8138716: (tz) Support tzdata2015g
Reviewed-by: peytoia
## DO NOT ALTER OR REMOVE COPYRIGHT NOTICES OR THIS FILE HEADER.## This code is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it# under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 2 only, as# published by the Free Software Foundation. Oracle designates this# particular file as subject to the "Classpath" exception as provided# by Oracle in the LICENSE file that accompanied this code.## This code is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT# ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or# FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License# version 2 for more details (a copy is included in the LICENSE file that# accompanied this code).## You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License version# 2 along with this work; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation,# Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA.## Please contact Oracle, 500 Oracle Parkway, Redwood Shores, CA 94065 USA# or visit www.oracle.com if you need additional information or have any# questions.## This file is in the public domain, so clarified as of# 2009-05-17 by Arthur David Olson.# This file is by no means authoritative; if you think you know better,# go ahead and edit the file (and please send any changes to# tz@iana.org for general use in the future). For more, please see# the file CONTRIBUTING in the tz distribution.# From Paul Eggert (2014-10-31):## Unless otherwise specified, the source for data through 1990 is:# Thomas G. Shanks and Rique Pottenger, The International Atlas (6th edition),# San Diego: ACS Publications, Inc. (2003).# Unfortunately this book contains many errors and cites no sources.## Gwillim Law writes that a good source# for recent time zone data is the International Air Transport# Association's Standard Schedules Information Manual (IATA SSIM),# published semiannually. Law sent in several helpful summaries# of the IATA's data after 1990. Except where otherwise noted,# IATA SSIM is the source for entries after 1990.## A reliable and entertaining source about time zones is# Derek Howse, Greenwich time and longitude, Philip Wilson Publishers (1997).## Except where otherwise noted, Shanks & Pottenger is the source for# entries through 1991, and IATA SSIM is the source for entries afterwards.## Other sources occasionally used include:## Edward W. Whitman, World Time Differences,# Whitman Publishing Co, 2 Niagara Av, Ealing, London (undated),# which I found in the UCLA library.## William Willett, The Waste of Daylight, 19th edition# <http://cs.ucla.edu/~eggert/The-Waste-of-Daylight-19th.pdf># [PDF] (1914-03)## Milne J. Civil time. Geogr J. 1899 Feb;13(2):173-94# <http://www.jstor.org/stable/1774359>. He writes:# "It is requested that corrections and additions to these tables# may be sent to Mr. John Milne, Royal Geographical Society,# Savile Row, London." Nowadays please email them to tz@iana.org.## Byalokoz EL. New Counting of Time in Russia since July 1, 1919.# This Russian-language source was consulted by Vladimir Karpinsky; see# http://mm.icann.org/pipermail/tz/2014-August/021320.html# The full Russian citation is:# Бялокоз, Евгений Людвигович. Новый счет времени в течении суток# введенный декретом Совета народных комиссаров для всей России с 1-го# июля 1919 г. / Изд. 2-е Междуведомственной комиссии. - Петроград:# Десятая гос. тип., 1919.# http://resolver.gpntb.ru/purl?docushare/dsweb/Get/Resource-2011/Byalokoz__E.L.__Novyy__schet__vremeni__v__techenie__sutok__izd__2(1).pdf## Brazil's Divisão Serviço da Hora (DSHO),# History of Summer Time# <http://pcdsh01.on.br/HISTHV.htm># (1998-09-21, in Portuguese)## I invented the abbreviations marked '*' in the following table;# the rest are from earlier versions of this file, or from other sources.# Corrections are welcome!# std dst 2dst# LMT Local Mean Time# -4:00 AST ADT Atlantic# -3:00 WGT WGST Western Greenland*# -1:00 EGT EGST Eastern Greenland*# 0:00 GMT BST BDST Greenwich, British Summer# 0:00 GMT IST Greenwich, Irish Summer# 0:00 WET WEST WEMT Western Europe# 0:19:32.13 AMT NST Amsterdam, Netherlands Summer (1835-1937)*# 0:20 NET NEST Netherlands (1937-1940)*# 1:00 BST British Standard (1968-1971)# 1:00 CET CEST CEMT Central Europe# 1:00:14 SET Swedish (1879-1899)*# 2:00 EET EEST Eastern Europe# 3:00 FET Further-eastern Europe (2011-2014)*# 3:00 MSK MSD MSM* Minsk, Moscow# From Peter Ilieve (1994-12-04),# The original six [EU members]: Belgium, France, (West) Germany, Italy,# Luxembourg, the Netherlands.# Plus, from 1 Jan 73: Denmark, Ireland, United Kingdom.# Plus, from 1 Jan 81: Greece.# Plus, from 1 Jan 86: Spain, Portugal.# Plus, from 1 Jan 95: Austria, Finland, Sweden. (Norway negotiated terms for# entry but in a referendum on 28 Nov 94 the people voted No by 52.2% to 47.8%# on a turnout of 88.6%. This was almost the same result as Norway's previous# referendum in 1972, they are the only country to have said No twice.# Referendums in the other three countries voted Yes.)# ...# Estonia ... uses EU dates but not at 01:00 GMT, they use midnight GMT.# I don't think they know yet what they will do from 1996 onwards.# ...# There shouldn't be any [current members who are not using EU rules].# A Directive has the force of law, member states are obliged to enact# national law to implement it. The only contentious issue was the# different end date for the UK and Ireland, and this was always allowed# in the Directive.################################################################################ Britain (United Kingdom) and Ireland (Eire)# From Peter Ilieve (1994-07-06):## On 17 Jan 1994 the Independent, a UK quality newspaper, had a piece about# historical vistas along the Thames in west London. There was a photo# and a sketch map showing some of the sightlines involved. One paragraph# of the text said:## 'An old stone obelisk marking a forgotten terrestrial meridian stands# beside the river at Kew. In the 18th century, before time and longitude# was standardised by the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, scholars observed# this stone and the movement of stars from Kew Observatory nearby. They# made their calculations and set the time for the Horse Guards and Parliament,# but now the stone is obscured by scrubwood and can only be seen by walking# along the towpath within a few yards of it.'## I have a one inch to one mile map of London and my estimate of the stone's# position is 51 degrees 28' 30" N, 0 degrees 18' 45" W. The longitude should# be within about +-2". The Ordnance Survey grid reference is TQ172761.## [This yields GMTOFF = -0:01:15 for London LMT in the 18th century.]# From Paul Eggert (1993-11-18):## Howse writes that Britain was the first country to use standard time.# The railways cared most about the inconsistencies of local mean time,# and it was they who forced a uniform time on the country.# The original idea was credited to Dr. William Hyde Wollaston (1766-1828)# and was popularized by Abraham Follett Osler (1808-1903).# The first railway to adopt London time was the Great Western Railway# in November 1840; other railways followed suit, and by 1847 most# (though not all) railways used London time. On 1847-09-22 the# Railway Clearing House, an industry standards body, recommended that GMT be# adopted at all stations as soon as the General Post Office permitted it.# The transition occurred on 12-01 for the L&NW, the Caledonian,# and presumably other railways; the January 1848 Bradshaw's lists many# railways as using GMT. By 1855 the vast majority of public# clocks in Britain were set to GMT (though some, like the great clock# on Tom Tower at Christ Church, Oxford, were fitted with two minute hands,# one for local time and one for GMT). The last major holdout was the legal# system, which stubbornly stuck to local time for many years, leading# to oddities like polls opening at 08:13 and closing at 16:13.# The legal system finally switched to GMT when the Statutes (Definition# of Time) Act took effect; it received the Royal Assent on 1880-08-02.## In the tables below, we condense this complicated story into a single# transition date for London, namely 1847-12-01. We don't know as much# about Dublin, so we use 1880-08-02, the legal transition time.# From Paul Eggert (2014-07-19):# The ancients had no need for daylight saving, as they kept time# informally or via hours whose length depended on the time of year.# Daylight saving time in its modern sense was invented by the# New Zealand entomologist George Vernon Hudson (1867-1946),# whose day job as a postal clerk led him to value# after-hours daylight in which to pursue his research.# In 1895 he presented a paper to the Wellington Philosophical Society# that proposed a two-hour daylight-saving shift. See:# Hudson GV. On seasonal time-adjustment in countries south of lat. 30 deg.# Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute. 1895;28:734# http://rsnz.natlib.govt.nz/volume/rsnz_28/rsnz_28_00_006110.html# Although some interest was expressed in New Zealand, his proposal# did not find its way into law and eventually it was almost forgotten.## In England, DST was independently reinvented by William Willett (1857-1915),# a London builder and member of the Royal Astronomical Society# who circulated a pamphlet "The Waste of Daylight" (1907)# that proposed advancing clocks 20 minutes on each of four Sundays in April,# and retarding them by the same amount on four Sundays in September.# A bill was drafted in 1909 and introduced in Parliament several times,# but it met with ridicule and opposition, especially from farming interests.# Later editions of the pamphlet proposed one-hour summer time, and# it was eventually adopted as a wartime measure in 1916.# See: Summer Time Arrives Early, The Times (2000-05-18).# A monument to Willett was unveiled on 1927-05-21, in an open space in# a 45-acre wood near Chislehurst, Kent that was purchased by popular# subscription and open to the public. On the south face of the monolith,# designed by G. W. Miller, is the William Willett Memorial Sundial,# which is permanently set to Summer Time.# From Winston Churchill (1934-04-28):# It is one of the paradoxes of history that we should owe the boon of# summer time, which gives every year to the people of this country# between 160 and 170 hours more daylight leisure, to a war which# plunged Europe into darkness for four years, and shook the# foundations of civilization throughout the world.# -- "A Silent Toast to William Willett", Pictorial Weekly;# republished in Finest Hour (Spring 2002) 1(114):26# http://www.winstonchurchill.org/images/finesthour/Vol.01%20No.114.pdf# From Paul Eggert (2015-08-08):# The OED Supplement says that the English originally said "Daylight Saving"# when they were debating the adoption of DST in 1908; but by 1916 this# term appears only in quotes taken from DST's opponents, whereas the# proponents (who eventually won the argument) are quoted as using "Summer".# The term "Summer Time" was introduced by Herbert Samuel, Home Secretary; see:# Viscount Samuel. Leisure in a Democracy. Cambridge University Press# ISBN 978-1-107-49471-8 (1949, reissued 2015), p 8.# From Arthur David Olson (1989-01-19):# A source at the British Information Office in New York avers that it's# known as "British" Summer Time in all parts of the United Kingdom.# Date: 4 Jan 89 08:57:25 GMT (Wed)# From: Jonathan Leffler# [British Summer Time] is fixed annually by Act of Parliament.# If you can predict what Parliament will do, you should be in# politics making a fortune, not computing.# From Chris Carrier (1996-06-14):# I remember reading in various wartime issues of the London Times the# acronym BDST for British Double Summer Time. Look for the published# time of sunrise and sunset in The Times, when BDST was in effect, and# if you find a zone reference it will say, "All times B.D.S.T."# From Joseph S. Myers (1999-09-02):# ... some military cables (WO 219/4100 - this is a copy from the# main SHAEF archives held in the US National Archives, SHAEF/5252/8/516)# agree that the usage is BDST (this appears in a message dated 17 Feb 1945).# From Joseph S. Myers (2000-10-03):# On 18th April 1941, Sir Stephen Tallents of the BBC wrote to Sir# Alexander Maxwell of the Home Office asking whether there was any# official designation; the reply of the 21st was that there wasn't# but he couldn't think of anything better than the "Double British# Summer Time" that the BBC had been using informally.# http://www.polyomino.org.uk/british-time/bbc-19410418.png# http://www.polyomino.org.uk/british-time/ho-19410421.png# From Sir Alexander Maxwell in the above-mentioned letter (1941-04-21):# [N]o official designation has as far as I know been adopted for the time# which is to be introduced in May....# I cannot think of anything better than "Double British Summer Time"# which could not be said to run counter to any official description.# From Paul Eggert (2000-10-02):# Howse writes (p 157) 'DBST' too, but 'BDST' seems to have been common# and follows the more usual convention of putting the location name first,# so we use 'BDST'.# Peter Ilieve (1998-04-19) described at length# the history of summer time legislation in the United Kingdom.# Since 1998 Joseph S. Myers has been updating# and extending this list, which can be found in# http://www.polyomino.org.uk/british-time/# From Joseph S. Myers (1998-01-06):## The legal time in the UK outside of summer time is definitely GMT, not UTC;# see Lord Tanlaw's speech# http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld199798/ldhansrd/vo970611/text/70611-10.htm#70611-10_head0# (Lords Hansard 11 June 1997 columns 964 to 976).# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):## For lack of other data, follow Shanks & Pottenger for Eire in 1940-1948.## Given Ilieve and Myers's data, the following claims by Shanks & Pottenger# are incorrect:# * Wales did not switch from GMT to daylight saving time until# 1921 Apr 3, when they began to conform with the rest of Great Britain.# Actually, Wales was identical after 1880.# * Eire had two transitions on 1916 Oct 1.# It actually just had one transition.# * Northern Ireland used single daylight saving time throughout WW II.# Actually, it conformed to Britain.# * GB-Eire changed standard time to 1 hour ahead of GMT on 1968-02-18.# Actually, that date saw the usual switch to summer time.# Standard time was not changed until 1968-10-27 (the clocks didn't change).## Here is another incorrect claim by Shanks & Pottenger:# * Jersey, Guernsey, and the Isle of Man did not switch from GMT# to daylight saving time until 1921 Apr 3, when they began to# conform with Great Britain.# S.R.&O. 1916, No. 382 and HO 45/10811/312364 (quoted above) say otherwise.## The following claim by Shanks & Pottenger is possible though doubtful;# we'll ignore it for now.# * Dublin's 1971-10-31 switch was at 02:00, even though London's was 03:00.### Whitman says Dublin Mean Time was -0:25:21, which is more precise than# Shanks & Pottenger.# Perhaps this was Dunsink Observatory Time, as Dunsink Observatory# (8 km NW of Dublin's center) seemingly was to Dublin as Greenwich was# to London. For example:## "Timeball on the ballast office is down. Dunsink time."# -- James Joyce, Ulysses# "Countess Markievicz ... claimed that the [1916] abolition of Dublin Mean Time# was among various actions undertaken by the 'English' government that# would 'put the whole country into the SF (Sinn Féin) camp'. She claimed# Irish 'public feeling (was) outraged by forcing of English time on us'."# -- Parsons M. Dublin lost its time zone - and 25 minutes - after 1916 Rising.# Irish Times 2014-10-27.# http://www.irishtimes.com/news/politics/dublin-lost-its-time-zone-and-25-minutes-after-1916-rising-1.1977411# From Joseph S. Myers (2005-01-26):# Irish laws are available online at <http://www.irishstatutebook.ie>.# These include various relating to legal time, for example:## ZZA13Y1923.html ZZA12Y1924.html ZZA8Y1925.html ZZSIV20PG1267.html## ZZSI71Y1947.html ZZSI128Y1948.html ZZSI23Y1949.html ZZSI41Y1950.html# ZZSI27Y1951.html ZZSI73Y1952.html## ZZSI11Y1961.html ZZSI232Y1961.html ZZSI182Y1962.html# ZZSI167Y1963.html ZZSI257Y1964.html ZZSI198Y1967.html# ZZA23Y1968.html ZZA17Y1971.html## ZZSI67Y1981.html ZZSI212Y1982.html ZZSI45Y1986.html# ZZSI264Y1988.html ZZSI52Y1990.html ZZSI371Y1992.html# ZZSI395Y1994.html ZZSI484Y1997.html ZZSI506Y2001.html## [These are all relative to the root, e.g., the first is# <http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/ZZA13Y1923.html>.]## (These are those I found, but there could be more. In any case these# should allow various updates to the comments in the europe file to cover# the laws applicable in Ireland.)## (Note that the time in the Republic of Ireland since 1968 has been defined# in terms of standard time being GMT+1 with a period of winter time when it# is GMT, rather than standard time being GMT with a period of summer time# being GMT+1.)# From Paul Eggert (1999-03-28):# Clive Feather (<news:859845706.26043.0@office.demon.net>, 1997-03-31)# reports that Folkestone (Cheriton) Shuttle Terminal uses Concession Time# (CT), equivalent to French civil time.# Julian Hill (<news:36118128.5A14@virgin.net>, 1998-09-30) reports that# trains between Dollands Moor (the freight facility next door)# and Frethun run in CT.# My admittedly uninformed guess is that the terminal has two authorities,# the French concession operators and the British civil authorities,# and that the time depends on who you're talking to.# If, say, the British police were called to the station for some reason,# I would expect the official police report to use GMT/BST and not CET/CEST.# This is a borderline case, but for now let's stick to GMT/BST.# From an anonymous contributor (1996-06-02):# The law governing time in Ireland is under Statutory Instrument SI 395/94,# which gives force to European Union 7th Council Directive No. 94/21/EC.# Under this directive, the Minister for Justice in Ireland makes appropriate# regulations. I spoke this morning with the Secretary of the Department of# Justice (tel +353 1 678 9711) who confirmed to me that the correct name is# "Irish Summer Time", abbreviated to "IST".# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S# Summer Time Act, 1916Rule GB-Eire 1916 only - May 21 2:00s 1:00 BSTRule GB-Eire 1916 only - Oct 1 2:00s 0 GMT# S.R.&O. 1917, No. 358Rule GB-Eire 1917 only - Apr 8 2:00s 1:00 BSTRule GB-Eire 1917 only - Sep 17 2:00s 0 GMT# S.R.&O. 1918, No. 274Rule GB-Eire 1918 only - Mar 24 2:00s 1:00 BSTRule GB-Eire 1918 only - Sep 30 2:00s 0 GMT# S.R.&O. 1919, No. 297Rule GB-Eire 1919 only - Mar 30 2:00s 1:00 BSTRule GB-Eire 1919 only - Sep 29 2:00s 0 GMT# S.R.&O. 1920, No. 458Rule GB-Eire 1920 only - Mar 28 2:00s 1:00 BST# S.R.&O. 1920, No. 1844Rule GB-Eire 1920 only - Oct 25 2:00s 0 GMT# S.R.&O. 1921, No. 363Rule GB-Eire 1921 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 BSTRule GB-Eire 1921 only - Oct 3 2:00s 0 GMT# S.R.&O. 1922, No. 264Rule GB-Eire 1922 only - Mar 26 2:00s 1:00 BSTRule GB-Eire 1922 only - Oct 8 2:00s 0 GMT# The Summer Time Act, 1922Rule GB-Eire 1923 only - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BSTRule GB-Eire 1923 1924 - Sep Sun>=16 2:00s 0 GMTRule GB-Eire 1924 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BSTRule GB-Eire 1925 1926 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST# The Summer Time Act, 1925Rule GB-Eire 1925 1938 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 GMTRule GB-Eire 1927 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BSTRule GB-Eire 1928 1929 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BSTRule GB-Eire 1930 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BSTRule GB-Eire 1931 1932 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BSTRule GB-Eire 1933 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BSTRule GB-Eire 1934 only - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BSTRule GB-Eire 1935 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BSTRule GB-Eire 1936 1937 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BSTRule GB-Eire 1938 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BSTRule GB-Eire 1939 only - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST# S.R.&O. 1939, No. 1379Rule GB-Eire 1939 only - Nov Sun>=16 2:00s 0 GMT# S.R.&O. 1940, No. 172 and No. 1883Rule GB-Eire 1940 only - Feb Sun>=23 2:00s 1:00 BST# S.R.&O. 1941, No. 476Rule GB-Eire 1941 only - May Sun>=2 1:00s 2:00 BDSTRule GB-Eire 1941 1943 - Aug Sun>=9 1:00s 1:00 BST# S.R.&O. 1942, No. 506Rule GB-Eire 1942 1944 - Apr Sun>=2 1:00s 2:00 BDST# S.R.&O. 1944, No. 932Rule GB-Eire 1944 only - Sep Sun>=16 1:00s 1:00 BST# S.R.&O. 1945, No. 312Rule GB-Eire 1945 only - Apr Mon>=2 1:00s 2:00 BDSTRule GB-Eire 1945 only - Jul Sun>=9 1:00s 1:00 BST# S.R.&O. 1945, No. 1208Rule GB-Eire 1945 1946 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 GMTRule GB-Eire 1946 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST# The Summer Time Act, 1947Rule GB-Eire 1947 only - Mar 16 2:00s 1:00 BSTRule GB-Eire 1947 only - Apr 13 1:00s 2:00 BDSTRule GB-Eire 1947 only - Aug 10 1:00s 1:00 BSTRule GB-Eire 1947 only - Nov 2 2:00s 0 GMT# Summer Time Order, 1948 (S.I. 1948/495)Rule GB-Eire 1948 only - Mar 14 2:00s 1:00 BSTRule GB-Eire 1948 only - Oct 31 2:00s 0 GMT# Summer Time Order, 1949 (S.I. 1949/373)Rule GB-Eire 1949 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 BSTRule GB-Eire 1949 only - Oct 30 2:00s 0 GMT# Summer Time Order, 1950 (S.I. 1950/518)# Summer Time Order, 1951 (S.I. 1951/430)# Summer Time Order, 1952 (S.I. 1952/451)Rule GB-Eire 1950 1952 - Apr Sun>=14 2:00s 1:00 BSTRule GB-Eire 1950 1952 - Oct Sun>=21 2:00s 0 GMT# revert to the rules of the Summer Time Act, 1925Rule GB-Eire 1953 only - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BSTRule GB-Eire 1953 1960 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 GMTRule GB-Eire 1954 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BSTRule GB-Eire 1955 1956 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BSTRule GB-Eire 1957 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BSTRule GB-Eire 1958 1959 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BSTRule GB-Eire 1960 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST# Summer Time Order, 1961 (S.I. 1961/71)# Summer Time (1962) Order, 1961 (S.I. 1961/2465)# Summer Time Order, 1963 (S.I. 1963/81)Rule GB-Eire 1961 1963 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 BSTRule GB-Eire 1961 1968 - Oct Sun>=23 2:00s 0 GMT# Summer Time (1964) Order, 1963 (S.I. 1963/2101)# Summer Time Order, 1964 (S.I. 1964/1201)# Summer Time Order, 1967 (S.I. 1967/1148)Rule GB-Eire 1964 1967 - Mar Sun>=19 2:00s 1:00 BST# Summer Time Order, 1968 (S.I. 1968/117)Rule GB-Eire 1968 only - Feb 18 2:00s 1:00 BST# The British Standard Time Act, 1968# (no summer time)# The Summer Time Act, 1972Rule GB-Eire 1972 1980 - Mar Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BSTRule GB-Eire 1972 1980 - Oct Sun>=23 2:00s 0 GMT# Summer Time Order, 1980 (S.I. 1980/1089)# Summer Time Order, 1982 (S.I. 1982/1673)# Summer Time Order, 1986 (S.I. 1986/223)# Summer Time Order, 1988 (S.I. 1988/931)Rule GB-Eire 1981 1995 - Mar lastSun 1:00u 1:00 BSTRule GB-Eire 1981 1989 - Oct Sun>=23 1:00u 0 GMT# Summer Time Order, 1989 (S.I. 1989/985)# Summer Time Order, 1992 (S.I. 1992/1729)# Summer Time Order 1994 (S.I. 1994/2798)Rule GB-Eire 1990 1995 - Oct Sun>=22 1:00u 0 GMT# Summer Time Order 1997 (S.I. 1997/2982)# See EU for rules starting in 1996.## Use Europe/London for Jersey, Guernsey, and the Isle of Man.# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]Zone Europe/London -0:01:15 - LMT 1847 Dec 1 0:00s 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1968 Oct 27 1:00 - BST 1971 Oct 31 2:00u 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1996 0:00 EU GMT/BSTLink Europe/London Europe/JerseyLink Europe/London Europe/GuernseyLink Europe/London Europe/Isle_of_Man# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]Zone Europe/Dublin -0:25:00 - LMT 1880 Aug 2 -0:25:21 - DMT 1916 May 21 2:00 -0:25:21 1:00 IST 1916 Oct 1 2:00s 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1921 Dec 6 # independence 0:00 GB-Eire GMT/IST 1940 Feb 25 2:00 0:00 1:00 IST 1946 Oct 6 2:00 0:00 - GMT 1947 Mar 16 2:00 0:00 1:00 IST 1947 Nov 2 2:00 0:00 - GMT 1948 Apr 18 2:00 0:00 GB-Eire GMT/IST 1968 Oct 27 1:00 - IST 1971 Oct 31 2:00u 0:00 GB-Eire GMT/IST 1996 0:00 EU GMT/IST################################################################################ Europe# EU rules are for the European Union, previously known as the EC, EEC,# Common Market, etc.# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/SRule EU 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 1:00u 1:00 SRule EU 1977 only - Sep lastSun 1:00u 0 -Rule EU 1978 only - Oct 1 1:00u 0 -Rule EU 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 1:00u 0 -Rule EU 1981 max - Mar lastSun 1:00u 1:00 SRule EU 1996 max - Oct lastSun 1:00u 0 -# The most recent directive covers the years starting in 2002. See:# Directive 2000/84/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council# of 19 January 2001 on summer-time arrangements.# http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:32000L0084:EN:NOT# W-Eur differs from EU only in that W-Eur uses standard time.Rule W-Eur 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 1:00s 1:00 SRule W-Eur 1977 only - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -Rule W-Eur 1978 only - Oct 1 1:00s 0 -Rule W-Eur 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -Rule W-Eur 1981 max - Mar lastSun 1:00s 1:00 SRule W-Eur 1996 max - Oct lastSun 1:00s 0 -# Older C-Eur rules are for convenience in the tables.# From 1977 on, C-Eur differs from EU only in that C-Eur uses standard time.Rule C-Eur 1916 only - Apr 30 23:00 1:00 SRule C-Eur 1916 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 -Rule C-Eur 1917 1918 - Apr Mon>=15 2:00s 1:00 SRule C-Eur 1917 1918 - Sep Mon>=15 2:00s 0 -Rule C-Eur 1940 only - Apr 1 2:00s 1:00 SRule C-Eur 1942 only - Nov 2 2:00s 0 -Rule C-Eur 1943 only - Mar 29 2:00s 1:00 SRule C-Eur 1943 only - Oct 4 2:00s 0 -Rule C-Eur 1944 1945 - Apr Mon>=1 2:00s 1:00 S# Whitman gives 1944 Oct 7; go with Shanks & Pottenger.Rule C-Eur 1944 only - Oct 2 2:00s 0 -# From Jesper Nørgaard Welen (2008-07-13):## I found what is probably a typo of 2:00 which should perhaps be 2:00s# in the C-Eur rule from tz database version 2008d (this part was# corrected in version 2008d). The circumstantial evidence is simply the# tz database itself, as seen below:## Zone Europe/Paris 0:09:21 - LMT 1891 Mar 15 0:01# 0:00 France WE%sT 1945 Sep 16 3:00## Zone Europe/Monaco 0:29:32 - LMT 1891 Mar 15# 0:00 France WE%sT 1945 Sep 16 3:00## Zone Europe/Belgrade 1:22:00 - LMT 1884# 1:00 1:00 CEST 1945 Sep 16 2:00s## Rule France 1945 only - Sep 16 3:00 0 -# Rule Belgium 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -# Rule Neth 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -## The rule line to be changed is:## Rule C-Eur 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00 0 -## It seems that Paris, Monaco, Rule France, Rule Belgium all agree on# 2:00 standard time, e.g. 3:00 local time. However there are no# countries that use C-Eur rules in September 1945, so the only items# affected are apparently these fictitious zones that translate acronyms# CET and MET:## Zone CET 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT# Zone MET 1:00 C-Eur ME%sT## It this is right then the corrected version would look like:## Rule C-Eur 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -## A small step for mankind though 8-)Rule C-Eur 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -Rule C-Eur 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 SRule C-Eur 1977 only - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -Rule C-Eur 1978 only - Oct 1 2:00s 0 -Rule C-Eur 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -Rule C-Eur 1981 max - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 SRule C-Eur 1996 max - Oct lastSun 2:00s 0 -# E-Eur differs from EU only in that E-Eur switches at midnight local time.Rule E-Eur 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 0:00 1:00 SRule E-Eur 1977 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -Rule E-Eur 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -Rule E-Eur 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -Rule E-Eur 1981 max - Mar lastSun 0:00 1:00 SRule E-Eur 1996 max - Oct lastSun 0:00 0 -# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/SRule Russia 1917 only - Jul 1 23:00 1:00 MST # Moscow Summer TimeRule Russia 1917 only - Dec 28 0:00 0 MMT # Moscow Mean TimeRule Russia 1918 only - May 31 22:00 2:00 MDST # Moscow Double Summer TimeRule Russia 1918 only - Sep 16 1:00 1:00 MSTRule Russia 1919 only - May 31 23:00 2:00 MDSTRule Russia 1919 only - Jul 1 2:00 1:00 MSDRule Russia 1919 only - Aug 16 0:00 0 MSKRule Russia 1921 only - Feb 14 23:00 1:00 MSDRule Russia 1921 only - Mar 20 23:00 2:00 MSM # MidsummerRule Russia 1921 only - Sep 1 0:00 1:00 MSDRule Russia 1921 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -# Act No. 925 of the Council of Ministers of the USSR (1980-10-24):Rule Russia 1981 1984 - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 SRule Russia 1981 1983 - Oct 1 0:00 0 -# Act No. 967 of the Council of Ministers of the USSR (1984-09-13), repeated in# Act No. 227 of the Council of Ministers of the USSR (1989-03-14):Rule Russia 1984 1991 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -Rule Russia 1985 1991 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S#Rule Russia 1992 only - Mar lastSat 23:00 1:00 SRule Russia 1992 only - Sep lastSat 23:00 0 -Rule Russia 1993 2010 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 SRule Russia 1993 1995 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -Rule Russia 1996 2010 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 0 -# As described below, Russia's 2014 change affects Zone data, not Rule data.# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2011-06-14):# According to Kremlin press service, Russian President Dmitry Medvedev# signed a federal law "On calculation of time" on June 9, 2011.# According to the law Russia is abolishing daylight saving time.## Medvedev signed a law "On the Calculation of Time" (in russian):# http://bmockbe.ru/events/?ID=7583## Medvedev signed a law on the calculation of the time (in russian):# http://www.regnum.ru/news/polit/1413906.html# From Arthur David Olson (2011-06-15):# Take "abolishing daylight saving time" to mean that time is now considered# to be standard.# These are for backward compatibility with older versions.# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]Zone WET 0:00 EU WE%sTZone CET 1:00 C-Eur CE%sTZone MET 1:00 C-Eur ME%sTZone EET 2:00 EU EE%sT# Previous editions of this database used abbreviations like MET DST# for Central European Summer Time, but this didn't agree with common usage.# From Markus Kuhn (1996-07-12):# The official German names ... are## Mitteleuropäische Zeit (MEZ) = UTC+01:00# Mitteleuropäische Sommerzeit (MESZ) = UTC+02:00## as defined in the German Time Act (Gesetz über die Zeitbestimmung (ZeitG),# 1978-07-25, Bundesgesetzblatt, Jahrgang 1978, Teil I, S. 1110-1111)....# I wrote ... to the German Federal Physical-Technical Institution## Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB)# Laboratorium 4.41 "Zeiteinheit"# Postfach 3345# D-38023 Braunschweig# phone: +49 531 592-0## ... I received today an answer letter from Dr. Peter Hetzel, head of the PTB# department for time and frequency transmission. He explained that the# PTB translates MEZ and MESZ into English as## Central European Time (CET) = UTC+01:00# Central European Summer Time (CEST) = UTC+02:00# Albania# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/SRule Albania 1940 only - Jun 16 0:00 1:00 SRule Albania 1942 only - Nov 2 3:00 0 -Rule Albania 1943 only - Mar 29 2:00 1:00 SRule Albania 1943 only - Apr 10 3:00 0 -Rule Albania 1974 only - May 4 0:00 1:00 SRule Albania 1974 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 -Rule Albania 1975 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 SRule Albania 1975 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 -Rule Albania 1976 only - May 2 0:00 1:00 SRule Albania 1976 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 -Rule Albania 1977 only - May 8 0:00 1:00 SRule Albania 1977 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 -Rule Albania 1978 only - May 6 0:00 1:00 SRule Albania 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -Rule Albania 1979 only - May 5 0:00 1:00 SRule Albania 1979 only - Sep 30 0:00 0 -Rule Albania 1980 only - May 3 0:00 1:00 SRule Albania 1980 only - Oct 4 0:00 0 -Rule Albania 1981 only - Apr 26 0:00 1:00 SRule Albania 1981 only - Sep 27 0:00 0 -Rule Albania 1982 only - May 2 0:00 1:00 SRule Albania 1982 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 -Rule Albania 1983 only - Apr 18 0:00 1:00 SRule Albania 1983 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -Rule Albania 1984 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]Zone Europe/Tirane 1:19:20 - LMT 1914 1:00 - CET 1940 Jun 16 1:00 Albania CE%sT 1984 Jul 1:00 EU CE%sT# Andorra# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]Zone Europe/Andorra 0:06:04 - LMT 1901 0:00 - WET 1946 Sep 30 1:00 - CET 1985 Mar 31 2:00 1:00 EU CE%sT# Austria# Milne says Vienna time was 1:05:21.# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22): Shanks & Pottenger give 1918-06-16 and# 1945-11-18, but the Austrian Federal Office of Metrology and# Surveying (BEV) gives 1918-09-16 and for Vienna gives the "alleged"# date of 1945-04-12 with no time. For the 1980-04-06 transition# Shanks & Pottenger give 02:00, the BEV 00:00. Go with the BEV,# and guess 02:00 for 1945-04-12.# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/SRule Austria 1920 only - Apr 5 2:00s 1:00 SRule Austria 1920 only - Sep 13 2:00s 0 -Rule Austria 1946 only - Apr 14 2:00s 1:00 SRule Austria 1946 1948 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -Rule Austria 1947 only - Apr 6 2:00s 1:00 SRule Austria 1948 only - Apr 18 2:00s 1:00 SRule Austria 1980 only - Apr 6 0:00 1:00 SRule Austria 1980 only - Sep 28 0:00 0 -# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]Zone Europe/Vienna 1:05:21 - LMT 1893 Apr 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1920 1:00 Austria CE%sT 1940 Apr 1 2:00s 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 1:00 CEST 1945 Apr 12 2:00s 1:00 - CET 1946 1:00 Austria CE%sT 1981 1:00 EU CE%sT# Belarus# From Yauhen Kharuzhy (2011-09-16):# By latest Belarus government act Europe/Minsk timezone was changed to# GMT+3 without DST (was GMT+2 with DST).## Sources (Russian language):# http://www.belta.by/ru/all_news/society/V-Belarusi-otmenjaetsja-perexod-na-sezonnoe-vremja_i_572952.html# http://naviny.by/rubrics/society/2011/09/16/ic_articles_116_175144/# http://news.tut.by/society/250578.html## From Alexander Bokovoy (2014-10-09):# Belarussian government decided against changing to winter time....# http://eng.belta.by/all_news/society/Belarus-decides-against-adjusting-time-in-Russias-wake_i_76335.html# From Paul Eggert (2014-10-08):# Hence Belarus can share time zone abbreviations with Moscow again.## Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]Zone Europe/Minsk 1:50:16 - LMT 1880 1:50 - MMT 1924 May 2 # Minsk Mean Time 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21 3:00 - MSK 1941 Jun 28 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Jul 3 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990 3:00 - MSK 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 2:00 1:00 EEST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s 2:00 - EET 1992 Mar 29 0:00s 2:00 1:00 EEST 1992 Sep 27 0:00s 2:00 Russia EE%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s 3:00 - FET 2014 Oct 26 1:00s 3:00 - MSK# Belgium## From Paul Eggert (1997-07-02):# Entries from 1918 through 1991 are taken from:# Annuaire de L'Observatoire Royal de Belgique,# Avenue Circulaire, 3, B-1180 BRUXELLES, CLVIIe année, 1991# (Imprimerie HAYEZ, s.p.r.l., Rue Fin, 4, 1080 BRUXELLES, MCMXC),# pp 8-9.# LMT before 1892 was 0:17:30, according to the official journal of Belgium:# Moniteur Belge, Samedi 30 Avril 1892, N.121.# Thanks to Pascal Delmoitie for these references.# The 1918 rules are listed for completeness; they apply to unoccupied Belgium.# Assume Brussels switched to WET in 1918 when the armistice took effect.## Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/SRule Belgium 1918 only - Mar 9 0:00s 1:00 SRule Belgium 1918 1919 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -Rule Belgium 1919 only - Mar 1 23:00s 1:00 SRule Belgium 1920 only - Feb 14 23:00s 1:00 SRule Belgium 1920 only - Oct 23 23:00s 0 -Rule Belgium 1921 only - Mar 14 23:00s 1:00 SRule Belgium 1921 only - Oct 25 23:00s 0 -Rule Belgium 1922 only - Mar 25 23:00s 1:00 SRule Belgium 1922 1927 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -Rule Belgium 1923 only - Apr 21 23:00s 1:00 SRule Belgium 1924 only - Mar 29 23:00s 1:00 SRule Belgium 1925 only - Apr 4 23:00s 1:00 S# DSH writes that a royal decree of 1926-02-22 specified the Sun following 3rd# Sat in Apr (except if it's Easter, in which case it's one Sunday earlier),# to Sun following 1st Sat in Oct, and that a royal decree of 1928-09-15# changed the transition times to 02:00 GMT.Rule Belgium 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 SRule Belgium 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 SRule Belgium 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 SRule Belgium 1928 1938 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 -Rule Belgium 1929 only - Apr 21 2:00s 1:00 SRule Belgium 1930 only - Apr 13 2:00s 1:00 SRule Belgium 1931 only - Apr 19 2:00s 1:00 SRule Belgium 1932 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 SRule Belgium 1933 only - Mar 26 2:00s 1:00 SRule Belgium 1934 only - Apr 8 2:00s 1:00 SRule Belgium 1935 only - Mar 31 2:00s 1:00 SRule Belgium 1936 only - Apr 19 2:00s 1:00 SRule Belgium 1937 only - Apr 4 2:00s 1:00 SRule Belgium 1938 only - Mar 27 2:00s 1:00 SRule Belgium 1939 only - Apr 16 2:00s 1:00 SRule Belgium 1939 only - Nov 19 2:00s 0 -Rule Belgium 1940 only - Feb 25 2:00s 1:00 SRule Belgium 1944 only - Sep 17 2:00s 0 -Rule Belgium 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 SRule Belgium 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -Rule Belgium 1946 only - May 19 2:00s 1:00 SRule Belgium 1946 only - Oct 7 2:00s 0 -# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]Zone Europe/Brussels 0:17:30 - LMT 1880 0:17:30 - BMT 1892 May 1 12:00 # Brussels MT 0:00 - WET 1914 Nov 8 1:00 - CET 1916 May 1 0:00 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1918 Nov 11 11:00u 0:00 Belgium WE%sT 1940 May 20 2:00s 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Sep 3 1:00 Belgium CE%sT 1977 1:00 EU CE%sT# Bosnia and Herzegovina# See Europe/Belgrade.# Bulgaria## From Plamen Simenov via Steffen Thorsen (1999-09-09):# A document of Government of Bulgaria (No. 94/1997) says:# EET -> EETDST is in 03:00 Local time in last Sunday of March ...# EETDST -> EET is in 04:00 Local time in last Sunday of October## Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/SRule Bulg 1979 only - Mar 31 23:00 1:00 SRule Bulg 1979 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 -Rule Bulg 1980 1982 - Apr Sat>=1 23:00 1:00 SRule Bulg 1980 only - Sep 29 1:00 0 -Rule Bulg 1981 only - Sep 27 2:00 0 -# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]Zone Europe/Sofia 1:33:16 - LMT 1880 1:56:56 - IMT 1894 Nov 30 # Istanbul MT? 2:00 - EET 1942 Nov 2 3:00 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 1:00 - CET 1945 Apr 2 3:00 2:00 - EET 1979 Mar 31 23:00 2:00 Bulg EE%sT 1982 Sep 26 3:00 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1991 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1997 2:00 EU EE%sT# Croatia# See Europe/Belgrade.# Cyprus# Please see the 'asia' file for Asia/Nicosia.# Czech Republic# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/SRule Czech 1945 only - Apr 8 2:00s 1:00 SRule Czech 1945 only - Nov 18 2:00s 0 -Rule Czech 1946 only - May 6 2:00s 1:00 SRule Czech 1946 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -Rule Czech 1947 only - Apr 20 2:00s 1:00 SRule Czech 1948 only - Apr 18 2:00s 1:00 SRule Czech 1949 only - Apr 9 2:00s 1:00 S# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]Zone Europe/Prague 0:57:44 - LMT 1850 0:57:44 - PMT 1891 Oct # Prague Mean Time 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Sep 17 2:00s 1:00 Czech CE%sT 1979 1:00 EU CE%sT# Use Europe/Prague also for Slovakia.# Denmark, Faroe Islands, and Greenland# From Jesper Nørgaard Welen (2005-04-26):# http://www.hum.aau.dk/~poe/tid/tine/DanskTid.htm says that the law# [introducing standard time] was in effect from 1894-01-01....# The page http://www.retsinfo.dk/_GETDOCI_/ACCN/A18930008330-REGL# confirms this, and states that the law was put forth 1893-03-29.## The EU treaty with effect from 1973:# http://www.retsinfo.dk/_GETDOCI_/ACCN/A19722110030-REGL## This provoked a new law from 1974 to make possible summer time changes# in subsequent decrees with the law# http://www.retsinfo.dk/_GETDOCI_/ACCN/A19740022330-REGL## It seems however that no decree was set forward until 1980. I have# not found any decree, but in another related law, the effecting DST# changes are stated explicitly to be from 1980-04-06 at 02:00 to# 1980-09-28 at 02:00. If this is true, this differs slightly from# the EU rule in that DST runs to 02:00, not 03:00. We don't know# when Denmark began using the EU rule correctly, but we have only# confirmation of the 1980-time, so I presume it was correct in 1981:# The law is about the management of the extra hour, concerning# working hours reported and effect on obligatory-rest rules (which# was suspended on that night):# http://www.retsinfo.dk/_GETDOCI_/ACCN/C19801120554-REGL# From Jesper Nørgaard Welen (2005-06-11):# The Herning Folkeblad (1980-09-26) reported that the night between# Saturday and Sunday the clock is set back from three to two.# From Paul Eggert (2005-06-11):# Hence the "02:00" of the 1980 law refers to standard time, not# wall-clock time, and so the EU rules were in effect in 1980.# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/SRule Denmark 1916 only - May 14 23:00 1:00 SRule Denmark 1916 only - Sep 30 23:00 0 -Rule Denmark 1940 only - May 15 0:00 1:00 SRule Denmark 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 SRule Denmark 1945 only - Aug 15 2:00s 0 -Rule Denmark 1946 only - May 1 2:00s 1:00 SRule Denmark 1946 only - Sep 1 2:00s 0 -Rule Denmark 1947 only - May 4 2:00s 1:00 SRule Denmark 1947 only - Aug 10 2:00s 0 -Rule Denmark 1948 only - May 9 2:00s 1:00 SRule Denmark 1948 only - Aug 8 2:00s 0 -## Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]Zone Europe/Copenhagen 0:50:20 - LMT 1890 0:50:20 - CMT 1894 Jan 1 # Copenhagen MT 1:00 Denmark CE%sT 1942 Nov 2 2:00s 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00 1:00 Denmark CE%sT 1980 1:00 EU CE%sTZone Atlantic/Faroe -0:27:04 - LMT 1908 Jan 11 # Tórshavn 0:00 - WET 1981 0:00 EU WE%sT## From Paul Eggert (2004-10-31):# During World War II, Germany maintained secret manned weather stations in# East Greenland and Franz Josef Land, but we don't know their time zones.# My source for this is Wilhelm Dege's book mentioned under Svalbard.## From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):# Greenland joined the EU as part of Denmark, obtained home rule on 1979-05-01,# and left the EU on 1985-02-01. It therefore should have been using EU# rules at least through 1984. Shanks & Pottenger say Scoresbysund and Godthåb# used C-Eur rules after 1980, but IATA SSIM (1991/1996) says they use EU# rules since at least 1991. Assume EU rules since 1980.# From Gwillim Law (2001-06-06), citing# <http://www.statkart.no/efs/efshefter/2001/efs5-2001.pdf> (2001-03-15),# and with translations corrected by Steffen Thorsen:## Greenland has four local times, and the relation to UTC# is according to the following time line:## The military zone near Thule UTC-4# Standard Greenland time UTC-3# Scoresbysund UTC-1# Danmarkshavn UTC## In the military area near Thule and in Danmarkshavn DST will not be# introduced.# From Rives McDow (2001-11-01):## I correspond regularly with the Dansk Polarcenter, and wrote them at# the time to clarify the situation in Thule. Unfortunately, I have# not heard back from them regarding my recent letter. [But I have# info from earlier correspondence.]## According to the center, a very small local time zone around Thule# Air Base keeps the time according to UTC-4, implementing daylight# savings using North America rules, changing the time at 02:00 local time....## The east coast of Greenland north of the community of Scoresbysund# uses UTC in the same way as in Iceland, year round, with no dst.# There are just a few stations on this coast, including the# Danmarkshavn ICAO weather station mentioned in your September 29th# email. The other stations are two sledge patrol stations in# Mestersvig and Daneborg, the air force base at Station Nord, and the# DPC research station at Zackenberg.## Scoresbysund and two small villages nearby keep time UTC-1 and use# the same daylight savings time period as in West Greenland (Godthåb).## The rest of Greenland, including Godthåb (this area, although it# includes central Greenland, is known as west Greenland), keeps time# UTC-3, with daylight savings methods according to European rules.## It is common procedure to use UTC 0 in the wilderness of East and# North Greenland, because it is mainly Icelandic aircraft operators# maintaining traffic in these areas. However, the official status of# this area is that it sticks with Godthåb time. This area might be# considered a dual time zone in some respects because of this.# From Rives McDow (2001-11-19):# I heard back from someone stationed at Thule; the time change took place# there at 2:00 AM.# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):# From 1997 on the CIA map shows Danmarkshavn on GMT;# the 1995 map as like Godthåb.# For lack of better info, assume they were like Godthåb before 1996.# startkart.no says Thule does not observe DST, but this is clearly an error,# so go with Shanks & Pottenger for Thule transitions until this year.# For 2007 on assume Thule will stay in sync with US DST rules.## Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/SRule Thule 1991 1992 - Mar lastSun 2:00 1:00 DRule Thule 1991 1992 - Sep lastSun 2:00 0 SRule Thule 1993 2006 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 DRule Thule 1993 2006 - Oct lastSun 2:00 0 SRule Thule 2007 max - Mar Sun>=8 2:00 1:00 DRule Thule 2007 max - Nov Sun>=1 2:00 0 S## Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]Zone America/Danmarkshavn -1:14:40 - LMT 1916 Jul 28 -3:00 - WGT 1980 Apr 6 2:00 -3:00 EU WG%sT 1996 0:00 - GMTZone America/Scoresbysund -1:27:52 - LMT 1916 Jul 28 # Ittoqqortoormiit -2:00 - CGT 1980 Apr 6 2:00 -2:00 C-Eur CG%sT 1981 Mar 29 -1:00 EU EG%sTZone America/Godthab -3:26:56 - LMT 1916 Jul 28 # Nuuk -3:00 - WGT 1980 Apr 6 2:00 -3:00 EU WG%sTZone America/Thule -4:35:08 - LMT 1916 Jul 28 # Pituffik air base -4:00 Thule A%sT# Estonia# From Peter Ilieve (1994-10-15):# A relative in Tallinn confirms the accuracy of the data for 1989 onwards# [through 1994] and gives the legal authority for it,# a regulation of the Government of Estonia, No. 111 of 1989....## From Peter Ilieve (1996-10-28):# [IATA SSIM (1992/1996) claims that the Baltic republics switch at 01:00s,# but a relative confirms that Estonia still switches at 02:00s, writing:]# "I do not [know] exactly but there are some little different# (confusing) rules for International Air and Railway Transport Schedules# conversion in Sunday connected with end of summer time in Estonia....# A discussion is running about the summer time efficiency and effect on# human physiology. It seems that Estonia maybe will not change to# summer time next spring."# From Peter Ilieve (1998-11-04), heavily edited:# The 1998-09-22 Estonian time law# http://trip.rk.ee/cgi-bin/thw?${BASE}=akt&${OOHTML}=rtd&TA=1998&TO=1&AN=1390# refers to the Eighth Directive and cites the association agreement between# the EU and Estonia, ratified by the Estonian law (RT II 1995, 22-27, 120).## I also asked [my relative] whether they use any standard abbreviation# for their standard and summer times. He says no, they use "suveaeg"# (summer time) and "talveaeg" (winter time).# From The Baltic Times <http://www.baltictimes.com/> (1999-09-09)# via Steffen Thorsen:# This year will mark the last time Estonia shifts to summer time,# a council of the ruling coalition announced Sept. 6....# But what this could mean for Estonia's chances of joining the European# Union are still unclear. In 1994, the EU declared summer time compulsory# for all member states until 2001. Brussels has yet to decide what to do# after that.# From Mart Oruaas (2000-01-29):# Regulation No. 301 (1999-10-12) obsoletes previous regulation# No. 206 (1998-09-22) and thus sticks Estonia to +02:00 GMT for all# the year round. The regulation is effective 1999-11-01.# From Toomas Soome (2002-02-21):# The Estonian government has changed once again timezone politics.# Now we are using again EU rules.## From Urmet Jänes (2002-03-28):# The legislative reference is Government decree No. 84 on 2002-02-21.# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]Zone Europe/Tallinn 1:39:00 - LMT 1880 1:39:00 - TMT 1918 Feb # Tallinn Mean Time 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1919 Jul 1:39:00 - TMT 1921 May 2:00 - EET 1940 Aug 6 3:00 - MSK 1941 Sep 15 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Sep 22 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1989 Mar 26 2:00s 2:00 1:00 EEST 1989 Sep 24 2:00s 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1998 Sep 22 2:00 EU EE%sT 1999 Oct 31 4:00 2:00 - EET 2002 Feb 21 2:00 EU EE%sT# Finland# From Hannu Strang (1994-09-25 06:03:37 UTC):# Well, here in Helsinki we're just changing from summer time to regular one,# and it's supposed to change at 4am...# From Janne Snabb (2010-07-15):## I noticed that the Finland data is not accurate for years 1981 and 1982.# During these two first trial years the DST adjustment was made one hour# earlier than in forthcoming years. Starting 1983 the adjustment was made# according to the central European standards.## This is documented in Heikki Oja: Aikakirja 2007, published by The Almanac# Office of University of Helsinki, ISBN 952-10-3221-9, available online (in# Finnish) at# http://almanakka.helsinki.fi/aikakirja/Aikakirja2007kokonaan.pdf## Page 105 (56 in PDF version) has a handy table of all past daylight savings# transitions. It is easy enough to interpret without Finnish skills.## This is also confirmed by Finnish Broadcasting Company's archive at:# http://www.yle.fi/elavaarkisto/?s=s&g=1&ag=5&t=&a=3401## The news clip from 1981 says that "the time between 2 and 3 o'clock does not# exist tonight."# From Konstantin Hyppönen (2014-06-13):# [Heikki Oja's book Aikakirja 2013]# http://almanakka.helsinki.fi/images/aikakirja/Aikakirja2013kokonaan.pdf# pages 104-105, including a scan from a newspaper published on Apr 2 1942# say that ... [o]n Apr 2 1942, 24 o'clock (which means Apr 3 1942,# 00:00), clocks were moved one hour forward. The newspaper# mentions "on the night from Thursday to Friday"....# On Oct 4 1942, clocks were moved at 1:00 one hour backwards.## From Paul Eggert (2014-06-14):# Go with Oja over Shanks.# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/SRule Finland 1942 only - Apr 2 24:00 1:00 SRule Finland 1942 only - Oct 4 1:00 0 -Rule Finland 1981 1982 - Mar lastSun 2:00 1:00 SRule Finland 1981 1982 - Sep lastSun 3:00 0 -# Milne says Helsinki (Helsingfors) time was 1:39:49.2 (official document);# round to nearest.# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]Zone Europe/Helsinki 1:39:49 - LMT 1878 May 31 1:39:49 - HMT 1921 May # Helsinki Mean Time 2:00 Finland EE%sT 1983 2:00 EU EE%sT# Åland IsLink Europe/Helsinki Europe/Mariehamn# France# From Ciro Discepolo (2000-12-20):## Henri Le Corre, Régimes horaires pour le monde entier, Éditions# Traditionnelles - Paris 2 books, 1993## Gabriel, Traité de l'heure dans le monde, Guy Trédaniel,# Paris, 1991## Françoise Gauquelin, Problèmes de l'heure résolus en astrologie,# Guy Trédaniel, Paris 1987## Shank & Pottenger seem to use '24:00' ambiguously; resolve it with Whitman.# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/SRule France 1916 only - Jun 14 23:00s 1:00 SRule France 1916 1919 - Oct Sun>=1 23:00s 0 -Rule France 1917 only - Mar 24 23:00s 1:00 SRule France 1918 only - Mar 9 23:00s 1:00 SRule France 1919 only - Mar 1 23:00s 1:00 SRule France 1920 only - Feb 14 23:00s 1:00 SRule France 1920 only - Oct 23 23:00s 0 -Rule France 1921 only - Mar 14 23:00s 1:00 SRule France 1921 only - Oct 25 23:00s 0 -Rule France 1922 only - Mar 25 23:00s 1:00 S# DSH writes that a law of 1923-05-24 specified 3rd Sat in Apr at 23:00 to 1st# Sat in Oct at 24:00; and that in 1930, because of Easter, the transitions# were Apr 12 and Oct 5. Go with Shanks & Pottenger.Rule France 1922 1938 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -Rule France 1923 only - May 26 23:00s 1:00 SRule France 1924 only - Mar 29 23:00s 1:00 SRule France 1925 only - Apr 4 23:00s 1:00 SRule France 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 SRule France 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 SRule France 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 SRule France 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00s 1:00 SRule France 1930 only - Apr 12 23:00s 1:00 SRule France 1931 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 SRule France 1932 only - Apr 2 23:00s 1:00 SRule France 1933 only - Mar 25 23:00s 1:00 SRule France 1934 only - Apr 7 23:00s 1:00 SRule France 1935 only - Mar 30 23:00s 1:00 SRule France 1936 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 SRule France 1937 only - Apr 3 23:00s 1:00 SRule France 1938 only - Mar 26 23:00s 1:00 SRule France 1939 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 SRule France 1939 only - Nov 18 23:00s 0 -Rule France 1940 only - Feb 25 2:00 1:00 S# The French rules for 1941-1944 were not used in Paris, but Shanks & Pottenger# write that they were used in Monaco and in many French locations.# Le Corre writes that the upper limit of the free zone was Arnéguy, Orthez,# Mont-de-Marsan, Bazas, Langon, Lamothe-Montravel, Marœuil, La# Rochefoucauld, Champagne-Mouton, La Roche-Posay, La Haye-Descartes,# Loches, Montrichard, Vierzon, Bourges, Moulins, Digoin,# Paray-le-Monial, Montceau-les-Mines, Chalon-sur-Saône, Arbois,# Dole, Morez, St-Claude, and Collonges (Haute-Savoie).Rule France 1941 only - May 5 0:00 2:00 M # Midsummer# Shanks & Pottenger say this transition occurred at Oct 6 1:00,# but go with Denis Excoffier (1997-12-12),# who quotes the Ephémérides astronomiques for 1998 from Bureau des Longitudes# as saying 5/10/41 22hUT.Rule France 1941 only - Oct 6 0:00 1:00 SRule France 1942 only - Mar 9 0:00 2:00 MRule France 1942 only - Nov 2 3:00 1:00 SRule France 1943 only - Mar 29 2:00 2:00 MRule France 1943 only - Oct 4 3:00 1:00 SRule France 1944 only - Apr 3 2:00 2:00 MRule France 1944 only - Oct 8 1:00 1:00 SRule France 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00 2:00 MRule France 1945 only - Sep 16 3:00 0 -# Shanks & Pottenger give Mar 28 2:00 and Sep 26 3:00;# go with Excoffier's 28/3/76 0hUT and 25/9/76 23hUT.Rule France 1976 only - Mar 28 1:00 1:00 SRule France 1976 only - Sep 26 1:00 0 -# Shanks & Pottenger give 0:09:20 for Paris Mean Time, and Whitman 0:09:05,# but Howse quotes the actual French legislation as saying 0:09:21.# Go with Howse. Howse writes that the time in France was officially based# on PMT-0:09:21 until 1978-08-09, when the time base finally switched to UTC.# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]Zone Europe/Paris 0:09:21 - LMT 1891 Mar 15 0:01 0:09:21 - PMT 1911 Mar 11 0:01 # Paris MT# Shanks & Pottenger give 1940 Jun 14 0:00; go with Excoffier and Le Corre. 0:00 France WE%sT 1940 Jun 14 23:00# Le Corre says Paris stuck with occupied-France time after the liberation;# go with Shanks & Pottenger. 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Aug 25 0:00 France WE%sT 1945 Sep 16 3:00 1:00 France CE%sT 1977 1:00 EU CE%sT# Germany# From Markus Kuhn (1998-09-29):# The German time zone web site by the Physikalisch-Technische# Bundesanstalt contains DST information back to 1916.# [See tz-link.htm for the URL.]# From Jörg Schilling (2002-10-23):# In 1945, Berlin was switched to Moscow Summer time (GMT+4) by# http://www.dhm.de/lemo/html/biografien/BersarinNikolai/# General [Nikolai] Bersarin.# From Paul Eggert (2003-03-08):# http://www.parlament-berlin.de/pds-fraktion.nsf/727459127c8b66ee8525662300459099/defc77cb784f180ac1256c2b0030274b/$FILE/bersarint.pdf# says that Bersarin issued an order to use Moscow time on May 20.# However, Moscow did not observe daylight saving in 1945, so# this was equivalent to CEMT (GMT+3), not GMT+4.# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/SRule Germany 1946 only - Apr 14 2:00s 1:00 SRule Germany 1946 only - Oct 7 2:00s 0 -Rule Germany 1947 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -# http://www.ptb.de/de/org/4/44/441/salt.htm says the following transition# occurred at 3:00 MEZ, not the 2:00 MEZ given in Shanks & Pottenger.# Go with the PTB.Rule Germany 1947 only - Apr 6 3:00s 1:00 SRule Germany 1947 only - May 11 2:00s 2:00 MRule Germany 1947 only - Jun 29 3:00 1:00 SRule Germany 1948 only - Apr 18 2:00s 1:00 SRule Germany 1949 only - Apr 10 2:00s 1:00 SRule SovietZone 1945 only - May 24 2:00 2:00 M # MidsummerRule SovietZone 1945 only - Sep 24 3:00 1:00 SRule SovietZone 1945 only - Nov 18 2:00s 0 -# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]Zone Europe/Berlin 0:53:28 - LMT 1893 Apr 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 May 24 2:00 1:00 SovietZone CE%sT 1946 1:00 Germany CE%sT 1980 1:00 EU CE%sT# From Tobias Conradi (2011-09-12):# Büsingen <http://www.buesingen.de>, surrounded by the Swiss canton# Schaffhausen, did not start observing DST in 1980 as the rest of DE# (West Germany at that time) and DD (East Germany at that time) did.# DD merged into DE, the area is currently covered by code DE in ISO 3166-1,# which in turn is covered by the zone Europe/Berlin.## Source for the time in Büsingen 1980:# http://www.srf.ch/player/video?id=c012c029-03b7-4c2b-9164-aa5902cd58d3# From Arthur David Olson (2012-03-03):# Büsingen and Zurich have shared clocks since 1970.Link Europe/Zurich Europe/Busingen# Georgia# Please see the "asia" file for Asia/Tbilisi.# Herodotus (Histories, IV.45) says Georgia north of the Phasis (now Rioni)# is in Europe. Our reference location Tbilisi is in the Asian part.# Gibraltar# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]Zone Europe/Gibraltar -0:21:24 - LMT 1880 Aug 2 0:00s 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1957 Apr 14 2:00 1:00 - CET 1982 1:00 EU CE%sT# Greece# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S# Whitman gives 1932 Jul 5 - Nov 1; go with Shanks & Pottenger.Rule Greece 1932 only - Jul 7 0:00 1:00 SRule Greece 1932 only - Sep 1 0:00 0 -# Whitman gives 1941 Apr 25 - ?; go with Shanks & Pottenger.Rule Greece 1941 only - Apr 7 0:00 1:00 S# Whitman gives 1942 Feb 2 - ?; go with Shanks & Pottenger.Rule Greece 1942 only - Nov 2 3:00 0 -Rule Greece 1943 only - Mar 30 0:00 1:00 SRule Greece 1943 only - Oct 4 0:00 0 -# Whitman gives 1944 Oct 3 - Oct 31; go with Shanks & Pottenger.Rule Greece 1952 only - Jul 1 0:00 1:00 SRule Greece 1952 only - Nov 2 0:00 0 -Rule Greece 1975 only - Apr 12 0:00s 1:00 SRule Greece 1975 only - Nov 26 0:00s 0 -Rule Greece 1976 only - Apr 11 2:00s 1:00 SRule Greece 1976 only - Oct 10 2:00s 0 -Rule Greece 1977 1978 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 SRule Greece 1977 only - Sep 26 2:00s 0 -Rule Greece 1978 only - Sep 24 4:00 0 -Rule Greece 1979 only - Apr 1 9:00 1:00 SRule Greece 1979 only - Sep 29 2:00 0 -Rule Greece 1980 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 SRule Greece 1980 only - Sep 28 0:00 0 -# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]Zone Europe/Athens 1:34:52 - LMT 1895 Sep 14 1:34:52 - AMT 1916 Jul 28 0:01 # Athens MT 2:00 Greece EE%sT 1941 Apr 30 1:00 Greece CE%sT 1944 Apr 4 2:00 Greece EE%sT 1981 # Shanks & Pottenger say it switched to C-Eur in 1981; # go with EU instead, since Greece joined it on Jan 1. 2:00 EU EE%sT# Hungary# From Paul Eggert (2014-07-15):# Dates for 1916-1945 are taken from:# Oross A. Jelen a múlt jövője: a nyári időszámítás Magyarországon 1916-1945.# National Archives of Hungary (2012-10-29).# http://mnl.gov.hu/a_het_dokumentuma/a_nyari_idoszamitas_magyarorszagon_19161945.html# This source does not always give times, which are taken from Shanks# & Pottenger (which disagree about the dates).# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/SRule Hungary 1918 only - Apr 1 3:00 1:00 SRule Hungary 1918 only - Sep 16 3:00 0 -Rule Hungary 1919 only - Apr 15 3:00 1:00 SRule Hungary 1919 only - Nov 24 3:00 0 -Rule Hungary 1945 only - May 1 23:00 1:00 SRule Hungary 1945 only - Nov 1 0:00 0 -Rule Hungary 1946 only - Mar 31 2:00s 1:00 SRule Hungary 1946 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -Rule Hungary 1947 1949 - Apr Sun>=4 2:00s 1:00 SRule Hungary 1950 only - Apr 17 2:00s 1:00 SRule Hungary 1950 only - Oct 23 2:00s 0 -Rule Hungary 1954 1955 - May 23 0:00 1:00 SRule Hungary 1954 1955 - Oct 3 0:00 0 -Rule Hungary 1956 only - Jun Sun>=1 0:00 1:00 SRule Hungary 1956 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -Rule Hungary 1957 only - Jun Sun>=1 1:00 1:00 SRule Hungary 1957 only - Sep lastSun 3:00 0 -Rule Hungary 1980 only - Apr 6 1:00 1:00 S# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]Zone Europe/Budapest 1:16:20 - LMT 1890 Oct 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1918 1:00 Hungary CE%sT 1941 Apr 8 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 1:00 Hungary CE%sT 1980 Sep 28 2:00s 1:00 EU CE%sT# Iceland## From Adam David (1993-11-06):# The name of the timezone in Iceland for system / mail / news purposes is GMT.## (1993-12-05):# This material is paraphrased from the 1988 edition of the University of# Iceland Almanak.## From January 1st, 1908 the whole of Iceland was standardised at 1 hour# behind GMT. Previously, local mean solar time was used in different parts# of Iceland, the almanak had been based on Reykjavik mean solar time which# was 1 hour and 28 minutes behind GMT.## "first day of winter" referred to [below] means the first day of the 26 weeks# of winter, according to the old icelandic calendar that dates back to the# time the norsemen first settled Iceland. The first day of winter is always# Saturday, but is not dependent on the Julian or Gregorian calendars.## (1993-12-10):# I have a reference from the Oxford Icelandic-English dictionary for the# beginning of winter, which ties it to the ecclesiastical calendar (and thus# to the julian/gregorian calendar) over the period in question.# the winter begins on the Saturday next before St. Luke's day# (old style), or on St. Luke's day, if a Saturday.# St. Luke's day ought to be traceable from ecclesiastical sources. "old style"# might be a reference to the Julian calendar as opposed to Gregorian, or it# might mean something else (???).## From Paul Eggert (2014-11-22):# The information below is taken from the 1988 Almanak; see# http://www.almanak.hi.is/klukkan.html## Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/SRule Iceland 1917 1919 - Feb 19 23:00 1:00 SRule Iceland 1917 only - Oct 21 1:00 0 -Rule Iceland 1918 1919 - Nov 16 1:00 0 -Rule Iceland 1921 only - Mar 19 23:00 1:00 SRule Iceland 1921 only - Jun 23 1:00 0 -Rule Iceland 1939 only - Apr 29 23:00 1:00 SRule Iceland 1939 only - Oct 29 2:00 0 -Rule Iceland 1940 only - Feb 25 2:00 1:00 SRule Iceland 1940 1941 - Nov Sun>=2 1:00s 0 -Rule Iceland 1941 1942 - Mar Sun>=2 1:00s 1:00 S# 1943-1946 - first Sunday in March until first Sunday in winterRule Iceland 1943 1946 - Mar Sun>=1 1:00s 1:00 SRule Iceland 1942 1948 - Oct Sun>=22 1:00s 0 -# 1947-1967 - first Sunday in April until first Sunday in winterRule Iceland 1947 1967 - Apr Sun>=1 1:00s 1:00 S# 1949 and 1967 Oct transitions delayed by 1 weekRule Iceland 1949 only - Oct 30 1:00s 0 -Rule Iceland 1950 1966 - Oct Sun>=22 1:00s 0 -Rule Iceland 1967 only - Oct 29 1:00s 0 -# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]Zone Atlantic/Reykjavik -1:28 - LMT 1908 -1:00 Iceland IS%sT 1968 Apr 7 1:00s 0:00 - GMT# Italy## From Paul Eggert (2001-03-06):# Sicily and Sardinia each had their own time zones from 1866 to 1893,# called Palermo Time (+00:53:28) and Cagliari Time (+00:36:32).# During World War II, German-controlled Italy used German time.# But these events all occurred before the 1970 cutoff,# so record only the time in Rome.## From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):# For Italian DST we have three sources: Shanks & Pottenger, Whitman, and# F. Pollastri# Day-light Saving Time in Italy (2006-02-03)# http://toi.iriti.cnr.it/uk/ienitlt.html# ('FP' below), taken from an Italian National Electrotechnical Institute# publication. When the three sources disagree, guess who's right, as follows:## year FP Shanks&P. (S) Whitman (W) Go with:# 1916 06-03 06-03 24:00 06-03 00:00 FP & W# 09-30 09-30 24:00 09-30 01:00 FP; guess 24:00s# 1917 04-01 03-31 24:00 03-31 00:00 FP & S# 09-30 09-29 24:00 09-30 01:00 FP & W# 1918 03-09 03-09 24:00 03-09 00:00 FP & S# 10-06 10-05 24:00 10-06 01:00 FP & W# 1919 03-01 03-01 24:00 03-01 00:00 FP & S# 10-04 10-04 24:00 10-04 01:00 FP; guess 24:00s# 1920 03-20 03-20 24:00 03-20 00:00 FP & S# 09-18 09-18 24:00 10-01 01:00 FP; guess 24:00s# 1944 04-02 04-03 02:00 S (see C-Eur)# 09-16 10-02 03:00 FP; guess 24:00s# 1945 09-14 09-16 24:00 FP; guess 24:00s# 1970 05-21 05-31 00:00 S# 09-20 09-27 00:00 S## Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/SRule Italy 1916 only - Jun 3 0:00s 1:00 SRule Italy 1916 only - Oct 1 0:00s 0 -Rule Italy 1917 only - Apr 1 0:00s 1:00 SRule Italy 1917 only - Sep 30 0:00s 0 -Rule Italy 1918 only - Mar 10 0:00s 1:00 SRule Italy 1918 1919 - Oct Sun>=1 0:00s 0 -Rule Italy 1919 only - Mar 2 0:00s 1:00 SRule Italy 1920 only - Mar 21 0:00s 1:00 SRule Italy 1920 only - Sep 19 0:00s 0 -Rule Italy 1940 only - Jun 15 0:00s 1:00 SRule Italy 1944 only - Sep 17 0:00s 0 -Rule Italy 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00 1:00 SRule Italy 1945 only - Sep 15 0:00s 0 -Rule Italy 1946 only - Mar 17 2:00s 1:00 SRule Italy 1946 only - Oct 6 2:00s 0 -Rule Italy 1947 only - Mar 16 0:00s 1:00 SRule Italy 1947 only - Oct 5 0:00s 0 -Rule Italy 1948 only - Feb 29 2:00s 1:00 SRule Italy 1948 only - Oct 3 2:00s 0 -Rule Italy 1966 1968 - May Sun>=22 0:00 1:00 SRule Italy 1966 1969 - Sep Sun>=22 0:00 0 -Rule Italy 1969 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 SRule Italy 1970 only - May 31 0:00 1:00 SRule Italy 1970 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -Rule Italy 1971 1972 - May Sun>=22 0:00 1:00 SRule Italy 1971 only - Sep lastSun 1:00 0 -Rule Italy 1972 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -Rule Italy 1973 only - Jun 3 0:00 1:00 SRule Italy 1973 1974 - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -Rule Italy 1974 only - May 26 0:00 1:00 SRule Italy 1975 only - Jun 1 0:00s 1:00 SRule Italy 1975 1977 - Sep lastSun 0:00s 0 -Rule Italy 1976 only - May 30 0:00s 1:00 SRule Italy 1977 1979 - May Sun>=22 0:00s 1:00 SRule Italy 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00s 0 -Rule Italy 1979 only - Sep 30 0:00s 0 -# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]Zone Europe/Rome 0:49:56 - LMT 1866 Sep 22 0:49:56 - RMT 1893 Nov 1 0:00s # Rome Mean 1:00 Italy CE%sT 1942 Nov 2 2:00s 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Jul 1:00 Italy CE%sT 1980 1:00 EU CE%sTLink Europe/Rome Europe/VaticanLink Europe/Rome Europe/San_Marino# Latvia# From Liene Kanepe (1998-09-17):# I asked about this matter Scientific Secretary of the Institute of Astronomy# of The University of Latvia Dr. paed Mr. Ilgonis Vilks. I also searched the# correct data in juridical acts and I found some juridical documents about# changes in the counting of time in Latvia from 1981....## Act No. 35 of the Council of Ministers of Latvian SSR of 1981-01-22 ...# according to the Act No. 925 of the Council of Ministers of USSR of 1980-10-24# ...: all year round the time of 2nd time zone + 1 hour, in addition turning# the hands of the clock 1 hour forward on 1 April at 00:00 (GMT 31 March 21:00)# and 1 hour backward on the 1 October at 00:00 (GMT 30 September 20:00).## Act No. 592 of the Council of Ministers of Latvian SSR of 1984-09-24 ...# according to the Act No. 967 of the Council of Ministers of USSR of 1984-09-13# ...: all year round the time of 2nd time zone + 1 hour, in addition turning# the hands of the clock 1 hour forward on the last Sunday of March at 02:00# (GMT 23:00 on the previous day) and 1 hour backward on the last Sunday of# September at 03:00 (GMT 23:00 on the previous day).## Act No. 81 of the Council of Ministers of Latvian SSR of 1989-03-22 ...# according to the Act No. 227 of the Council of Ministers of USSR of 1989-03-14# ...: since the last Sunday of March 1989 in Lithuanian SSR, Latvian SSR,# Estonian SSR and Kaliningrad region of Russian Federation all year round the# time of 2nd time zone (Moscow time minus one hour). On the territory of Latvia# transition to summer time is performed on the last Sunday of March at 02:00# (GMT 00:00), turning the hands of the clock 1 hour forward. The end of# daylight saving time is performed on the last Sunday of September at 03:00# (GMT 00:00), turning the hands of the clock 1 hour backward. Exception is# 1989-03-26, when we must not turn the hands of the clock....## The Regulations of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Latvia of# 1997-01-21 on transition to Summer time ... established the same order of# daylight savings time settings as in the States of the European Union.# From Andrei Ivanov (2000-03-06):# This year Latvia will not switch to Daylight Savings Time (as specified in# The Regulations of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Rep. of Latvia of# 29-Feb-2000 (No. 79) <http://www.lv-laiks.lv/wwwraksti/2000/071072/vd4.htm>,# in Latvian for subscribers only).# From RFE/RL Newsline# http://www.rferl.org/newsline/2001/01/3-CEE/cee-030101.html# (2001-01-03), noted after a heads-up by Rives McDow:# The Latvian government on 2 January decided that the country will# institute daylight-saving time this spring, LETA reported.# Last February the three Baltic states decided not to turn back their# clocks one hour in the spring....# Minister of Economy Aigars Kalvītis noted that Latvia had too few# daylight hours and thus decided to comply with a draft European# Commission directive that provides for instituting daylight-saving# time in EU countries between 2002 and 2006. The Latvian government# urged Lithuania and Estonia to adopt a similar time policy, but it# appears that they will not do so....# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/SRule Latvia 1989 1996 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 SRule Latvia 1989 1996 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -# Milne 1899 says Riga was 1:36:28 (Polytechnique House time).# Byalokoz 1919 says Latvia was 1:36:34.# Go with Byalokoz.# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]Zone Europe/Riga 1:36:34 - LMT 1880 1:36:34 - RMT 1918 Apr 15 2:00 # Riga MT 1:36:34 1:00 LST 1918 Sep 16 3:00 # Latvian ST 1:36:34 - RMT 1919 Apr 1 2:00 1:36:34 1:00 LST 1919 May 22 3:00 1:36:34 - RMT 1926 May 11 2:00 - EET 1940 Aug 5 3:00 - MSK 1941 Jul 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Oct 13 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1989 Mar lastSun 2:00s 2:00 1:00 EEST 1989 Sep lastSun 2:00s 2:00 Latvia EE%sT 1997 Jan 21 2:00 EU EE%sT 2000 Feb 29 2:00 - EET 2001 Jan 2 2:00 EU EE%sT# Liechtenstein# From Paul Eggert (2013-09-09):# Shanks & Pottenger say Vaduz is like Zurich.# From Alois Treindl (2013-09-18):# http://www.eliechtensteinensia.li/LIJ/1978/1938-1978/1941.pdf# ... confirms on p. 6 that Liechtenstein followed Switzerland in 1941 and 1942.# I ... translate only the last two paragraphs:# ... during second world war, in the years 1941 and 1942, Liechtenstein# introduced daylight saving time, adapting to Switzerland. From 1943 on# central European time was in force throughout the year.# From a report of the duke's government to the high council,# regarding the introduction of a time law, of 31 May 1977.Link Europe/Zurich Europe/Vaduz# Lithuania# From Paul Eggert (1996-11-22):# IATA SSIM (1992/1996) says Lithuania uses W-Eur rules, but since it is# known to be wrong about Estonia and Latvia, assume it's wrong here too.# From Marius Gedminas (1998-08-07):# I would like to inform that in this year Lithuanian time zone# (Europe/Vilnius) was changed.# From ELTA No. 972 (2582) (1999-09-29) <http://www.elta.lt/>,# via Steffen Thorsen:# Lithuania has shifted back to the second time zone (GMT plus two hours)# to be valid here starting from October 31,# as decided by the national government on Wednesday....# The Lithuanian government also announced plans to consider a# motion to give up shifting to summer time in spring, as it was# already done by Estonia.# From the Fact File, Lithuanian State Department of Tourism# <http://www.tourism.lt/informa/ff.htm> (2000-03-27):# Local time is GMT+2 hours ..., no daylight saving.# From a user via Klaus Marten (2003-02-07):# As a candidate for membership of the European Union, Lithuania will# observe Summer Time in 2003, changing its clocks at the times laid# down in EU Directive 2000/84 of 19.I.01 (i.e. at the same times as its# neighbour Latvia). The text of the Lithuanian government Order of# 7.XI.02 to this effect can be found at# http://www.lrvk.lt/nut/11/n1749.htm# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]Zone Europe/Vilnius 1:41:16 - LMT 1880 1:24:00 - WMT 1917 # Warsaw Mean Time 1:35:36 - KMT 1919 Oct 10 # Kaunas Mean Time 1:00 - CET 1920 Jul 12 2:00 - EET 1920 Oct 9 1:00 - CET 1940 Aug 3 3:00 - MSK 1941 Jun 24 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Aug 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 2:00 1:00 EEST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1998 2:00 - EET 1998 Mar 29 1:00u 1:00 EU CE%sT 1999 Oct 31 1:00u 2:00 - EET 2003 Jan 1 2:00 EU EE%sT# Luxembourg# Whitman disagrees with most of these dates in minor ways;# go with Shanks & Pottenger.# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/SRule Lux 1916 only - May 14 23:00 1:00 SRule Lux 1916 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 -Rule Lux 1917 only - Apr 28 23:00 1:00 SRule Lux 1917 only - Sep 17 1:00 0 -Rule Lux 1918 only - Apr Mon>=15 2:00s 1:00 SRule Lux 1918 only - Sep Mon>=15 2:00s 0 -Rule Lux 1919 only - Mar 1 23:00 1:00 SRule Lux 1919 only - Oct 5 3:00 0 -Rule Lux 1920 only - Feb 14 23:00 1:00 SRule Lux 1920 only - Oct 24 2:00 0 -Rule Lux 1921 only - Mar 14 23:00 1:00 SRule Lux 1921 only - Oct 26 2:00 0 -Rule Lux 1922 only - Mar 25 23:00 1:00 SRule Lux 1922 only - Oct Sun>=2 1:00 0 -Rule Lux 1923 only - Apr 21 23:00 1:00 SRule Lux 1923 only - Oct Sun>=2 2:00 0 -Rule Lux 1924 only - Mar 29 23:00 1:00 SRule Lux 1924 1928 - Oct Sun>=2 1:00 0 -Rule Lux 1925 only - Apr 5 23:00 1:00 SRule Lux 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00 1:00 SRule Lux 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00 1:00 SRule Lux 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00 1:00 SRule Lux 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00 1:00 S# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]Zone Europe/Luxembourg 0:24:36 - LMT 1904 Jun 1:00 Lux CE%sT 1918 Nov 25 0:00 Lux WE%sT 1929 Oct 6 2:00s 0:00 Belgium WE%sT 1940 May 14 3:00 1:00 C-Eur WE%sT 1944 Sep 18 3:00 1:00 Belgium CE%sT 1977 1:00 EU CE%sT# Macedonia# See Europe/Belgrade.# Malta# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/SRule Malta 1973 only - Mar 31 0:00s 1:00 SRule Malta 1973 only - Sep 29 0:00s 0 -Rule Malta 1974 only - Apr 21 0:00s 1:00 SRule Malta 1974 only - Sep 16 0:00s 0 -Rule Malta 1975 1979 - Apr Sun>=15 2:00 1:00 SRule Malta 1975 1980 - Sep Sun>=15 2:00 0 -Rule Malta 1980 only - Mar 31 2:00 1:00 S# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]Zone Europe/Malta 0:58:04 - LMT 1893 Nov 2 0:00s # Valletta 1:00 Italy CE%sT 1942 Nov 2 2:00s 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 Italy CE%sT 1973 Mar 31 1:00 Malta CE%sT 1981 1:00 EU CE%sT# Moldova# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):# A previous version of this database followed Shanks & Pottenger, who write# that Tiraspol switched to Moscow time on 1992-01-19 at 02:00.# However, this is most likely an error, as Moldova declared independence# on 1991-08-27 (the 1992-01-19 date is that of a Russian decree).# In early 1992 there was large-scale interethnic violence in the area# and it's possible that some Russophones continued to observe Moscow time.# But [two people] separately reported via# Jesper Nørgaard that as of 2001-01-24 Tiraspol was like Chisinau.# The Tiraspol entry has therefore been removed for now.## From Alexander Krivenyshev (2011-10-17):# Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic (PMR, also known as# "Pridnestrovie") has abolished seasonal clock change (no transition# to the Winter Time).## News (in Russian):# http://www.kyivpost.ua/russia/news/pridnestrove-otkazalos-ot-perehoda-na-zimnee-vremya-30954.html# http://www.allmoldova.com/moldova-news/1249064116.html## The substance of this change (reinstatement of the Tiraspol entry)# is from a patch from Petr Machata (2011-10-17)## From Tim Parenti (2011-10-19)# In addition, being situated at +4651+2938 would give Tiraspol# a pre-1880 LMT offset of 1:58:32.## (which agrees with the earlier entry that had been removed)## From Alexander Krivenyshev (2011-10-26)# NO need to divide Moldova into two timezones at this point.# As of today, Transnistria (Pridnestrovie)- Tiraspol reversed its own# decision to abolish DST this winter.# Following Moldova and neighboring Ukraine- Transnistria (Pridnestrovie)-# Tiraspol will go back to winter time on October 30, 2011.# News from Moldova (in russian):# http://ru.publika.md/link_317061.html# From Roman Tudos (2015-07-02):# http://lex.justice.md/index.php?action=view&view=doc&lang=1&id=355077# From Paul Eggert (2015-07-01):# The abovementioned official link to IGO1445-868/2014 states that# 2014-10-26's fallback transition occurred at 03:00 local time. Also,# http://www.trm.md/en/social/la-30-martie-vom-trece-la-ora-de-vara# says the 2014-03-30 spring-forward transition was at 02:00 local time.# Guess that since 1997 Moldova has switched one hour before the EU.# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/SRule Moldova 1997 max - Mar lastSun 2:00 1:00 SRule Moldova 1997 max - Oct lastSun 3:00 0 -# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]Zone Europe/Chisinau 1:55:20 - LMT 1880 1:55 - CMT 1918 Feb 15 # Chisinau MT 1:44:24 - BMT 1931 Jul 24 # Bucharest MT 2:00 Romania EE%sT 1940 Aug 15 2:00 1:00 EEST 1941 Jul 17 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Aug 24 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990 3:00 - MSK 1990 May 6 2:00 - EET 1991 2:00 Russia EE%sT 1992 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1997# See Romania commentary for the guessed 1997 transition to EU rules. 2:00 Moldova EE%sT# Monaco# Shanks & Pottenger give 0:09:20 for Paris Mean Time; go with Howse's# more precise 0:09:21.# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]Zone Europe/Monaco 0:29:32 - LMT 1891 Mar 15 0:09:21 - PMT 1911 Mar 11 # Paris Mean Time 0:00 France WE%sT 1945 Sep 16 3:00 1:00 France CE%sT 1977 1:00 EU CE%sT# Montenegro# See Europe/Belgrade.# Netherlands# Howse writes that the Netherlands' railways used GMT between 1892 and 1940,# but for other purposes the Netherlands used Amsterdam mean time.# However, Robert H. van Gent writes (2001-04-01):# Howse's statement is only correct up to 1909. From 1909-05-01 (00:00:00# Amsterdam mean time) onwards, the whole of the Netherlands (including# the Dutch railways) was required by law to observe Amsterdam mean time# (19 minutes 32.13 seconds ahead of GMT). This had already been the# common practice (except for the railways) for many decades but it was# not until 1909 when the Dutch government finally defined this by law.# On 1937-07-01 this was changed to 20 minutes (exactly) ahead of GMT and# was generally known as Dutch Time ("Nederlandse Tijd").## (2001-04-08):# 1892-05-01 was the date when the Dutch railways were by law required to# observe GMT while the remainder of the Netherlands adhered to the common# practice of following Amsterdam mean time.## (2001-04-09):# In 1835 the authorities of the province of North Holland requested the# municipal authorities of the towns and cities in the province to observe# Amsterdam mean time but I do not know in how many cases this request was# actually followed.## From 1852 onwards the Dutch telegraph offices were by law required to# observe Amsterdam mean time. As the time signals from the observatory of# Leiden were also distributed by the telegraph system, I assume that most# places linked up with the telegraph (and railway) system automatically# adopted Amsterdam mean time.## Although the early Dutch railway companies initially observed a variety# of times, most of them had adopted Amsterdam mean time by 1858 but it# was not until 1866 when they were all required by law to observe# Amsterdam mean time.# The data entries before 1945 are taken from# http://www.phys.uu.nl/~vgent/wettijd/wettijd.htm# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/SRule Neth 1916 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 NST # Netherlands Summer TimeRule Neth 1916 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 AMT # Amsterdam Mean TimeRule Neth 1917 only - Apr 16 2:00s 1:00 NSTRule Neth 1917 only - Sep 17 2:00s 0 AMTRule Neth 1918 1921 - Apr Mon>=1 2:00s 1:00 NSTRule Neth 1918 1921 - Sep lastMon 2:00s 0 AMTRule Neth 1922 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 NSTRule Neth 1922 1936 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 AMTRule Neth 1923 only - Jun Fri>=1 2:00s 1:00 NSTRule Neth 1924 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 NSTRule Neth 1925 only - Jun Fri>=1 2:00s 1:00 NST# From 1926 through 1939 DST began 05-15, except that it was delayed by a week# in years when 05-15 fell in the Pentecost weekend.Rule Neth 1926 1931 - May 15 2:00s 1:00 NSTRule Neth 1932 only - May 22 2:00s 1:00 NSTRule Neth 1933 1936 - May 15 2:00s 1:00 NSTRule Neth 1937 only - May 22 2:00s 1:00 NSTRule Neth 1937 only - Jul 1 0:00 1:00 SRule Neth 1937 1939 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 -Rule Neth 1938 1939 - May 15 2:00s 1:00 SRule Neth 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 SRule Neth 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -## Amsterdam Mean Time was +00:19:32.13 exactly, but the .13 is omitted# below because the current format requires GMTOFF to be an integer.# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]Zone Europe/Amsterdam 0:19:32 - LMT 1835 0:19:32 Neth %s 1937 Jul 1 0:20 Neth NE%sT 1940 May 16 0:00 # Dutch Time 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00 1:00 Neth CE%sT 1977 1:00 EU CE%sT# Norway# http://met.no/met/met_lex/q_u/sommertid.html (2004-01) agrees with Shanks &# Pottenger.# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/SRule Norway 1916 only - May 22 1:00 1:00 SRule Norway 1916 only - Sep 30 0:00 0 -Rule Norway 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 SRule Norway 1945 only - Oct 1 2:00s 0 -Rule Norway 1959 1964 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00s 1:00 SRule Norway 1959 1965 - Sep Sun>=15 2:00s 0 -Rule Norway 1965 only - Apr 25 2:00s 1:00 S# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]Zone Europe/Oslo 0:43:00 - LMT 1895 Jan 1 1:00 Norway CE%sT 1940 Aug 10 23:00 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00 1:00 Norway CE%sT 1980 1:00 EU CE%sT# Svalbard & Jan Mayen# From Steffen Thorsen (2001-05-01):# Although I could not find it explicitly, it seems that Jan Mayen and# Svalbard have been using the same time as Norway at least since the# time they were declared as parts of Norway. Svalbard was declared# as a part of Norway by law of 1925-07-17 no 11, section 4 and Jan# Mayen by law of 1930-02-27 no 2, section 2. (From# <http://www.lovdata.no/all/nl-19250717-011.html> and# <http://www.lovdata.no/all/nl-19300227-002.html>). The law/regulation# for normal/standard time in Norway is from 1894-06-29 no 1 (came# into operation on 1895-01-01) and Svalbard/Jan Mayen seem to be a# part of this law since 1925/1930. (From# <http://www.lovdata.no/all/nl-18940629-001.html>) I have not been# able to find if Jan Mayen used a different time zone (e.g. -0100)# before 1930. Jan Mayen has only been "inhabited" since 1921 by# Norwegian meteorologists and maybe used the same time as Norway ever# since 1921. Svalbard (Arctic/Longyearbyen) has been inhabited since# before 1895, and therefore probably changed the local time somewhere# between 1895 and 1925 (inclusive).# From Paul Eggert (2013-09-04):## Actually, Jan Mayen was never occupied by Germany during World War II,# so it must have diverged from Oslo time during the war, as Oslo was# keeping Berlin time.## <http://home.no.net/janmayen/history.htm> says that the meteorologists# burned down their station in 1940 and left the island, but returned in# 1941 with a small Norwegian garrison and continued operations despite# frequent air attacks from Germans. In 1943 the Americans established a# radiolocating station on the island, called "Atlantic City". Possibly# the UT offset changed during the war, but I think it unlikely that# Jan Mayen used German daylight-saving rules.## Svalbard is more complicated, as it was raided in August 1941 by an# Allied party that evacuated the civilian population to England (says# <http://www.bartleby.com/65/sv/Svalbard.html>). The Svalbard FAQ# <http://www.svalbard.com/SvalbardFAQ.html> says that the Germans were# expelled on 1942-05-14. However, small parties of Germans did return,# and according to Wilhelm Dege's book "War North of 80" (1954)# http://www.ucalgary.ca/UofC/departments/UP/1-55238/1-55238-110-2.html# the German armed forces at the Svalbard weather station code-named# Haudegen did not surrender to the Allies until September 1945.## All these events predate our cutoff date of 1970, so use Europe/Oslo# for these regions.Link Europe/Oslo Arctic/Longyearbyen# Poland# The 1919 dates and times can be found in Tygodnik Urzędowy nr 1 (1919-03-20),# <http://www.wbc.poznan.pl/publication/32156> pp 1-2.# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/SRule Poland 1918 1919 - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -Rule Poland 1919 only - Apr 15 2:00s 1:00 SRule Poland 1944 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 S# Whitman gives 1944 Nov 30; go with Shanks & Pottenger.Rule Poland 1944 only - Oct 4 2:00 0 -# For 1944-1948 Whitman gives the previous day; go with Shanks & Pottenger.Rule Poland 1945 only - Apr 29 0:00 1:00 SRule Poland 1945 only - Nov 1 0:00 0 -# For 1946 on the source is Kazimierz Borkowski,# Toruń Center for Astronomy, Dept. of Radio Astronomy, Nicolaus Copernicus U.,# http://www.astro.uni.torun.pl/~kb/Artykuly/U-PA/Czas2.htm#tth_tAb1# Thanks to Przemysław Augustyniak (2005-05-28) for this reference.# He also gives these further references:# Mon Pol nr 13, poz 162 (1995) <http://www.abc.com.pl/serwis/mp/1995/0162.htm># Druk nr 2180 (2003) <http://www.senat.gov.pl/k5/dok/sejm/053/2180.pdf>Rule Poland 1946 only - Apr 14 0:00s 1:00 SRule Poland 1946 only - Oct 7 2:00s 0 -Rule Poland 1947 only - May 4 2:00s 1:00 SRule Poland 1947 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -Rule Poland 1948 only - Apr 18 2:00s 1:00 SRule Poland 1949 only - Apr 10 2:00s 1:00 SRule Poland 1957 only - Jun 2 1:00s 1:00 SRule Poland 1957 1958 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -Rule Poland 1958 only - Mar 30 1:00s 1:00 SRule Poland 1959 only - May 31 1:00s 1:00 SRule Poland 1959 1961 - Oct Sun>=1 1:00s 0 -Rule Poland 1960 only - Apr 3 1:00s 1:00 SRule Poland 1961 1964 - May lastSun 1:00s 1:00 SRule Poland 1962 1964 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]Zone Europe/Warsaw 1:24:00 - LMT 1880 1:24:00 - WMT 1915 Aug 5 # Warsaw Mean Time 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1918 Sep 16 3:00 2:00 Poland EE%sT 1922 Jun 1:00 Poland CE%sT 1940 Jun 23 2:00 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Oct 1:00 Poland CE%sT 1977 1:00 W-Eur CE%sT 1988 1:00 EU CE%sT# Portugal## From Paul Eggert (2014-08-11), after a heads-up from Stephen Colebourne:# According to a Portuguese decree (1911-05-26)# http://dre.pt/pdf1sdip/1911/05/12500/23132313.pdf# Lisbon was at -0:36:44.68, but switched to GMT on 1912-01-01 at 00:00.# Round the old offset to -0:36:45. This agrees with Willett but disagrees# with Shanks, who says the transition occurred on 1911-05-24 at 00:00 for# Europe/Lisbon, Atlantic/Azores, and Atlantic/Madeira.## From Rui Pedro Salgueiro (1992-11-12):# Portugal has recently (September, 27) changed timezone# (from WET to MET or CET) to harmonize with EEC.## Martin Bruckmann (1996-02-29) reports via Peter Ilieve# that Portugal is reverting to 0:00 by not moving its clocks this spring.# The new Prime Minister was fed up with getting up in the dark in the winter.## From Paul Eggert (1996-11-12):# IATA SSIM (1991-09) reports several 1991-09 and 1992-09 transitions# at 02:00u, not 01:00u. Assume that these are typos.# IATA SSIM (1991/1992) reports that the Azores were at -1:00.# IATA SSIM (1993-02) says +0:00; later issues (through 1996-09) say -1:00.# Guess that the Azores changed to EU rules in 1992 (since that's when Portugal# harmonized with the EU), and that they stayed +0:00 that winter.## Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S# DSH writes that despite Decree 1,469 (1915), the change to the clocks was not# done every year, depending on what Spain did, because of railroad schedules.# Go with Shanks & Pottenger.Rule Port 1916 only - Jun 17 23:00 1:00 S# Whitman gives 1916 Oct 31; go with Shanks & Pottenger.Rule Port 1916 only - Nov 1 1:00 0 -Rule Port 1917 only - Feb 28 23:00s 1:00 SRule Port 1917 1921 - Oct 14 23:00s 0 -Rule Port 1918 only - Mar 1 23:00s 1:00 SRule Port 1919 only - Feb 28 23:00s 1:00 SRule Port 1920 only - Feb 29 23:00s 1:00 SRule Port 1921 only - Feb 28 23:00s 1:00 SRule Port 1924 only - Apr 16 23:00s 1:00 SRule Port 1924 only - Oct 14 23:00s 0 -Rule Port 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 SRule Port 1926 1929 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -Rule Port 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 SRule Port 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 SRule Port 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00s 1:00 SRule Port 1931 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 S# Whitman gives 1931 Oct 8; go with Shanks & Pottenger.Rule Port 1931 1932 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -Rule Port 1932 only - Apr 2 23:00s 1:00 SRule Port 1934 only - Apr 7 23:00s 1:00 S# Whitman gives 1934 Oct 5; go with Shanks & Pottenger.Rule Port 1934 1938 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -# Shanks & Pottenger give 1935 Apr 30; go with Whitman.Rule Port 1935 only - Mar 30 23:00s 1:00 SRule Port 1936 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 S# Whitman gives 1937 Apr 2; go with Shanks & Pottenger.Rule Port 1937 only - Apr 3 23:00s 1:00 SRule Port 1938 only - Mar 26 23:00s 1:00 SRule Port 1939 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 S# Whitman gives 1939 Oct 7; go with Shanks & Pottenger.Rule Port 1939 only - Nov 18 23:00s 0 -Rule Port 1940 only - Feb 24 23:00s 1:00 S# Shanks & Pottenger give 1940 Oct 7; go with Whitman.Rule Port 1940 1941 - Oct 5 23:00s 0 -Rule Port 1941 only - Apr 5 23:00s 1:00 SRule Port 1942 1945 - Mar Sat>=8 23:00s 1:00 SRule Port 1942 only - Apr 25 22:00s 2:00 M # MidsummerRule Port 1942 only - Aug 15 22:00s 1:00 SRule Port 1942 1945 - Oct Sat>=24 23:00s 0 -Rule Port 1943 only - Apr 17 22:00s 2:00 MRule Port 1943 1945 - Aug Sat>=25 22:00s 1:00 SRule Port 1944 1945 - Apr Sat>=21 22:00s 2:00 MRule Port 1946 only - Apr Sat>=1 23:00s 1:00 SRule Port 1946 only - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -Rule Port 1947 1949 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 SRule Port 1947 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -# Shanks & Pottenger say DST was observed in 1950; go with Whitman.# Whitman gives Oct lastSun for 1952 on; go with Shanks & Pottenger.Rule Port 1951 1965 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 SRule Port 1951 1965 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -Rule Port 1977 only - Mar 27 0:00s 1:00 SRule Port 1977 only - Sep 25 0:00s 0 -Rule Port 1978 1979 - Apr Sun>=1 0:00s 1:00 SRule Port 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00s 0 -Rule Port 1979 1982 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -Rule Port 1980 only - Mar lastSun 0:00s 1:00 SRule Port 1981 1982 - Mar lastSun 1:00s 1:00 SRule Port 1983 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S## Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]Zone Europe/Lisbon -0:36:45 - LMT 1884 -0:36:45 - LMT 1912 Jan 1 # Lisbon Mean Time 0:00 Port WE%sT 1966 Apr 3 2:00 1:00 - CET 1976 Sep 26 1:00 0:00 Port WE%sT 1983 Sep 25 1:00s 0:00 W-Eur WE%sT 1992 Sep 27 1:00s 1:00 EU CE%sT 1996 Mar 31 1:00u 0:00 EU WE%sTZone Atlantic/Azores -1:42:40 - LMT 1884 # Ponta Delgada -1:54:32 - HMT 1912 Jan 1 # Horta Mean Time -2:00 Port AZO%sT 1966 Apr 3 2:00 # Azores Time -1:00 Port AZO%sT 1983 Sep 25 1:00s -1:00 W-Eur AZO%sT 1992 Sep 27 1:00s 0:00 EU WE%sT 1993 Mar 28 1:00u -1:00 EU AZO%sTZone Atlantic/Madeira -1:07:36 - LMT 1884 # Funchal -1:07:36 - FMT 1912 Jan 1 # Funchal Mean Time -1:00 Port MAD%sT 1966 Apr 3 2:00 # Madeira Time 0:00 Port WE%sT 1983 Sep 25 1:00s 0:00 EU WE%sT# Romania## From Paul Eggert (1999-10-07):# Nine O'clock <http://www.nineoclock.ro/POL/1778pol.html># (1998-10-23) reports that the switch occurred at# 04:00 local time in fall 1998. For lack of better info,# assume that Romania and Moldova switched to EU rules in 1997,# the same year as Bulgaria.## Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/SRule Romania 1932 only - May 21 0:00s 1:00 SRule Romania 1932 1939 - Oct Sun>=1 0:00s 0 -Rule Romania 1933 1939 - Apr Sun>=2 0:00s 1:00 SRule Romania 1979 only - May 27 0:00 1:00 SRule Romania 1979 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -Rule Romania 1980 only - Apr 5 23:00 1:00 SRule Romania 1980 only - Sep lastSun 1:00 0 -Rule Romania 1991 1993 - Mar lastSun 0:00s 1:00 SRule Romania 1991 1993 - Sep lastSun 0:00s 0 -# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]Zone Europe/Bucharest 1:44:24 - LMT 1891 Oct 1:44:24 - BMT 1931 Jul 24 # Bucharest MT 2:00 Romania EE%sT 1981 Mar 29 2:00s 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1991 2:00 Romania EE%sT 1994 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1997 2:00 EU EE%sT# Russia# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2011-09-15):# Based on last Russian Government Decree No. 725 on August 31, 2011# (Government document# http://www.government.ru/gov/results/16355/print/# in Russian)# there are few corrections have to be made for some Russian time zones...# All updated Russian Time Zones were placed in table and translated to English# by WorldTimeZone.com at the link below:# http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_russia36.htm# From Sanjeev Gupta (2011-09-27):# Scans of [Decree No. 23 of January 8, 1992] are available at:# http://government.consultant.ru/page.aspx?1223966# They are in Cyrillic letters (presumably Russian).# From Arthur David Olson (2012-05-09):# Regarding the instant when clocks in time-zone-shifting parts of Russia# changed in September 2011:## One source is# http://government.ru/gov/results/16355/# which, according to translate.google.com, begins "Decree of August 31,# 2011 No. 725" and contains no other dates or "effective date" information.## Another source is# http://www.rg.ru/2011/09/06/chas-zona-dok.html# which, according to translate.google.com, begins "Resolution of the# Government of the Russian Federation on August 31, 2011 N 725" and also# contains "Date first official publication: September 6, 2011 Posted on:# in the 'RG' - Federal Issue No. 5573 September 6, 2011" but which# does not contain any "effective date" information.## Another source is# http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oymyakonsky_District#cite_note-RuTime-7# which, in note 8, contains "Resolution No. 725 of August 31, 2011...# Effective as of after 7 days following the day of the official publication"# but which does not contain any reference to September 6, 2011.## The Wikipedia article refers to# http://base.consultant.ru/cons/cgi/online.cgi?req=doc;base=LAW;n=118896# which seems to copy the text of the government.ru page.## Tobias Conradi combines Wikipedia's# "as of after 7 days following the day of the official publication"# with www.rg.ru's "Date of first official publication: September 6, 2011" to# get September 13, 2011 as the cutover date (unusually, a Tuesday, as Tobias# Conradi notes).## None of the sources indicates a time of day for changing clocks.## Go with 2011-09-13 0:00s.# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2014-07-01):# According to the Russian news (ITAR-TASS News Agency)# http://en.itar-tass.com/russia/738562# the State Duma has approved ... the draft bill on returning to# winter time standard and return Russia 11 time zones. The new# regulations will come into effect on October 26, 2014 at 02:00 ...# http://asozd2.duma.gov.ru/main.nsf/%28Spravka%29?OpenAgent&RN=431985-6&02# Here is a link where we put together table (based on approved Bill N# 431985-6) with proposed 11 Russian time zones and corresponding# areas/cities/administrative centers in the Russian Federation (in English):# http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_russia65.html## From Alexander Krivenyshev (2014-07-22):# Putin signed the Federal Law 431985-6 ... (in Russian)# http://itar-tass.com/obschestvo/1333711# http://www.pravo.gov.ru:8080/page.aspx?111660# http://www.kremlin.ru/acts/46279# From October 26, 2014 the new Russian time zone map will looks like this:# http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_russia-map-2014-07.html# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):# Except for Moscow after 1919-07-01, I invented the time zone abbreviations.# Moscow time zone abbreviations after 1919-07-01, and Moscow rules after 1991,# are from Andrey A. Chernov. The rest is from Shanks & Pottenger,# except we follow Chernov's report that 1992 DST transitions were Sat# 23:00, not Sun 02:00s.## From Stanislaw A. Kuzikowski (1994-06-29):# But now it is some months since Novosibirsk is 3 hours ahead of Moscow!# I do not know why they have decided to make this change;# as far as I remember it was done exactly during winter->summer switching# so we (Novosibirsk) simply did not switch.## From Andrey A. Chernov (1996-10-04):# 'MSK' and 'MSD' were born and used initially on Moscow computers with# UNIX-like OSes by several developer groups (e.g. Demos group, Kiae group)....# The next step was the UUCP network, the Relcom predecessor# (used mainly for mail), and MSK/MSD was actively used there.## From Chris Carrier (1996-10-30):# According to a friend of mine who rode the Trans-Siberian Railroad from# Moscow to Irkutsk in 1995, public air and rail transport in Russia ...# still follows Moscow time, no matter where in Russia it is located.## For Grozny, Chechnya, we have the following story from# John Daniszewski, "Scavengers in the Rubble", Los Angeles Times (2001-02-07):# News - often false - is spread by word of mouth. A rumor that it was# time to move the clocks back put this whole city out of sync with# the rest of Russia for two weeks - even soldiers stationed here began# enforcing curfew at the wrong time.## From Gwillim Law (2001-06-05):# There's considerable evidence that Sakhalin Island used to be in# UTC+11, and has changed to UTC+10, in this decade. I start with the# SSIM, which listed Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk in zone RU10 along with Magadan# until February 1997, and then in RU9 with Khabarovsk and Vladivostok# since September 1997.... Although the Kuril Islands are# administratively part of Sakhalin oblast', they appear to have# remained on UTC+11 along with Magadan.# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-06):# The comments detailing the coverage of each Russian zone are meant to assist# with maintenance only and represent our best guesses as to which regions# are covered by each zone. They are not meant to be taken as an authoritative# listing. The region codes listed come from# http://en.wikipedia.org/w/?title=Federal_subjects_of_Russia&oldid=611810498# and are used for convenience only; no guarantees are made regarding their# future stability. ISO 3166-2:RU codes are also listed for first-level# divisions where available.# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03):# Europe/Kaliningrad covers...# 39 RU-KGD Kaliningrad OblastZone Europe/Kaliningrad 1:22:00 - LMT 1893 Apr 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 2:00 Poland CE%sT 1946 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 2:00 Russia EE%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s 3:00 - FET 2014 Oct 26 2:00s 2:00 - EET# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25):# Europe/Moscow covers...# 01 RU-AD Adygea, Republic of# 05 RU-DA Dagestan, Republic of# 06 RU-IN Ingushetia, Republic of# 07 RU-KB Kabardino-Balkar Republic# 08 RU-KL Kalmykia, Republic of# 09 RU-KC Karachay-Cherkess Republic# 10 RU-KR Karelia, Republic of# 11 RU-KO Komi Republic# 12 RU-ME Mari El Republic# 13 RU-MO Mordovia, Republic of# 15 RU-SE North Ossetia-Alania, Republic of# 16 RU-TA Tatarstan, Republic of# 20 RU-CE Chechen Republic# 21 RU-CU Chuvash Republic# 23 RU-KDA Krasnodar Krai# 26 RU-STA Stavropol Krai# 29 RU-ARK Arkhangelsk Oblast# 31 RU-BEL Belgorod Oblast# 32 RU-BRY Bryansk Oblast# 33 RU-VLA Vladimir Oblast# 35 RU-VLG Vologda Oblast# 36 RU-VOR Voronezh Oblast# 37 RU-IVA Ivanovo Oblast# 40 RU-KLU Kaluga Oblast# 44 RU-KOS Kostroma Oblast# 46 RU-KRS Kursk Oblast# 47 RU-LEN Leningrad Oblast# 48 RU-LIP Lipetsk Oblast# 50 RU-MOS Moscow Oblast# 51 RU-MUR Murmansk Oblast# 52 RU-NIZ Nizhny Novgorod Oblast# 53 RU-NGR Novgorod Oblast# 57 RU-ORL Oryol Oblast# 58 RU-PNZ Penza Oblast# 60 RU-PSK Pskov Oblast# 61 RU-ROS Rostov Oblast# 62 RU-RYA Ryazan Oblast# 67 RU-SMO Smolensk Oblast# 68 RU-TAM Tambov Oblast# 69 RU-TVE Tver Oblast# 71 RU-TUL Tula Oblast# 73 RU-ULY Ulyanovsk Oblast# 76 RU-YAR Yaroslavl Oblast# 77 RU-MOW Moscow# 78 RU-SPE Saint Petersburg# 83 RU-NEN Nenets Autonomous Okrug# From Vladimir Karpinsky (2014-07-08):# LMT in Moscow (before Jul 3, 1916) is 2:30:17, that was defined by Moscow# Observatory (coordinates: 55 deg. 45'29.70", 37 deg. 34'05.30")....# LMT in Moscow since Jul 3, 1916 is 2:31:01 as a result of new standard.# (The info is from the book by Byalokoz ... p. 18.)# The time in St. Petersburg as capital of Russia was defined by# Pulkov observatory, near St. Petersburg. In 1916 LMT Moscow# was synchronized with LMT St. Petersburg (+30 minutes), (Pulkov observatory# coordinates: 59 deg. 46'18.70", 30 deg. 19'40.70") so 30 deg. 19'40.70" ># 2h01m18.7s = 2:01:19. LMT Moscow = LMT St.Petersburg + 30m 2:01:19 + 0:30 =# 2:31:19 ...## From Paul Eggert (2014-07-08):# Milne does not list Moscow, but suggests that its time might be listed in# Résumés mensuels et annuels des observations météorologiques (1895).# Presumably this is OCLC 85825704, a journal published with parallel text in# Russian and French. This source has not been located; go with Karpinsky.Zone Europe/Moscow 2:30:17 - LMT 1880 2:30:17 - MMT 1916 Jul 3 # Moscow Mean Time 2:31:19 Russia %s 1919 Jul 1 2:00 3:00 Russia %s 1921 Oct 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1922 Oct 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 2:00 Russia EE%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 2011 Mar 27 2:00s 4:00 - MSK 2014 Oct 26 2:00s 3:00 - MSK# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03):# Europe/Simferopol covers...# ** **** Crimea, Republic of# ** **** SevastopolZone Europe/Simferopol 2:16:24 - LMT 1880 2:16 - SMT 1924 May 2 # Simferopol Mean T 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21 3:00 - MSK 1941 Nov 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Apr 13 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990 3:00 - MSK 1990 Jul 1 2:00 2:00 - EET 1992# Central Crimea used Moscow time 1994/1997.## From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):# The _Economist_ (1994-05-28, p 45) reports that central Crimea switched# from Kiev to Moscow time sometime after the January 1994 elections.# Shanks (1999) says "date of change uncertain", but implies that it happened# sometime between the 1994 DST switches. Shanks & Pottenger simply say# 1994-09-25 03:00, but that can't be right. For now, guess it# changed in May. 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1994 May# From IATA SSIM (1994/1997), which also says that Kerch is still like Kiev. 3:00 E-Eur MSK/MSD 1996 Mar 31 0:00s 3:00 1:00 MSD 1996 Oct 27 3:00s# IATA SSIM (1997-09) says Crimea switched to EET/EEST.# Assume it happened in March by not changing the clocks. 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1997 3:00 - MSK 1997 Mar lastSun 1:00u# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2014-03-17):# time change at 2:00 (2am) on March 30, 2014# http://vz.ru/news/2014/3/17/677464.html# From Paul Eggert (2014-03-30):# Simferopol and Sevastopol reportedly changed their central town clocks# late the previous day, but this appears to have been ceremonial# and the discrepancies are small enough to not worry about. 2:00 EU EE%sT 2014 Mar 30 2:00 4:00 - MSK 2014 Oct 26 2:00s 3:00 - MSK# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03):# Europe/Volgograd covers...# 30 RU-AST Astrakhan Oblast# 34 RU-VGG Volgograd Oblast# 43 RU-KIR Kirov Oblast# 64 RU-SAR Saratov Oblast# From Paul Eggert (2006-05-09):# Shanks & Pottenger say Kirov is still at +0400 but Wikipedia says +0300.# Perhaps it switched after the others? But we have no data.Zone Europe/Volgograd 2:57:40 - LMT 1920 Jan 3 3:00 - TSAT 1925 Apr 6 # Tsaritsyn Time 3:00 - STAT 1930 Jun 21 # Stalingrad Time 4:00 - STAT 1961 Nov 11 4:00 Russia VOL%sT 1989 Mar 26 2:00s # Volgograd T 3:00 Russia VOL%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 4:00 - VOLT 1992 Mar 29 2:00s 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 2011 Mar 27 2:00s 4:00 - MSK 2014 Oct 26 2:00s 3:00 - MSK# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25):# Europe/Samara covers...# 18 RU-UD Udmurt Republic# 63 RU-SAM Samara Oblast# Byalokoz 1919 says Samara was 3:20:20.Zone Europe/Samara 3:20:20 - LMT 1919 Jul 1 2:00 3:00 - SAMT 1930 Jun 21 4:00 - SAMT 1935 Jan 27 4:00 Russia KUY%sT 1989 Mar 26 2:00s # Kuybyshev 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 2:00 Russia EE%sT 1991 Sep 29 2:00s 3:00 - KUYT 1991 Oct 20 3:00 4:00 Russia SAM%sT 2010 Mar 28 2:00s # Samara Time 3:00 Russia SAM%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s 4:00 - SAMT# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25):# Asia/Yekaterinburg covers...# 02 RU-BA Bashkortostan, Republic of# 90 RU-PER Perm Krai# 45 RU-KGN Kurgan Oblast# 56 RU-ORE Orenburg Oblast# 66 RU-SVE Sverdlovsk Oblast# 72 RU-TYU Tyumen Oblast# 74 RU-CHE Chelyabinsk Oblast# 86 RU-KHM Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug - Yugra# 89 RU-YAN Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug## Note: Effective 2005-12-01, (59) Perm Oblast and (81) Komi-Permyak# Autonomous Okrug merged to form (90, RU-PER) Perm Krai.# Milne says Yekaterinburg was 4:02:32.9; round to nearest.# Byalokoz 1919 says its provincial time was based on Perm, at 3:45:05.# Assume it switched on 1916-07-03, the time of the new standard.# The 1919 and 1930 transitions are from Shanks.Zone Asia/Yekaterinburg 4:02:33 - LMT 1916 Jul 3 3:45:05 - PMT 1919 Jul 15 4:00 4:00 - SVET 1930 Jun 21 # Sverdlovsk Time 5:00 Russia SVE%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 4:00 Russia SVE%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s 5:00 Russia YEK%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s 6:00 - YEKT 2014 Oct 26 2:00s 5:00 - YEKT# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25):# Asia/Omsk covers...# 04 RU-AL Altai Republic# 22 RU-ALT Altai Krai# 55 RU-OMS Omsk Oblast# Byalokoz 1919 says Omsk was 4:53:30.Zone Asia/Omsk 4:53:30 - LMT 1919 Nov 14 5:00 - OMST 1930 Jun 21 # Omsk Time 6:00 Russia OMS%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 5:00 Russia OMS%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s 6:00 Russia OMS%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s 7:00 - OMST 2014 Oct 26 2:00s 6:00 - OMST# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03):# Asia/Novosibirsk covers...# 54 RU-NVS Novosibirsk Oblast# 70 RU-TOM Tomsk Oblast# From Paul Eggert (2006-08-19): I'm guessing about Tomsk here; it's# not clear when it switched from +7 to +6.Zone Asia/Novosibirsk 5:31:40 - LMT 1919 Dec 14 6:00 6:00 - NOVT 1930 Jun 21 # Novosibirsk Time 7:00 Russia NOV%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 6:00 Russia NOV%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s 7:00 Russia NOV%sT 1993 May 23 # say Shanks & P. 6:00 Russia NOV%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s 7:00 - NOVT 2014 Oct 26 2:00s 6:00 - NOVT# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03):# Asia/Novokuznetsk covers...# 42 RU-KEM Kemerovo Oblast# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2009-10-13):# Kemerovo oblast' (Kemerovo region) in Russia will change current time zone on# March 28, 2010:# from current Russia Zone 6 - Krasnoyarsk Time Zone (KRA) UTC +0700# to Russia Zone 5 - Novosibirsk Time Zone (NOV) UTC +0600## This is according to Government of Russia decree No. 740, on September# 14, 2009 "Application in the territory of the Kemerovo region the Fifth# time zone." ("Russia Zone 5" or old "USSR Zone 5" is GMT +0600)## Russian Government web site (Russian language)# http://www.government.ru/content/governmentactivity/rfgovernmentdecisions/archive/2009/09/14/991633.htm# or Russian-English translation by WorldTimeZone.com with reference# map to local region and new Russia Time Zone map after March 28, 2010# http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_russia03.html## Thus, when Russia will switch to DST on the night of March 28, 2010# Kemerovo region (Kemerovo oblast') will not change the clock.## As a result, Kemerovo oblast' will be in the same time zone as# Novosibirsk, Omsk, Tomsk, Barnaul and Altai Republic.# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-02), per Alexander Krivenyshev (2014-07-02):# The Kemerovo region will remain at UTC+7 through the 2014-10-26 change, thus# realigning itself with KRAT.Zone Asia/Novokuznetsk 5:48:48 - LMT 1924 May 1 6:00 - KRAT 1930 Jun 21 # Krasnoyarsk Time 7:00 Russia KRA%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 6:00 Russia KRA%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s 7:00 Russia KRA%sT 2010 Mar 28 2:00s 6:00 Russia NOV%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s # Novosibirsk 7:00 - NOVT 2014 Oct 26 2:00s 7:00 - KRAT # Krasnoyarsk Time# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25):# Asia/Krasnoyarsk covers...# 17 RU-TY Tuva Republic# 19 RU-KK Khakassia, Republic of# 24 RU-KYA Krasnoyarsk Krai## Note: Effective 2007-01-01, (88) Evenk Autonomous Okrug and (84) Taymyr# Autonomous Okrug were merged into (24, RU-KYA) Krasnoyarsk Krai.# Byalokoz 1919 says Krasnoyarsk was 6:11:26.Zone Asia/Krasnoyarsk 6:11:26 - LMT 1920 Jan 6 6:00 - KRAT 1930 Jun 21 # Krasnoyarsk Time 7:00 Russia KRA%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 6:00 Russia KRA%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s 7:00 Russia KRA%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s 8:00 - KRAT 2014 Oct 26 2:00s 7:00 - KRAT# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25):# Asia/Irkutsk covers...# 03 RU-BU Buryatia, Republic of# 38 RU-IRK Irkutsk Oblast## Note: Effective 2008-01-01, (85) Ust-Orda Buryat Autonomous Okrug was# merged into (38, RU-IRK) Irkutsk Oblast.# Milne 1899 says Irkutsk was 6:57:15.# Byalokoz 1919 says Irkutsk was 6:57:05.# Go with Byalokoz.Zone Asia/Irkutsk 6:57:05 - LMT 1880 6:57:05 - IMT 1920 Jan 25 # Irkutsk Mean Time 7:00 - IRKT 1930 Jun 21 # Irkutsk Time 8:00 Russia IRK%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 7:00 Russia IRK%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s 8:00 Russia IRK%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s 9:00 - IRKT 2014 Oct 26 2:00s 8:00 - IRKT# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-06):# Asia/Chita covers...# 92 RU-ZAB Zabaykalsky Krai## Note: Effective 2008-03-01, (75) Chita Oblast and (80) Agin-Buryat# Autonomous Okrug merged to form (92, RU-ZAB) Zabaykalsky Krai.Zone Asia/Chita 7:33:52 - LMT 1919 Dec 15 8:00 - YAKT 1930 Jun 21 # Yakutsk Time 9:00 Russia YAK%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 8:00 Russia YAK%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s 9:00 Russia YAK%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s 10:00 - YAKT 2014 Oct 26 2:00s 8:00 - IRKT# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2009-11-29):# Asia/Yakutsk covers...# 28 RU-AMU Amur Oblast## ...and parts of (14, RU-SA) Sakha (Yakutia) Republic:# 14-02 **** Aldansky District# 14-04 **** Amginsky District# 14-05 **** Anabarsky District# 14-06 **** Bulunsky District# 14-07 **** Verkhnevilyuysky District# 14-10 **** Vilyuysky District# 14-11 **** Gorny District# 14-12 **** Zhigansky District# 14-13 **** Kobyaysky District# 14-14 **** Lensky District# 14-15 **** Megino-Kangalassky District# 14-16 **** Mirninsky District# 14-18 **** Namsky District# 14-19 **** Neryungrinsky District# 14-21 **** Nyurbinsky District# 14-23 **** Olenyoksky District# 14-24 **** Olyokminsky District# 14-26 **** Suntarsky District# 14-27 **** Tattinsky District# 14-29 **** Ust-Aldansky District# 14-32 **** Khangalassky District# 14-33 **** Churapchinsky District# 14-34 **** Eveno-Bytantaysky National District# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03):# Our commentary seems to have lost mention of (14-19) Neryungrinsky District.# Since the surrounding districts of Sakha are all YAKT, assume this is, too.# Also assume its history has been the same as the rest of Asia/Yakutsk.# Byalokoz 1919 says Yakutsk was 8:38:58.Zone Asia/Yakutsk 8:38:58 - LMT 1919 Dec 15 8:00 - YAKT 1930 Jun 21 # Yakutsk Time 9:00 Russia YAK%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 8:00 Russia YAK%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s 9:00 Russia YAK%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s 10:00 - YAKT 2014 Oct 26 2:00s 9:00 - YAKT# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2009-11-29):# Asia/Vladivostok covers...# 25 RU-PRI Primorsky Krai# 27 RU-KHA Khabarovsk Krai# 79 RU-YEV Jewish Autonomous Oblast## ...and parts of (14, RU-SA) Sakha (Yakutia) Republic:# 14-09 **** Verkhoyansky District# 14-31 **** Ust-Yansky District# Milne 1899 says Vladivostok was 8:47:33.5.# Byalokoz 1919 says Vladivostok was 8:47:31.# Go with Byalokoz.Zone Asia/Vladivostok 8:47:31 - LMT 1922 Nov 15 9:00 - VLAT 1930 Jun 21 # Vladivostok Time 10:00 Russia VLA%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 9:00 Russia VLA%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s 10:00 Russia VLA%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s 11:00 - VLAT 2014 Oct 26 2:00s 10:00 - VLAT# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03):# Asia/Khandyga covers parts of (14, RU-SA) Sakha (Yakutia) Republic:# 14-28 **** Tomponsky District# 14-30 **** Ust-Maysky District# From Arthur David Olson (2012-05-09):# Tomponskij and Ust'-Majskij switched from Vladivostok time to Yakutsk time# in 2011.# From Paul Eggert (2012-11-25):# Shanks and Pottenger (2003) has Khandyga on Yakutsk time.# Make a wild guess that it switched to Vladivostok time in 2004.# This transition is no doubt wrong, but we have no better info.Zone Asia/Khandyga 9:02:13 - LMT 1919 Dec 15 8:00 - YAKT 1930 Jun 21 # Yakutsk Time 9:00 Russia YAK%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 8:00 Russia YAK%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s 9:00 Russia YAK%sT 2004 10:00 Russia VLA%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s 11:00 - VLAT 2011 Sep 13 0:00s # Decree 725? 10:00 - YAKT 2014 Oct 26 2:00s 9:00 - YAKT# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03):# Asia/Sakhalin covers...# 65 RU-SAK Sakhalin Oblast# ...with the exception of:# 65-11 **** Severo-Kurilsky District (North Kuril Islands)# The Zone name should be Asia/Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk, but that's too long.Zone Asia/Sakhalin 9:30:48 - LMT 1905 Aug 23 9:00 - JCST 1937 Oct 1 9:00 - JST 1945 Aug 25 11:00 Russia SAK%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s # Sakhalin T 10:00 Russia SAK%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s 11:00 Russia SAK%sT 1997 Mar lastSun 2:00s 10:00 Russia SAK%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s 11:00 - SAKT 2014 Oct 26 2:00s 10:00 - SAKT# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2009-11-29):# Asia/Magadan covers...# 49 RU-MAG Magadan Oblast# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-06), per Alexander Krivenyshev (2014-07-02):# Magadan Oblast is moving from UTC+12 to UTC+10 on 2014-10-26; however,# several districts of Sakha Republic as well as Severo-Kurilsky District of# the Sakhalin Oblast (also known as the North Kuril Islands), represented# until now by Asia/Magadan, will instead move to UTC+11. These regions will# need their own zone.Zone Asia/Magadan 10:03:12 - LMT 1924 May 2 10:00 - MAGT 1930 Jun 21 # Magadan Time 11:00 Russia MAG%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 10:00 Russia MAG%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s 11:00 Russia MAG%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s 12:00 - MAGT 2014 Oct 26 2:00s 10:00 - MAGT# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-06):# Asia/Srednekolymsk covers parts of (14, RU-SA) Sakha (Yakutia) Republic:# 14-01 **** Abyysky District# 14-03 **** Allaikhovsky District# 14-08 **** Verkhnekolymsky District# 14-17 **** Momsky District# 14-20 **** Nizhnekolymsky District# 14-25 **** Srednekolymsky District## ...and parts of (65, RU-SAK) Sakhalin Oblast:# 65-11 **** Severo-Kurilsky District (North Kuril Islands)# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-02):# Oymyakonsky District of Sakha Republic (represented by Ust-Nera), along with# most of Sakhalin Oblast (represented by Sakhalin) will be moving to UTC+10 on# 2014-10-26 to stay aligned with VLAT/SAKT; however, Severo-Kurilsky District# of the Sakhalin Oblast (also known as the North Kuril Islands, represented by# Severo-Kurilsk) will remain on UTC+11.# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-06):# Assume North Kuril Islands have history like Magadan before 2011-03-27.# There is a decent chance this is wrong, in which case a new zone# Asia/Severo-Kurilsk would become necessary.## Srednekolymsk and Zyryanka are the most populous places amongst these# districts, but have very similar populations. In fact, Wikipedia currently# lists them both as having 3528 people, exactly 1668 males and 1860 females# each! (Yikes!)# http://en.wikipedia.org/w/?title=Srednekolymsky_District&oldid=603435276# http://en.wikipedia.org/w/?title=Verkhnekolymsky_District&oldid=594378493# Assume this is a mistake, albeit an amusing one.## Looking at censuses, the populations of the two municipalities seem to have# fluctuated recently. Zyryanka was more populous than Srednekolymsk in the# 1989 and 2002 censuses, but Srednekolymsk was more populous in the most# recent (2010) census, 3525 to 3170. (See pages 195 and 197 of# http://www.gks.ru/free_doc/new_site/perepis2010/croc/Documents/Vol1/pub-01-05.pdf# in Russian.) In addition, Srednekolymsk appears to be a much older# settlement and the population of Zyryanka seems to be declining.# Go with Srednekolymsk.## Since Magadan Oblast moves to UTC+10 on 2014-10-26, we cannot keep using MAGT# as the abbreviation. Use SRET instead.Zone Asia/Srednekolymsk 10:14:52 - LMT 1924 May 2 10:00 - MAGT 1930 Jun 21 # Magadan Time 11:00 Russia MAG%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 10:00 Russia MAG%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s 11:00 Russia MAG%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s 12:00 - MAGT 2014 Oct 26 2:00s 11:00 - SRET # Srednekolymsk Time# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03):# Asia/Ust-Nera covers parts of (14, RU-SA) Sakha (Yakutia) Republic:# 14-22 **** Oymyakonsky District# From Arthur David Olson (2012-05-09):# Ojmyakonskij [and the Kuril Islands] switched from# Magadan time to Vladivostok time in 2011.## From Tim Parenti (2014-07-06), per Alexander Krivenyshev (2014-07-02):# It's unlikely that any of the Kuril Islands were involved in such a switch,# as the South and Middle Kurils have been on UTC+11 (SAKT) with the rest of# Sakhalin Oblast since at least 2011-09, and the North Kurils have been on# UTC+12 since at least then, too.Zone Asia/Ust-Nera 9:32:54 - LMT 1919 Dec 15 8:00 - YAKT 1930 Jun 21 # Yakutsk Time 9:00 Russia YAKT 1981 Apr 1 11:00 Russia MAG%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 10:00 Russia MAG%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s 11:00 Russia MAG%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s 12:00 - MAGT 2011 Sep 13 0:00s # Decree 725? 11:00 - VLAT 2014 Oct 26 2:00s 10:00 - VLAT# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25):# Asia/Kamchatka covers...# 91 RU-KAM Kamchatka Krai## Note: Effective 2007-07-01, (41) Kamchatka Oblast and (82) Koryak# Autonomous Okrug merged to form (91, RU-KAM) Kamchatka Krai.# The Zone name should be Asia/Petropavlovsk-Kamchatski or perhaps# Asia/Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, but these are too long.Zone Asia/Kamchatka 10:34:36 - LMT 1922 Nov 10 11:00 - PETT 1930 Jun 21 # P-K Time 12:00 Russia PET%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 11:00 Russia PET%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s 12:00 Russia PET%sT 2010 Mar 28 2:00s 11:00 Russia PET%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s 12:00 - PETT# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03):# Asia/Anadyr covers...# 87 RU-CHU Chukotka Autonomous OkrugZone Asia/Anadyr 11:49:56 - LMT 1924 May 2 12:00 - ANAT 1930 Jun 21 # Anadyr Time 13:00 Russia ANA%sT 1982 Apr 1 0:00s 12:00 Russia ANA%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s 11:00 Russia ANA%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s 12:00 Russia ANA%sT 2010 Mar 28 2:00s 11:00 Russia ANA%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s 12:00 - ANAT# San Marino# See Europe/Rome.# Serbia# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]Zone Europe/Belgrade 1:22:00 - LMT 1884 1:00 - CET 1941 Apr 18 23:00 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 1:00 - CET 1945 May 8 2:00s 1:00 1:00 CEST 1945 Sep 16 2:00s# Metod Koželj reports that the legal date of# transition to EU rules was 1982-11-27, for all of Yugoslavia at the time.# Shanks & Pottenger don't give as much detail, so go with Koželj. 1:00 - CET 1982 Nov 27 1:00 EU CE%sTLink Europe/Belgrade Europe/Ljubljana # SloveniaLink Europe/Belgrade Europe/Podgorica # MontenegroLink Europe/Belgrade Europe/Sarajevo # Bosnia and HerzegovinaLink Europe/Belgrade Europe/Skopje # MacedoniaLink Europe/Belgrade Europe/Zagreb # Croatia# SlovakiaLink Europe/Prague Europe/Bratislava# Slovenia# See Europe/Belgrade.# Spain# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S# For 1917-1919 Whitman gives Apr Sat>=1 - Oct Sat>=1;# go with Shanks & Pottenger.Rule Spain 1917 only - May 5 23:00s 1:00 SRule Spain 1917 1919 - Oct 6 23:00s 0 -Rule Spain 1918 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 SRule Spain 1919 only - Apr 5 23:00s 1:00 S# Whitman gives 1921 Feb 28 - Oct 14; go with Shanks & Pottenger.Rule Spain 1924 only - Apr 16 23:00s 1:00 S# Whitman gives 1924 Oct 14; go with Shanks & Pottenger.Rule Spain 1924 only - Oct 4 23:00s 0 -Rule Spain 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 S# Whitman says no DST in 1929; go with Shanks & Pottenger.Rule Spain 1926 1929 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -Rule Spain 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 SRule Spain 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 SRule Spain 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00s 1:00 S# Whitman gives 1937 Jun 16, 1938 Apr 16, 1940 Apr 13;# go with Shanks & Pottenger.Rule Spain 1937 only - May 22 23:00s 1:00 SRule Spain 1937 1939 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -Rule Spain 1938 only - Mar 22 23:00s 1:00 SRule Spain 1939 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 SRule Spain 1940 only - Mar 16 23:00s 1:00 S# Whitman says no DST 1942-1945; go with Shanks & Pottenger.Rule Spain 1942 only - May 2 22:00s 2:00 M # MidsummerRule Spain 1942 only - Sep 1 22:00s 1:00 SRule Spain 1943 1946 - Apr Sat>=13 22:00s 2:00 MRule Spain 1943 only - Oct 3 22:00s 1:00 SRule Spain 1944 only - Oct 10 22:00s 1:00 SRule Spain 1945 only - Sep 30 1:00 1:00 SRule Spain 1946 only - Sep 30 0:00 0 -Rule Spain 1949 only - Apr 30 23:00 1:00 SRule Spain 1949 only - Sep 30 1:00 0 -Rule Spain 1974 1975 - Apr Sat>=13 23:00 1:00 SRule Spain 1974 1975 - Oct Sun>=1 1:00 0 -Rule Spain 1976 only - Mar 27 23:00 1:00 SRule Spain 1976 1977 - Sep lastSun 1:00 0 -Rule Spain 1977 1978 - Apr 2 23:00 1:00 SRule Spain 1978 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 -# The following rules are copied from Morocco from 1967 through 1978.Rule SpainAfrica 1967 only - Jun 3 12:00 1:00 SRule SpainAfrica 1967 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -Rule SpainAfrica 1974 only - Jun 24 0:00 1:00 SRule SpainAfrica 1974 only - Sep 1 0:00 0 -Rule SpainAfrica 1976 1977 - May 1 0:00 1:00 SRule SpainAfrica 1976 only - Aug 1 0:00 0 -Rule SpainAfrica 1977 only - Sep 28 0:00 0 -Rule SpainAfrica 1978 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 SRule SpainAfrica 1978 only - Aug 4 0:00 0 -# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]Zone Europe/Madrid -0:14:44 - LMT 1901 Jan 1 0:00s 0:00 Spain WE%sT 1946 Sep 30 1:00 Spain CE%sT 1979 1:00 EU CE%sTZone Africa/Ceuta -0:21:16 - LMT 1901 0:00 - WET 1918 May 6 23:00 0:00 1:00 WEST 1918 Oct 7 23:00 0:00 - WET 1924 0:00 Spain WE%sT 1929 0:00 SpainAfrica WE%sT 1984 Mar 16 1:00 - CET 1986 1:00 EU CE%sTZone Atlantic/Canary -1:01:36 - LMT 1922 Mar # Las Palmas de Gran C. -1:00 - CANT 1946 Sep 30 1:00 # Canaries T 0:00 - WET 1980 Apr 6 0:00s 0:00 1:00 WEST 1980 Sep 28 1:00u 0:00 EU WE%sT# IATA SSIM (1996-09) says the Canaries switch at 2:00u, not 1:00u.# Ignore this for now, as the Canaries are part of the EU.# Sweden# From Ivan Nilsson (2001-04-13), superseding Shanks & Pottenger:## The law "Svensk författningssamling 1878, no 14" about standard time in 1879:# From the beginning of 1879 (that is 01-01 00:00) the time for all# places in the country is "the mean solar time for the meridian at# three degrees, or twelve minutes of time, to the west of the# meridian of the Observatory of Stockholm". The law is dated 1878-05-31.## The observatory at that time had the meridian 18 degrees 03' 30"# eastern longitude = 01:12:14 in time. Less 12 minutes gives the# national standard time as 01:00:14 ahead of GMT....## About the beginning of CET in Sweden. The lawtext ("Svensk# författningssamling 1899, no 44") states, that "from the beginning# of 1900... ... the same as the mean solar time for the meridian at# the distance of one hour of time from the meridian of the English# observatory at Greenwich, or at 12 minutes 14 seconds to the west# from the meridian of the Observatory of Stockholm". The law is dated# 1899-06-16. In short: At 1900-01-01 00:00:00 the new standard time# in Sweden is 01:00:00 ahead of GMT.## 1916: The lawtext ("Svensk författningssamling 1916, no 124") states# that "1916-05-15 is considered to begin one hour earlier". It is# pretty obvious that at 05-14 23:00 the clocks are set to 05-15 00:00....# Further the law says, that "1916-09-30 is considered to end one hour later".## The laws regulating [DST] are available on the site of the Swedish# Parliament beginning with 1985 - the laws regulating 1980/1984 are# not available on the site (to my knowledge they are only available# in Swedish): <http://www.riksdagen.se/english/work/sfst.asp> (type# "sommartid" without the quotes in the field "Fritext" and then click# the Sök-button).## (2001-05-13):## I have now found a newspaper stating that at 1916-10-01 01:00# summertime the church-clocks etc were set back one hour to show# 1916-10-01 00:00 standard time. The article also reports that some# people thought the switch to standard time would take place already# at 1916-10-01 00:00 summer time, but they had to wait for another# hour before the event took place.## Source: The newspaper "Dagens Nyheter", 1916-10-01, page 7 upper left.# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]Zone Europe/Stockholm 1:12:12 - LMT 1879 Jan 1 1:00:14 - SET 1900 Jan 1 # Swedish Time 1:00 - CET 1916 May 14 23:00 1:00 1:00 CEST 1916 Oct 1 1:00 1:00 - CET 1980 1:00 EU CE%sT# Switzerland# From Howse:# By the end of the 18th century clocks and watches became commonplace# and their performance improved enormously. Communities began to keep# mean time in preference to apparent time - Geneva from 1780 ....# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S# From Whitman (who writes "Midnight?"):# Rule Swiss 1940 only - Nov 2 0:00 1:00 S# Rule Swiss 1940 only - Dec 31 0:00 0 -# From Shanks & Pottenger:# Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - May Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 S# Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - Oct Sun>=1 0:00 0 -# From Alois Treindl (2008-12-17):# I have researched the DST usage in Switzerland during the 1940ies.## As I wrote in an earlier message, I suspected the current tzdata values# to be wrong. This is now verified.## I have found copies of the original ruling by the Swiss Federal# government, in 'Eidgenössische Gesetzessammlung 1941 and 1942' (Swiss# federal law collection)...## DST began on Monday 5 May 1941, 1:00 am by shifting the clocks to 2:00 am# DST ended on Monday 6 Oct 1941, 2:00 am by shifting the clocks to 1:00 am.## DST began on Monday, 4 May 1942 at 01:00 am# DST ended on Monday, 5 Oct 1942 at 02:00 am## There was no DST in 1940, I have checked the law collection carefully.# It is also indicated by the fact that the 1942 entry in the law# collection points back to 1941 as a reference, but no reference to any# other years are made.## Newspaper articles I have read in the archives on 6 May 1941 reported# about the introduction of DST (Sommerzeit in German) during the previous# night as an absolute novelty, because this was the first time that such# a thing had happened in Switzerland.## I have also checked 1916, because one book source (Gabriel, Traité de# l'heure dans le monde) claims that Switzerland had DST in 1916. This is# false, no official document could be found. Probably Gabriel got misled# by references to Germany, which introduced DST in 1916 for the first time.## The tzdata rules for Switzerland must be changed to:# Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - May Mon>=1 1:00 1:00 S# Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - Oct Mon>=1 2:00 0 -## The 1940 rules must be deleted.## One further detail for Switzerland, which is probably out of scope for# most users of tzdata: The [Europe/Zurich zone] ...# describes all of Switzerland correctly, with the exception of# the Canton de Genève (Geneva, Genf). Between 1848 and 1894 Geneva did not# follow Bern Mean Time but kept its own local mean time.# To represent this, an extra zone would be needed.## From Alois Treindl (2013-09-11):# The Federal regulations say# http://www.admin.ch/opc/de/classified-compilation/20071096/index.html# ... the meridian for Bern mean time ... is 7 degrees 26' 22.50".# Expressed in time, it is 0h29m45.5s.# From Pierre-Yves Berger (2013-09-11):# the "Circulaire du conseil fédéral" (December 11 1893)# http://www.amtsdruckschriften.bar.admin.ch/viewOrigDoc.do?id=10071353# clearly states that the [1894-06-01] change should be done at midnight# but if no one is present after 11 at night, could be postponed until one# hour before the beginning of service.# From Paul Eggert (2013-09-11):# Round BMT to the nearest even second, 0:29:46.## We can find no reliable source for Shanks's assertion that all of Switzerland# except Geneva switched to Bern Mean Time at 00:00 on 1848-09-12. This book:## Jakob Messerli. Gleichmässig, pünktlich, schnell. Zeiteinteilung und# Zeitgebrauch in der Schweiz im 19. Jahrhundert. Chronos, Zurich 1995,# ISBN 3-905311-68-2, OCLC 717570797.## suggests that the transition was more gradual, and that the Swiss did not# agree about civil time during the transition. The timekeeping it gives the# most detail for is postal and telegraph time: here, federal legislation (the# "Bundesgesetz über die Erstellung von elektrischen Telegraphen") passed on# 1851-11-23, and an official implementation notice was published 1853-07-16# (Bundesblatt 1853, Bd. II, S. 859). On p 72 Messerli writes that in# practice since July 1853 Bernese time was used in "all postal and telegraph# offices in Switzerland from Geneva to St. Gallen and Basel to Chiasso"# (Google translation). For now, model this transition as occurring on# 1853-07-16, though it probably occurred at some other date in Zurich, and# legal civil time probably changed at still some other transition date.# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/SRule Swiss 1941 1942 - May Mon>=1 1:00 1:00 SRule Swiss 1941 1942 - Oct Mon>=1 2:00 0 -# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]Zone Europe/Zurich 0:34:08 - LMT 1853 Jul 16 # See above comment. 0:29:46 - BMT 1894 Jun # Bern Mean Time 1:00 Swiss CE%sT 1981 1:00 EU CE%sT# Turkey# From Amar Devegowda (2007-01-03):# The time zone rules for Istanbul, Turkey have not been changed for years now.# ... The latest rules are available at:# http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/timezone.html?n=107# From Steffen Thorsen (2007-01-03):# I have been able to find press records back to 1996 which all say that# DST started 01:00 local time and end at 02:00 local time. I am not sure# what happened before that. One example for each year from 1996 to 2001:# http://newspot.byegm.gov.tr/arsiv/1996/21/N4.htm# http://www.byegm.gov.tr/YAYINLARIMIZ/CHR/ING97/03/97X03X25.TXT# http://www.byegm.gov.tr/YAYINLARIMIZ/CHR/ING98/03/98X03X02.HTM# http://www.byegm.gov.tr/YAYINLARIMIZ/CHR/ING99/10/99X10X26.HTM#%2016# http://www.byegm.gov.tr/YAYINLARIMIZ/CHR/ING2000/03/00X03X06.HTM#%2021# http://www.byegm.gov.tr/YAYINLARIMIZ/CHR/ING2001/03/23x03x01.HTM#%2027# From Paul Eggert (2007-01-03):# Prefer the above source to Shanks & Pottenger for time stamps after 1990.# From Steffen Thorsen (2007-03-09):# Starting 2007 though, it seems that they are adopting EU's 1:00 UTC# start/end time, according to the following page (2007-03-07):# http://www.ntvmsnbc.com/news/402029.asp# The official document is located here - it is in Turkish...:# http://rega.basbakanlik.gov.tr/eskiler/2007/03/20070307-7.htm# I was able to locate the following seemingly official document# (on a non-government server though) describing dates between 2002 and 2006:# http://www.alomaliye.com/bkk_2002_3769.htm# From Gökdeniz Karadağ (2011-03-10):# According to the articles linked below, Turkey will change into summer# time zone (GMT+3) on March 28, 2011 at 3:00 a.m. instead of March 27.# This change is due to a nationwide exam on 27th.# http://www.worldbulletin.net/?aType=haber&ArticleID=70872# Turkish:# http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/ekonomi/17230464.asp?gid=373# From Faruk Pasin (2014-02-14):# The DST for Turkey has been changed for this year because of the# Turkish Local election....# http://www.sabah.com.tr/Ekonomi/2014/02/12/yaz-saatinde-onemli-degisiklik# ... so Turkey will move clocks forward one hour on March 31 at 3:00 a.m.# From Randal L. Schwartz (2014-04-15):# Having landed on a flight from the states to Istanbul (via AMS) on March 31,# I can tell you that NOBODY (even the airlines) respected this timezone DST# change delay. Maybe the word just didn't get out in time.# From Paul Eggert (2014-06-15):# The press reported massive confusion, as election officials obeyed the rule# change but cell phones (and airline baggage systems) did not. See:# Kostidis M. Eventful elections in Turkey. Balkan News Agency# http://www.balkaneu.com/eventful-elections-turkey/ 2014-03-30.# I guess the best we can do is document the official time.# From Fatih (2015-09-29):# It's officially announced now by the Ministry of Energy.# Turkey delays winter time to 8th of November 04:00# http://www.aa.com.tr/tr/turkiye/yaz-saati-uygulamasi-8-kasimda-sona-erecek/362217# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/SRule Turkey 1916 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 SRule Turkey 1916 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -Rule Turkey 1920 only - Mar 28 0:00 1:00 SRule Turkey 1920 only - Oct 25 0:00 0 -Rule Turkey 1921 only - Apr 3 0:00 1:00 SRule Turkey 1921 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 -Rule Turkey 1922 only - Mar 26 0:00 1:00 SRule Turkey 1922 only - Oct 8 0:00 0 -# Whitman gives 1923 Apr 28 - Sep 16 and no DST in 1924-1925;# go with Shanks & Pottenger.Rule Turkey 1924 only - May 13 0:00 1:00 SRule Turkey 1924 1925 - Oct 1 0:00 0 -Rule Turkey 1925 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 SRule Turkey 1940 only - Jun 30 0:00 1:00 SRule Turkey 1940 only - Oct 5 0:00 0 -Rule Turkey 1940 only - Dec 1 0:00 1:00 SRule Turkey 1941 only - Sep 21 0:00 0 -Rule Turkey 1942 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S# Whitman omits the next two transition and gives 1945 Oct 1;# go with Shanks & Pottenger.Rule Turkey 1942 only - Nov 1 0:00 0 -Rule Turkey 1945 only - Apr 2 0:00 1:00 SRule Turkey 1945 only - Oct 8 0:00 0 -Rule Turkey 1946 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 SRule Turkey 1946 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -Rule Turkey 1947 1948 - Apr Sun>=16 0:00 1:00 SRule Turkey 1947 1950 - Oct Sun>=2 0:00 0 -Rule Turkey 1949 only - Apr 10 0:00 1:00 SRule Turkey 1950 only - Apr 19 0:00 1:00 SRule Turkey 1951 only - Apr 22 0:00 1:00 SRule Turkey 1951 only - Oct 8 0:00 0 -Rule Turkey 1962 only - Jul 15 0:00 1:00 SRule Turkey 1962 only - Oct 8 0:00 0 -Rule Turkey 1964 only - May 15 0:00 1:00 SRule Turkey 1964 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -Rule Turkey 1970 1972 - May Sun>=2 0:00 1:00 SRule Turkey 1970 1972 - Oct Sun>=2 0:00 0 -Rule Turkey 1973 only - Jun 3 1:00 1:00 SRule Turkey 1973 only - Nov 4 3:00 0 -Rule Turkey 1974 only - Mar 31 2:00 1:00 SRule Turkey 1974 only - Nov 3 5:00 0 -Rule Turkey 1975 only - Mar 30 0:00 1:00 SRule Turkey 1975 1976 - Oct lastSun 0:00 0 -Rule Turkey 1976 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 SRule Turkey 1977 1978 - Apr Sun>=1 0:00 1:00 SRule Turkey 1977 only - Oct 16 0:00 0 -Rule Turkey 1979 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 3:00 1:00 SRule Turkey 1979 1982 - Oct Mon>=11 0:00 0 -Rule Turkey 1981 1982 - Mar lastSun 3:00 1:00 SRule Turkey 1983 only - Jul 31 0:00 1:00 SRule Turkey 1983 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 -Rule Turkey 1985 only - Apr 20 0:00 1:00 SRule Turkey 1985 only - Sep 28 0:00 0 -Rule Turkey 1986 1990 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 SRule Turkey 1986 1990 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -Rule Turkey 1991 2006 - Mar lastSun 1:00s 1:00 SRule Turkey 1991 1995 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -Rule Turkey 1996 2006 - Oct lastSun 1:00s 0 -# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]Zone Europe/Istanbul 1:55:52 - LMT 1880 1:56:56 - IMT 1910 Oct # Istanbul Mean Time? 2:00 Turkey EE%sT 1978 Oct 15 3:00 Turkey TR%sT 1985 Apr 20 # Turkey Time 2:00 Turkey EE%sT 2007 2:00 EU EE%sT 2011 Mar 27 1:00u 2:00 - EET 2011 Mar 28 1:00u 2:00 EU EE%sT 2014 Mar 30 1:00u 2:00 - EET 2014 Mar 31 1:00u 2:00 EU EE%sT 2015 Oct 25 1:00u 2:00 1:00 EEST 2015 Nov 8 1:00u 2:00 EU EE%sTLink Europe/Istanbul Asia/Istanbul # Istanbul is in both continents.# Ukraine## From Igor Karpov, who works for the Ukrainian Ministry of Justice,# via Garrett Wollman (2003-01-27):# BTW, I've found the official document on this matter. It's government# regulations No. 509, May 13, 1996. In my poor translation it says:# "Time in Ukraine is set to second timezone (Kiev time). Each last Sunday# of March at 3am the time is changing to 4am and each last Sunday of# October the time at 4am is changing to 3am"# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2011-09-20):# On September 20, 2011 the deputies of the Verkhovna Rada agreed to# abolish the transfer clock to winter time.## Bill No. 8330 of MP from the Party of Regions Oleg Nadoshi got# approval from 266 deputies.## Ukraine abolishes transfer back to the winter time (in Russian)# http://news.mail.ru/politics/6861560/## The Ukrainians will no longer change the clock (in Russian)# http://www.segodnya.ua/news/14290482.html## Deputies cancelled the winter time (in Russian)# http://www.pravda.com.ua/rus/news/2011/09/20/6600616/## From Philip Pizzey (2011-10-18):# Today my Ukrainian colleagues have informed me that the# Ukrainian parliament have decided that they will go to winter# time this year after all.## From Udo Schwedt (2011-10-18):# As far as I understand, the recent change to the Ukrainian time zone# (Europe/Kiev) to introduce permanent daylight saving time (similar# to Russia) was reverted today:# http://portal.rada.gov.ua/rada/control/en/publish/article/info_left?art_id=287324&cat_id=105995## Also reported by Alexander Bokovoy (2011-10-18) who also noted:# The law documents themselves are at# http://w1.c1.rada.gov.ua/pls/zweb_n/webproc4_1?id=&pf3511=41484# From Vladimir in Moscow via Alois Treindl re Kiev time 1991/2 (2014-02-28):# First in Ukraine they changed Time zone from UTC+3 to UTC+2 with DST:# 03 25 1990 02:00 -03.00 1 Time Zone 3 with DST# 07 01 1990 02:00 -02.00 1 Time Zone 2 with DST# * Ukrainian Government's Resolution of 18.06.1990, No. 134.# http://search.ligazakon.ua/l_doc2.nsf/link1/T001500.html## They did not end DST in September, 1990 (according to the law,# "summer time" was still in action):# 09 30 1990 03:00 -02.00 1 Time Zone 2 with DST# * Ukrainian Government's Resolution of 21.09.1990, No. 272.# http://search.ligazakon.ua/l_doc2.nsf/link1/KP900272.html## Again no change in March, 1991 ("summer time" in action):# 03 31 1991 02:00 -02.00 1 Time Zone 2 with DST## DST ended in September 1991 ("summer time" ended):# 09 29 1991 03:00 -02.00 0 Time Zone 2, no DST# * Ukrainian Government's Resolution of 25.09.1991, No. 225.# http://www.uazakon.com/documents/date_21/pg_iwgdoc.htm# This is an answer.## Since 1992 they had normal DST procedure:# 03 29 1992 02:00 -02.00 1 DST started# 09 27 1992 03:00 -02.00 0 DST ended# * Ukrainian Government's Resolution of 20.03.1992, No. 139.# http://www.uazakon.com/documents/date_8u/pg_grcasa.htm# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]# Most of Ukraine since 1970 has been like Kiev.# "Kyiv" is the transliteration of the Ukrainian name, but# "Kiev" is more common in English.Zone Europe/Kiev 2:02:04 - LMT 1880 2:02:04 - KMT 1924 May 2 # Kiev Mean Time 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21 3:00 - MSK 1941 Sep 20 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1943 Nov 6 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990 Jul 1 2:00 2:00 1:00 EEST 1991 Sep 29 3:00 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1995 2:00 EU EE%sT# Ruthenia used CET 1990/1991.# "Uzhhorod" is the transliteration of the Rusyn/Ukrainian pronunciation, but# "Uzhgorod" is more common in English.Zone Europe/Uzhgorod 1:29:12 - LMT 1890 Oct 1:00 - CET 1940 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Oct 1:00 1:00 CEST 1944 Oct 26 1:00 - CET 1945 Jun 29 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990 3:00 - MSK 1990 Jul 1 2:00 1:00 - CET 1991 Mar 31 3:00 2:00 - EET 1992 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1995 2:00 EU EE%sT# Zaporozh'ye and eastern Lugansk oblasts observed DST 1990/1991.# "Zaporizhia" is the transliteration of the Ukrainian name, but# "Zaporozh'ye" is more common in English. Use the common English# spelling, except omit the apostrophe as it is not allowed in# portable Posix file names.Zone Europe/Zaporozhye 2:20:40 - LMT 1880 2:20 - CUT 1924 May 2 # Central Ukraine T 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21 3:00 - MSK 1941 Aug 25 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1943 Oct 25 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1995 2:00 EU EE%sT# Vatican City# See Europe/Rome.################################################################################ One source shows that Bulgaria, Cyprus, Finland, and Greece observe DST from# the last Sunday in March to the last Sunday in September in 1986.# The source shows Romania changing a day later than everybody else.## According to Bernard Sieloff's source, Poland is in the MET time zone but# uses the WE DST rules. The Western USSR uses EET+1 and ME DST rules.# Bernard Sieloff's source claims Romania switches on the same day, but at# 00:00 standard time (i.e., 01:00 DST). It also claims that Turkey# switches on the same day, but switches on at 01:00 standard time# and off at 00:00 standard time (i.e., 01:00 DST)# ...# Date: Wed, 28 Jan 87 16:56:27 -0100# From: Tom Hofmann# ...## ...the European time rules are...standardized since 1981, when# most European countries started DST. Before that year, only# a few countries (UK, France, Italy) had DST, each according# to own national rules. In 1981, however, DST started on# 'Apr firstSun', and not on 'Mar lastSun' as in the following# years...# But also since 1981 there are some more national exceptions# than listed in 'europe': Switzerland, for example, joined DST# one year later, Denmark ended DST on 'Oct 1' instead of 'Sep# lastSun' in 1981 - I don't know how they handle now.## Finally, DST ist always from 'Apr 1' to 'Oct 1' in the# Soviet Union (as far as I know).## Tom Hofmann, Scientific Computer Center, CIBA-GEIGY AG,# 4002 Basle, Switzerland# ...# ...# Date: Wed, 4 Feb 87 22:35:22 +0100# From: Dik T. Winter# ...## The information from Tom Hofmann is (as far as I know) not entirely correct.# After a request from chongo at amdahl I tried to retrieve all information# about DST in Europe. I was able to find all from about 1969.## ...standardization on DST in Europe started in about 1977 with switches on# first Sunday in April and last Sunday in September...# In 1981 UK joined Europe insofar that# the starting day for both shifted to last Sunday in March. And from 1982# the whole of Europe used DST, with switch dates April 1 and October 1 in# the Sov[i]et Union. In 1985 the SU reverted to standard Europe[a]n switch# dates...## It should also be remembered that time-zones are not constants; e.g.# Portugal switched in 1976 from MET (or CET) to WET with DST...# Note also that though there were rules for switch dates not# all countries abided to these dates, and many individual deviations# occurred, though not since 1982 I believe. Another note: it is always# assumed that DST is 1 hour ahead of normal time, this need not be the# case; at least in the Netherlands there have been times when DST was 2 hours# in advance of normal time.## ...# dik t. winter, cwi, amsterdam, nederland# ...# From Bob Devine (1988-01-28):# ...# Greece: Last Sunday in April to last Sunday in September (iffy on dates).# Since 1978. Change at midnight.# ...# Monaco: has same DST as France.# ...