br>
Faster CPUs, more RAM, and a faster DISK usually helps.
The VM build tends to be CPU intensive
(many C++ compiles),
and the rest of the JDK will often be disk intensive.
<br>
Faster compiles are possible using a tool called
<a href="http://ccache.samba.org/" target="_blank">ccache</a>.
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
</li>
<li>
<b>File time issues:</b>
<blockquote>
If you see warnings that refer to file time stamps, e.g.
<blockquote>
<i>Warning message:</i><code>
File `xxx' has modification time in
the future.</code>
<br>
<i>Warning message:</i> <code> Clock skew detected.
Your build may
be incomplete.</code>
</blockquote>
These warnings can occur when the clock on the build
machine is out of
sync with the timestamps on the source files.
Other errors, apparently
unrelated but in fact caused by the clock skew,
can occur along with
the clock skew warnings.
These secondary errors may tend to obscure the
fact that the true root cause of the problem
is an out-of-sync clock.
<p>
If you see these warnings, reset the clock on the
build
machine, run "<code><i>gmake</i> clobber</code>"
or delete the directory
containing the build output, and restart the
build from the beginning.
</blockquote>
</li>
<li>
<b>Error message:
<code>Trouble writing out table to disk</code></b>
<blockquote>
Increase the amount of swap space on your build machine.
This could be caused by overloading the system and
it may be necessary to use:
<blockquote>
<code>make JOBS=1</code>
</blockquote>
to reduce the load on the system.
</blockquote>
</li>
<li>
<b>Error Message:
<code>libstdc++ not found:</code></b>
<blockquote>
This is caused by a missing libstdc++.a library.
This is installed as part of a specific package
(e.g. libstdc++.so.devel.386).
By default some 64-bit Linux versions (e.g. Fedora)
only install the 64-bit version of the libstdc++ package.
Various parts of the JDK build require a static
link of the C++ runtime libraries to allow for maximum
portability of the built images.
</blockquote>
</li>
<li>
<b>Linux Error Message:
<code>cannot restore segment prot after reloc</code></b>
<blockquote>
This is probably an issue with SELinux (See
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SELinux" target="_blank">
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SELinux</a>).
Parts of the VM is built without the <code>-fPIC</code> for
performance reasons.
<p>
To completely disable SELinux:
<ol>
<li><code>$ su root</code></li>
<li><code># system-config-securitylevel</code></li>
<li><code>In the window that appears, select the SELinux tab</code></li>
<li><code>Disable SELinux</code></li>
</ol>
<p>
Alternatively, instead of completely disabling it you could
disable just this one check.
<ol>
<li>Select System->Administration->SELinux Management</li>
<li>In the SELinux Management Tool which appears,
select "Boolean" from the menu on the left</li>
<li>Expand the "Memory Protection" group</li>
<li>Check the first item, labeled
"Allow all unconfined executables to use
libraries requiring text relocation ..."</li>
</ol>
</blockquote>
</li>
<li>
<b>Windows Error Messages:</b>
<br>
<code>*** fatal error - couldn't allocate heap, ... </code>
<br>
<code>rm fails with "Directory not empty"</code>
<br>
<code>unzip fails with "cannot create ... Permission denied"</code>
<br>
<code>unzip fails with "cannot create ... Error 50"</code>
<br>
<blockquote>
The CYGWIN software can conflict with other non-CYGWIN
software. See the CYGWIN FAQ section on
<a href="http://cygwin.com/faq/faq.using.html#faq.using.bloda" target="_blank">
BLODA (applications that interfere with CYGWIN)</a>.
</blockquote>
</li>
<li>
<b>Windows Error Message: <code>spawn failed</code></b>
<blockquote>
Try rebooting the system, or there could be some kind of
issue with the disk or disk partition being used.
Sometimes it comes with a "Permission Denied" message.
</blockquote>
</li>
</ul>
</blockquote>
</blockquote> <!-- Troubleshooting -->
</blockquote> <!-- Appendix A -->
<!-- ====================================================== -->
<hr>
<h2><a name="gmake">Appendix B: GNU make</a></h2>
<blockquote>
The Makefiles in the OpenJDK are only valid when used with the
GNU version of the utility command <code>make</code>
(usually called <code>gmake</code> on Solaris).
A few notes about using GNU make:
<ul>
<li>
You need GNU make version 3.81 or newer. On Windows 4.0 or
newer is recommended.
If the GNU make utility on your systems is not of a suitable
version see <a href="#buildgmake">"Building GNU make"</a>.
</li>
<li>
Place the location of the GNU make binary in the
<code>PATH</code>.
</li>
<li>
<strong>Solaris:</strong>
Do NOT use <code>/usr/bin/make</code> on Solaris.
If your Solaris system has the software
from the Solaris Developer Companion CD installed,
you should try and use <code>gmake</code>
which will be located in either the
<code>/usr/bin</code>, <code>/opt/sfw/bin</code> or
<code>/usr/sfw/bin</code> directory.
</li>
<li>
<strong>Windows:</strong>
Make sure you start your build inside a bash shell.
</li>
<li>
<strong>Mac OS X:</strong>
The XCode "command line tools" must be installed on your Mac.
</li>
</ul>
<p>
Information on GNU make, and access to ftp download sites, are
available on the
<a href="http://www.gnu.org/software/make/make.html" target="_blank">
GNU make web site
</a>.
The latest source to GNU make is available at
<a href="http://ftp.gnu.org/pub/gnu/make/" target="_blank">
ftp.gnu.org/pub/gnu/make/</a>.
</p>
<h3><a name="buildgmake">Building GNU make</a></h3>
<blockquote>
First step is to get the GNU make 3.81 or newer source from
<a href="http://ftp.gnu.org/pub/gnu/make/" target="_blank">
ftp.gnu.org/pub/gnu/make/</a>.
Building is a little different depending on the OS but is
basically done with:
<blockquote>
<code>bash ./configure</code>
<br>
<code>make</code>
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
</blockquote> <!-- Appendix B -->
<!-- ====================================================== -->
<hr>
<h2><a name="buildenvironments">Appendix C: Build Environments</a></h2>
<blockquote>
<h3><a name="MBE">Minimum Build Environments</a></h3>
<blockquote>
This file often describes specific requirements for what we
call the
"minimum build environments" (MBE) for this
specific release of the JDK.
What is listed below is what the Oracle Release
Engineering Team will use to build the Oracle JDK product.
Building with the MBE will hopefully generate the most compatible
bits that install on, and run correctly on, the most variations
of the same base OS and hardware architecture.
In some cases, these represent what is often called the
least common denominator, but each Operating System has different
aspects to it.
<p>
In all cases, the Bootstrap JDK version minimum is critical,
we cannot guarantee builds will work with older Bootstrap JDK's.
Also in all cases, more RAM and more processors is better,
the minimums listed below are simply recommendations.
<p>
With Solaris and Mac OS X, the version listed below is the
oldest release we can guarantee builds and works, and the
specific version of the compilers used could be critical.
<p>
With Windows the critical aspect is the Visual Studio compiler
used, which due to it's runtime, generally dictates what Windows
systems can do the builds and where the resulting bits can
be used.<br>
<b>NOTE: We expect a change here off these older Windows OS releases
and to a 'less older' one, probably Windows 2008R2 X64.</b>
<p>
With Linux, it was just a matter of picking a
stable distribution that is a good representative for Linux
in general.<br>
<b>NOTE: We expect a change here from Fedora 9 to something else,
but it has not been completely determined yet, possibly
Ubuntu 12.04 X64, unbiased community feedback would be welcome on
what a good choice would be here.</b>
<p>
It is understood that most developers will NOT be using these
specific versions, and in fact creating these specific versions
may be difficult due to the age of some of this software.
It is expected that developers are more often using the more
recent releases and distributions of these operating systems.
<p>
Compilation problems with newer or different C/C++ compilers is a
common problem.
Similarly, compilation problems related to changes to the
<code>/usr/include</code> or system header files is also a
common problem with older, newer, or unreleased OS versions.
Please report these types of problems as bugs so that they
can be dealt with accordingly.
</p>
<table border="1">
<thead>
<tr>
<th>Base OS and Architecture</th>
<th>OS</th>
<th>C/C++ Compiler</th>
<th>Bootstrap JDK</th>
<th>Processors</th>
<th>RAM Minimum</th>
<th>DISK Needs</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>Linux X86 (32-bit) and X64 (64-bit)</td>
<td>Oracle Enterprise Linux 6.4</td>
<td>gcc 4.8.2 </td>
<td>JDK 8</td>
<td>2 or more</td>
<td>1 GB</td>
<td>6 GB</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Solaris SPARCV9 (64-bit)</td>
<td>Solaris 10 Update 10</td>
<td>Studio 12 Update 3 + patches</td>
<td>JDK 8</td>
<td>4 or more</td>
<td>4 GB</td>
<td>8 GB</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Solaris X64 (64-bit)</td>
<td>Solaris 10 Update 10</td>
<td>Studio 12 Update 3 + patches</td>
<td>JDK 8</td>
<td>4 or more</td>
<td>4 GB</td>
<td>8 GB</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Windows X86 (32-bit)</td>
<td>Windows Server 2012 R2 x64</td>
<td>Microsoft Visual Studio C++ 2013 Professional Edition</td>
<td>JDK 8</td>
<td>2 or more</td>
<td>2 GB</td>
<td>6 GB</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Windows X64 (64-bit)</td>
<td>Windows Server 2012 R2 x64</td>
<td>Microsoft Visual Studio C++ 2013 Professional Edition</td>
<td>JDK 8</td>
<td>2 or more</td>
<td>2 GB</td>
<td>6 GB</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Mac OS X X64 (64-bit)</td>
<td>Mac OS X 10.9 "Mavericks"</td>
<td>XCode 5.1.1 or newer</td>
<td>JDK 8</td>
<td>2 or more</td>
<td>4 GB</td>
<td>6 GB</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</blockquote>
<!-- ====================================================== -->
<hr>
<h3><a name="SDBE">Specific Developer Build Environments</a></h3>
<blockquote>
We won't be listing all the possible environments, but
we will try to provide what information we have available to us.
<p>
<strong>NOTE: The community can help out by updating
this part of the document.
</strong>
<h4><a name="fedora">Fedora</a></h4>
<blockquote>
After installing the latest
<a href="http://fedoraproject.org">Fedora</a>
you need to install several build dependencies.
The simplest way to do it is to execute the
following commands as user <code>root</code>:
<blockquote>
<code>yum-builddep java-1.7.0-openjdk</code>
<br>
<code>yum install gcc gcc-c++</code>
</blockquote>
<p>
In addition, it's necessary to set a few environment
variables for the build:
<blockquote>
<code>export LANG=C</code>
<br>
<code>export PATH="/usr/lib/jvm/java-openjdk/bin:${PATH}"</code>
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
<h4><a name="centos">CentOS 5.5</a></h4>
<blockquote>
After installing
<a href="http://www.centos.org/">CentOS 5.5</a>
you need to make sure you have
the following Development bundles installed:
<blockquote>
<ul>
<li>Development Libraries</li>
<li>Development Tools</li>
<li>Java Development</li>
<li>X Software Development (Including XFree86-devel)</li>
</ul>
</blockquote>
<p>
Plus the following packages:
<blockquote>
<ul>
<li>cups devel: Cups Development Package</li>
<li>alsa devel: Alsa Development Package</li>
<li>Xi devel: libXi.so Development Package</li>
</ul>
</blockquote>
<p>
The freetype 2.3 packages don't seem to be available,
but the freetype 2.3 sources can be downloaded, built,
and installed easily enough from
<a href="http://downloads.sourceforge.net/freetype">
the freetype site</a>.
Build and install with something like:
<blockquote>
<code>bash ./configure</code>
<br>
<code>make</code>
<br>
<code>sudo -u root make install</code>
</blockquote>
<p>
Mercurial packages could not be found easily, but a Google
search should find ones, and they usually include Python if
it's needed.
</blockquote>
<h4><a name="debian">Debian 5.0 (Lenny)</a></h4>
<blockquote>
After installing <a href="http://debian.org">Debian</a> 5
you need to install several build dependencies.
The simplest way to install the build dependencies is to
execute the following commands as user <code>root</code>:
<blockquote>
<code>aptitude build-dep openjdk-7</code>
<br>
<code>aptitude install openjdk-7-jdk libmotif-dev</code>
</blockquote>
<p>
In addition, it's necessary to set a few environment
variables for the build:
<blockquote>
<code>export LANG=C</code>
<br>
<code>export PATH="/usr/lib/jvm/java-7-openjdk/bin:${PATH}"</code>
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
<h4><a name="ubuntu">Ubuntu 12.04</a></h4>
<blockquote>
After installing <a href="http://ubuntu.org">Ubuntu</a> 12.04
you need to install several build dependencies. The simplest
way to do it is to execute the following commands:
<blockquote>
<code>sudo aptitude build-dep openjdk-7</code>
<br>
<code>sudo aptitude install openjdk-7-jdk</code>
</blockquote>
<p>
In addition, it's necessary to set a few environment
variables for the build:
<blockquote>
<code>export LANG=C</code>
<br>
<code>export PATH="/usr/lib/jvm/java-7-openjdk/bin:${PATH}"</code>
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
<h4><a name="opensuse">OpenSUSE 11.1</a></h4>
<blockquote>
After installing <a href="http://opensuse.org">OpenSUSE</a> 11.1
you need to install several build dependencies.
The simplest way to install the build dependencies is to
execute the following commands:
<blockquote>
<code>sudo zypper source-install -d java-1_7_0-openjdk</code>
<br>
<code>sudo zypper install make</code>
</blockquote>
<p>
In addition, it is necessary to set a few environment
variables for the build:
<blockquote>
<code>export LANG=C</code>
<br>
<code>export PATH="/usr/lib/jvm/java-1.7.0-openjdk/bin:$[PATH}"</code>
</blockquote>
<p>
Finally, you need to unset the <code>JAVA_HOME</code>
environment variable:
<blockquote>
<code>export -n JAVA_HOME</code>
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
<h4><a name="mandriva">Mandriva Linux One 2009 Spring</a></h4>
<blockquote>
After installing <a href="http://mandriva.org">Mandriva</a>
Linux One 2009 Spring
you need to install several build dependencies.
The simplest way to install the build dependencies is to
execute the following commands as user <code>root</code>:
<blockquote>
<code>urpmi java-1.7.0-openjdk-devel make gcc gcc-c++
freetype-devel zip unzip libcups2-devel libxrender1-devel
libalsa2-devel libstc++-static-devel libxtst6-devel
libxi-devel</code>
</blockquote>
<p>
In addition, it is necessary to set a few environment
variables for the build:
<blockquote>
<code>export LANG=C</code>
<br>
<code>export PATH="/usr/lib/jvm/java-1.7.0-openjdk/bin:${PATH}"</code>
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
<h4><a name="opensolaris">OpenSolaris 2009.06</a></h4>
<blockquote>
After installing <a href="http://opensolaris.org">OpenSolaris</a> 2009.06
you need to install several build dependencies.
The simplest way to install the build dependencies is to
execute the following commands:
<blockquote>
<code>pfexec pkg install SUNWgmake SUNWj7dev
sunstudioexpress SUNWcups SUNWzip SUNWunzip SUNWxwhl
SUNWxorg-headers SUNWaudh SUNWfreetype2</code>
</blockquote>
<p>
In addition, it is necessary to set a few environment
variables for the build:
<blockquote>
<code>export LANG=C</code>
<br>
<code>export PATH="/opt/SunStudioExpress/bin:${PATH}"</code>
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
</blockquote> <!-- Appendix C -->
<!-- ====================================================== -->
<!-- Leave out Appendix D --
<hr>
<h2><a name="mapping">Appendix D: Mapping Old to New</a></h2>
<blockquote>
<p>This table will help you convert some idioms of the old build
system to the new build system.</p>
<table summary="Cheat sheet for converting from old to new build system">
<tr valign="top">
<th>In the old build system, you used to...</th>
<th>In the new build system, you should ...</th>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td>run <code>make sanity</code></td>
<td>run <code>bash ./configure</code></td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td>set <code>ALT_OUTPUTDIR=build/my-special-output</code></td>
<td>before building the first time:
<br>
<code>cd build/my-special-output</code>
<br>
<code>bash ../../configure</code>
<br>
to build:
<br>
<code>cd build/my-special-output</code>
<br>
<code>make</code>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td>set <code>ALT_BOOTDIR=/opt/java/jdk7</code></td>
<td>run <code>configure --with-boot-jdk=/opt/java/jdk7</code></td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td>run <code>make ARCH_DATA_MODEL=32</code></td>
<td>run <code>configure --with-target-bits=32</code></td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td>set <code>BUILD_CLIENT_ONLY=true</code></td>
<td>run <code>configure --with-jvm-variants=client</code></td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td>set <code>ALT_FREETYPE_LIB_PATH=/opt/freetype/lib</code>
and <code>ALT_FREETYPE_HEADERS_PATH=/opt/freetype/include</code></td>
<td>run <code>configure --with-freetype=/opt/freetype</code></td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td>set <code>ALT_CUPS_HEADERS_PATH=/opt/cups/include</code></td>
<td>run <code>configure --with-cups=/opt/cups</code></td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td>set <code>ALT_OPENWIN_HOME=/opt/X11R6</code></td>
<td>run <code>configure --with-x=/opt/X11R6</code></td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td>set <code>ALT_MSVCRNN_DLL_PATH=c:/vc_redist</code></td>
<td>run <code>configure --with-msvcr100dll=/cygdrive/c/vc_redist</code></td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td>set <code>ALT_COMPILER_PATH=/opt/my-gcc/bin/gcc</code></td>
<td>run <code>CC=/opt/my-gcc/bin/gcc configure</code>
or <code>CXX=/opt/my-gcc/bin/g++ configure</code>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td>set <code>BUILD_HEADLESS_ONLY=true</code></td>
<td>run <code>configure --disable-headful</code></td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td>set <code>ALT_DEVTOOLS_PATH=/opt/mytools</code></td>
<td>just run <code>configure</code>,
your tools should be detected automatically.
If you have an unusual configuration,
add the tools directory to your <code>PATH</code>.
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td>set <code>ALT_DROPS_DIR=/home/user/dropdir</code></td>
<td>source drops are not used anymore</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td>set <code>USE_ONLY_BOOTDIR_TOOLS=true</code></td>
<td>not needed, <code>configure</code> should always do the Right Thing automatically</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td>set <code>ALT_JDK_IMPORT_PATH=/opt/java/import-jdk</code>
or <code>ALT_BUILD_JDK_IMPORT_PATH=/opt/java/import-jdk</code>
</td>
<td>Importing JDKs is no longer possible,
but hotspot can be imported using
<code>--with-import-hotspot</code>.
Documentation on how to achieve a
similar solution will come soon!
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td>set <code>EXTRA_CFLAGS=-Xfoo</code></td>
<td>run <code>CFLAGS=-Xfoo configure</code></td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td>set <code>CROSS_COMPILE_ARCH=i586</code></td>
<td>see <a href="#sec7.3"> section 7.3, Cross-compilation</a></td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td>set <code>SKIP_BOOT_CYCLE=false</code></td>
<td>Run <code>make bootcycle-images</code>.</td>
</tr>
</table>
<h3><a name="variables">Environment/Make Variables</a></h3>
<p>
Some of the
environment or make variables (just called <b>variables</b> in this
document) that can impact the build are:
<blockquote>
<dl>
<dt><a name="path"><code>PATH</code></a> </dt>
<dd>Typically you want to set the <code>PATH</code> to include:
<ul>
<li>The location of the GNU make binary</li>
<li>The location of the Bootstrap JDK <code>java</code>
(see <a href="#bootjdk">Bootstrap JDK</a>)</li>
<li>The location of the C/C++ compilers
(see <a href="#compilers"><code>compilers</code></a>)</li>
<li>The location or locations for the Unix command utilities
(e.g. <code>/usr/bin</code>)</li>
</ul>
</dd>
<dt><code>MILESTONE</code> </dt>
<dd>
The milestone name for the build (<i>e.g.</i>"beta").
The default value is "internal".
</dd>
<dt><code>BUILD_NUMBER</code> </dt>
<dd>
The build number for the build (<i>e.g.</i> "b27").
The default value is "b00".
</dd>
<dt><a name="arch_data_model"><code>ARCH_DATA_MODEL</code></a></dt>
<dd>The <code>ARCH_DATA_MODEL</code> variable
is used to specify whether the build is to generate 32-bit or 64-bit
binaries.
The Solaris build supports either 32-bit or 64-bit builds, but
Windows and Linux will support only one, depending on the specific
OS being used.
Normally, setting this variable is only necessary on Solaris.
Set <code>ARCH_DATA_MODEL</code> to <code>32</code> for generating 32-bit binaries,
or to <code>64</code> for generating 64-bit binaries.
</dd>
<dt><a name="ALT_BOOTDIR"><code>ALT_BOOTDIR</code></a></dt>
<dd>
The location of the bootstrap JDK installation.
See <a href="#bootjdk">Bootstrap JDK</a> for more information.
You should always install your own local Bootstrap JDK and
always set <code>ALT_BOOTDIR</code> explicitly.
</dd>
<dt><a name="ALT_OUTPUTDIR"><code>ALT_OUTPUTDIR</code></a> </dt>
<dd>
An override for specifying the (absolute) path of where the
build output is to go.
The default output directory will be build/<i>platform</i>.
</dd>
<dt><a name="ALT_COMPILER_PATH"><code>ALT_COMPILER_PATH</code></a> </dt>
<dd>
The location of the C/C++ compiler.
The default varies depending on the platform.
</dd>
<dt><code><a name="ALT_CACERTS_FILE">ALT_CACERTS_FILE</a></code></dt>
<dd>
The location of the <a href="#cacerts">cacerts</a> file.
The default will refer to
<code>jdk/src/share/lib/security/cacerts</code>.
</dd>
<dt><a name="ALT_CUPS_HEADERS_PATH"><code>ALT_CUPS_HEADERS_PATH</code></a> </dt>
<dd>
The location of the CUPS header files.
See <a href="#cups">CUPS information</a> for more information.
If this path does not exist the fallback path is
<code>/usr/include</code>.
</dd>
<dt><a name="ALT_FREETYPE_LIB_PATH"><code>ALT_FREETYPE_LIB_PATH</code></a></dt>
<dd>
The location of the FreeType shared library.
See <a href="#freetype">FreeType information</a> for details.
</dd>
<dt><a name="ALT_FREETYPE_HEADERS_PATH"><code>ALT_FREETYPE_HEADERS_PATH</code></a></dt>
<dd>
The location of the FreeType header files.
See <a href="#freetype">FreeType information</a> for details.
</dd>
<dt><a name="ALT_JDK_DEVTOOLS_PATH"><code>ALT_JDK_DEVTOOLS_PATH</code></a></dt>
<dd>
The default root location of the devtools.
The default value is
<code>$(ALT_SLASH_JAVA)/devtools</code>.
</dd>
<dt><code><a name="ALT_DEVTOOLS_PATH">ALT_DEVTOOLS_PATH</a></code> </dt>
<dd>
The location of tools like the
<a href="#zip"><code>zip</code> and <code>unzip</code></a>
binaries, but might also contain the GNU make utility
(<code><i>gmake</i></code>).
So this area is a bit of a grab bag, especially on Windows.
The default value depends on the platform and
Unix Commands being used.
On Linux the default will be
<code>$(ALT_JDK_DEVTOOLS_PATH)/linux/bin</code>,
on Solaris
<code>$(ALT_JDK_DEVTOOLS_PATH)/<i>{sparc,i386}</i>/bin</code>,
and on Windows with CYGWIN
<code>/usr/bin</code>.
</dd>
<dt><a name="ALT_UNIXCCS_PATH"><code>ALT_UNIXCCS_PATH</code></a></dt>
<dd>
<strong>Solaris only:</strong>
An override for specifying where the Unix CCS
command set are located.
The default location is <code>/usr/ccs/bin</code>
</dd>
<dt><a name="ALT_SLASH_JAVA"><code>ALT_SLASH_JAVA</code></a></dt>
<dd>
The default root location for many of the ALT path locations
of the following ALT variables.
The default value is
<code>"/java"</code> on Solaris and Linux,
<code>"J:"</code> on Windows.
</dd>
<dt><a name="ALT_OPENWIN_HOME"><code>ALT_OPENWIN_HOME</code></a></dt>
<dd>
The top-level directory of the libraries and include files
for the platform's
graphical programming environment.
The default location is platform specific.
For example, on Linux it defaults to <code>/usr/X11R6/</code>.
</dd>
<dt><strong>Windows specific:</strong></dt>
<dd>
<dl>
<dt><a name="ALT_WINDOWSSDKDIR"><code>ALT_WINDOWSSDKDIR</code></a> </dt>
<dd>
The location of the
Microsoft Windows SDK where some tools will be
located.
The default is whatever WINDOWSSDKDIR is set to
(or WindowsSdkDir) or the path
<br>
<code>c:\Program Files\Microsoft SDKs\Windows\v7.0a</code>
</dd>
<dt><code><a name="ALT_DXSDK_PATH">ALT_DXSDK_PATH</a></code> </dt>
<dd>
The location of the
<a href="#dxsdk">Microsoft DirectX 9 SDK</a>.
The default will be to try and use the DirectX environment
variable <code>DXSDK_DIR</code>,
failing that, look in <code>C:/DXSDK</code>.
</dd>
<dt><code><a name="ALT_MSVCRNN_DLL_PATH">ALT_MSVCRNN_DLL_PATH</a></code> </dt>
<dd>
The location of the
<a href="#msvcrNN"><code>MSVCR100.DLL</code></a>.
</dd>
</dl>
</dd>
<dt><strong>Cross-Compilation Support:</strong></dt>
<dd>
<dl>
<dt><a name="CROSS_COMPILE_ARCH"><code>CROSS_COMPILE_ARCH</code></a> </dt>
<dd>
Set to the target architecture of a
cross-compilation build. If set, this
variable is used to signify that we are
cross-compiling. The expectation
is that
<a href="#ALT_COMPILER_PATH"><code>ALT_COMPILER_PATH</code></a>
is set
to point to the cross-compiler and that any
cross-compilation specific flags
are passed using
<a href="#EXTRA_CFLAGS"><code>EXTRA_CFLAGS</code></a>.
The <a href="#ALT_OPENWIN_HOME"><code>ALT_OPENWIN_HOME</code></a>
variable should
also be set to point to the graphical header files
(e.g. X11) provided with
the cross-compiler.
When cross-compiling we skip execution of any demos
etc that may be built, and
also skip binary-file verification.
</dd>
<dt><code><a name="EXTRA_CFLAGS">EXTRA_CFLAGS</a></code> </dt>
<dd>
Used to pass cross-compilation options to the
cross-compiler.
These are added to the <code>CFLAGS</code>
and <code>CXXFLAGS</code> variables.
</dd>
<dt><code><a name="USE_ONLY_BOOTDIR_TOOLS">USE_ONLY_BOOTDIR_TOOLS</a></code> </dt>
<dd>
Used primarily for cross-compilation builds
(and always set in that case)
this variable indicates that tools from the
boot JDK should be used during
the build process, not the tools
(<code>javac</code>, <code>javah</code>, <code>jar</code>)
just built (which can't execute on the build host).
</dd>
<dt><code><a name="HOST_CC">HOST_CC</a></code> </dt>
<dd>
The location of the C compiler to generate programs
to run on the build host.
Some parts of the build generate programs that are
then compiled and executed
to produce other parts of the build. Normally the
primary C compiler is used
to do this, but when cross-compiling that would be
the cross-compiler and the
resulting program could not be executed.
On Linux this defaults to <code>/usr/bin/gcc</code>;
on other platforms it must be
set explicitly.
</dd>
</dl>
<dt><strong>Specialized Build Options:</strong></dt>
<dd>
Some build variables exist to support specialized build
environments and/or specialized
build products. Their use is only supported in those contexts:
<dl>
<dt><code><a name="BUILD_CLIENT_ONLY">BUILD_CLIENT_ONLY</a></code> </dt>
<dd>
Indicates this build will only contain the
Hotspot client VM. In addition to
controlling the Hotspot build target,
it ensures that we don't try to copy
any server VM files/directories,
and defines a default <code>jvm.cfg</code> file
suitable for a client-only environment.
Using this in a 64-bit build will
generate a sanity warning as 64-bit client
builds are not directly supported.
</dd>
<dt><code><a name="BUILD_HEADLESS_ONLY"></a>BUILD_HEADLESS_ONLY</code> </dt>
<dd>
Used when the build environment has no graphical
capabilities at all. This
excludes building anything that requires graphical
libraries to be available.
</dd>
<dt><code><a name="JAVASE_EMBEDDED"></a>JAVASE_EMBEDDED</code> </dt>
<dd>
Used to indicate this is a build of the Oracle
Java SE Embedded product.
This will enable the directives included in the
SE-Embedded specific build
files.
</dd>
<dt><code><a name="LIBZIP_CAN_USE_MMAP">LIBZIP_CAN_USE_MMAP</a></code> </dt>
<dd>
If set to false, disables the use of mmap by the
zip utility. Otherwise,
mmap will be used.
</dd>
<dt><code><a name="COMPRESS_JARS"></a>COMPRESS_JARS</code> </dt>
<dd>
If set to true, causes certain jar files that
would otherwise be built without
compression, to use compression.
</dd>
</dl>
</dd>
</dl>
</blockquote>
</blockquote> <!-- Appendix D -->
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