jaxp/src/com/sun/java_cup/internal/runtime/lr_parser.java
changeset 12457 c348e06f0e82
parent 12005 a754d69d5e60
--- /dev/null	Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
+++ b/jaxp/src/com/sun/java_cup/internal/runtime/lr_parser.java	Thu Apr 12 08:38:26 2012 -0700
@@ -0,0 +1,1251 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 2003, 2005, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
+ * DO NOT ALTER OR REMOVE COPYRIGHT NOTICES OR THIS FILE HEADER.
+ *
+ * This code is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+ * under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 2 only, as
+ * published by the Free Software Foundation.  Oracle designates this
+ * particular file as subject to the "Classpath" exception as provided
+ * by Oracle in the LICENSE file that accompanied this code.
+ *
+ * This code is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
+ * ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU General Public License
+ * version 2 for more details (a copy is included in the LICENSE file that
+ * accompanied this code).
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License version
+ * 2 along with this work; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation,
+ * Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA.
+ *
+ * Please contact Oracle, 500 Oracle Parkway, Redwood Shores, CA 94065 USA
+ * or visit www.oracle.com if you need additional information or have any
+ * questions.
+ */
+
+
+package com.sun.java_cup.internal.runtime;
+
+import java.util.Stack;
+
+/** This class implements a skeleton table driven LR parser.  In general,
+ *  LR parsers are a form of bottom up shift-reduce parsers.  Shift-reduce
+ *  parsers act by shifting input onto a parse stack until the Symbols
+ *  matching the right hand side of a production appear on the top of the
+ *  stack.  Once this occurs, a reduce is performed.  This involves removing
+ *  the Symbols corresponding to the right hand side of the production
+ *  (the so called "handle") and replacing them with the non-terminal from
+ *  the left hand side of the production.  <p>
+ *
+ *  To control the decision of whether to shift or reduce at any given point,
+ *  the parser uses a state machine (the "viable prefix recognition machine"
+ *  built by the parser generator).  The current state of the machine is placed
+ *  on top of the parse stack (stored as part of a Symbol object representing
+ *  a terminal or non terminal).  The parse action table is consulted
+ *  (using the current state and the current lookahead Symbol as indexes) to
+ *  determine whether to shift or to reduce.  When the parser shifts, it
+ *  changes to a new state by pushing a new Symbol (containing a new state)
+ *  onto the stack.  When the parser reduces, it pops the handle (right hand
+ *  side of a production) off the stack.  This leaves the parser in the state
+ *  it was in before any of those Symbols were matched.  Next the reduce-goto
+ *  table is consulted (using the new state and current lookahead Symbol as
+ *  indexes) to determine a new state to go to.  The parser then shifts to
+ *  this goto state by pushing the left hand side Symbol of the production
+ *  (also containing the new state) onto the stack.<p>
+ *
+ *  This class actually provides four LR parsers.  The methods parse() and
+ *  debug_parse() provide two versions of the main parser (the only difference
+ *  being that debug_parse() emits debugging trace messages as it parses).
+ *  In addition to these main parsers, the error recovery mechanism uses two
+ *  more.  One of these is used to simulate "parsing ahead" in the input
+ *  without carrying out actions (to verify that a potential error recovery
+ *  has worked), and the other is used to parse through buffered "parse ahead"
+ *  input in order to execute all actions and re-synchronize the actual parser
+ *  configuration.<p>
+ *
+ *  This is an abstract class which is normally filled out by a subclass
+ *  generated by the JavaCup parser generator.  In addition to supplying
+ *  the actual parse tables, generated code also supplies methods which
+ *  invoke various pieces of user supplied code, provide access to certain
+ *  special Symbols (e.g., EOF and error), etc.  Specifically, the following
+ *  abstract methods are normally supplied by generated code:
+ *  <dl compact>
+ *  <dt> short[][] production_table()
+ *  <dd> Provides a reference to the production table (indicating the index of
+ *       the left hand side non terminal and the length of the right hand side
+ *       for each production in the grammar).
+ *  <dt> short[][] action_table()
+ *  <dd> Provides a reference to the parse action table.
+ *  <dt> short[][] reduce_table()
+ *  <dd> Provides a reference to the reduce-goto table.
+ *  <dt> int start_state()
+ *  <dd> Indicates the index of the start state.
+ *  <dt> int start_production()
+ *  <dd> Indicates the index of the starting production.
+ *  <dt> int EOF_sym()
+ *  <dd> Indicates the index of the EOF Symbol.
+ *  <dt> int error_sym()
+ *  <dd> Indicates the index of the error Symbol.
+ *  <dt> Symbol do_action()
+ *  <dd> Executes a piece of user supplied action code.  This always comes at
+ *       the point of a reduce in the parse, so this code also allocates and
+ *       fills in the left hand side non terminal Symbol object that is to be
+ *       pushed onto the stack for the reduce.
+ *  <dt> void init_actions()
+ *  <dd> Code to initialize a special object that encapsulates user supplied
+ *       actions (this object is used by do_action() to actually carry out the
+ *       actions).
+ *  </dl>
+ *
+ *  In addition to these routines that <i>must</i> be supplied by the
+ *  generated subclass there are also a series of routines that <i>may</i>
+ *  be supplied.  These include:
+ *  <dl>
+ *  <dt> Symbol scan()
+ *  <dd> Used to get the next input Symbol from the scanner.
+ *  <dt> Scanner getScanner()
+ *  <dd> Used to provide a scanner for the default implementation of
+ *       scan().
+ *  <dt> int error_sync_size()
+ *  <dd> This determines how many Symbols past the point of an error
+ *       must be parsed without error in order to consider a recovery to
+ *       be valid.  This defaults to 3.  Values less than 2 are not
+ *       recommended.
+ *  <dt> void report_error(String message, Object info)
+ *  <dd> This method is called to report an error.  The default implementation
+ *       simply prints a message to System.err and where the error occurred.
+ *       This method is often replaced in order to provide a more sophisticated
+ *       error reporting mechanism.
+ *  <dt> void report_fatal_error(String message, Object info)
+ *  <dd> This method is called when a fatal error that cannot be recovered from
+ *       is encountered.  In the default implementation, it calls
+ *       report_error() to emit a message, then throws an exception.
+ *  <dt> void syntax_error(Symbol cur_token)
+ *  <dd> This method is called as soon as syntax error is detected (but
+ *       before recovery is attempted).  In the default implementation it
+ *       invokes: report_error("Syntax error", null);
+ *  <dt> void unrecovered_syntax_error(Symbol cur_token)
+ *  <dd> This method is called if syntax error recovery fails.  In the default
+ *       implementation it invokes:<br>
+ *         report_fatal_error("Couldn't repair and continue parse", null);
+ *  </dl>
+ *
+ * @see     com.sun.java_cup.internal.runtime.Symbol
+ * @see     com.sun.java_cup.internal.runtime.Symbol
+ * @see     com.sun.java_cup.internal.runtime.virtual_parse_stack
+ * @author  Frank Flannery
+ */
+
+public abstract class lr_parser {
+
+  /*-----------------------------------------------------------*/
+  /*--- Constructor(s) ----------------------------------------*/
+  /*-----------------------------------------------------------*/
+
+  /** Simple constructor. */
+  public lr_parser()
+    {
+      /* nothing to do here */
+    }
+
+  /** Constructor that sets the default scanner. [CSA/davidm] */
+  public lr_parser(Scanner s) {
+    this(); /* in case default constructor someday does something */
+    setScanner(s);
+  }
+
+  /*-----------------------------------------------------------*/
+  /*--- (Access to) Static (Class) Variables ------------------*/
+  /*-----------------------------------------------------------*/
+
+  /** The default number of Symbols after an error we much match to consider
+   *  it recovered from.
+   */
+  protected final static int _error_sync_size = 3;
+
+  /*. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .*/
+
+  /** The number of Symbols after an error we much match to consider it
+   *  recovered from.
+   */
+  protected int error_sync_size() {return _error_sync_size; }
+
+  /*-----------------------------------------------------------*/
+  /*--- (Access to) Instance Variables ------------------------*/
+  /*-----------------------------------------------------------*/
+
+  /** Table of production information (supplied by generated subclass).
+   *  This table contains one entry per production and is indexed by
+   *  the negative-encoded values (reduce actions) in the action_table.
+   *  Each entry has two parts, the index of the non-terminal on the
+   *  left hand side of the production, and the number of Symbols
+   *  on the right hand side.
+   */
+  public abstract short[][] production_table();
+
+  /*. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .*/
+
+  /** The action table (supplied by generated subclass).  This table is
+   *  indexed by state and terminal number indicating what action is to
+   *  be taken when the parser is in the given state (i.e., the given state
+   *  is on top of the stack) and the given terminal is next on the input.
+   *  States are indexed using the first dimension, however, the entries for
+   *  a given state are compacted and stored in adjacent index, value pairs
+   *  which are searched for rather than accessed directly (see get_action()).
+   *  The actions stored in the table will be either shifts, reduces, or
+   *  errors.  Shifts are encoded as positive values (one greater than the
+   *  state shifted to).  Reduces are encoded as negative values (one less
+   *  than the production reduced by).  Error entries are denoted by zero.
+   *
+   * @see com.sun.java_cup.internal.runtime.lr_parser#get_action
+   */
+  public abstract short[][] action_table();
+
+  /*. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .*/
+
+  /** The reduce-goto table (supplied by generated subclass).  This
+   *  table is indexed by state and non-terminal number and contains
+   *  state numbers.  States are indexed using the first dimension, however,
+   *  the entries for a given state are compacted and stored in adjacent
+   *  index, value pairs which are searched for rather than accessed
+   *  directly (see get_reduce()).  When a reduce occurs, the handle
+   *  (corresponding to the RHS of the matched production) is popped off
+   *  the stack.  The new top of stack indicates a state.  This table is
+   *  then indexed by that state and the LHS of the reducing production to
+   *  indicate where to "shift" to.
+   *
+   * @see com.sun.java_cup.internal.runtime.lr_parser#get_reduce
+   */
+  public abstract short[][] reduce_table();
+
+  /*. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .*/
+
+  /** The index of the start state (supplied by generated subclass). */
+  public abstract int start_state();
+
+  /*. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .*/
+
+  /** The index of the start production (supplied by generated subclass). */
+  public abstract int start_production();
+
+  /*. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .*/
+
+  /** The index of the end of file terminal Symbol (supplied by generated
+   *  subclass).
+   */
+  public abstract int EOF_sym();
+
+  /*. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .*/
+
+  /** The index of the special error Symbol (supplied by generated subclass). */
+  public abstract int error_sym();
+
+  /*. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .*/
+
+  /** Internal flag to indicate when parser should quit. */
+  protected boolean _done_parsing = false;
+
+  /*. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .*/
+
+  /** This method is called to indicate that the parser should quit.  This is
+   *  normally called by an accept action, but can be used to cancel parsing
+   *  early in other circumstances if desired.
+   */
+  public void done_parsing()
+    {
+      _done_parsing = true;
+    }
+
+  /*. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .*/
+  /* Global parse state shared by parse(), error recovery, and
+   * debugging routines */
+  /*. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .*/
+
+  /** Indication of the index for top of stack (for use by actions). */
+  protected int tos;
+
+  /*. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .*/
+
+  /** The current lookahead Symbol. */
+  protected Symbol cur_token;
+
+  /*. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .*/
+
+  /** The parse stack itself. */
+  protected Stack stack = new Stack();
+
+  /*. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .*/
+
+  /** Direct reference to the production table. */
+  protected short[][] production_tab;
+
+  /*. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .*/
+
+  /** Direct reference to the action table. */
+  protected short[][] action_tab;
+
+  /*. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .*/
+
+  /** Direct reference to the reduce-goto table. */
+  protected short[][] reduce_tab;
+
+  /*. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .*/
+
+  /** This is the scanner object used by the default implementation
+   *  of scan() to get Symbols.  To avoid name conflicts with existing
+   *  code, this field is private. [CSA/davidm] */
+  private Scanner _scanner;
+
+  /**
+   * Simple accessor method to set the default scanner.
+   */
+  public void setScanner(Scanner s) { _scanner = s; }
+
+  /**
+   * Simple accessor method to get the default scanner.
+   */
+  public Scanner getScanner() { return _scanner; }
+
+  /*-----------------------------------------------------------*/
+  /*--- General Methods ---------------------------------------*/
+  /*-----------------------------------------------------------*/
+
+  /** Perform a bit of user supplied action code (supplied by generated
+   *  subclass).  Actions are indexed by an internal action number assigned
+   *  at parser generation time.
+   *
+   * @param act_num   the internal index of the action to be performed.
+   * @param parser    the parser object we are acting for.
+   * @param stack     the parse stack of that object.
+   * @param top       the index of the top element of the parse stack.
+   */
+  public abstract Symbol do_action(
+    int       act_num,
+    lr_parser parser,
+    Stack     stack,
+    int       top)
+    throws java.lang.Exception;
+
+  /*. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .*/
+
+  /** User code for initialization inside the parser.  Typically this
+   *  initializes the scanner.  This is called before the parser requests
+   *  the first Symbol.  Here this is just a placeholder for subclasses that
+   *  might need this and we perform no action.   This method is normally
+   *  overridden by the generated code using this contents of the "init with"
+   *  clause as its body.
+   */
+  public void user_init() throws java.lang.Exception { }
+
+  /*. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .*/
+
+  /** Initialize the action object.  This is called before the parser does
+   *  any parse actions. This is filled in by generated code to create
+   *  an object that encapsulates all action code.
+   */
+  protected abstract void init_actions() throws java.lang.Exception;
+
+  /*. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .*/
+
+  /** Get the next Symbol from the input (supplied by generated subclass).
+   *  Once end of file has been reached, all subsequent calls to scan
+   *  should return an EOF Symbol (which is Symbol number 0).  By default
+   *  this method returns getScanner().next_token(); this implementation
+   *  can be overriden by the generated parser using the code declared in
+   *  the "scan with" clause.  Do not recycle objects; every call to
+   *  scan() should return a fresh object.
+   */
+  public Symbol scan() throws java.lang.Exception {
+    return getScanner().next_token();
+  }
+
+  /*. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .*/
+
+  /** Report a fatal error.  This method takes a  message string and an
+   *  additional object (to be used by specializations implemented in
+   *  subclasses).  Here in the base class a very simple implementation
+   *  is provided which reports the error then throws an exception.
+   *
+   * @param message an error message.
+   * @param info    an extra object reserved for use by specialized subclasses.
+   */
+  public void report_fatal_error(
+    String   message,
+    Object   info)
+    throws java.lang.Exception
+    {
+      /* stop parsing (not really necessary since we throw an exception, but) */
+      done_parsing();
+
+      /* use the normal error message reporting to put out the message */
+      report_error(message, info);
+
+      /* throw an exception */
+      throw new Exception("Can't recover from previous error(s)");
+    }
+
+  /*. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .*/
+
+  /** Report a non fatal error (or warning).  This method takes a message
+   *  string and an additional object (to be used by specializations
+   *  implemented in subclasses).  Here in the base class a very simple
+   *  implementation is provided which simply prints the message to
+   *  System.err.
+   *
+   * @param message an error message.
+   * @param info    an extra object reserved for use by specialized subclasses.
+   */
+  public void report_error(String message, Object info)
+    {
+      System.err.print(message);
+      if (info instanceof Symbol)
+        if (((Symbol)info).left != -1)
+        System.err.println(" at character " + ((Symbol)info).left +
+                           " of input");
+        else System.err.println("");
+      else System.err.println("");
+    }
+
+  /*. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .*/
+
+  /** This method is called when a syntax error has been detected and recovery
+   *  is about to be invoked.  Here in the base class we just emit a
+   *  "Syntax error" error message.
+   *
+   * @param cur_token the current lookahead Symbol.
+   */
+  public void syntax_error(Symbol cur_token)
+    {
+      report_error("Syntax error", cur_token);
+    }
+
+  /*. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .*/
+
+  /** This method is called if it is determined that syntax error recovery
+   *  has been unsuccessful.  Here in the base class we report a fatal error.
+   *
+   * @param cur_token the current lookahead Symbol.
+   */
+  public void unrecovered_syntax_error(Symbol cur_token)
+    throws java.lang.Exception
+    {
+      report_fatal_error("Couldn't repair and continue parse", cur_token);
+    }
+
+  /*. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .*/
+
+  /** Fetch an action from the action table.  The table is broken up into
+   *  rows, one per state (rows are indexed directly by state number).
+   *  Within each row, a list of index, value pairs are given (as sequential
+   *  entries in the table), and the list is terminated by a default entry
+   *  (denoted with a Symbol index of -1).  To find the proper entry in a row
+   *  we do a linear or binary search (depending on the size of the row).
+   *
+   * @param state the state index of the action being accessed.
+   * @param sym   the Symbol index of the action being accessed.
+   */
+  protected final short get_action(int state, int sym)
+    {
+      short tag;
+      int first, last, probe;
+      short[] row = action_tab[state];
+
+      /* linear search if we are < 10 entries */
+      if (row.length < 20)
+        for (probe = 0; probe < row.length; probe++)
+          {
+            /* is this entry labeled with our Symbol or the default? */
+            tag = row[probe++];
+            if (tag == sym || tag == -1)
+              {
+                /* return the next entry */
+                return row[probe];
+              }
+          }
+      /* otherwise binary search */
+      else
+        {
+          first = 0;
+          last = (row.length-1)/2 - 1;  /* leave out trailing default entry */
+          while (first <= last)
+            {
+              probe = (first+last)/2;
+              if (sym == row[probe*2])
+                return row[probe*2+1];
+              else if (sym > row[probe*2])
+                first = probe+1;
+              else
+                last = probe-1;
+            }
+
+          /* not found, use the default at the end */
+          return row[row.length-1];
+        }
+
+      /* shouldn't happened, but if we run off the end we return the
+         default (error == 0) */
+      return 0;
+    }
+
+  /*. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .*/
+
+  /** Fetch a state from the reduce-goto table.  The table is broken up into
+   *  rows, one per state (rows are indexed directly by state number).
+   *  Within each row, a list of index, value pairs are given (as sequential
+   *  entries in the table), and the list is terminated by a default entry
+   *  (denoted with a Symbol index of -1).  To find the proper entry in a row
+   *  we do a linear search.
+   *
+   * @param state the state index of the entry being accessed.
+   * @param sym   the Symbol index of the entry being accessed.
+   */
+  protected final short get_reduce(int state, int sym)
+    {
+      short tag;
+      short[] row = reduce_tab[state];
+
+      /* if we have a null row we go with the default */
+      if (row == null)
+        return -1;
+
+      for (int probe = 0; probe < row.length; probe++)
+        {
+          /* is this entry labeled with our Symbol or the default? */
+          tag = row[probe++];
+          if (tag == sym || tag == -1)
+            {
+              /* return the next entry */
+              return row[probe];
+            }
+        }
+      /* if we run off the end we return the default (error == -1) */
+      return -1;
+    }
+
+  /*. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .*/
+
+  /** This method provides the main parsing routine.  It returns only when
+   *  done_parsing() has been called (typically because the parser has
+   *  accepted, or a fatal error has been reported).  See the header
+   *  documentation for the class regarding how shift/reduce parsers operate
+   *  and how the various tables are used.
+   */
+  public Symbol parse() throws java.lang.Exception
+    {
+      /* the current action code */
+      int act;
+
+      /* the Symbol/stack element returned by a reduce */
+      Symbol lhs_sym = null;
+
+      /* information about production being reduced with */
+      short handle_size, lhs_sym_num;
+
+      /* set up direct reference to tables to drive the parser */
+
+      production_tab = production_table();
+      action_tab     = action_table();
+      reduce_tab     = reduce_table();
+
+      /* initialize the action encapsulation object */
+      init_actions();
+
+      /* do user initialization */
+      user_init();
+
+      /* get the first token */
+      cur_token = scan();
+
+      /* push dummy Symbol with start state to get us underway */
+      stack.removeAllElements();
+      stack.push(new Symbol(0, start_state()));
+      tos = 0;
+
+      /* continue until we are told to stop */
+      for (_done_parsing = false; !_done_parsing; )
+        {
+          /* Check current token for freshness. */
+          if (cur_token.used_by_parser)
+            throw new Error("Symbol recycling detected (fix your scanner).");
+
+          /* current state is always on the top of the stack */
+
+          /* look up action out of the current state with the current input */
+          act = get_action(((Symbol)stack.peek()).parse_state, cur_token.sym);
+
+          /* decode the action -- > 0 encodes shift */
+          if (act > 0)
+            {
+              /* shift to the encoded state by pushing it on the stack */
+              cur_token.parse_state = act-1;
+              cur_token.used_by_parser = true;
+              stack.push(cur_token);
+              tos++;
+
+              /* advance to the next Symbol */
+              cur_token = scan();
+            }
+          /* if its less than zero, then it encodes a reduce action */
+          else if (act < 0)
+            {
+              /* perform the action for the reduce */
+              lhs_sym = do_action((-act)-1, this, stack, tos);
+
+              /* look up information about the production */
+              lhs_sym_num = production_tab[(-act)-1][0];
+              handle_size = production_tab[(-act)-1][1];
+
+              /* pop the handle off the stack */
+              for (int i = 0; i < handle_size; i++)
+                {
+                  stack.pop();
+                  tos--;
+                }
+
+              /* look up the state to go to from the one popped back to */
+              act = get_reduce(((Symbol)stack.peek()).parse_state, lhs_sym_num);
+
+              /* shift to that state */
+              lhs_sym.parse_state = act;
+              lhs_sym.used_by_parser = true;
+              stack.push(lhs_sym);
+              tos++;
+            }
+          /* finally if the entry is zero, we have an error */
+          else if (act == 0)
+            {
+              /* call user syntax error reporting routine */
+              syntax_error(cur_token);
+
+              /* try to error recover */
+              if (!error_recovery(false))
+                {
+                  /* if that fails give up with a fatal syntax error */
+                  unrecovered_syntax_error(cur_token);
+
+                  /* just in case that wasn't fatal enough, end parse */
+                  done_parsing();
+                } else {
+                  lhs_sym = (Symbol)stack.peek();
+                }
+            }
+        }
+      return lhs_sym;
+    }
+
+  /*. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .*/
+
+  /** Write a debugging message to System.err for the debugging version
+   *  of the parser.
+   *
+   * @param mess the text of the debugging message.
+   */
+  public void debug_message(String mess)
+    {
+      System.err.println(mess);
+    }
+
+  /*. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .*/
+
+  /** Dump the parse stack for debugging purposes. */
+  public void dump_stack()
+    {
+      if (stack == null)
+        {
+          debug_message("# Stack dump requested, but stack is null");
+          return;
+        }
+
+      debug_message("============ Parse Stack Dump ============");
+
+      /* dump the stack */
+      for (int i=0; i<stack.size(); i++)
+        {
+          debug_message("Symbol: " + ((Symbol)stack.elementAt(i)).sym +
+                        " State: " + ((Symbol)stack.elementAt(i)).parse_state);
+        }
+      debug_message("==========================================");
+    }
+
+  /*. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .*/
+
+  /** Do debug output for a reduce.
+   *
+   * @param prod_num  the production we are reducing with.
+   * @param nt_num    the index of the LHS non terminal.
+   * @param rhs_size  the size of the RHS.
+   */
+  public void debug_reduce(int prod_num, int nt_num, int rhs_size)
+    {
+      debug_message("# Reduce with prod #" + prod_num + " [NT=" + nt_num +
+                    ", " + "SZ=" + rhs_size + "]");
+    }
+
+  /*. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .*/
+
+  /** Do debug output for shift.
+   *
+   * @param shift_tkn the Symbol being shifted onto the stack.
+   */
+  public void debug_shift(Symbol shift_tkn)
+    {
+      debug_message("# Shift under term #" + shift_tkn.sym +
+                    " to state #" + shift_tkn.parse_state);
+    }
+
+  /*. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .*/
+
+  /** Do debug output for stack state. [CSA]
+   */
+  public void debug_stack() {
+      StringBuffer sb=new StringBuffer("## STACK:");
+      for (int i=0; i<stack.size(); i++) {
+          Symbol s = (Symbol) stack.elementAt(i);
+          sb.append(" <state "+s.parse_state+", sym "+s.sym+">");
+          if ((i%3)==2 || (i==(stack.size()-1))) {
+              debug_message(sb.toString());
+              sb = new StringBuffer("         ");
+          }
+      }
+  }
+
+  /*. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .*/
+
+  /** Perform a parse with debugging output.  This does exactly the
+   *  same things as parse(), except that it calls debug_shift() and
+   *  debug_reduce() when shift and reduce moves are taken by the parser
+   *  and produces various other debugging messages.
+   */
+  public Symbol debug_parse()
+    throws java.lang.Exception
+    {
+      /* the current action code */
+      int act;
+
+      /* the Symbol/stack element returned by a reduce */
+      Symbol lhs_sym = null;
+
+      /* information about production being reduced with */
+      short handle_size, lhs_sym_num;
+
+      /* set up direct reference to tables to drive the parser */
+      production_tab = production_table();
+      action_tab     = action_table();
+      reduce_tab     = reduce_table();
+
+      debug_message("# Initializing parser");
+
+      /* initialize the action encapsulation object */
+      init_actions();
+
+      /* do user initialization */
+      user_init();
+
+      /* the current Symbol */
+      cur_token = scan();
+
+      debug_message("# Current Symbol is #" + cur_token.sym);
+
+      /* push dummy Symbol with start state to get us underway */
+      stack.removeAllElements();
+      stack.push(new Symbol(0, start_state()));
+      tos = 0;
+
+      /* continue until we are told to stop */
+      for (_done_parsing = false; !_done_parsing; )
+        {
+          /* Check current token for freshness. */
+          if (cur_token.used_by_parser)
+            throw new Error("Symbol recycling detected (fix your scanner).");
+
+          /* current state is always on the top of the stack */
+          //debug_stack();
+
+          /* look up action out of the current state with the current input */
+          act = get_action(((Symbol)stack.peek()).parse_state, cur_token.sym);
+
+          /* decode the action -- > 0 encodes shift */
+          if (act > 0)
+            {
+              /* shift to the encoded state by pushing it on the stack */
+              cur_token.parse_state = act-1;
+              cur_token.used_by_parser = true;
+              debug_shift(cur_token);
+              stack.push(cur_token);
+              tos++;
+
+              /* advance to the next Symbol */
+              cur_token = scan();
+              debug_message("# Current token is " + cur_token);
+            }
+          /* if its less than zero, then it encodes a reduce action */
+          else if (act < 0)
+            {
+              /* perform the action for the reduce */
+              lhs_sym = do_action((-act)-1, this, stack, tos);
+
+              /* look up information about the production */
+              lhs_sym_num = production_tab[(-act)-1][0];
+              handle_size = production_tab[(-act)-1][1];
+
+              debug_reduce((-act)-1, lhs_sym_num, handle_size);
+
+              /* pop the handle off the stack */
+              for (int i = 0; i < handle_size; i++)
+                {
+                  stack.pop();
+                  tos--;
+                }
+
+              /* look up the state to go to from the one popped back to */
+              act = get_reduce(((Symbol)stack.peek()).parse_state, lhs_sym_num);
+              debug_message("# Reduce rule: top state " +
+                             ((Symbol)stack.peek()).parse_state +
+                             ", lhs sym " + lhs_sym_num + " -> state " + act);
+
+              /* shift to that state */
+              lhs_sym.parse_state = act;
+              lhs_sym.used_by_parser = true;
+              stack.push(lhs_sym);
+              tos++;
+
+              debug_message("# Goto state #" + act);
+            }
+          /* finally if the entry is zero, we have an error */
+          else if (act == 0)
+            {
+              /* call user syntax error reporting routine */
+              syntax_error(cur_token);
+
+              /* try to error recover */
+              if (!error_recovery(true))
+                {
+                  /* if that fails give up with a fatal syntax error */
+                  unrecovered_syntax_error(cur_token);
+
+                  /* just in case that wasn't fatal enough, end parse */
+                  done_parsing();
+                } else {
+                  lhs_sym = (Symbol)stack.peek();
+                }
+            }
+        }
+      return lhs_sym;
+    }
+
+  /*. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .*/
+  /* Error recovery code */
+  /*. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .*/
+
+  /** Attempt to recover from a syntax error.  This returns false if recovery
+   *  fails, true if it succeeds.  Recovery happens in 4 steps.  First we
+   *  pop the parse stack down to a point at which we have a shift out
+   *  of the top-most state on the error Symbol.  This represents the
+   *  initial error recovery configuration.  If no such configuration is
+   *  found, then we fail.  Next a small number of "lookahead" or "parse
+   *  ahead" Symbols are read into a buffer.  The size of this buffer is
+   *  determined by error_sync_size() and determines how many Symbols beyond
+   *  the error must be matched to consider the recovery a success.  Next,
+   *  we begin to discard Symbols in attempt to get past the point of error
+   *  to a point where we can continue parsing.  After each Symbol, we attempt
+   *  to "parse ahead" though the buffered lookahead Symbols.  The "parse ahead"
+   *  process simulates that actual parse, but does not modify the real
+   *  parser's configuration, nor execute any actions. If we can  parse all
+   *  the stored Symbols without error, then the recovery is considered a
+   *  success.  Once a successful recovery point is determined, we do an
+   *  actual parse over the stored input -- modifying the real parse
+   *  configuration and executing all actions.  Finally, we return the the
+   *  normal parser to continue with the overall parse.
+   *
+   * @param debug should we produce debugging messages as we parse.
+   */
+  protected boolean error_recovery(boolean debug)
+    throws java.lang.Exception
+    {
+      if (debug) debug_message("# Attempting error recovery");
+
+      /* first pop the stack back into a state that can shift on error and
+         do that shift (if that fails, we fail) */
+      if (!find_recovery_config(debug))
+        {
+          if (debug) debug_message("# Error recovery fails");
+          return false;
+        }
+
+      /* read ahead to create lookahead we can parse multiple times */
+      read_lookahead();
+
+      /* repeatedly try to parse forward until we make it the required dist */
+      for (;;)
+        {
+          /* try to parse forward, if it makes it, bail out of loop */
+          if (debug) debug_message("# Trying to parse ahead");
+          if (try_parse_ahead(debug))
+            {
+              break;
+            }
+
+          /* if we are now at EOF, we have failed */
+          if (lookahead[0].sym == EOF_sym())
+            {
+              if (debug) debug_message("# Error recovery fails at EOF");
+              return false;
+            }
+
+          /* otherwise, we consume another Symbol and try again */
+          if (debug)
+          debug_message("# Consuming Symbol #" + cur_err_token().sym);
+          restart_lookahead();
+        }
+
+      /* we have consumed to a point where we can parse forward */
+      if (debug) debug_message("# Parse-ahead ok, going back to normal parse");
+
+      /* do the real parse (including actions) across the lookahead */
+      parse_lookahead(debug);
+
+      /* we have success */
+      return true;
+    }
+
+  /*. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .*/
+
+  /** Determine if we can shift under the special error Symbol out of the
+   *  state currently on the top of the (real) parse stack.
+   */
+  protected boolean shift_under_error()
+    {
+      /* is there a shift under error Symbol */
+      return get_action(((Symbol)stack.peek()).parse_state, error_sym()) > 0;
+    }
+
+  /*. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .*/
+
+  /** Put the (real) parse stack into error recovery configuration by
+   *  popping the stack down to a state that can shift on the special
+   *  error Symbol, then doing the shift.  If no suitable state exists on
+   *  the stack we return false
+   *
+   * @param debug should we produce debugging messages as we parse.
+   */
+  protected boolean find_recovery_config(boolean debug)
+    {
+      Symbol error_token;
+      int act;
+
+      if (debug) debug_message("# Finding recovery state on stack");
+
+      /* Remember the right-position of the top symbol on the stack */
+      int right_pos = ((Symbol)stack.peek()).right;
+      int left_pos  = ((Symbol)stack.peek()).left;
+
+      /* pop down until we can shift under error Symbol */
+      while (!shift_under_error())
+        {
+          /* pop the stack */
+          if (debug)
+            debug_message("# Pop stack by one, state was # " +
+                          ((Symbol)stack.peek()).parse_state);
+          left_pos = ((Symbol)stack.pop()).left;
+          tos--;
+
+          /* if we have hit bottom, we fail */
+          if (stack.empty())
+            {
+              if (debug) debug_message("# No recovery state found on stack");
+              return false;
+            }
+        }
+
+      /* state on top of the stack can shift under error, find the shift */
+      act = get_action(((Symbol)stack.peek()).parse_state, error_sym());
+      if (debug)
+        {
+          debug_message("# Recover state found (#" +
+                        ((Symbol)stack.peek()).parse_state + ")");
+          debug_message("# Shifting on error to state #" + (act-1));
+        }
+
+      /* build and shift a special error Symbol */
+      error_token = new Symbol(error_sym(), left_pos, right_pos);
+      error_token.parse_state = act-1;
+      error_token.used_by_parser = true;
+      stack.push(error_token);
+      tos++;
+
+      return true;
+    }
+
+  /*. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .*/
+
+  /** Lookahead Symbols used for attempting error recovery "parse aheads". */
+  protected Symbol lookahead[];
+
+  /** Position in lookahead input buffer used for "parse ahead". */
+  protected int lookahead_pos;
+
+  /*. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .*/
+
+  /** Read from input to establish our buffer of "parse ahead" lookahead
+   *  Symbols.
+   */
+  protected void read_lookahead() throws java.lang.Exception
+    {
+      /* create the lookahead array */
+      lookahead = new Symbol[error_sync_size()];
+
+      /* fill in the array */
+      for (int i = 0; i < error_sync_size(); i++)
+        {
+          lookahead[i] = cur_token;
+          cur_token = scan();
+        }
+
+      /* start at the beginning */
+      lookahead_pos = 0;
+    }
+
+  /*. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .*/
+
+  /** Return the current lookahead in our error "parse ahead" buffer. */
+  protected Symbol cur_err_token() { return lookahead[lookahead_pos]; }
+
+  /*. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .*/
+
+  /** Advance to next "parse ahead" input Symbol. Return true if we have
+   *  input to advance to, false otherwise.
+   */
+  protected boolean advance_lookahead()
+    {
+      /* advance the input location */
+      lookahead_pos++;
+
+      /* return true if we didn't go off the end */
+      return lookahead_pos < error_sync_size();
+    }
+
+  /*. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .*/
+
+  /** Reset the parse ahead input to one Symbol past where we started error
+   *  recovery (this consumes one new Symbol from the real input).
+   */
+  protected void restart_lookahead() throws java.lang.Exception
+    {
+      /* move all the existing input over */
+      for (int i = 1; i < error_sync_size(); i++)
+        lookahead[i-1] = lookahead[i];
+
+      /* read a new Symbol into the last spot */
+      cur_token = scan();
+      lookahead[error_sync_size()-1] = cur_token;
+
+      /* reset our internal position marker */
+      lookahead_pos = 0;
+    }
+
+  /*. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .*/
+
+  /** Do a simulated parse forward (a "parse ahead") from the current
+   *  stack configuration using stored lookahead input and a virtual parse
+   *  stack.  Return true if we make it all the way through the stored
+   *  lookahead input without error. This basically simulates the action of
+   *  parse() using only our saved "parse ahead" input, and not executing any
+   *  actions.
+   *
+   * @param debug should we produce debugging messages as we parse.
+   */
+  protected boolean try_parse_ahead(boolean debug)
+    throws java.lang.Exception
+    {
+      int act;
+      short lhs, rhs_size;
+
+      /* create a virtual stack from the real parse stack */
+      virtual_parse_stack vstack = new virtual_parse_stack(stack);
+
+      /* parse until we fail or get past the lookahead input */
+      for (;;)
+        {
+          /* look up the action from the current state (on top of stack) */
+          act = get_action(vstack.top(), cur_err_token().sym);
+
+          /* if its an error, we fail */
+          if (act == 0) return false;
+
+          /* > 0 encodes a shift */
+          if (act > 0)
+            {
+              /* push the new state on the stack */
+              vstack.push(act-1);
+
+              if (debug) debug_message("# Parse-ahead shifts Symbol #" +
+                       cur_err_token().sym + " into state #" + (act-1));
+
+              /* advance simulated input, if we run off the end, we are done */
+              if (!advance_lookahead()) return true;
+            }
+          /* < 0 encodes a reduce */
+          else
+            {
+              /* if this is a reduce with the start production we are done */
+              if ((-act)-1 == start_production())
+                {
+                  if (debug) debug_message("# Parse-ahead accepts");
+                  return true;
+                }
+
+              /* get the lhs Symbol and the rhs size */
+              lhs = production_tab[(-act)-1][0];
+              rhs_size = production_tab[(-act)-1][1];
+
+              /* pop handle off the stack */
+              for (int i = 0; i < rhs_size; i++)
+                vstack.pop();
+
+              if (debug)
+                debug_message("# Parse-ahead reduces: handle size = " +
+                  rhs_size + " lhs = #" + lhs + " from state #" + vstack.top());
+
+              /* look up goto and push it onto the stack */
+              vstack.push(get_reduce(vstack.top(), lhs));
+              if (debug)
+                debug_message("# Goto state #" + vstack.top());
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+  /*. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .*/
+
+  /** Parse forward using stored lookahead Symbols.  In this case we have
+   *  already verified that parsing will make it through the stored lookahead
+   *  Symbols and we are now getting back to the point at which we can hand
+   *  control back to the normal parser.  Consequently, this version of the
+   *  parser performs all actions and modifies the real parse configuration.
+   *  This returns once we have consumed all the stored input or we accept.
+   *
+   * @param debug should we produce debugging messages as we parse.
+   */
+  protected void parse_lookahead(boolean debug)
+    throws java.lang.Exception
+    {
+      /* the current action code */
+      int act;
+
+      /* the Symbol/stack element returned by a reduce */
+      Symbol lhs_sym = null;
+
+      /* information about production being reduced with */
+      short handle_size, lhs_sym_num;
+
+      /* restart the saved input at the beginning */
+      lookahead_pos = 0;
+
+      if (debug)
+        {
+          debug_message("# Reparsing saved input with actions");
+          debug_message("# Current Symbol is #" + cur_err_token().sym);
+          debug_message("# Current state is #" +
+                        ((Symbol)stack.peek()).parse_state);
+        }
+
+      /* continue until we accept or have read all lookahead input */
+      while(!_done_parsing)
+        {
+          /* current state is always on the top of the stack */
+
+          /* look up action out of the current state with the current input */
+          act =
+            get_action(((Symbol)stack.peek()).parse_state, cur_err_token().sym);
+
+          /* decode the action -- > 0 encodes shift */
+          if (act > 0)
+            {
+              /* shift to the encoded state by pushing it on the stack */
+              cur_err_token().parse_state = act-1;
+              cur_err_token().used_by_parser = true;
+              if (debug) debug_shift(cur_err_token());
+              stack.push(cur_err_token());
+              tos++;
+
+              /* advance to the next Symbol, if there is none, we are done */
+              if (!advance_lookahead())
+                {
+                  if (debug) debug_message("# Completed reparse");
+
+                  /* scan next Symbol so we can continue parse */
+                  // BUGFIX by Chris Harris <ckharris@ucsd.edu>:
+                  //   correct a one-off error by commenting out
+                  //   this next line.
+                  /*cur_token = scan();*/
+
+                  /* go back to normal parser */
+                  return;
+                }
+
+              if (debug)
+                debug_message("# Current Symbol is #" + cur_err_token().sym);
+            }
+          /* if its less than zero, then it encodes a reduce action */
+          else if (act < 0)
+            {
+              /* perform the action for the reduce */
+              lhs_sym = do_action((-act)-1, this, stack, tos);
+
+              /* look up information about the production */
+              lhs_sym_num = production_tab[(-act)-1][0];
+              handle_size = production_tab[(-act)-1][1];
+
+              if (debug) debug_reduce((-act)-1, lhs_sym_num, handle_size);
+
+              /* pop the handle off the stack */
+              for (int i = 0; i < handle_size; i++)
+                {
+                  stack.pop();
+                  tos--;
+                }
+
+              /* look up the state to go to from the one popped back to */
+              act = get_reduce(((Symbol)stack.peek()).parse_state, lhs_sym_num);
+
+              /* shift to that state */
+              lhs_sym.parse_state = act;
+              lhs_sym.used_by_parser = true;
+              stack.push(lhs_sym);
+              tos++;
+
+              if (debug) debug_message("# Goto state #" + act);
+
+            }
+          /* finally if the entry is zero, we have an error
+             (shouldn't happen here, but...)*/
+          else if (act == 0)
+            {
+              report_fatal_error("Syntax error", lhs_sym);
+              return;
+            }
+        }
+
+
+    }
+
+  /*-----------------------------------------------------------*/
+
+  /** Utility function: unpacks parse tables from strings */
+  protected static short[][] unpackFromStrings(String[] sa)
+    {
+      // Concatanate initialization strings.
+      StringBuffer sb = new StringBuffer(sa[0]);
+      for (int i=1; i<sa.length; i++)
+        sb.append(sa[i]);
+      int n=0; // location in initialization string
+      int size1 = (((int)sb.charAt(n))<<16) | ((int)sb.charAt(n+1)); n+=2;
+      short[][] result = new short[size1][];
+      for (int i=0; i<size1; i++) {
+        int size2 = (((int)sb.charAt(n))<<16) | ((int)sb.charAt(n+1)); n+=2;
+        result[i] = new short[size2];
+        for (int j=0; j<size2; j++)
+          result[i][j] = (short) (sb.charAt(n++)-2);
+      }
+      return result;
+    }
+}