--- a/test/jdk/sun/util/calendar/zi/tzdata/europe Tue Jul 23 15:33:52 2019 -0400
+++ /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
@@ -1,4016 +0,0 @@
-#
-# DO NOT ALTER OR REMOVE COPYRIGHT NOTICES OR THIS FILE HEADER.
-#
-# This code is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
-# under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 2 only, as
-# published by the Free Software Foundation.
-#
-# This code is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
-# ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or
-# FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License
-# version 2 for more details (a copy is included in the LICENSE file that
-# accompanied this code).
-#
-# You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License version
-# 2 along with this work; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation,
-# Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA.
-#
-# Please contact Oracle, 500 Oracle Parkway, Redwood Shores, CA 94065 USA
-# or visit www.oracle.com if you need additional information or have any
-# questions.
-#
-# tzdb data for Europe and environs
-
-# This file is in the public domain, so clarified as of
-# 2009-05-17 by Arthur David Olson.
-
-# This file is by no means authoritative; if you think you know better,
-# go ahead and edit the file (and please send any changes to
-# tz@iana.org for general use in the future). For more, please see
-# the file CONTRIBUTING in the tz distribution.
-
-# From Paul Eggert (2017-02-10):
-#
-# Unless otherwise specified, the source for data through 1990 is:
-# Thomas G. Shanks and Rique Pottenger, The International Atlas (6th edition),
-# San Diego: ACS Publications, Inc. (2003).
-# Unfortunately this book contains many errors and cites no sources.
-#
-# Many years ago Gwillim Law wrote that a good source
-# for time zone data was the International Air Transport
-# Association's Standard Schedules Information Manual (IATA SSIM),
-# published semiannually. Law sent in several helpful summaries
-# of the IATA's data after 1990. Except where otherwise noted,
-# IATA SSIM is the source for entries after 1990.
-#
-# A reliable and entertaining source about time zones is
-# Derek Howse, Greenwich time and longitude, Philip Wilson Publishers (1997).
-#
-# Except where otherwise noted, Shanks & Pottenger is the source for
-# entries through 1991, and IATA SSIM is the source for entries afterwards.
-#
-# Other sources occasionally used include:
-#
-# Edward W. Whitman, World Time Differences,
-# Whitman Publishing Co, 2 Niagara Av, Ealing, London (undated),
-# which I found in the UCLA library.
-#
-# William Willett, The Waste of Daylight, 19th edition
-# <http://cs.ucla.edu/~eggert/The-Waste-of-Daylight-19th.pdf>
-# [PDF] (1914-03)
-#
-# Milne J. Civil time. Geogr J. 1899 Feb;13(2):173-94
-# <https://www.jstor.org/stable/1774359>. He writes:
-# "It is requested that corrections and additions to these tables
-# may be sent to Mr. John Milne, Royal Geographical Society,
-# Savile Row, London." Nowadays please email them to tz@iana.org.
-#
-# Byalokoz EL. New Counting of Time in Russia since July 1, 1919.
-# This Russian-language source was consulted by Vladimir Karpinsky; see
-# https://mm.icann.org/pipermail/tz/2014-August/021320.html
-# The full Russian citation is:
-# Бялокоз, Евгений Людвигович. Новый счет времени в течении суток
-# введенный декретом Совета народных комиссаров для всей России с 1-го
-# июля 1919 г. / Изд. 2-е Междуведомственной комиссии. - Петроград:
-# Десятая гос. тип., 1919.
-# http://resolver.gpntb.ru/purl?docushare/dsweb/Get/Resource-2011/Byalokoz__E.L.__Novyy__schet__vremeni__v__techenie__sutok__izd__2(1).pdf
-#
-# Brazil's Divisão Serviço da Hora (DSHO),
-# History of Summer Time
-# <http://pcdsh01.on.br/HISTHV.htm>
-# (1998-09-21, in Portuguese)
-#
-# I invented the abbreviations marked '*' in the following table;
-# the rest are variants of the "xMT" pattern for a city's mean time,
-# or are from other sources. Corrections are welcome!
-# std dst 2dst
-# LMT Local Mean Time
-# -4:00 AST ADT Atlantic
-# 0:00 GMT BST BDST Greenwich, British Summer
-# 0:00 GMT IST Greenwich, Irish Summer
-# 0:00 WET WEST WEMT Western Europe
-# 0:19:32.13 AMT* NST* Amsterdam, Netherlands Summer (1835-1937)
-# 1:00 BST British Standard (1968-1971)
-# 1:00 IST GMT Irish Standard (1968-) with winter DST
-# 1:00 CET CEST CEMT Central Europe
-# 1:00:14 SET Swedish (1879-1899)
-# 1:36:34 RMT* LST* Riga, Latvian Summer (1880-1926)*
-# 2:00 EET EEST Eastern Europe
-# 3:00 MSK MSD MDST* Moscow
-
-# From Peter Ilieve (1994-12-04), re EEC/EC/EU members:
-# The original six: Belgium, France, (West) Germany, Italy,
-# Luxembourg, the Netherlands.
-# Plus, from 1 Jan 73: Denmark, Ireland, United Kingdom.
-# Plus, from 1 Jan 81: Greece.
-# Plus, from 1 Jan 86: Spain, Portugal.
-# Plus, from 1 Jan 95: Austria, Finland, Sweden. (Norway negotiated terms for
-# entry but in a referendum on 28 Nov 94 the people voted No by 52.2% to 47.8%
-# on a turnout of 88.6%. This was almost the same result as Norway's previous
-# referendum in 1972, they are the only country to have said No twice.
-# Referendums in the other three countries voted Yes.)
-# ...
-# Estonia ... uses EU dates but not at 01:00 GMT, they use midnight GMT.
-# I don't think they know yet what they will do from 1996 onwards.
-# ...
-# There shouldn't be any [current members who are not using EU rules].
-# A Directive has the force of law, member states are obliged to enact
-# national law to implement it. The only contentious issue was the
-# different end date for the UK and Ireland, and this was always allowed
-# in the Directive.
-
-
-###############################################################################
-
-# Britain (United Kingdom) and Ireland (Eire)
-
-# From Peter Ilieve (1994-07-06):
-#
-# On 17 Jan 1994 the Independent, a UK quality newspaper, had a piece about
-# historical vistas along the Thames in west London. There was a photo
-# and a sketch map showing some of the sightlines involved. One paragraph
-# of the text said:
-#
-# 'An old stone obelisk marking a forgotten terrestrial meridian stands
-# beside the river at Kew. In the 18th century, before time and longitude
-# was standardised by the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, scholars observed
-# this stone and the movement of stars from Kew Observatory nearby. They
-# made their calculations and set the time for the Horse Guards and Parliament,
-# but now the stone is obscured by scrubwood and can only be seen by walking
-# along the towpath within a few yards of it.'
-#
-# I have a one inch to one mile map of London and my estimate of the stone's
-# position is 51° 28' 30" N, 0° 18' 45" W. The longitude should
-# be within about ±2". The Ordnance Survey grid reference is TQ172761.
-#
-# [This yields GMTOFF = -0:01:15 for London LMT in the 18th century.]
-
-# From Paul Eggert (1993-11-18):
-#
-# Howse writes that Britain was the first country to use standard time.
-# The railways cared most about the inconsistencies of local mean time,
-# and it was they who forced a uniform time on the country.
-# The original idea was credited to Dr. William Hyde Wollaston (1766-1828)
-# and was popularized by Abraham Follett Osler (1808-1903).
-# The first railway to adopt London time was the Great Western Railway
-# in November 1840; other railways followed suit, and by 1847 most
-# (though not all) railways used London time. On 1847-09-22 the
-# Railway Clearing House, an industry standards body, recommended that GMT be
-# adopted at all stations as soon as the General Post Office permitted it.
-# The transition occurred on 12-01 for the L&NW, the Caledonian,
-# and presumably other railways; the January 1848 Bradshaw's lists many
-# railways as using GMT. By 1855 the vast majority of public
-# clocks in Britain were set to GMT (though some, like the great clock
-# on Tom Tower at Christ Church, Oxford, were fitted with two minute hands,
-# one for local time and one for GMT). The last major holdout was the legal
-# system, which stubbornly stuck to local time for many years, leading
-# to oddities like polls opening at 08:13 and closing at 16:13.
-# The legal system finally switched to GMT when the Statutes (Definition
-# of Time) Act took effect; it received the Royal Assent on 1880-08-02.
-#
-# In the tables below, we condense this complicated story into a single
-# transition date for London, namely 1847-12-01. We don't know as much
-# about Dublin, so we use 1880-08-02, the legal transition time.
-
-# From Paul Eggert (2014-07-19):
-# The ancients had no need for daylight saving, as they kept time
-# informally or via hours whose length depended on the time of year.
-# Daylight saving time in its modern sense was invented by the
-# New Zealand entomologist George Vernon Hudson (1867-1946),
-# whose day job as a postal clerk led him to value
-# after-hours daylight in which to pursue his research.
-# In 1895 he presented a paper to the Wellington Philosophical Society
-# that proposed a two-hour daylight-saving shift. See:
-# Hudson GV. On seasonal time-adjustment in countries south of lat. 30°.
-# Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute. 1895;28:734
-# http://rsnz.natlib.govt.nz/volume/rsnz_28/rsnz_28_00_006110.html
-# Although some interest was expressed in New Zealand, his proposal
-# did not find its way into law and eventually it was almost forgotten.
-#
-# In England, DST was independently reinvented by William Willett (1857-1915),
-# a London builder and member of the Royal Astronomical Society
-# who circulated a pamphlet "The Waste of Daylight" (1907)
-# that proposed advancing clocks 20 minutes on each of four Sundays in April,
-# and retarding them by the same amount on four Sundays in September.
-# A bill was drafted in 1909 and introduced in Parliament several times,
-# but it met with ridicule and opposition, especially from farming interests.
-# Later editions of the pamphlet proposed one-hour summer time, and
-# it was eventually adopted as a wartime measure in 1916.
-# See: Summer Time Arrives Early, The Times (2000-05-18).
-# A monument to Willett was unveiled on 1927-05-21, in an open space in
-# a 45-acre wood near Chislehurst, Kent that was purchased by popular
-# subscription and open to the public. On the south face of the monolith,
-# designed by G. W. Miller, is the William Willett Memorial Sundial,
-# which is permanently set to Summer Time.
-
-# From Winston Churchill (1934-04-28):
-# It is one of the paradoxes of history that we should owe the boon of
-# summer time, which gives every year to the people of this country
-# between 160 and 170 hours more daylight leisure, to a war which
-# plunged Europe into darkness for four years, and shook the
-# foundations of civilization throughout the world.
-# -- "A Silent Toast to William Willett", Pictorial Weekly;
-# republished in Finest Hour (Spring 2002) 1(114):26
-# https://www.winstonchurchill.org/publications/finest-hour/finest-hour-114/a-silent-toast-to-william-willett-by-winston-s-churchill
-
-# From Paul Eggert (2015-08-08):
-# The OED Supplement says that the English originally said "Daylight Saving"
-# when they were debating the adoption of DST in 1908; but by 1916 this
-# term appears only in quotes taken from DST's opponents, whereas the
-# proponents (who eventually won the argument) are quoted as using "Summer".
-# The term "Summer Time" was introduced by Herbert Samuel, Home Secretary; see:
-# Viscount Samuel. Leisure in a Democracy. Cambridge University Press
-# ISBN 978-1-107-49471-8 (1949, reissued 2015), p 8.
-
-# From Arthur David Olson (1989-01-19):
-# A source at the British Information Office in New York avers that it's
-# known as "British" Summer Time in all parts of the United Kingdom.
-
-# Date: 4 Jan 89 08:57:25 GMT (Wed)
-# From: Jonathan Leffler
-# [British Summer Time] is fixed annually by Act of Parliament.
-# If you can predict what Parliament will do, you should be in
-# politics making a fortune, not computing.
-
-# From Chris Carrier (1996-06-14):
-# I remember reading in various wartime issues of the London Times the
-# acronym BDST for British Double Summer Time. Look for the published
-# time of sunrise and sunset in The Times, when BDST was in effect, and
-# if you find a zone reference it will say, "All times B.D.S.T."
-
-# From Joseph S. Myers (1999-09-02):
-# ... some military cables (WO 219/4100 - this is a copy from the
-# main SHAEF archives held in the US National Archives, SHAEF/5252/8/516)
-# agree that the usage is BDST (this appears in a message dated 17 Feb 1945).
-
-# From Joseph S. Myers (2000-10-03):
-# On 18th April 1941, Sir Stephen Tallents of the BBC wrote to Sir
-# Alexander Maxwell of the Home Office asking whether there was any
-# official designation; the reply of the 21st was that there wasn't
-# but he couldn't think of anything better than the "Double British
-# Summer Time" that the BBC had been using informally.
-# https://www.polyomino.org.uk/british-time/bbc-19410418.png
-# https://www.polyomino.org.uk/british-time/ho-19410421.png
-
-# From Sir Alexander Maxwell in the above-mentioned letter (1941-04-21):
-# [N]o official designation has as far as I know been adopted for the time
-# which is to be introduced in May....
-# I cannot think of anything better than "Double British Summer Time"
-# which could not be said to run counter to any official description.
-
-# From Paul Eggert (2000-10-02):
-# Howse writes (p 157) 'DBST' too, but 'BDST' seems to have been common
-# and follows the more usual convention of putting the location name first,
-# so we use 'BDST'.
-
-# Peter Ilieve (1998-04-19) described at length
-# the history of summer time legislation in the United Kingdom.
-# Since 1998 Joseph S. Myers has been updating
-# and extending this list, which can be found in
-# https://www.polyomino.org.uk/british-time/
-
-# From Joseph S. Myers (1998-01-06):
-#
-# The legal time in the UK outside of summer time is definitely GMT, not UTC;
-# see Lord Tanlaw's speech
-# https://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld199798/ldhansrd/vo970611/text/70611-10.htm#70611-10_head0
-# (Lords Hansard 11 June 1997 columns 964 to 976).
-
-# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
-#
-# For lack of other data, follow Shanks & Pottenger for Eire in 1940-1948.
-#
-# Given Ilieve and Myers's data, the following claims by Shanks & Pottenger
-# are incorrect:
-# * Wales did not switch from GMT to daylight saving time until
-# 1921 Apr 3, when they began to conform with the rest of Great Britain.
-# Actually, Wales was identical after 1880.
-# * Eire had two transitions on 1916 Oct 1.
-# It actually just had one transition.
-# * Northern Ireland used single daylight saving time throughout WW II.
-# Actually, it conformed to Britain.
-# * GB-Eire changed standard time to 1 hour ahead of GMT on 1968-02-18.
-# Actually, that date saw the usual switch to summer time.
-# Standard time was not changed until 1968-10-27 (the clocks didn't change).
-#
-# Here is another incorrect claim by Shanks & Pottenger:
-# * Jersey, Guernsey, and the Isle of Man did not switch from GMT
-# to daylight saving time until 1921 Apr 3, when they began to
-# conform with Great Britain.
-# S.R.&O. 1916, No. 382 and HO 45/10811/312364 (quoted above) say otherwise.
-#
-# The following claim by Shanks & Pottenger is possible though doubtful;
-# we'll ignore it for now.
-# * Dublin's 1971-10-31 switch was at 02:00, even though London's was 03:00.
-
-# From Paul Eggert (2017-12-04):
-#
-# Dunsink Observatory (8 km NW of Dublin's center) was to Dublin as
-# Greenwich was to London. For example:
-#
-# "Timeball on the ballast office is down. Dunsink time."
-# -- James Joyce, Ulysses
-#
-# The abbreviation DMT stood for "Dublin Mean Time" or "Dunsink Mean Time";
-# this being Ireland, opinions differed.
-#
-# Whitman says Dublin/Dunsink Mean Time was UT-00:25:21, which agrees
-# with measurements of recent visitors to the Meridian Room of Dunsink
-# Observatory; see Malone D. Dunsink and timekeeping. 2016-01-24.
-# <https://www.maths.tcd.ie/~dwmalone/time/dunsink.html>. Malone
-# writes that the Nautical Almanac listed UT-00:25:22 until 1896, when
-# it moved to UT-00:25:21.1 (I confirmed that the 1893 edition used
-# the former and the 1896 edition used the latter). Evidently the
-# news of this change propagated slowly, as Milne 1899 still lists
-# UT-00:25:22 and cites the International Telegraph Bureau. As it is
-# not clear that there was any practical significance to the change
-# from UT-00:25:22 to UT-00:25:21.1 in civil timekeeping, omit this
-# transition for now and just use the latter value, omitting its
-# fraction since our format cannot represent fractions.
-
-# "Countess Markievicz ... claimed that the [1916] abolition of Dublin Mean Time
-# was among various actions undertaken by the 'English' government that
-# would 'put the whole country into the SF (Sinn Féin) camp'. She claimed
-# Irish 'public feeling (was) outraged by forcing of English time on us'."
-# -- Parsons M. Dublin lost its time zone - and 25 minutes - after 1916 Rising.
-# Irish Times 2014-10-27.
-# https://www.irishtimes.com/news/politics/dublin-lost-its-time-zone-and-25-minutes-after-1916-rising-1.1977411
-
-# From Joseph S. Myers (2005-01-26):
-# Irish laws are available online at <http://www.irishstatutebook.ie>.
-# These include various relating to legal time, for example:
-#
-# ZZA13Y1923.html ZZA12Y1924.html ZZA8Y1925.html ZZSIV20PG1267.html
-#
-# ZZSI71Y1947.html ZZSI128Y1948.html ZZSI23Y1949.html ZZSI41Y1950.html
-# ZZSI27Y1951.html ZZSI73Y1952.html
-#
-# ZZSI11Y1961.html ZZSI232Y1961.html ZZSI182Y1962.html
-# ZZSI167Y1963.html ZZSI257Y1964.html ZZSI198Y1967.html
-# ZZA23Y1968.html ZZA17Y1971.html
-#
-# ZZSI67Y1981.html ZZSI212Y1982.html ZZSI45Y1986.html
-# ZZSI264Y1988.html ZZSI52Y1990.html ZZSI371Y1992.html
-# ZZSI395Y1994.html ZZSI484Y1997.html ZZSI506Y2001.html
-#
-# [These are all relative to the root, e.g., the first is
-# <http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/ZZA13Y1923.html>.]
-#
-# (These are those I found, but there could be more. In any case these
-# should allow various updates to the comments in the europe file to cover
-# the laws applicable in Ireland.)
-#
-# (Note that the time in the Republic of Ireland since 1968 has been defined
-# in terms of standard time being GMT+1 with a period of winter time when it
-# is GMT, rather than standard time being GMT with a period of summer time
-# being GMT+1.)
-
-# From Paul Eggert (1999-03-28):
-# Clive Feather (<news:859845706.26043.0@office.demon.net>, 1997-03-31)
-# reports that Folkestone (Cheriton) Shuttle Terminal uses Concession Time
-# (CT), equivalent to French civil time.
-# Julian Hill (<news:36118128.5A14@virgin.net>, 1998-09-30) reports that
-# trains between Dollands Moor (the freight facility next door)
-# and Frethun run in CT.
-# My admittedly uninformed guess is that the terminal has two authorities,
-# the French concession operators and the British civil authorities,
-# and that the time depends on who you're talking to.
-# If, say, the British police were called to the station for some reason,
-# I would expect the official police report to use GMT/BST and not CET/CEST.
-# This is a borderline case, but for now let's stick to GMT/BST.
-
-# From an anonymous contributor (1996-06-02):
-# The law governing time in Ireland is under Statutory Instrument SI 395/94,
-# which gives force to European Union 7th Council Directive No. 94/21/EC.
-# Under this directive, the Minister for Justice in Ireland makes appropriate
-# regulations. I spoke this morning with the Secretary of the Department of
-# Justice (tel +353 1 678 9711) who confirmed to me that the correct name is
-# "Irish Summer Time", abbreviated to "IST".
-#
-# From Paul Eggert (2017-12-07):
-# The 1996 anonymous contributor's goal was to determine the correct
-# abbreviation for summer time in Dublin and so the contributor
-# focused on the "IST", not on the "Irish Summer Time". Though the
-# "IST" was correct, the "Irish Summer Time" appears to have been an
-# error, as Ireland's Standard Time (Amendment) Act, 1971 states that
-# standard time in Ireland remains at UT +01 and is observed in
-# summer, and that Greenwich mean time is observed in winter. (Thanks
-# to Derick Rethans for pointing out the error.) That is, when
-# Ireland amended the 1968 act that established UT +01 as Irish
-# Standard Time, it left standard time unchanged and established GMT
-# as a negative daylight saving time in winter. So, in this database
-# IST stands for Irish Summer Time for timestamps before 1968, and for
-# Irish Standard Time after that. See:
-# http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/1971/act/17/enacted/en/print
-
-# Michael Deckers (2017-06-01) gave the following URLs for Ireland's
-# Summer Time Act, 1925 and Summer Time Orders, 1926 and 1947:
-# http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/1925/act/8/enacted/en/print
-# http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/1926/sro/919/made/en/print
-# http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/1947/sro/71/made/en/print
-
-# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
-# Summer Time Act, 1916
-Rule GB-Eire 1916 only - May 21 2:00s 1:00 BST
-Rule GB-Eire 1916 only - Oct 1 2:00s 0 GMT
-# S.R.&O. 1917, No. 358
-Rule GB-Eire 1917 only - Apr 8 2:00s 1:00 BST
-Rule GB-Eire 1917 only - Sep 17 2:00s 0 GMT
-# S.R.&O. 1918, No. 274
-Rule GB-Eire 1918 only - Mar 24 2:00s 1:00 BST
-Rule GB-Eire 1918 only - Sep 30 2:00s 0 GMT
-# S.R.&O. 1919, No. 297
-Rule GB-Eire 1919 only - Mar 30 2:00s 1:00 BST
-Rule GB-Eire 1919 only - Sep 29 2:00s 0 GMT
-# S.R.&O. 1920, No. 458
-Rule GB-Eire 1920 only - Mar 28 2:00s 1:00 BST
-# S.R.&O. 1920, No. 1844
-Rule GB-Eire 1920 only - Oct 25 2:00s 0 GMT
-# S.R.&O. 1921, No. 363
-Rule GB-Eire 1921 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 BST
-Rule GB-Eire 1921 only - Oct 3 2:00s 0 GMT
-# S.R.&O. 1922, No. 264
-Rule GB-Eire 1922 only - Mar 26 2:00s 1:00 BST
-Rule GB-Eire 1922 only - Oct 8 2:00s 0 GMT
-# The Summer Time Act, 1922
-Rule GB-Eire 1923 only - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
-Rule GB-Eire 1923 1924 - Sep Sun>=16 2:00s 0 GMT
-Rule GB-Eire 1924 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
-Rule GB-Eire 1925 1926 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
-# The Summer Time Act, 1925
-Rule GB-Eire 1925 1938 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 GMT
-Rule GB-Eire 1927 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
-Rule GB-Eire 1928 1929 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
-Rule GB-Eire 1930 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
-Rule GB-Eire 1931 1932 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
-Rule GB-Eire 1933 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
-Rule GB-Eire 1934 only - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
-Rule GB-Eire 1935 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
-Rule GB-Eire 1936 1937 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
-Rule GB-Eire 1938 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
-Rule GB-Eire 1939 only - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
-# S.R.&O. 1939, No. 1379
-Rule GB-Eire 1939 only - Nov Sun>=16 2:00s 0 GMT
-# S.R.&O. 1940, No. 172 and No. 1883
-Rule GB-Eire 1940 only - Feb Sun>=23 2:00s 1:00 BST
-# S.R.&O. 1941, No. 476
-Rule GB-Eire 1941 only - May Sun>=2 1:00s 2:00 BDST
-Rule GB-Eire 1941 1943 - Aug Sun>=9 1:00s 1:00 BST
-# S.R.&O. 1942, No. 506
-Rule GB-Eire 1942 1944 - Apr Sun>=2 1:00s 2:00 BDST
-# S.R.&O. 1944, No. 932
-Rule GB-Eire 1944 only - Sep Sun>=16 1:00s 1:00 BST
-# S.R.&O. 1945, No. 312
-Rule GB-Eire 1945 only - Apr Mon>=2 1:00s 2:00 BDST
-Rule GB-Eire 1945 only - Jul Sun>=9 1:00s 1:00 BST
-# S.R.&O. 1945, No. 1208
-Rule GB-Eire 1945 1946 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 GMT
-Rule GB-Eire 1946 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
-# The Summer Time Act, 1947
-Rule GB-Eire 1947 only - Mar 16 2:00s 1:00 BST
-Rule GB-Eire 1947 only - Apr 13 1:00s 2:00 BDST
-Rule GB-Eire 1947 only - Aug 10 1:00s 1:00 BST
-Rule GB-Eire 1947 only - Nov 2 2:00s 0 GMT
-# Summer Time Order, 1948 (S.I. 1948/495)
-Rule GB-Eire 1948 only - Mar 14 2:00s 1:00 BST
-Rule GB-Eire 1948 only - Oct 31 2:00s 0 GMT
-# Summer Time Order, 1949 (S.I. 1949/373)
-Rule GB-Eire 1949 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 BST
-Rule GB-Eire 1949 only - Oct 30 2:00s 0 GMT
-# Summer Time Order, 1950 (S.I. 1950/518)
-# Summer Time Order, 1951 (S.I. 1951/430)
-# Summer Time Order, 1952 (S.I. 1952/451)
-Rule GB-Eire 1950 1952 - Apr Sun>=14 2:00s 1:00 BST
-Rule GB-Eire 1950 1952 - Oct Sun>=21 2:00s 0 GMT
-# revert to the rules of the Summer Time Act, 1925
-Rule GB-Eire 1953 only - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
-Rule GB-Eire 1953 1960 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 GMT
-Rule GB-Eire 1954 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
-Rule GB-Eire 1955 1956 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
-Rule GB-Eire 1957 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
-Rule GB-Eire 1958 1959 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
-Rule GB-Eire 1960 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
-# Summer Time Order, 1961 (S.I. 1961/71)
-# Summer Time (1962) Order, 1961 (S.I. 1961/2465)
-# Summer Time Order, 1963 (S.I. 1963/81)
-Rule GB-Eire 1961 1963 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 BST
-Rule GB-Eire 1961 1968 - Oct Sun>=23 2:00s 0 GMT
-# Summer Time (1964) Order, 1963 (S.I. 1963/2101)
-# Summer Time Order, 1964 (S.I. 1964/1201)
-# Summer Time Order, 1967 (S.I. 1967/1148)
-Rule GB-Eire 1964 1967 - Mar Sun>=19 2:00s 1:00 BST
-# Summer Time Order, 1968 (S.I. 1968/117)
-Rule GB-Eire 1968 only - Feb 18 2:00s 1:00 BST
-# The British Standard Time Act, 1968
-# (no summer time)
-# The Summer Time Act, 1972
-Rule GB-Eire 1972 1980 - Mar Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
-Rule GB-Eire 1972 1980 - Oct Sun>=23 2:00s 0 GMT
-# Summer Time Order, 1980 (S.I. 1980/1089)
-# Summer Time Order, 1982 (S.I. 1982/1673)
-# Summer Time Order, 1986 (S.I. 1986/223)
-# Summer Time Order, 1988 (S.I. 1988/931)
-Rule GB-Eire 1981 1995 - Mar lastSun 1:00u 1:00 BST
-Rule GB-Eire 1981 1989 - Oct Sun>=23 1:00u 0 GMT
-# Summer Time Order, 1989 (S.I. 1989/985)
-# Summer Time Order, 1992 (S.I. 1992/1729)
-# Summer Time Order 1994 (S.I. 1994/2798)
-Rule GB-Eire 1990 1995 - Oct Sun>=22 1:00u 0 GMT
-# Summer Time Order 1997 (S.I. 1997/2982)
-# See EU for rules starting in 1996.
-#
-# Use Europe/London for Jersey, Guernsey, and the Isle of Man.
-
-# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
-Zone Europe/London -0:01:15 - LMT 1847 Dec 1 0:00s
- 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1968 Oct 27
- 1:00 - BST 1971 Oct 31 2:00u
- 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1996
- 0:00 EU GMT/BST
-Link Europe/London Europe/Jersey
-Link Europe/London Europe/Guernsey
-Link Europe/London Europe/Isle_of_Man
-
-# From Paul Eggert (2018-02-15):
-# In January 2018 we discovered that the negative SAVE values in the
-# Eire rules cause problems with tests for ICU:
-# https://mm.icann.org/pipermail/tz/2018-January/025825.html
-# and with tests for OpenJDK:
-# https://mm.icann.org/pipermail/tz/2018-January/025822.html
-#
-# To work around this problem, the build procedure can translate the
-# following data into two forms, one with negative SAVE values and the
-# other form with a traditional approximation for Irish timestamps
-# after 1971-10-31 02:00 UTC; although this approximation has tm_isdst
-# flags that are reversed, its UTC offsets are correct and this often
-# suffices. This source file currently uses only nonnegative SAVE
-# values, but this is intended to change and downstream code should
-# not rely on it.
-#
-# The following is like GB-Eire and EU, except with standard time in
-# summer and negative daylight saving time in winter. It is for when
-# negative SAVE values are used.
-# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
-#Rule Eire 1971 only - Oct 31 2:00u -1:00 -
-#Rule Eire 1972 1980 - Mar Sun>=16 2:00u 0 -
-#Rule Eire 1972 1980 - Oct Sun>=23 2:00u -1:00 -
-#Rule Eire 1981 max - Mar lastSun 1:00u 0 -
-#Rule Eire 1981 1989 - Oct Sun>=23 1:00u -1:00 -
-#Rule Eire 1990 1995 - Oct Sun>=22 1:00u -1:00 -
-#Rule Eire 1996 max - Oct lastSun 1:00u -1:00 -
-
-# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
-Zone Europe/Dublin -0:25:00 - LMT 1880 Aug 2
- -0:25:21 - DMT 1916 May 21 2:00s
- -0:25:21 1:00 IST 1916 Oct 1 2:00s
- 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1921 Dec 6 # independence
- 0:00 GB-Eire GMT/IST 1940 Feb 25 2:00s
- 0:00 1:00 IST 1946 Oct 6 2:00s
- 0:00 - GMT 1947 Mar 16 2:00s
- 0:00 1:00 IST 1947 Nov 2 2:00s
- 0:00 - GMT 1948 Apr 18 2:00s
- 0:00 GB-Eire GMT/IST 1968 Oct 27
-# The next line is for when negative SAVE values are used.
-# 1:00 Eire IST/GMT
-# These three lines are for when SAVE values are always nonnegative.
- 1:00 - IST 1971 Oct 31 2:00u
- 0:00 GB-Eire GMT/IST 1996
- 0:00 EU GMT/IST
-
-
-###############################################################################
-
-# Europe
-
-# The following rules are for the European Union and for its
-# predecessor organization, the European Communities.
-# For brevity they are called "EU rules" elsewhere in this file.
-
-# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
-Rule EU 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 1:00u 1:00 S
-Rule EU 1977 only - Sep lastSun 1:00u 0 -
-Rule EU 1978 only - Oct 1 1:00u 0 -
-Rule EU 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 1:00u 0 -
-Rule EU 1981 max - Mar lastSun 1:00u 1:00 S
-Rule EU 1996 max - Oct lastSun 1:00u 0 -
-# The most recent directive covers the years starting in 2002. See:
-# Directive 2000/84/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council
-# of 19 January 2001 on summer-time arrangements.
-# http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:32000L0084:EN:NOT
-
-# W-Eur differs from EU only in that W-Eur uses standard time.
-Rule W-Eur 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 1:00s 1:00 S
-Rule W-Eur 1977 only - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
-Rule W-Eur 1978 only - Oct 1 1:00s 0 -
-Rule W-Eur 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
-Rule W-Eur 1981 max - Mar lastSun 1:00s 1:00 S
-Rule W-Eur 1996 max - Oct lastSun 1:00s 0 -
-
-# Older C-Eur rules are for convenience in the tables.
-# From 1977 on, C-Eur differs from EU only in that C-Eur uses standard time.
-Rule C-Eur 1916 only - Apr 30 23:00 1:00 S
-Rule C-Eur 1916 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 -
-Rule C-Eur 1917 1918 - Apr Mon>=15 2:00s 1:00 S
-Rule C-Eur 1917 1918 - Sep Mon>=15 2:00s 0 -
-Rule C-Eur 1940 only - Apr 1 2:00s 1:00 S
-Rule C-Eur 1942 only - Nov 2 2:00s 0 -
-Rule C-Eur 1943 only - Mar 29 2:00s 1:00 S
-Rule C-Eur 1943 only - Oct 4 2:00s 0 -
-Rule C-Eur 1944 1945 - Apr Mon>=1 2:00s 1:00 S
-# Whitman gives 1944 Oct 7; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
-Rule C-Eur 1944 only - Oct 2 2:00s 0 -
-# From Jesper Nørgaard Welen (2008-07-13):
-#
-# I found what is probably a typo of 2:00 which should perhaps be 2:00s
-# in the C-Eur rule from tz database version 2008d (this part was
-# corrected in version 2008d). The circumstantial evidence is simply the
-# tz database itself, as seen below:
-#
-# Zone Europe/Paris 0:09:21 - LMT 1891 Mar 15 0:01
-# 0:00 France WE%sT 1945 Sep 16 3:00
-#
-# Zone Europe/Monaco 0:29:32 - LMT 1891 Mar 15
-# 0:00 France WE%sT 1945 Sep 16 3:00
-#
-# Zone Europe/Belgrade 1:22:00 - LMT 1884
-# 1:00 1:00 CEST 1945 Sep 16 2:00s
-#
-# Rule France 1945 only - Sep 16 3:00 0 -
-# Rule Belgium 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
-# Rule Neth 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
-#
-# The rule line to be changed is:
-#
-# Rule C-Eur 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00 0 -
-#
-# It seems that Paris, Monaco, Rule France, Rule Belgium all agree on
-# 2:00 standard time, e.g. 3:00 local time. However there are no
-# countries that use C-Eur rules in September 1945, so the only items
-# affected are apparently these fictitious zones that translate acronyms
-# CET and MET:
-#
-# Zone CET 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT
-# Zone MET 1:00 C-Eur ME%sT
-#
-# It this is right then the corrected version would look like:
-#
-# Rule C-Eur 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
-#
-# A small step for mankind though 8-)
-Rule C-Eur 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
-Rule C-Eur 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 S
-Rule C-Eur 1977 only - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
-Rule C-Eur 1978 only - Oct 1 2:00s 0 -
-Rule C-Eur 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
-Rule C-Eur 1981 max - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S
-Rule C-Eur 1996 max - Oct lastSun 2:00s 0 -
-
-# E-Eur differs from EU only in that E-Eur switches at midnight local time.
-Rule E-Eur 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 0:00 1:00 S
-Rule E-Eur 1977 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
-Rule E-Eur 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
-Rule E-Eur 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
-Rule E-Eur 1981 max - Mar lastSun 0:00 1:00 S
-Rule E-Eur 1996 max - Oct lastSun 0:00 0 -
-
-
-# Daylight saving time for Russia and the Soviet Union
-#
-# The 1917-1921 decree URLs are from Alexander Belopolsky (2016-08-23).
-
-# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
-Rule Russia 1917 only - Jul 1 23:00 1:00 MST # Moscow Summer Time
-#
-# Decree No. 142 (1917-12-22) http://istmat.info/node/28137
-Rule Russia 1917 only - Dec 28 0:00 0 MMT # Moscow Mean Time
-#
-# Decree No. 497 (1918-05-30) http://istmat.info/node/30001
-Rule Russia 1918 only - May 31 22:00 2:00 MDST # Moscow Double Summer Time
-Rule Russia 1918 only - Sep 16 1:00 1:00 MST
-#
-# Decree No. 258 (1919-05-29) http://istmat.info/node/37949
-Rule Russia 1919 only - May 31 23:00 2:00 MDST
-#
-Rule Russia 1919 only - Jul 1 0:00u 1:00 MSD
-Rule Russia 1919 only - Aug 16 0:00 0 MSK
-#
-# Decree No. 63 (1921-02-03) http://istmat.info/node/45840
-Rule Russia 1921 only - Feb 14 23:00 1:00 MSD
-#
-# Decree No. 121 (1921-03-07) http://istmat.info/node/45949
-Rule Russia 1921 only - Mar 20 23:00 2:00 +05
-#
-Rule Russia 1921 only - Sep 1 0:00 1:00 MSD
-Rule Russia 1921 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
-# Act No. 925 of the Council of Ministers of the USSR (1980-10-24):
-Rule Russia 1981 1984 - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S
-Rule Russia 1981 1983 - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
-# Act No. 967 of the Council of Ministers of the USSR (1984-09-13), repeated in
-# Act No. 227 of the Council of Ministers of the USSR (1989-03-14):
-Rule Russia 1984 1995 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
-Rule Russia 1985 2010 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S
-#
-Rule Russia 1996 2010 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 0 -
-# As described below, Russia's 2014 change affects Zone data, not Rule data.
-
-# From Stepan Golosunov (2016-03-07):
-# Wikipedia and other sources refer to the Act of the Council of
-# Ministers of the USSR from 1988-01-04 No. 5 and the Act of the
-# Council of Ministers of the USSR from 1989-03-14 No. 227.
-#
-# I did not find full texts of these acts. For the 1989 one we have
-# title at https://base.garant.ru/70754136/ :
-# "About change in calculation of time on the territories of
-# Lithuanian SSR, Latvian SSR and Estonian SSR, Astrakhan,
-# Kaliningrad, Kirov, Kuybyshev, Ulyanovsk and Uralsk oblasts".
-# And http://astrozet.net/files/Zones/DOC/RU/1980-925.txt appears to
-# contain quotes from both acts: Since last Sunday of March 1988 rules
-# of the second time belt are installed in Volgograd and Saratov
-# oblasts. Since last Sunday of March 1989:
-# a) Lithuanian SSR, Latvian SSR, Estonian SSR, Kaliningrad oblast:
-# second time belt rules without extra hour (Moscow-1);
-# b) Astrakhan, Kirov, Kuybyshev, Ulyanovsk oblasts: second time belt
-# rules (Moscow time)
-# c) Uralsk oblast: third time belt rules (Moscow+1).
-
-# From Stepan Golosunov (2016-03-27):
-# Unamended version of the act of the
-# Government of the Russian Federation No. 23 from 08.01.1992
-# http://pravo.gov.ru/proxy/ips/?docbody=&nd=102014034&rdk=0
-# says that every year clocks were to be moved forward on last Sunday
-# of March at 2 hours and moved backwards on last Sunday of September
-# at 3 hours. It was amended in 1996 to replace September with October.
-
-# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2011-06-14):
-# According to Kremlin press service, Russian President Dmitry Medvedev
-# signed a federal law "On calculation of time" on June 9, 2011.
-# According to the law Russia is abolishing daylight saving time.
-#
-# Medvedev signed a law "On the Calculation of Time" (in russian):
-# http://bmockbe.ru/events/?ID=7583
-#
-# Medvedev signed a law on the calculation of the time (in russian):
-# https://www.regnum.ru/news/polit/1413906.html
-
-# From Arthur David Olson (2011-06-15):
-# Take "abolishing daylight saving time" to mean that time is now considered
-# to be standard.
-
-# These are for backward compatibility with older versions.
-
-# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
-Zone WET 0:00 EU WE%sT
-Zone CET 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT
-Zone MET 1:00 C-Eur ME%sT
-Zone EET 2:00 EU EE%sT
-
-# Previous editions of this database used abbreviations like MET DST
-# for Central European Summer Time, but this didn't agree with common usage.
-
-# From Markus Kuhn (1996-07-12):
-# The official German names ... are
-#
-# Mitteleuropäische Zeit (MEZ) = UTC+01:00
-# Mitteleuropäische Sommerzeit (MESZ) = UTC+02:00
-#
-# as defined in the German Time Act (Gesetz über die Zeitbestimmung (ZeitG),
-# 1978-07-25, Bundesgesetzblatt, Jahrgang 1978, Teil I, S. 1110-1111)....
-# I wrote ... to the German Federal Physical-Technical Institution
-#
-# Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB)
-# Laboratorium 4.41 "Zeiteinheit"
-# Postfach 3345
-# D-38023 Braunschweig
-# phone: +49 531 592-0
-#
-# ... I received today an answer letter from Dr. Peter Hetzel, head of the PTB
-# department for time and frequency transmission. He explained that the
-# PTB translates MEZ and MESZ into English as
-#
-# Central European Time (CET) = UTC+01:00
-# Central European Summer Time (CEST) = UTC+02:00
-
-
-# Albania
-# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
-Rule Albania 1940 only - Jun 16 0:00 1:00 S
-Rule Albania 1942 only - Nov 2 3:00 0 -
-Rule Albania 1943 only - Mar 29 2:00 1:00 S
-Rule Albania 1943 only - Apr 10 3:00 0 -
-Rule Albania 1974 only - May 4 0:00 1:00 S
-Rule Albania 1974 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 -
-Rule Albania 1975 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 S
-Rule Albania 1975 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 -
-Rule Albania 1976 only - May 2 0:00 1:00 S
-Rule Albania 1976 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 -
-Rule Albania 1977 only - May 8 0:00 1:00 S
-Rule Albania 1977 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 -
-Rule Albania 1978 only - May 6 0:00 1:00 S
-Rule Albania 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
-Rule Albania 1979 only - May 5 0:00 1:00 S
-Rule Albania 1979 only - Sep 30 0:00 0 -
-Rule Albania 1980 only - May 3 0:00 1:00 S
-Rule Albania 1980 only - Oct 4 0:00 0 -
-Rule Albania 1981 only - Apr 26 0:00 1:00 S
-Rule Albania 1981 only - Sep 27 0:00 0 -
-Rule Albania 1982 only - May 2 0:00 1:00 S
-Rule Albania 1982 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 -
-Rule Albania 1983 only - Apr 18 0:00 1:00 S
-Rule Albania 1983 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
-Rule Albania 1984 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S
-# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
-Zone Europe/Tirane 1:19:20 - LMT 1914
- 1:00 - CET 1940 Jun 16
- 1:00 Albania CE%sT 1984 Jul
- 1:00 EU CE%sT
-
-# Andorra
-# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
-Zone Europe/Andorra 0:06:04 - LMT 1901
- 0:00 - WET 1946 Sep 30
- 1:00 - CET 1985 Mar 31 2:00
- 1:00 EU CE%sT
-
-# Austria
-
-# Milne says Vienna time was 1:05:21.
-
-# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22): Shanks & Pottenger give 1918-06-16 and
-# 1945-11-18, but the Austrian Federal Office of Metrology and
-# Surveying (BEV) gives 1918-09-16 and for Vienna gives the "alleged"
-# date of 1945-04-12 with no time. For the 1980-04-06 transition
-# Shanks & Pottenger give 02:00, the BEV 00:00. Go with the BEV,
-# and guess 02:00 for 1945-04-12.
-
-# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
-Rule Austria 1920 only - Apr 5 2:00s 1:00 S
-Rule Austria 1920 only - Sep 13 2:00s 0 -
-Rule Austria 1946 only - Apr 14 2:00s 1:00 S
-Rule Austria 1946 1948 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
-Rule Austria 1947 only - Apr 6 2:00s 1:00 S
-Rule Austria 1948 only - Apr 18 2:00s 1:00 S
-Rule Austria 1980 only - Apr 6 0:00 1:00 S
-Rule Austria 1980 only - Sep 28 0:00 0 -
-# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
-Zone Europe/Vienna 1:05:21 - LMT 1893 Apr
- 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1920
- 1:00 Austria CE%sT 1940 Apr 1 2:00s
- 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00s
- 1:00 1:00 CEST 1945 Apr 12 2:00s
- 1:00 - CET 1946
- 1:00 Austria CE%sT 1981
- 1:00 EU CE%sT
-
-# Belarus
-#
-# From Stepan Golosunov (2016-07-02):
-# http://www.lawbelarus.com/repub/sub30/texf9611.htm
-# (Act of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Belarus from
-# 1992-03-25 No. 157) ... says clocks were to be moved forward at 2:00
-# on last Sunday of March and backward at 3:00 on last Sunday of September
-# (the same as previous USSR and contemporary Russian regulations).
-#
-# From Yauhen Kharuzhy (2011-09-16):
-# By latest Belarus government act Europe/Minsk timezone was changed to
-# GMT+3 without DST (was GMT+2 with DST).
-#
-# Sources (Russian language):
-# http://www.belta.by/ru/all_news/society/V-Belarusi-otmenjaetsja-perexod-na-sezonnoe-vremja_i_572952.html
-# http://naviny.by/rubrics/society/2011/09/16/ic_articles_116_175144/
-# https://news.tut.by/society/250578.html
-#
-# From Alexander Bokovoy (2014-10-09):
-# Belarussian government decided against changing to winter time....
-# http://eng.belta.by/all_news/society/Belarus-decides-against-adjusting-time-in-Russias-wake_i_76335.html
-#
-# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
-Zone Europe/Minsk 1:50:16 - LMT 1880
- 1:50 - MMT 1924 May 2 # Minsk Mean Time
- 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
- 3:00 - MSK 1941 Jun 28
- 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Jul 3
- 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990
- 3:00 - MSK 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
- 2:00 Russia EE%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
- 3:00 - +03
-
-# Belgium
-#
-# From Paul Eggert (1997-07-02):
-# Entries from 1918 through 1991 are taken from:
-# Annuaire de L'Observatoire Royal de Belgique,
-# Avenue Circulaire, 3, B-1180 BRUXELLES, CLVIIe année, 1991
-# (Imprimerie HAYEZ, s.p.r.l., Rue Fin, 4, 1080 BRUXELLES, MCMXC),
-# pp 8-9.
-# LMT before 1892 was 0:17:30, according to the official journal of Belgium:
-# Moniteur Belge, Samedi 30 Avril 1892, N.121.
-# Thanks to Pascal Delmoitie for these references.
-# The 1918 rules are listed for completeness; they apply to unoccupied Belgium.
-# Assume Brussels switched to WET in 1918 when the armistice took effect.
-#
-# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
-Rule Belgium 1918 only - Mar 9 0:00s 1:00 S
-Rule Belgium 1918 1919 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
-Rule Belgium 1919 only - Mar 1 23:00s 1:00 S
-Rule Belgium 1920 only - Feb 14 23:00s 1:00 S
-Rule Belgium 1920 only - Oct 23 23:00s 0 -
-Rule Belgium 1921 only - Mar 14 23:00s 1:00 S
-Rule Belgium 1921 only - Oct 25 23:00s 0 -
-Rule Belgium 1922 only - Mar 25 23:00s 1:00 S
-Rule Belgium 1922 1927 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
-Rule Belgium 1923 only - Apr 21 23:00s 1:00 S
-Rule Belgium 1924 only - Mar 29 23:00s 1:00 S
-Rule Belgium 1925 only - Apr 4 23:00s 1:00 S
-# DSH writes that a royal decree of 1926-02-22 specified the Sun following 3rd
-# Sat in Apr (except if it's Easter, in which case it's one Sunday earlier),
-# to Sun following 1st Sat in Oct, and that a royal decree of 1928-09-15
-# changed the transition times to 02:00 GMT.
-Rule Belgium 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 S
-Rule Belgium 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 S
-Rule Belgium 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 S
-Rule Belgium 1928 1938 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 -
-Rule Belgium 1929 only - Apr 21 2:00s 1:00 S
-Rule Belgium 1930 only - Apr 13 2:00s 1:00 S
-Rule Belgium 1931 only - Apr 19 2:00s 1:00 S
-Rule Belgium 1932 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 S
-Rule Belgium 1933 only - Mar 26 2:00s 1:00 S
-Rule Belgium 1934 only - Apr 8 2:00s 1:00 S
-Rule Belgium 1935 only - Mar 31 2:00s 1:00 S
-Rule Belgium 1936 only - Apr 19 2:00s 1:00 S
-Rule Belgium 1937 only - Apr 4 2:00s 1:00 S
-Rule Belgium 1938 only - Mar 27 2:00s 1:00 S
-Rule Belgium 1939 only - Apr 16 2:00s 1:00 S
-Rule Belgium 1939 only - Nov 19 2:00s 0 -
-Rule Belgium 1940 only - Feb 25 2:00s 1:00 S
-Rule Belgium 1944 only - Sep 17 2:00s 0 -
-Rule Belgium 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S
-Rule Belgium 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
-Rule Belgium 1946 only - May 19 2:00s 1:00 S
-Rule Belgium 1946 only - Oct 7 2:00s 0 -
-# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
-Zone Europe/Brussels 0:17:30 - LMT 1880
- 0:17:30 - BMT 1892 May 1 12:00 # Brussels MT
- 0:00 - WET 1914 Nov 8
- 1:00 - CET 1916 May 1 0:00
- 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1918 Nov 11 11:00u
- 0:00 Belgium WE%sT 1940 May 20 2:00s
- 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Sep 3
- 1:00 Belgium CE%sT 1977
- 1:00 EU CE%sT
-
-# Bosnia and Herzegovina
-# See Europe/Belgrade.
-
-# Bulgaria
-#
-# From Plamen Simenov via Steffen Thorsen (1999-09-09):
-# A document of Government of Bulgaria (No. 94/1997) says:
-# EET -> EETDST is in 03:00 Local time in last Sunday of March ...
-# EETDST -> EET is in 04:00 Local time in last Sunday of October
-#
-# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
-Rule Bulg 1979 only - Mar 31 23:00 1:00 S
-Rule Bulg 1979 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 -
-Rule Bulg 1980 1982 - Apr Sat>=1 23:00 1:00 S
-Rule Bulg 1980 only - Sep 29 1:00 0 -
-Rule Bulg 1981 only - Sep 27 2:00 0 -
-# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
-Zone Europe/Sofia 1:33:16 - LMT 1880
- 1:56:56 - IMT 1894 Nov 30 # Istanbul MT?
- 2:00 - EET 1942 Nov 2 3:00
- 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945
- 1:00 - CET 1945 Apr 2 3:00
- 2:00 - EET 1979 Mar 31 23:00
- 2:00 Bulg EE%sT 1982 Sep 26 3:00
- 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1991
- 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1997
- 2:00 EU EE%sT
-
-# Croatia
-# See Europe/Belgrade.
-
-# Cyprus
-# Please see the 'asia' file for Asia/Nicosia.
-
-# Czech Republic / Czechia
-#
-# From Paul Eggert (2018-04-15):
-# The source for Czech data is: Kdy začíná a končí letní čas. 2018-04-15.
-# https://kalendar.beda.cz/kdy-zacina-a-konci-letni-cas
-# We know of no English-language name for historical Czech winter time;
-# abbreviate it as "GMT", as it happened to be GMT.
-#
-# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
-Rule Czech 1945 only - Apr Mon>=1 2:00s 1:00 S
-Rule Czech 1945 only - Oct 1 2:00s 0 -
-Rule Czech 1946 only - May 6 2:00s 1:00 S
-Rule Czech 1946 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
-Rule Czech 1947 1948 - Apr Sun>=15 2:00s 1:00 S
-Rule Czech 1949 only - Apr 9 2:00s 1:00 S
-# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
-Zone Europe/Prague 0:57:44 - LMT 1850
- 0:57:44 - PMT 1891 Oct # Prague Mean Time
- 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 May 9
- 1:00 Czech CE%sT 1946 Dec 1 3:00
-# Vanguard section, for zic and other parsers that support negative DST.
-# 1:00 -1:00 GMT 1947 Feb 23 2:00
-# Rearguard section, for parsers that do not support negative DST.
- 0:00 - GMT 1947 Feb 23 2:00
-# End of rearguard section.
- 1:00 Czech CE%sT 1979
- 1:00 EU CE%sT
-# Use Europe/Prague also for Slovakia.
-
-# Denmark, Faroe Islands, and Greenland
-
-# From Jesper Nørgaard Welen (2005-04-26):
-# http://www.hum.aau.dk/~poe/tid/tine/DanskTid.htm says that the law
-# [introducing standard time] was in effect from 1894-01-01....
-# The page http://www.retsinfo.dk/_GETDOCI_/ACCN/A18930008330-REGL
-# confirms this, and states that the law was put forth 1893-03-29.
-#
-# The EU [actually, EEC and Euratom] treaty with effect from 1973:
-# http://www.retsinfo.dk/_GETDOCI_/ACCN/A19722110030-REGL
-#
-# This provoked a new law from 1974 to make possible summer time changes
-# in subsequent decrees with the law
-# http://www.retsinfo.dk/_GETDOCI_/ACCN/A19740022330-REGL
-#
-# It seems however that no decree was set forward until 1980. I have
-# not found any decree, but in another related law, the effecting DST
-# changes are stated explicitly to be from 1980-04-06 at 02:00 to
-# 1980-09-28 at 02:00. If this is true, this differs slightly from
-# the EU rule in that DST runs to 02:00, not 03:00. We don't know
-# when Denmark began using the EU rule correctly, but we have only
-# confirmation of the 1980-time, so I presume it was correct in 1981:
-# The law is about the management of the extra hour, concerning
-# working hours reported and effect on obligatory-rest rules (which
-# was suspended on that night):
-# http://www.retsinfo.dk/_GETDOCI_/ACCN/C19801120554-REGL
-
-# From Jesper Nørgaard Welen (2005-06-11):
-# The Herning Folkeblad (1980-09-26) reported that the night between
-# Saturday and Sunday the clock is set back from three to two.
-
-# From Paul Eggert (2005-06-11):
-# Hence the "02:00" of the 1980 law refers to standard time, not
-# wall-clock time, and so the EU rules were in effect in 1980.
-
-# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
-Rule Denmark 1916 only - May 14 23:00 1:00 S
-Rule Denmark 1916 only - Sep 30 23:00 0 -
-Rule Denmark 1940 only - May 15 0:00 1:00 S
-Rule Denmark 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S
-Rule Denmark 1945 only - Aug 15 2:00s 0 -
-Rule Denmark 1946 only - May 1 2:00s 1:00 S
-Rule Denmark 1946 only - Sep 1 2:00s 0 -
-Rule Denmark 1947 only - May 4 2:00s 1:00 S
-Rule Denmark 1947 only - Aug 10 2:00s 0 -
-Rule Denmark 1948 only - May 9 2:00s 1:00 S
-Rule Denmark 1948 only - Aug 8 2:00s 0 -
-#
-# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
-Zone Europe/Copenhagen 0:50:20 - LMT 1890
- 0:50:20 - CMT 1894 Jan 1 # Copenhagen MT
- 1:00 Denmark CE%sT 1942 Nov 2 2:00s
- 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00
- 1:00 Denmark CE%sT 1980
- 1:00 EU CE%sT
-Zone Atlantic/Faroe -0:27:04 - LMT 1908 Jan 11 # Tórshavn
- 0:00 - WET 1981
- 0:00 EU WE%sT
-#
-# From Paul Eggert (2004-10-31):
-# During World War II, Germany maintained secret manned weather stations in
-# East Greenland and Franz Josef Land, but we don't know their time zones.
-# My source for this is Wilhelm Dege's book mentioned under Svalbard.
-#
-# From Paul Eggert (2017-12-10):
-# Greenland joined the European Communities as part of Denmark,
-# obtained home rule on 1979-05-01, and left the European Communities
-# on 1985-02-01. It therefore should have been using EU
-# rules at least through 1984. Shanks & Pottenger say Scoresbysund and Godthåb
-# used C-Eur rules after 1980, but IATA SSIM (1991/1996) says they use EU
-# rules since at least 1991. Assume EU rules since 1980.
-
-# From Gwillim Law (2001-06-06), citing
-# <http://www.statkart.no/efs/efshefter/2001/efs5-2001.pdf> (2001-03-15),
-# and with translations corrected by Steffen Thorsen:
-#
-# Greenland has four local times, and the relation to UTC
-# is according to the following time line:
-#
-# The military zone near Thule UTC-4
-# Standard Greenland time UTC-3
-# Scoresbysund UTC-1
-# Danmarkshavn UTC
-#
-# In the military area near Thule and in Danmarkshavn DST will not be
-# introduced.
-
-# From Rives McDow (2001-11-01):
-#
-# I correspond regularly with the Dansk Polarcenter, and wrote them at
-# the time to clarify the situation in Thule. Unfortunately, I have
-# not heard back from them regarding my recent letter. [But I have
-# info from earlier correspondence.]
-#
-# According to the center, a very small local time zone around Thule
-# Air Base keeps the time according to UTC-4, implementing daylight
-# savings using North America rules, changing the time at 02:00 local time....
-#
-# The east coast of Greenland north of the community of Scoresbysund
-# uses UTC in the same way as in Iceland, year round, with no dst.
-# There are just a few stations on this coast, including the
-# Danmarkshavn ICAO weather station mentioned in your September 29th
-# email. The other stations are two sledge patrol stations in
-# Mestersvig and Daneborg, the air force base at Station Nord, and the
-# DPC research station at Zackenberg.
-#
-# Scoresbysund and two small villages nearby keep time UTC-1 and use
-# the same daylight savings time period as in West Greenland (Godthåb).
-#
-# The rest of Greenland, including Godthåb (this area, although it
-# includes central Greenland, is known as west Greenland), keeps time
-# UTC-3, with daylight savings methods according to European rules.
-#
-# It is common procedure to use UTC 0 in the wilderness of East and
-# North Greenland, because it is mainly Icelandic aircraft operators
-# maintaining traffic in these areas. However, the official status of
-# this area is that it sticks with Godthåb time. This area might be
-# considered a dual time zone in some respects because of this.
-
-# From Rives McDow (2001-11-19):
-# I heard back from someone stationed at Thule; the time change took place
-# there at 2:00 AM.
-
-# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
-# From 1997 on the CIA map shows Danmarkshavn on GMT;
-# the 1995 map as like Godthåb.
-# For lack of better info, assume they were like Godthåb before 1996.
-# startkart.no says Thule does not observe DST, but this is clearly an error,
-# so go with Shanks & Pottenger for Thule transitions until this year.
-# For 2007 on assume Thule will stay in sync with US DST rules.
-
-# From J William Piggott (2016-02-20):
-# "Greenland north of the community of Scoresbysund" is officially named
-# "National Park" by Executive Order:
-# http://naalakkersuisut.gl/~/media/Nanoq/Files/Attached%20Files/Engelske-tekster/Legislation/Executive%20Order%20National%20Park.rtf
-# It is their only National Park.
-#
-# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
-Rule Thule 1991 1992 - Mar lastSun 2:00 1:00 D
-Rule Thule 1991 1992 - Sep lastSun 2:00 0 S
-Rule Thule 1993 2006 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 D
-Rule Thule 1993 2006 - Oct lastSun 2:00 0 S
-Rule Thule 2007 max - Mar Sun>=8 2:00 1:00 D
-Rule Thule 2007 max - Nov Sun>=1 2:00 0 S
-#
-# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
-Zone America/Danmarkshavn -1:14:40 - LMT 1916 Jul 28
- -3:00 - -03 1980 Apr 6 2:00
- -3:00 EU -03/-02 1996
- 0:00 - GMT
-Zone America/Scoresbysund -1:27:52 - LMT 1916 Jul 28 # Ittoqqortoormiit
- -2:00 - -02 1980 Apr 6 2:00
- -2:00 C-Eur -02/-01 1981 Mar 29
- -1:00 EU -01/+00
-Zone America/Godthab -3:26:56 - LMT 1916 Jul 28 # Nuuk
- -3:00 - -03 1980 Apr 6 2:00
- -3:00 EU -03/-02
-Zone America/Thule -4:35:08 - LMT 1916 Jul 28 # Pituffik air base
- -4:00 Thule A%sT
-
-# Estonia
-#
-# From Paul Eggert (2016-03-18):
-# The 1989 transition is from USSR act No. 227 (1989-03-14).
-#
-# From Peter Ilieve (1994-10-15):
-# A relative in Tallinn confirms the accuracy of the data for 1989 onwards
-# [through 1994] and gives the legal authority for it,
-# a regulation of the Government of Estonia, No. 111 of 1989....
-#
-# From Peter Ilieve (1996-10-28):
-# [IATA SSIM (1992/1996) claims that the Baltic republics switch at 01:00s,
-# but a relative confirms that Estonia still switches at 02:00s, writing:]
-# "I do not [know] exactly but there are some little different
-# (confusing) rules for International Air and Railway Transport Schedules
-# conversion in Sunday connected with end of summer time in Estonia....
-# A discussion is running about the summer time efficiency and effect on
-# human physiology. It seems that Estonia maybe will not change to
-# summer time next spring."
-
-# From Peter Ilieve (1998-11-04), heavily edited:
-# The 1998-09-22 Estonian time law
-# http://trip.rk.ee/cgi-bin/thw?${BASE}=akt&${OOHTML}=rtd&TA=1998&TO=1&AN=1390
-# refers to the Eighth Directive and cites the association agreement between
-# the EU and Estonia, ratified by the Estonian law (RT II 1995, 22-27, 120).
-#
-# I also asked [my relative] whether they use any standard abbreviation
-# for their standard and summer times. He says no, they use "suveaeg"
-# (summer time) and "talveaeg" (winter time).
-
-# From The Baltic Times <https://www.baltictimes.com/> (1999-09-09)
-# via Steffen Thorsen:
-# This year will mark the last time Estonia shifts to summer time,
-# a council of the ruling coalition announced Sept. 6....
-# But what this could mean for Estonia's chances of joining the European
-# Union are still unclear. In 1994, the EU declared summer time compulsory
-# for all member states until 2001. Brussels has yet to decide what to do
-# after that.
-
-# From Mart Oruaas (2000-01-29):
-# Regulation No. 301 (1999-10-12) obsoletes previous regulation
-# No. 206 (1998-09-22) and thus sticks Estonia to +02:00 GMT for all
-# the year round. The regulation is effective 1999-11-01.
-
-# From Toomas Soome (2002-02-21):
-# The Estonian government has changed once again timezone politics.
-# Now we are using again EU rules.
-#
-# From Urmet Jänes (2002-03-28):
-# The legislative reference is Government decree No. 84 on 2002-02-21.
-
-# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
-Zone Europe/Tallinn 1:39:00 - LMT 1880
- 1:39:00 - TMT 1918 Feb # Tallinn Mean Time
- 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1919 Jul
- 1:39:00 - TMT 1921 May
- 2:00 - EET 1940 Aug 6
- 3:00 - MSK 1941 Sep 15
- 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Sep 22
- 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1989 Mar 26 2:00s
- 2:00 1:00 EEST 1989 Sep 24 2:00s
- 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1998 Sep 22
- 2:00 EU EE%sT 1999 Oct 31 4:00
- 2:00 - EET 2002 Feb 21
- 2:00 EU EE%sT
-
-# Finland
-
-# From Hannu Strang (1994-09-25 06:03:37 UTC):
-# Well, here in Helsinki we're just changing from summer time to regular one,
-# and it's supposed to change at 4am...
-
-# From Janne Snabb (2010-07-15):
-#
-# I noticed that the Finland data is not accurate for years 1981 and 1982.
-# During these two first trial years the DST adjustment was made one hour
-# earlier than in forthcoming years. Starting 1983 the adjustment was made
-# according to the central European standards.
-#
-# This is documented in Heikki Oja: Aikakirja 2007, published by The Almanac
-# Office of University of Helsinki, ISBN 952-10-3221-9, available online (in
-# Finnish) at
-# https://almanakka.helsinki.fi/aikakirja/Aikakirja2007kokonaan.pdf
-#
-# Page 105 (56 in PDF version) has a handy table of all past daylight savings
-# transitions. It is easy enough to interpret without Finnish skills.
-#
-# This is also confirmed by Finnish Broadcasting Company's archive at:
-# http://www.yle.fi/elavaarkisto/?s=s&g=1&ag=5&t=&a=3401
-#
-# The news clip from 1981 says that "the time between 2 and 3 o'clock does not
-# exist tonight."
-
-# From Konstantin Hyppönen (2014-06-13):
-# [Heikki Oja's book Aikakirja 2013]
-# https://almanakka.helsinki.fi/images/aikakirja/Aikakirja2013kokonaan.pdf
-# pages 104-105, including a scan from a newspaper published on Apr 2 1942
-# say that ... [o]n Apr 2 1942, 24 o'clock (which means Apr 3 1942,
-# 00:00), clocks were moved one hour forward. The newspaper
-# mentions "on the night from Thursday to Friday"....
-# On Oct 4 1942, clocks were moved at 1:00 one hour backwards.
-#
-# From Paul Eggert (2014-06-14):
-# Go with Oja over Shanks.
-
-# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
-Rule Finland 1942 only - Apr 2 24:00 1:00 S
-Rule Finland 1942 only - Oct 4 1:00 0 -
-Rule Finland 1981 1982 - Mar lastSun 2:00 1:00 S
-Rule Finland 1981 1982 - Sep lastSun 3:00 0 -
-
-# Milne says Helsinki (Helsingfors) time was 1:39:49.2 (official document);
-# round to nearest.
-
-# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
-Zone Europe/Helsinki 1:39:49 - LMT 1878 May 31
- 1:39:49 - HMT 1921 May # Helsinki Mean Time
- 2:00 Finland EE%sT 1983
- 2:00 EU EE%sT
-
-# Åland Is
-Link Europe/Helsinki Europe/Mariehamn
-
-
-# France
-
-# From Ciro Discepolo (2000-12-20):
-#
-# Henri Le Corre, Régimes horaires pour le monde entier, Éditions
-# Traditionnelles - Paris 2 books, 1993
-#
-# Gabriel, Traité de l'heure dans le monde, Guy Trédaniel,
-# Paris, 1991
-#
-# Françoise Gauquelin, Problèmes de l'heure résolus en astrologie,
-# Guy Trédaniel, Paris 1987
-
-
-#
-# Shank & Pottenger seem to use '24:00' ambiguously; resolve it with Whitman.
-# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
-Rule France 1916 only - Jun 14 23:00s 1:00 S
-Rule France 1916 1919 - Oct Sun>=1 23:00s 0 -
-Rule France 1917 only - Mar 24 23:00s 1:00 S
-Rule France 1918 only - Mar 9 23:00s 1:00 S
-Rule France 1919 only - Mar 1 23:00s 1:00 S
-Rule France 1920 only - Feb 14 23:00s 1:00 S
-Rule France 1920 only - Oct 23 23:00s 0 -
-Rule France 1921 only - Mar 14 23:00s 1:00 S
-Rule France 1921 only - Oct 25 23:00s 0 -
-Rule France 1922 only - Mar 25 23:00s 1:00 S
-# DSH writes that a law of 1923-05-24 specified 3rd Sat in Apr at 23:00 to 1st
-# Sat in Oct at 24:00; and that in 1930, because of Easter, the transitions
-# were Apr 12 and Oct 5. Go with Shanks & Pottenger.
-Rule France 1922 1938 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
-Rule France 1923 only - May 26 23:00s 1:00 S
-Rule France 1924 only - Mar 29 23:00s 1:00 S
-Rule France 1925 only - Apr 4 23:00s 1:00 S
-Rule France 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 S
-Rule France 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 S
-Rule France 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 S
-Rule France 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00s 1:00 S
-Rule France 1930 only - Apr 12 23:00s 1:00 S
-Rule France 1931 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 S
-Rule France 1932 only - Apr 2 23:00s 1:00 S
-Rule France 1933 only - Mar 25 23:00s 1:00 S
-Rule France 1934 only - Apr 7 23:00s 1:00 S
-Rule France 1935 only - Mar 30 23:00s 1:00 S
-Rule France 1936 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 S
-Rule France 1937 only - Apr 3 23:00s 1:00 S
-Rule France 1938 only - Mar 26 23:00s 1:00 S
-Rule France 1939 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 S
-Rule France 1939 only - Nov 18 23:00s 0 -
-Rule France 1940 only - Feb 25 2:00 1:00 S
-# The French rules for 1941-1944 were not used in Paris, but Shanks & Pottenger
-# write that they were used in Monaco and in many French locations.
-# Le Corre writes that the upper limit of the free zone was Arnéguy, Orthez,
-# Mont-de-Marsan, Bazas, Langon, Lamothe-Montravel, Marœuil, La
-# Rochefoucauld, Champagne-Mouton, La Roche-Posay, La Haye-Descartes,
-# Loches, Montrichard, Vierzon, Bourges, Moulins, Digoin,
-# Paray-le-Monial, Montceau-les-Mines, Chalon-sur-Saône, Arbois,
-# Dole, Morez, St-Claude, and Collonges (Haute-Savoie).
-Rule France 1941 only - May 5 0:00 2:00 M # Midsummer
-# Shanks & Pottenger say this transition occurred at Oct 6 1:00,
-# but go with Denis Excoffier (1997-12-12),
-# who quotes the Ephémérides astronomiques for 1998 from Bureau des Longitudes
-# as saying 5/10/41 22hUT.
-Rule France 1941 only - Oct 6 0:00 1:00 S
-Rule France 1942 only - Mar 9 0:00 2:00 M
-Rule France 1942 only - Nov 2 3:00 1:00 S
-Rule France 1943 only - Mar 29 2:00 2:00 M
-Rule France 1943 only - Oct 4 3:00 1:00 S
-Rule France 1944 only - Apr 3 2:00 2:00 M
-Rule France 1944 only - Oct 8 1:00 1:00 S
-Rule France 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00 2:00 M
-Rule France 1945 only - Sep 16 3:00 0 -
-# Shanks & Pottenger give Mar 28 2:00 and Sep 26 3:00;
-# go with Excoffier's 28/3/76 0hUT and 25/9/76 23hUT.
-Rule France 1976 only - Mar 28 1:00 1:00 S
-Rule France 1976 only - Sep 26 1:00 0 -
-# Shanks & Pottenger give 0:09:20 for Paris Mean Time, and Whitman 0:09:05,
-# but Howse quotes the actual French legislation as saying 0:09:21.
-# Go with Howse. Howse writes that the time in France was officially based
-# on PMT-0:09:21 until 1978-08-09, when the time base finally switched to UTC.
-# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
-Zone Europe/Paris 0:09:21 - LMT 1891 Mar 15 0:01
- 0:09:21 - PMT 1911 Mar 11 0:01 # Paris MT
-# Shanks & Pottenger give 1940 Jun 14 0:00; go with Excoffier and Le Corre.
- 0:00 France WE%sT 1940 Jun 14 23:00
-# Le Corre says Paris stuck with occupied-France time after the liberation;
-# go with Shanks & Pottenger.
- 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Aug 25
- 0:00 France WE%sT 1945 Sep 16 3:00
- 1:00 France CE%sT 1977
- 1:00 EU CE%sT
-
-# Germany
-
-# From Markus Kuhn (1998-09-29):
-# The German time zone web site by the Physikalisch-Technische
-# Bundesanstalt contains DST information back to 1916.
-# [See tz-link.html for the URL.]
-
-# From Jörg Schilling (2002-10-23):
-# In 1945, Berlin was switched to Moscow Summer time (GMT+4) by
-# https://www.dhm.de/lemo/html/biografien/BersarinNikolai/
-# General [Nikolai] Bersarin.
-
-# From Paul Eggert (2003-03-08):
-# http://www.parlament-berlin.de/pds-fraktion.nsf/727459127c8b66ee8525662300459099/defc77cb784f180ac1256c2b0030274b/$FILE/bersarint.pdf
-# says that Bersarin issued an order to use Moscow time on May 20.
-# However, Moscow did not observe daylight saving in 1945, so
-# this was equivalent to UT +03, not +04.
-
-
-# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
-Rule Germany 1946 only - Apr 14 2:00s 1:00 S
-Rule Germany 1946 only - Oct 7 2:00s 0 -
-Rule Germany 1947 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
-# http://www.ptb.de/de/org/4/44/441/salt.htm says the following transition
-# occurred at 3:00 MEZ, not the 2:00 MEZ given in Shanks & Pottenger.
-# Go with the PTB.
-Rule Germany 1947 only - Apr 6 3:00s 1:00 S
-Rule Germany 1947 only - May 11 2:00s 2:00 M
-Rule Germany 1947 only - Jun 29 3:00 1:00 S
-Rule Germany 1948 only - Apr 18 2:00s 1:00 S
-Rule Germany 1949 only - Apr 10 2:00s 1:00 S
-
-Rule SovietZone 1945 only - May 24 2:00 2:00 M # Midsummer
-Rule SovietZone 1945 only - Sep 24 3:00 1:00 S
-Rule SovietZone 1945 only - Nov 18 2:00s 0 -
-
-# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
-Zone Europe/Berlin 0:53:28 - LMT 1893 Apr
- 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 May 24 2:00
- 1:00 SovietZone CE%sT 1946
- 1:00 Germany CE%sT 1980
- 1:00 EU CE%sT
-
-# From Tobias Conradi (2011-09-12):
-# Büsingen <http://www.buesingen.de>, surrounded by the Swiss canton
-# Schaffhausen, did not start observing DST in 1980 as the rest of DE
-# (West Germany at that time) and DD (East Germany at that time) did.
-# DD merged into DE, the area is currently covered by code DE in ISO 3166-1,
-# which in turn is covered by the zone Europe/Berlin.
-#
-# Source for the time in Büsingen 1980:
-# http://www.srf.ch/player/video?id=c012c029-03b7-4c2b-9164-aa5902cd58d3
-
-# From Arthur David Olson (2012-03-03):
-# Büsingen and Zurich have shared clocks since 1970.
-
-Link Europe/Zurich Europe/Busingen
-
-# Georgia
-# Please see the "asia" file for Asia/Tbilisi.
-# Herodotus (Histories, IV.45) says Georgia north of the Phasis (now Rioni)
-# is in Europe. Our reference location Tbilisi is in the Asian part.
-
-# Gibraltar
-# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
-Zone Europe/Gibraltar -0:21:24 - LMT 1880 Aug 2 0:00s
- 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1957 Apr 14 2:00
- 1:00 - CET 1982
- 1:00 EU CE%sT
-
-# Greece
-# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
-# Whitman gives 1932 Jul 5 - Nov 1; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
-Rule Greece 1932 only - Jul 7 0:00 1:00 S
-Rule Greece 1932 only - Sep 1 0:00 0 -
-# Whitman gives 1941 Apr 25 - ?; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
-Rule Greece 1941 only - Apr 7 0:00 1:00 S
-# Whitman gives 1942 Feb 2 - ?; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
-Rule Greece 1942 only - Nov 2 3:00 0 -
-Rule Greece 1943 only - Mar 30 0:00 1:00 S
-Rule Greece 1943 only - Oct 4 0:00 0 -
-# Whitman gives 1944 Oct 3 - Oct 31; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
-Rule Greece 1952 only - Jul 1 0:00 1:00 S
-Rule Greece 1952 only - Nov 2 0:00 0 -
-Rule Greece 1975 only - Apr 12 0:00s 1:00 S
-Rule Greece 1975 only - Nov 26 0:00s 0 -
-Rule Greece 1976 only - Apr 11 2:00s 1:00 S
-Rule Greece 1976 only - Oct 10 2:00s 0 -
-Rule Greece 1977 1978 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 S
-Rule Greece 1977 only - Sep 26 2:00s 0 -
-Rule Greece 1978 only - Sep 24 4:00 0 -
-Rule Greece 1979 only - Apr 1 9:00 1:00 S
-Rule Greece 1979 only - Sep 29 2:00 0 -
-Rule Greece 1980 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S
-Rule Greece 1980 only - Sep 28 0:00 0 -
-# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
-Zone Europe/Athens 1:34:52 - LMT 1895 Sep 14
- 1:34:52 - AMT 1916 Jul 28 0:01 # Athens MT
- 2:00 Greece EE%sT 1941 Apr 30
- 1:00 Greece CE%sT 1944 Apr 4
- 2:00 Greece EE%sT 1981
- # Shanks & Pottenger say it switched to C-Eur in 1981;
- # go with EU rules instead, since Greece joined Jan 1.
- 2:00 EU EE%sT
-
-# Hungary
-# From Paul Eggert (2014-07-15):
-# Dates for 1916-1945 are taken from:
-# Oross A. Jelen a múlt jövője: a nyári időszámítás Magyarországon 1916-1945.
-# National Archives of Hungary (2012-10-29).
-# http://mnl.gov.hu/a_het_dokumentuma/a_nyari_idoszamitas_magyarorszagon_19161945.html
-# This source does not always give times, which are taken from Shanks
-# & Pottenger (which disagree about the dates).
-# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
-Rule Hungary 1918 only - Apr 1 3:00 1:00 S
-Rule Hungary 1918 only - Sep 16 3:00 0 -
-Rule Hungary 1919 only - Apr 15 3:00 1:00 S
-Rule Hungary 1919 only - Nov 24 3:00 0 -
-Rule Hungary 1945 only - May 1 23:00 1:00 S
-Rule Hungary 1945 only - Nov 1 0:00 0 -
-Rule Hungary 1946 only - Mar 31 2:00s 1:00 S
-Rule Hungary 1946 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
-Rule Hungary 1947 1949 - Apr Sun>=4 2:00s 1:00 S
-Rule Hungary 1950 only - Apr 17 2:00s 1:00 S
-Rule Hungary 1950 only - Oct 23 2:00s 0 -
-Rule Hungary 1954 1955 - May 23 0:00 1:00 S
-Rule Hungary 1954 1955 - Oct 3 0:00 0 -
-Rule Hungary 1956 only - Jun Sun>=1 0:00 1:00 S
-Rule Hungary 1956 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
-Rule Hungary 1957 only - Jun Sun>=1 1:00 1:00 S
-Rule Hungary 1957 only - Sep lastSun 3:00 0 -
-Rule Hungary 1980 only - Apr 6 1:00 1:00 S
-# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
-Zone Europe/Budapest 1:16:20 - LMT 1890 Oct
- 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1918
- 1:00 Hungary CE%sT 1941 Apr 8
- 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945
- 1:00 Hungary CE%sT 1980 Sep 28 2:00s
- 1:00 EU CE%sT
-
-# Iceland
-#
-# From Adam David (1993-11-06):
-# The name of the timezone in Iceland for system / mail / news purposes is GMT.
-#
-# (1993-12-05):
-# This material is paraphrased from the 1988 edition of the University of
-# Iceland Almanak.
-#
-# From January 1st, 1908 the whole of Iceland was standardised at 1 hour
-# behind GMT. Previously, local mean solar time was used in different parts
-# of Iceland, the almanak had been based on Reykjavik mean solar time which
-# was 1 hour and 28 minutes behind GMT.
-#
-# "first day of winter" referred to [below] means the first day of the 26 weeks
-# of winter, according to the old icelandic calendar that dates back to the
-# time the norsemen first settled Iceland. The first day of winter is always
-# Saturday, but is not dependent on the Julian or Gregorian calendars.
-#
-# (1993-12-10):
-# I have a reference from the Oxford Icelandic-English dictionary for the
-# beginning of winter, which ties it to the ecclesiastical calendar (and thus
-# to the julian/gregorian calendar) over the period in question.
-# the winter begins on the Saturday next before St. Luke's day
-# (old style), or on St. Luke's day, if a Saturday.
-# St. Luke's day ought to be traceable from ecclesiastical sources. "old style"
-# might be a reference to the Julian calendar as opposed to Gregorian, or it
-# might mean something else (???).
-#
-# From Paul Eggert (2014-11-22):
-# The information below is taken from the 1988 Almanak; see
-# http://www.almanak.hi.is/klukkan.html
-#
-# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
-Rule Iceland 1917 1919 - Feb 19 23:00 1:00 -
-Rule Iceland 1917 only - Oct 21 1:00 0 -
-Rule Iceland 1918 1919 - Nov 16 1:00 0 -
-Rule Iceland 1921 only - Mar 19 23:00 1:00 -
-Rule Iceland 1921 only - Jun 23 1:00 0 -
-Rule Iceland 1939 only - Apr 29 23:00 1:00 -
-Rule Iceland 1939 only - Oct 29 2:00 0 -
-Rule Iceland 1940 only - Feb 25 2:00 1:00 -
-Rule Iceland 1940 1941 - Nov Sun>=2 1:00s 0 -
-Rule Iceland 1941 1942 - Mar Sun>=2 1:00s 1:00 -
-# 1943-1946 - first Sunday in March until first Sunday in winter
-Rule Iceland 1943 1946 - Mar Sun>=1 1:00s 1:00 -
-Rule Iceland 1942 1948 - Oct Sun>=22 1:00s 0 -
-# 1947-1967 - first Sunday in April until first Sunday in winter
-Rule Iceland 1947 1967 - Apr Sun>=1 1:00s 1:00 -
-# 1949 and 1967 Oct transitions delayed by 1 week
-Rule Iceland 1949 only - Oct 30 1:00s 0 -
-Rule Iceland 1950 1966 - Oct Sun>=22 1:00s 0 -
-Rule Iceland 1967 only - Oct 29 1:00s 0 -
-# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
-Zone Atlantic/Reykjavik -1:28 - LMT 1908
- -1:00 Iceland -01/+00 1968 Apr 7 1:00s
- 0:00 - GMT
-
-# Italy
-#
-# From Paul Eggert (2001-03-06):
-# Sicily and Sardinia each had their own time zones from 1866 to 1893,
-# called Palermo Time (+00:53:28) and Cagliari Time (+00:36:32).
-# During World War II, German-controlled Italy used German time.
-# But these events all occurred before the 1970 cutoff,
-# so record only the time in Rome.
-#
-# From Michael Deckers (2016-10-24):
-# http://www.ac-ilsestante.it/MERIDIANE/ora_legale quotes a law of 1893-08-10
-# ... [translated as] "The preceding dispositions will enter into
-# force at the instant at which, according to the time specified in
-# the 1st article, the 1st of November 1893 will begin...."
-#
-# From Pierpaolo Bernardi (2016-10-20):
-# The authoritative source for time in Italy is the national metrological
-# institute, which has a summary page of historical DST data at
-# http://www.inrim.it/res/tf/ora_legale_i.shtml
-# (2016-10-24):
-# http://www.renzobaldini.it/le-ore-legali-in-italia/
-# has still different data for 1944. It divides Italy in two, as
-# there were effectively two governments at the time, north of Gothic
-# Line German controlled territory, official government RSI, and south
-# of the Gothic Line, controlled by allied armies.
-#
-# From Brian Inglis (2016-10-23):
-# Viceregal LEGISLATIVE DECREE. 14 September 1944, no. 219.
-# Restoration of Standard Time. (044U0219) (OJ 62 of 30.9.1944) ...
-# Given the R. law decreed on 1944-03-29, no. 92, by which standard time is
-# advanced to sixty minutes later starting at hour two on 1944-04-02; ...
-# Starting at hour three on the date 1944-09-17 standard time will be resumed.
-#
-# From Paul Eggert (2016-10-27):
-# Go with INRiM for DST rules, except as corrected by Inglis for 1944
-# for the Kingdom of Italy. This is consistent with Renzo Baldini.
-# Model Rome's occupation by using C-Eur rules from 1943-09-10
-# to 1944-06-04; although Rome was an open city during this period, it
-# was effectively controlled by Germany.
-#
-# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
-Rule Italy 1916 only - Jun 3 24:00 1:00 S
-Rule Italy 1916 1917 - Sep 30 24:00 0 -
-Rule Italy 1917 only - Mar 31 24:00 1:00 S
-Rule Italy 1918 only - Mar 9 24:00 1:00 S
-Rule Italy 1918 only - Oct 6 24:00 0 -
-Rule Italy 1919 only - Mar 1 24:00 1:00 S
-Rule Italy 1919 only - Oct 4 24:00 0 -
-Rule Italy 1920 only - Mar 20 24:00 1:00 S
-Rule Italy 1920 only - Sep 18 24:00 0 -
-Rule Italy 1940 only - Jun 14 24:00 1:00 S
-Rule Italy 1942 only - Nov 2 2:00s 0 -
-Rule Italy 1943 only - Mar 29 2:00s 1:00 S
-Rule Italy 1943 only - Oct 4 2:00s 0 -
-Rule Italy 1944 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S
-Rule Italy 1944 only - Sep 17 2:00s 0 -
-Rule Italy 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00 1:00 S
-Rule Italy 1945 only - Sep 15 1:00 0 -
-Rule Italy 1946 only - Mar 17 2:00s 1:00 S
-Rule Italy 1946 only - Oct 6 2:00s 0 -
-Rule Italy 1947 only - Mar 16 0:00s 1:00 S
-Rule Italy 1947 only - Oct 5 0:00s 0 -
-Rule Italy 1948 only - Feb 29 2:00s 1:00 S
-Rule Italy 1948 only - Oct 3 2:00s 0 -
-Rule Italy 1966 1968 - May Sun>=22 0:00s 1:00 S
-Rule Italy 1966 only - Sep 24 24:00 0 -
-Rule Italy 1967 1969 - Sep Sun>=22 0:00s 0 -
-Rule Italy 1969 only - Jun 1 0:00s 1:00 S
-Rule Italy 1970 only - May 31 0:00s 1:00 S
-Rule Italy 1970 only - Sep lastSun 0:00s 0 -
-Rule Italy 1971 1972 - May Sun>=22 0:00s 1:00 S
-Rule Italy 1971 only - Sep lastSun 0:00s 0 -
-Rule Italy 1972 only - Oct 1 0:00s 0 -
-Rule Italy 1973 only - Jun 3 0:00s 1:00 S
-Rule Italy 1973 1974 - Sep lastSun 0:00s 0 -
-Rule Italy 1974 only - May 26 0:00s 1:00 S
-Rule Italy 1975 only - Jun 1 0:00s 1:00 S
-Rule Italy 1975 1977 - Sep lastSun 0:00s 0 -
-Rule Italy 1976 only - May 30 0:00s 1:00 S
-Rule Italy 1977 1979 - May Sun>=22 0:00s 1:00 S
-Rule Italy 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00s 0 -
-Rule Italy 1979 only - Sep 30 0:00s 0 -
-# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
-Zone Europe/Rome 0:49:56 - LMT 1866 Sep 22
- 0:49:56 - RMT 1893 Oct 31 23:49:56 # Rome Mean
- 1:00 Italy CE%sT 1943 Sep 10
- 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Jun 4
- 1:00 Italy CE%sT 1980
- 1:00 EU CE%sT
-
-Link Europe/Rome Europe/Vatican
-Link Europe/Rome Europe/San_Marino
-
-# Latvia
-
-# From Liene Kanepe (1998-09-17):
-
-# I asked about this matter Scientific Secretary of the Institute of Astronomy
-# of The University of Latvia Dr. paed Mr. Ilgonis Vilks. I also searched the
-# correct data in juridical acts and I found some juridical documents about
-# changes in the counting of time in Latvia from 1981....
-#
-# Act No. 35 of the Council of Ministers of Latvian SSR of 1981-01-22 ...
-# according to the Act No. 925 of the Council of Ministers of USSR of 1980-10-24
-# ...: all year round the time of 2nd time zone + 1 hour, in addition turning
-# the hands of the clock 1 hour forward on 1 April at 00:00 (GMT 31 March 21:00)
-# and 1 hour backward on the 1 October at 00:00 (GMT 30 September 20:00).
-#
-# Act No. 592 of the Council of Ministers of Latvian SSR of 1984-09-24 ...
-# according to the Act No. 967 of the Council of Ministers of USSR of 1984-09-13
-# ...: all year round the time of 2nd time zone + 1 hour, in addition turning
-# the hands of the clock 1 hour forward on the last Sunday of March at 02:00
-# (GMT 23:00 on the previous day) and 1 hour backward on the last Sunday of
-# September at 03:00 (GMT 23:00 on the previous day).
-#
-# Act No. 81 of the Council of Ministers of Latvian SSR of 1989-03-22 ...
-# according to the Act No. 227 of the Council of Ministers of USSR of 1989-03-14
-# ...: since the last Sunday of March 1989 in Lithuanian SSR, Latvian SSR,
-# Estonian SSR and Kaliningrad region of Russian Federation all year round the
-# time of 2nd time zone (Moscow time minus one hour). On the territory of Latvia
-# transition to summer time is performed on the last Sunday of March at 02:00
-# (GMT 00:00), turning the hands of the clock 1 hour forward. The end of
-# daylight saving time is performed on the last Sunday of September at 03:00
-# (GMT 00:00), turning the hands of the clock 1 hour backward. Exception is
-# 1989-03-26, when we must not turn the hands of the clock....
-#
-# The Regulations of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Latvia of
-# 1997-01-21 on transition to Summer time ... established the same order of
-# daylight savings time settings as in the States of the European Union.
-
-# From Andrei Ivanov (2000-03-06):
-# This year Latvia will not switch to Daylight Savings Time (as specified in
-# The Regulations of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Rep. of Latvia of
-# 29-Feb-2000 (No. 79) <http://www.lv-laiks.lv/wwwraksti/2000/071072/vd4.htm>,
-# in Latvian for subscribers only).
-
-# From RFE/RL Newsline
-# http://www.rferl.org/newsline/2001/01/3-CEE/cee-030101.html
-# (2001-01-03), noted after a heads-up by Rives McDow:
-# The Latvian government on 2 January decided that the country will
-# institute daylight-saving time this spring, LETA reported.
-# Last February the three Baltic states decided not to turn back their
-# clocks one hour in the spring....
-# Minister of Economy Aigars Kalvītis noted that Latvia had too few
-# daylight hours and thus decided to comply with a draft European
-# Commission directive that provides for instituting daylight-saving
-# time in EU countries between 2002 and 2006. The Latvian government
-# urged Lithuania and Estonia to adopt a similar time policy, but it
-# appears that they will not do so....
-
-# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
-Rule Latvia 1989 1996 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S
-Rule Latvia 1989 1996 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
-
-# Milne 1899 says Riga was 1:36:28 (Polytechnique House time).
-# Byalokoz 1919 says Latvia was 1:36:34.
-# Go with Byalokoz.
-
-# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
-Zone Europe/Riga 1:36:34 - LMT 1880
- 1:36:34 - RMT 1918 Apr 15 2:00 # Riga MT
- 1:36:34 1:00 LST 1918 Sep 16 3:00 # Latvian ST
- 1:36:34 - RMT 1919 Apr 1 2:00
- 1:36:34 1:00 LST 1919 May 22 3:00
- 1:36:34 - RMT 1926 May 11
- 2:00 - EET 1940 Aug 5
- 3:00 - MSK 1941 Jul
- 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Oct 13
- 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1989 Mar lastSun 2:00s
- 2:00 1:00 EEST 1989 Sep lastSun 2:00s
- 2:00 Latvia EE%sT 1997 Jan 21
- 2:00 EU EE%sT 2000 Feb 29
- 2:00 - EET 2001 Jan 2
- 2:00 EU EE%sT
-
-# Liechtenstein
-
-# From Paul Eggert (2013-09-09):
-# Shanks & Pottenger say Vaduz is like Zurich.
-
-# From Alois Treindl (2013-09-18):
-# http://www.eliechtensteinensia.li/LIJ/1978/1938-1978/1941.pdf
-# ... confirms on p. 6 that Liechtenstein followed Switzerland in 1941 and 1942.
-# I ... translate only the last two paragraphs:
-# ... during second world war, in the years 1941 and 1942, Liechtenstein
-# introduced daylight saving time, adapting to Switzerland. From 1943 on
-# central European time was in force throughout the year.
-# From a report of the duke's government to the high council,
-# regarding the introduction of a time law, of 31 May 1977.
-
-Link Europe/Zurich Europe/Vaduz
-
-
-# Lithuania
-
-# From Paul Eggert (2016-03-18):
-# The 1989 transition is from USSR act No. 227 (1989-03-14).
-
-# From Paul Eggert (1996-11-22):
-# IATA SSIM (1992/1996) says Lithuania uses W-Eur rules, but since it is
-# known to be wrong about Estonia and Latvia, assume it's wrong here too.
-
-# From Marius Gedminas (1998-08-07):
-# I would like to inform that in this year Lithuanian time zone
-# (Europe/Vilnius) was changed.
-
-# From ELTA No. 972 (2582) (1999-09-29) <http://www.elta.lt/>,
-# via Steffen Thorsen:
-# Lithuania has shifted back to the second time zone (GMT plus two hours)
-# to be valid here starting from October 31,
-# as decided by the national government on Wednesday....
-# The Lithuanian government also announced plans to consider a
-# motion to give up shifting to summer time in spring, as it was
-# already done by Estonia.
-
-# From the Fact File, Lithuanian State Department of Tourism
-# <http://www.tourism.lt/informa/ff.htm> (2000-03-27):
-# Local time is GMT+2 hours ..., no daylight saving.
-
-# From a user via Klaus Marten (2003-02-07):
-# As a candidate for membership of the European Union, Lithuania will
-# observe Summer Time in 2003, changing its clocks at the times laid
-# down in EU Directive 2000/84 of 19.I.01 (i.e. at the same times as its
-# neighbour Latvia). The text of the Lithuanian government Order of
-# 7.XI.02 to this effect can be found at
-# http://www.lrvk.lt/nut/11/n1749.htm
-
-
-# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
-Zone Europe/Vilnius 1:41:16 - LMT 1880
- 1:24:00 - WMT 1917 # Warsaw Mean Time
- 1:35:36 - KMT 1919 Oct 10 # Kaunas Mean Time
- 1:00 - CET 1920 Jul 12
- 2:00 - EET 1920 Oct 9
- 1:00 - CET 1940 Aug 3
- 3:00 - MSK 1941 Jun 24
- 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Aug
- 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1989 Mar 26 2:00s
- 2:00 Russia EE%sT 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
- 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1998
- 2:00 - EET 1998 Mar 29 1:00u
- 1:00 EU CE%sT 1999 Oct 31 1:00u
- 2:00 - EET 2003 Jan 1
- 2:00 EU EE%sT
-
-# Luxembourg
-# Whitman disagrees with most of these dates in minor ways;
-# go with Shanks & Pottenger.
-# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
-Rule Lux 1916 only - May 14 23:00 1:00 S
-Rule Lux 1916 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 -
-Rule Lux 1917 only - Apr 28 23:00 1:00 S
-Rule Lux 1917 only - Sep 17 1:00 0 -
-Rule Lux 1918 only - Apr Mon>=15 2:00s 1:00 S
-Rule Lux 1918 only - Sep Mon>=15 2:00s 0 -
-Rule Lux 1919 only - Mar 1 23:00 1:00 S
-Rule Lux 1919 only - Oct 5 3:00 0 -
-Rule Lux 1920 only - Feb 14 23:00 1:00 S
-Rule Lux 1920 only - Oct 24 2:00 0 -
-Rule Lux 1921 only - Mar 14 23:00 1:00 S
-Rule Lux 1921 only - Oct 26 2:00 0 -
-Rule Lux 1922 only - Mar 25 23:00 1:00 S
-Rule Lux 1922 only - Oct Sun>=2 1:00 0 -
-Rule Lux 1923 only - Apr 21 23:00 1:00 S
-Rule Lux 1923 only - Oct Sun>=2 2:00 0 -
-Rule Lux 1924 only - Mar 29 23:00 1:00 S
-Rule Lux 1924 1928 - Oct Sun>=2 1:00 0 -
-Rule Lux 1925 only - Apr 5 23:00 1:00 S
-Rule Lux 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00 1:00 S
-Rule Lux 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00 1:00 S
-Rule Lux 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00 1:00 S
-Rule Lux 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00 1:00 S
-# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
-Zone Europe/Luxembourg 0:24:36 - LMT 1904 Jun
- 1:00 Lux CE%sT 1918 Nov 25
- 0:00 Lux WE%sT 1929 Oct 6 2:00s
- 0:00 Belgium WE%sT 1940 May 14 3:00
- 1:00 C-Eur WE%sT 1944 Sep 18 3:00
- 1:00 Belgium CE%sT 1977
- 1:00 EU CE%sT
-
-# North Macedonia
-# See Europe/Belgrade.
-
-# Malta
-#
-# From Paul Eggert (2016-10-21):
-# Assume 1900-1972 was like Rome, overriding Shanks.
-#
-# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
-Rule Malta 1973 only - Mar 31 0:00s 1:00 S
-Rule Malta 1973 only - Sep 29 0:00s 0 -
-Rule Malta 1974 only - Apr 21 0:00s 1:00 S
-Rule Malta 1974 only - Sep 16 0:00s 0 -
-Rule Malta 1975 1979 - Apr Sun>=15 2:00 1:00 S
-Rule Malta 1975 1980 - Sep Sun>=15 2:00 0 -
-Rule Malta 1980 only - Mar 31 2:00 1:00 S
-# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
-Zone Europe/Malta 0:58:04 - LMT 1893 Nov 2 0:00s # Valletta
- 1:00 Italy CE%sT 1973 Mar 31
- 1:00 Malta CE%sT 1981
- 1:00 EU CE%sT
-
-# Moldova
-
-# From Stepan Golosunov (2016-03-07):
-# the act of the government of the Republic of Moldova Nr. 132 from 1990-05-04
-# http://lex.justice.md/viewdoc.php?action=view&view=doc&id=298782&lang=2
-# ... says that since 1990-05-06 on the territory of the Moldavian SSR
-# time would be calculated as the standard time of the second time belt
-# plus one hour of the "summer" time. To implement that clocks would be
-# adjusted one hour backwards at 1990-05-06 2:00. After that "summer"
-# time would be cancelled last Sunday of September at 3:00 and
-# reintroduced last Sunday of March at 2:00.
-
-# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
-# A previous version of this database followed Shanks & Pottenger, who write
-# that Tiraspol switched to Moscow time on 1992-01-19 at 02:00.
-# However, this is most likely an error, as Moldova declared independence
-# on 1991-08-27 (the 1992-01-19 date is that of a Russian decree).
-# In early 1992 there was large-scale interethnic violence in the area
-# and it's possible that some Russophones continued to observe Moscow time.
-# But [two people] separately reported via
-# Jesper Nørgaard that as of 2001-01-24 Tiraspol was like Chisinau.
-# The Tiraspol entry has therefore been removed for now.
-#
-# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2011-10-17):
-# Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic (PMR, also known as
-# "Pridnestrovie") has abolished seasonal clock change (no transition
-# to the Winter Time).
-#
-# News (in Russian):
-# http://www.kyivpost.ua/russia/news/pridnestrove-otkazalos-ot-perehoda-na-zimnee-vremya-30954.html
-# http://www.allmoldova.com/moldova-news/1249064116.html
-#
-# The substance of this change (reinstatement of the Tiraspol entry)
-# is from a patch from Petr Machata (2011-10-17)
-#
-# From Tim Parenti (2011-10-19)
-# In addition, being situated at +4651+2938 would give Tiraspol
-# a pre-1880 LMT offset of 1:58:32.
-#
-# (which agrees with the earlier entry that had been removed)
-#
-# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2011-10-26)
-# NO need to divide Moldova into two timezones at this point.
-# As of today, Transnistria (Pridnestrovie)- Tiraspol reversed its own
-# decision to abolish DST this winter.
-# Following Moldova and neighboring Ukraine- Transnistria (Pridnestrovie)-
-# Tiraspol will go back to winter time on October 30, 2011.
-# News from Moldova (in russian):
-# https://ru.publika.md/link_317061.html
-
-# From Roman Tudos (2015-07-02):
-# http://lex.justice.md/index.php?action=view&view=doc&lang=1&id=355077
-# From Paul Eggert (2015-07-01):
-# The abovementioned official link to IGO1445-868/2014 states that
-# 2014-10-26's fallback transition occurred at 03:00 local time. Also,
-# https://www.trm.md/en/social/la-30-martie-vom-trece-la-ora-de-vara
-# says the 2014-03-30 spring-forward transition was at 02:00 local time.
-# Guess that since 1997 Moldova has switched one hour before the EU.
-
-# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
-Rule Moldova 1997 max - Mar lastSun 2:00 1:00 S
-Rule Moldova 1997 max - Oct lastSun 3:00 0 -
-
-# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
-Zone Europe/Chisinau 1:55:20 - LMT 1880
- 1:55 - CMT 1918 Feb 15 # Chisinau MT
- 1:44:24 - BMT 1931 Jul 24 # Bucharest MT
- 2:00 Romania EE%sT 1940 Aug 15
- 2:00 1:00 EEST 1941 Jul 17
- 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Aug 24
- 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990 May 6 2:00
- 2:00 Russia EE%sT 1992
- 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1997
-# See Romania commentary for the guessed 1997 transition to EU rules.
- 2:00 Moldova EE%sT
-
-# Monaco
-# Shanks & Pottenger give 0:09:20 for Paris Mean Time; go with Howse's
-# more precise 0:09:21.
-# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
-Zone Europe/Monaco 0:29:32 - LMT 1891 Mar 15
- 0:09:21 - PMT 1911 Mar 11 # Paris Mean Time
- 0:00 France WE%sT 1945 Sep 16 3:00
- 1:00 France CE%sT 1977
- 1:00 EU CE%sT
-
-# Montenegro
-# See Europe/Belgrade.
-
-# Netherlands
-
-# Howse writes that the Netherlands' railways used GMT between 1892 and 1940,
-# but for other purposes the Netherlands used Amsterdam mean time.
-
-# However, Robert H. van Gent writes (2001-04-01):
-# Howse's statement is only correct up to 1909. From 1909-05-01 (00:00:00
-# Amsterdam mean time) onwards, the whole of the Netherlands (including
-# the Dutch railways) was required by law to observe Amsterdam mean time
-# (19 minutes 32.13 seconds ahead of GMT). This had already been the
-# common practice (except for the railways) for many decades but it was
-# not until 1909 when the Dutch government finally defined this by law.
-# On 1937-07-01 this was changed to 20 minutes (exactly) ahead of GMT and
-# was generally known as Dutch Time ("Nederlandse Tijd").
-#
-# (2001-04-08):
-# 1892-05-01 was the date when the Dutch railways were by law required to
-# observe GMT while the remainder of the Netherlands adhered to the common
-# practice of following Amsterdam mean time.
-#
-# (2001-04-09):
-# In 1835 the authorities of the province of North Holland requested the
-# municipal authorities of the towns and cities in the province to observe
-# Amsterdam mean time but I do not know in how many cases this request was
-# actually followed.
-#
-# From 1852 onwards the Dutch telegraph offices were by law required to
-# observe Amsterdam mean time. As the time signals from the observatory of
-# Leiden were also distributed by the telegraph system, I assume that most
-# places linked up with the telegraph (and railway) system automatically
-# adopted Amsterdam mean time.
-#
-# Although the early Dutch railway companies initially observed a variety
-# of times, most of them had adopted Amsterdam mean time by 1858 but it
-# was not until 1866 when they were all required by law to observe
-# Amsterdam mean time.
-
-# The data entries before 1945 are taken from
-# https://www.staff.science.uu.nl/~gent0113/wettijd/wettijd.htm
-
-# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
-Rule Neth 1916 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 NST # Netherlands Summer Time
-Rule Neth 1916 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 AMT # Amsterdam Mean Time
-Rule Neth 1917 only - Apr 16 2:00s 1:00 NST
-Rule Neth 1917 only - Sep 17 2:00s 0 AMT
-Rule Neth 1918 1921 - Apr Mon>=1 2:00s 1:00 NST
-Rule Neth 1918 1921 - Sep lastMon 2:00s 0 AMT
-Rule Neth 1922 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 NST
-Rule Neth 1922 1936 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 AMT
-Rule Neth 1923 only - Jun Fri>=1 2:00s 1:00 NST
-Rule Neth 1924 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 NST
-Rule Neth 1925 only - Jun Fri>=1 2:00s 1:00 NST
-# From 1926 through 1939 DST began 05-15, except that it was delayed by a week
-# in years when 05-15 fell in the Pentecost weekend.
-Rule Neth 1926 1931 - May 15 2:00s 1:00 NST
-Rule Neth 1932 only - May 22 2:00s 1:00 NST
-Rule Neth 1933 1936 - May 15 2:00s 1:00 NST
-Rule Neth 1937 only - May 22 2:00s 1:00 NST
-Rule Neth 1937 only - Jul 1 0:00 1:00 S
-Rule Neth 1937 1939 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 -
-Rule Neth 1938 1939 - May 15 2:00s 1:00 S
-Rule Neth 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S
-Rule Neth 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
-#
-# Amsterdam Mean Time was +00:19:32.13, but the .13 is omitted
-# below because the current format requires GMTOFF to be an integer.
-# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
-Zone Europe/Amsterdam 0:19:32 - LMT 1835
- 0:19:32 Neth %s 1937 Jul 1
- 0:20 Neth +0020/+0120 1940 May 16 0:00
- 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00
- 1:00 Neth CE%sT 1977
- 1:00 EU CE%sT
-
-# Norway
-# http://met.no/met/met_lex/q_u/sommertid.html (2004-01) agrees with Shanks &
-# Pottenger.
-# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
-Rule Norway 1916 only - May 22 1:00 1:00 S
-Rule Norway 1916 only - Sep 30 0:00 0 -
-Rule Norway 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S
-Rule Norway 1945 only - Oct 1 2:00s 0 -
-Rule Norway 1959 1964 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00s 1:00 S
-Rule Norway 1959 1965 - Sep Sun>=15 2:00s 0 -
-Rule Norway 1965 only - Apr 25 2:00s 1:00 S
-# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
-Zone Europe/Oslo 0:43:00 - LMT 1895 Jan 1
- 1:00 Norway CE%sT 1940 Aug 10 23:00
- 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00
- 1:00 Norway CE%sT 1980
- 1:00 EU CE%sT
-
-# Svalbard & Jan Mayen
-
-# From Steffen Thorsen (2001-05-01):
-# Although I could not find it explicitly, it seems that Jan Mayen and
-# Svalbard have been using the same time as Norway at least since the
-# time they were declared as parts of Norway. Svalbard was declared
-# as a part of Norway by law of 1925-07-17 no 11, section 4 and Jan
-# Mayen by law of 1930-02-27 no 2, section 2. (From
-# <http://www.lovdata.no/all/nl-19250717-011.html> and
-# <http://www.lovdata.no/all/nl-19300227-002.html>). The law/regulation
-# for normal/standard time in Norway is from 1894-06-29 no 1 (came
-# into operation on 1895-01-01) and Svalbard/Jan Mayen seem to be a
-# part of this law since 1925/1930. (From
-# <http://www.lovdata.no/all/nl-18940629-001.html>) I have not been
-# able to find if Jan Mayen used a different time zone (e.g. -0100)
-# before 1930. Jan Mayen has only been "inhabited" since 1921 by
-# Norwegian meteorologists and maybe used the same time as Norway ever
-# since 1921. Svalbard (Arctic/Longyearbyen) has been inhabited since
-# before 1895, and therefore probably changed the local time somewhere
-# between 1895 and 1925 (inclusive).
-
-# From Paul Eggert (2013-09-04):
-#
-# Actually, Jan Mayen was never occupied by Germany during World War II,
-# so it must have diverged from Oslo time during the war, as Oslo was
-# keeping Berlin time.
-#
-# <https://www.jan-mayen.no/history.htm> says that the meteorologists
-# burned down their station in 1940 and left the island, but returned in
-# 1941 with a small Norwegian garrison and continued operations despite
-# frequent air attacks from Germans. In 1943 the Americans established a
-# radiolocating station on the island, called "Atlantic City". Possibly
-# the UT offset changed during the war, but I think it unlikely that
-# Jan Mayen used German daylight-saving rules.
-#
-# Svalbard is more complicated, as it was raided in August 1941 by an
-# Allied party that evacuated the civilian population to England (says
-# <http://www.bartleby.com/65/sv/Svalbard.html>). The Svalbard FAQ
-# <http://www.svalbard.com/SvalbardFAQ.html> says that the Germans were
-# expelled on 1942-05-14. However, small parties of Germans did return,
-# and according to Wilhelm Dege's book "War North of 80" (1954)
-# http://www.ucalgary.ca/UofC/departments/UP/1-55238/1-55238-110-2.html
-# the German armed forces at the Svalbard weather station code-named
-# Haudegen did not surrender to the Allies until September 1945.
-#
-# All these events predate our cutoff date of 1970, so use Europe/Oslo
-# for these regions.
-Link Europe/Oslo Arctic/Longyearbyen
-
-# Poland
-
-# The 1919 dates and times can be found in Tygodnik Urzędowy nr 1 (1919-03-20),
-# <http://www.wbc.poznan.pl/publication/32156> pp 1-2.
-
-# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
-Rule Poland 1918 1919 - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
-Rule Poland 1919 only - Apr 15 2:00s 1:00 S
-Rule Poland 1944 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 S
-# Whitman gives 1944 Nov 30; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
-Rule Poland 1944 only - Oct 4 2:00 0 -
-# For 1944-1948 Whitman gives the previous day; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
-Rule Poland 1945 only - Apr 29 0:00 1:00 S
-Rule Poland 1945 only - Nov 1 0:00 0 -
-# For 1946 on the source is Kazimierz Borkowski,
-# Toruń Center for Astronomy, Dept. of Radio Astronomy, Nicolaus Copernicus U.,
-# https://www.astro.uni.torun.pl/~kb/Artykuly/U-PA/Czas2.htm#tth_tAb1
-# Thanks to Przemysław Augustyniak (2005-05-28) for this reference.
-# He also gives these further references:
-# Mon Pol nr 13, poz 162 (1995) <http://www.abc.com.pl/serwis/mp/1995/0162.htm>
-# Druk nr 2180 (2003) <http://www.senat.gov.pl/k5/dok/sejm/053/2180.pdf>
-Rule Poland 1946 only - Apr 14 0:00s 1:00 S
-Rule Poland 1946 only - Oct 7 2:00s 0 -
-Rule Poland 1947 only - May 4 2:00s 1:00 S
-Rule Poland 1947 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
-Rule Poland 1948 only - Apr 18 2:00s 1:00 S
-Rule Poland 1949 only - Apr 10 2:00s 1:00 S
-Rule Poland 1957 only - Jun 2 1:00s 1:00 S
-Rule Poland 1957 1958 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
-Rule Poland 1958 only - Mar 30 1:00s 1:00 S
-Rule Poland 1959 only - May 31 1:00s 1:00 S
-Rule Poland 1959 1961 - Oct Sun>=1 1:00s 0 -
-Rule Poland 1960 only - Apr 3 1:00s 1:00 S
-Rule Poland 1961 1964 - May lastSun 1:00s 1:00 S
-Rule Poland 1962 1964 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
-# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
-Zone Europe/Warsaw 1:24:00 - LMT 1880
- 1:24:00 - WMT 1915 Aug 5 # Warsaw Mean Time
- 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1918 Sep 16 3:00
- 2:00 Poland EE%sT 1922 Jun
- 1:00 Poland CE%sT 1940 Jun 23 2:00
- 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Oct
- 1:00 Poland CE%sT 1977
- 1:00 W-Eur CE%sT 1988
- 1:00 EU CE%sT
-
-# Portugal
-
-# From Paul Eggert (2014-08-11), after a heads-up from Stephen Colebourne:
-# According to a Portuguese decree (1911-05-26)
-# https://dre.pt/application/dir/pdf1sdip/1911/05/12500/23132313.pdf
-# Lisbon was at -0:36:44.68, but switched to GMT on 1912-01-01 at 00:00.
-# Round the old offset to -0:36:45. This agrees with Willett....
-#
-# From Michael Deckers (2018-02-15):
-# article 5 [of the 1911 decree; Deckers's translation] ...:
-# These dispositions shall enter into force at the instant at which,
-# according to the 2nd article, the civil day January 1, 1912 begins,
-# all clocks therefore having to be advanced or set back correspondingly ...
-
-# From Rui Pedro Salgueiro (1992-11-12):
-# Portugal has recently (September, 27) changed timezone
-# (from WET to MET or CET) to harmonize with EEC.
-#
-# Martin Bruckmann (1996-02-29) reports via Peter Ilieve
-# that Portugal is reverting to 0:00 by not moving its clocks this spring.
-# The new Prime Minister was fed up with getting up in the dark in the winter.
-#
-# From Paul Eggert (1996-11-12):
-# IATA SSIM (1991-09) reports several 1991-09 and 1992-09 transitions
-# at 02:00u, not 01:00u. Assume that these are typos.
-# IATA SSIM (1991/1992) reports that the Azores were at -1:00.
-# IATA SSIM (1993-02) says +0:00; later issues (through 1996-09) say -1:00.
-# Guess that the Azores changed to EU rules in 1992 (since that's when Portugal
-# harmonized with EU rules), and that they stayed +0:00 that winter.
-#
-# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
-# DSH writes that despite Decree 1,469 (1915), the change to the clocks was not
-# done every year, depending on what Spain did, because of railroad schedules.
-# Go with Shanks & Pottenger.
-Rule Port 1916 only - Jun 17 23:00 1:00 S
-# Whitman gives 1916 Oct 31; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
-Rule Port 1916 only - Nov 1 1:00 0 -
-Rule Port 1917 only - Feb 28 23:00s 1:00 S
-Rule Port 1917 1921 - Oct 14 23:00s 0 -
-Rule Port 1918 only - Mar 1 23:00s 1:00 S
-Rule Port 1919 only - Feb 28 23:00s 1:00 S
-Rule Port 1920 only - Feb 29 23:00s 1:00 S
-Rule Port 1921 only - Feb 28 23:00s 1:00 S
-Rule Port 1924 only - Apr 16 23:00s 1:00 S
-Rule Port 1924 only - Oct 14 23:00s 0 -
-Rule Port 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 S
-Rule Port 1926 1929 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
-Rule Port 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 S
-Rule Port 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 S
-Rule Port 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00s 1:00 S
-Rule Port 1931 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 S
-# Whitman gives 1931 Oct 8; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
-Rule Port 1931 1932 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
-Rule Port 1932 only - Apr 2 23:00s 1:00 S
-Rule Port 1934 only - Apr 7 23:00s 1:00 S
-# Whitman gives 1934 Oct 5; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
-Rule Port 1934 1938 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
-# Shanks & Pottenger give 1935 Apr 30; go with Whitman.
-Rule Port 1935 only - Mar 30 23:00s 1:00 S
-Rule Port 1936 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 S
-# Whitman gives 1937 Apr 2; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
-Rule Port 1937 only - Apr 3 23:00s 1:00 S
-Rule Port 1938 only - Mar 26 23:00s 1:00 S
-Rule Port 1939 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 S
-# Whitman gives 1939 Oct 7; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
-Rule Port 1939 only - Nov 18 23:00s 0 -
-Rule Port 1940 only - Feb 24 23:00s 1:00 S
-# Shanks & Pottenger give 1940 Oct 7; go with Whitman.
-Rule Port 1940 1941 - Oct 5 23:00s 0 -
-Rule Port 1941 only - Apr 5 23:00s 1:00 S
-Rule Port 1942 1945 - Mar Sat>=8 23:00s 1:00 S
-Rule Port 1942 only - Apr 25 22:00s 2:00 M # Midsummer
-Rule Port 1942 only - Aug 15 22:00s 1:00 S
-Rule Port 1942 1945 - Oct Sat>=24 23:00s 0 -
-Rule Port 1943 only - Apr 17 22:00s 2:00 M
-Rule Port 1943 1945 - Aug Sat>=25 22:00s 1:00 S
-Rule Port 1944 1945 - Apr Sat>=21 22:00s 2:00 M
-Rule Port 1946 only - Apr Sat>=1 23:00s 1:00 S
-Rule Port 1946 only - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
-Rule Port 1947 1949 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 S
-Rule Port 1947 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
-# Shanks & Pottenger say DST was observed in 1950; go with Whitman.
-# Whitman gives Oct lastSun for 1952 on; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
-Rule Port 1951 1965 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 S
-Rule Port 1951 1965 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
-Rule Port 1977 only - Mar 27 0:00s 1:00 S
-Rule Port 1977 only - Sep 25 0:00s 0 -
-Rule Port 1978 1979 - Apr Sun>=1 0:00s 1:00 S
-Rule Port 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00s 0 -
-Rule Port 1979 1982 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
-Rule Port 1980 only - Mar lastSun 0:00s 1:00 S
-Rule Port 1981 1982 - Mar lastSun 1:00s 1:00 S
-Rule Port 1983 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S
-#
-# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
-Zone Europe/Lisbon -0:36:45 - LMT 1884
- -0:36:45 - LMT 1912 Jan 1 0:00u # Lisbon MT
- 0:00 Port WE%sT 1966 Apr 3 2:00
- 1:00 - CET 1976 Sep 26 1:00
- 0:00 Port WE%sT 1983 Sep 25 1:00s
- 0:00 W-Eur WE%sT 1992 Sep 27 1:00s
- 1:00 EU CE%sT 1996 Mar 31 1:00u
- 0:00 EU WE%sT
-# This Zone can be simplified once we assume zic %z.
-Zone Atlantic/Azores -1:42:40 - LMT 1884 # Ponta Delgada
- -1:54:32 - HMT 1912 Jan 1 2:00u # Horta MT
- -2:00 Port -02/-01 1942 Apr 25 22:00s
- -2:00 Port +00 1942 Aug 15 22:00s
- -2:00 Port -02/-01 1943 Apr 17 22:00s
- -2:00 Port +00 1943 Aug 28 22:00s
- -2:00 Port -02/-01 1944 Apr 22 22:00s
- -2:00 Port +00 1944 Aug 26 22:00s
- -2:00 Port -02/-01 1945 Apr 21 22:00s
- -2:00 Port +00 1945 Aug 25 22:00s
- -2:00 Port -02/-01 1966 Apr 3 2:00
- -1:00 Port -01/+00 1983 Sep 25 1:00s
- -1:00 W-Eur -01/+00 1992 Sep 27 1:00s
- 0:00 EU WE%sT 1993 Mar 28 1:00u
- -1:00 EU -01/+00
-# This Zone can be simplified once we assume zic %z.
-Zone Atlantic/Madeira -1:07:36 - LMT 1884 # Funchal
- -1:07:36 - FMT 1912 Jan 1 1:00u # Funchal MT
- -1:00 Port -01/+00 1942 Apr 25 22:00s
- -1:00 Port +01 1942 Aug 15 22:00s
- -1:00 Port -01/+00 1943 Apr 17 22:00s
- -1:00 Port +01 1943 Aug 28 22:00s
- -1:00 Port -01/+00 1944 Apr 22 22:00s
- -1:00 Port +01 1944 Aug 26 22:00s
- -1:00 Port -01/+00 1945 Apr 21 22:00s
- -1:00 Port +01 1945 Aug 25 22:00s
- -1:00 Port -01/+00 1966 Apr 3 2:00
- 0:00 Port WE%sT 1983 Sep 25 1:00s
- 0:00 EU WE%sT
-
-# Romania
-#
-# From Paul Eggert (1999-10-07):
-# Nine O'clock <http://www.nineoclock.ro/POL/1778pol.html>
-# (1998-10-23) reports that the switch occurred at
-# 04:00 local time in fall 1998. For lack of better info,
-# assume that Romania and Moldova switched to EU rules in 1997,
-# the same year as Bulgaria.
-#
-# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
-Rule Romania 1932 only - May 21 0:00s 1:00 S
-Rule Romania 1932 1939 - Oct Sun>=1 0:00s 0 -
-Rule Romania 1933 1939 - Apr Sun>=2 0:00s 1:00 S
-Rule Romania 1979 only - May 27 0:00 1:00 S
-Rule Romania 1979 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
-Rule Romania 1980 only - Apr 5 23:00 1:00 S
-Rule Romania 1980 only - Sep lastSun 1:00 0 -
-Rule Romania 1991 1993 - Mar lastSun 0:00s 1:00 S
-Rule Romania 1991 1993 - Sep lastSun 0:00s 0 -
-# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
-Zone Europe/Bucharest 1:44:24 - LMT 1891 Oct
- 1:44:24 - BMT 1931 Jul 24 # Bucharest MT
- 2:00 Romania EE%sT 1981 Mar 29 2:00s
- 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1991
- 2:00 Romania EE%sT 1994
- 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1997
- 2:00 EU EE%sT
-
-
-# Russia
-
-# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2011-09-15):
-# Based on last Russian Government Decree No. 725 on August 31, 2011
-# (Government document
-# http://www.government.ru/gov/results/16355/print/
-# in Russian)
-# there are few corrections have to be made for some Russian time zones...
-# All updated Russian Time Zones were placed in table and translated to English
-# by WorldTimeZone.com at the link below:
-# http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_russia36.htm
-
-# From Sanjeev Gupta (2011-09-27):
-# Scans of [Decree No. 23 of January 8, 1992] are available at:
-# http://government.consultant.ru/page.aspx?1223966
-# They are in Cyrillic letters (presumably Russian).
-
-# From Arthur David Olson (2012-05-09):
-# Regarding the instant when clocks in time-zone-shifting parts of Russia
-# changed in September 2011:
-#
-# One source is
-# http://government.ru/gov/results/16355/
-# which, according to translate.google.com, begins "Decree of August 31,
-# 2011 No. 725" and contains no other dates or "effective date" information.
-#
-# Another source is
-# https://rg.ru/2011/09/06/chas-zona-dok.html
-# which, according to translate.google.com, begins "Resolution of the
-# Government of the Russian Federation on August 31, 2011 N 725" and also
-# contains "Date first official publication: September 6, 2011 Posted on:
-# in the 'RG' - Federal Issue No. 5573 September 6, 2011" but which
-# does not contain any "effective date" information.
-#
-# Another source is
-# https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oymyakonsky_District#cite_note-RuTime-7
-# which, in note 8, contains "Resolution No. 725 of August 31, 2011...
-# Effective as of after 7 days following the day of the official publication"
-# but which does not contain any reference to September 6, 2011.
-#
-# The Wikipedia article refers to
-# http://base.consultant.ru/cons/cgi/online.cgi?req=doc;base=LAW;n=118896
-# which seems to copy the text of the government.ru page.
-#
-# Tobias Conradi combines Wikipedia's
-# "as of after 7 days following the day of the official publication"
-# with www.rg.ru's "Date of first official publication: September 6, 2011" to
-# get September 13, 2011 as the cutover date (unusually, a Tuesday, as Tobias
-# Conradi notes).
-#
-# None of the sources indicates a time of day for changing clocks.
-#
-# Go with 2011-09-13 0:00s.
-
-# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2014-07-01):
-# According to the Russian news (ITAR-TASS News Agency)
-# http://en.itar-tass.com/russia/738562
-# the State Duma has approved ... the draft bill on returning to
-# winter time standard and return Russia 11 time zones. The new
-# regulations will come into effect on October 26, 2014 at 02:00 ...
-# http://asozd2.duma.gov.ru/main.nsf/%28Spravka%29?OpenAgent&RN=431985-6&02
-# Here is a link where we put together table (based on approved Bill N
-# 431985-6) with proposed 11 Russian time zones and corresponding
-# areas/cities/administrative centers in the Russian Federation (in English):
-# http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_russia65.html
-#
-# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2014-07-22):
-# Putin signed the Federal Law 431985-6 ... (in Russian)
-# http://itar-tass.com/obschestvo/1333711
-# http://www.pravo.gov.ru:8080/page.aspx?111660
-# http://www.kremlin.ru/acts/46279
-# From October 26, 2014 the new Russian time zone map will look like this:
-# http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_russia-map-2014-07.html
-
-# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
-# Moscow time zone abbreviations after 1919-07-01, and Moscow rules after 1991,
-# are from Andrey A. Chernov. The rest is from Shanks & Pottenger,
-# except we follow Chernov's report that 1992 DST transitions were Sat
-# 23:00, not Sun 02:00s.
-#
-# From Stanislaw A. Kuzikowski (1994-06-29):
-# But now it is some months since Novosibirsk is 3 hours ahead of Moscow!
-# I do not know why they have decided to make this change;
-# as far as I remember it was done exactly during winter->summer switching
-# so we (Novosibirsk) simply did not switch.
-#
-# From Andrey A. Chernov (1996-10-04):
-# 'MSK' and 'MSD' were born and used initially on Moscow computers with
-# UNIX-like OSes by several developer groups (e.g. Demos group, Kiae group)....
-# The next step was the UUCP network, the Relcom predecessor
-# (used mainly for mail), and MSK/MSD was actively used there.
-#
-# From Chris Carrier (1996-10-30):
-# According to a friend of mine who rode the Trans-Siberian Railroad from
-# Moscow to Irkutsk in 1995, public air and rail transport in Russia ...
-# still follows Moscow time, no matter where in Russia it is located.
-#
-# For Grozny, Chechnya, we have the following story from
-# John Daniszewski, "Scavengers in the Rubble", Los Angeles Times (2001-02-07):
-# News - often false - is spread by word of mouth. A rumor that it was
-# time to move the clocks back put this whole city out of sync with
-# the rest of Russia for two weeks - even soldiers stationed here began
-# enforcing curfew at the wrong time.
-#
-# From Gwillim Law (2001-06-05):
-# There's considerable evidence that Sakhalin Island used to be in
-# UTC+11, and has changed to UTC+10, in this decade. I start with the
-# SSIM, which listed Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk in zone RU10 along with Magadan
-# until February 1997, and then in RU9 with Khabarovsk and Vladivostok
-# since September 1997.... Although the Kuril Islands are
-# administratively part of Sakhalin oblast', they appear to have
-# remained on UTC+11 along with Magadan.
-
-# From Marat Nigametzianov (2018-07-16):
-# this is link to order from 1956 about timezone in USSR
-# http://astro.uni-altai.ru/~orion/blog/2011/11/novyie-granitsyi-chasovyih-poyasov-v-sssr/
-#
-# From Paul Eggert (2018-07-16):
-# Perhaps someone could translate the above-mentioned link and use it
-# to correct our data for the ex-Soviet Union. It cites the following:
-# «Поясное время и новые границы часовых поясов» / сост. П.Н. Долгов,
-# отв. ред. Г.Д. Бурдун - М: Комитет стандартов, мер и измерительных
-# приборов при Совете Министров СССР, Междуведомственная комиссия
-# единой службы времени, 1956 г.
-# This book looks like it would be a helpful resource for the Soviet
-# Union through 1956. Although a copy was in the Scientific Library
-# of Tomsk State University, I have not been able to track down a copy nearby.
-#
-# From Stepan Golosunov (2018-07-21):
-# http://astro.uni-altai.ru/~orion/blog/2015/05/center-reforma-ischisleniya-vremeni-br-na-territorii-sssr-v-1957-godu-center/
-# says that the 1956 decision to change time belts' borders was not
-# implemented as planned in 1956 and the change happened in 1957.
-# There is also the problem that actual time zones were different from
-# the official time belts (and from many time belts' maps) as there were
-# numerous exceptions to application of time belt rules. For example,
-# https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Московское_время#Перемещение_границы_применения_московского_времени_на_восток
-# says that by 1962 there were many regions in the 3rd time belt that
-# were on Moscow time, referring to a 1962 map. By 1989 number of such
-# exceptions grew considerably.
-
-# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-06):
-# The comments detailing the coverage of each Russian zone are meant to assist
-# with maintenance only and represent our best guesses as to which regions
-# are covered by each zone. They are not meant to be taken as an authoritative
-# listing. The region codes listed come from
-# https://en.wikipedia.org/w/?title=Federal_subjects_of_Russia&oldid=611810498
-# and are used for convenience only; no guarantees are made regarding their
-# future stability. ISO 3166-2:RU codes are also listed for first-level
-# divisions where available.
-
-# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03):
-# Europe/Kaliningrad covers...
-# 39 RU-KGD Kaliningrad Oblast
-
-# From Paul Eggert (2016-03-18):
-# The 1989 transition is from USSR act No. 227 (1989-03-14).
-
-# From Stepan Golosunov (2016-03-07):
-# http://www.rgo.ru/ru/kaliningradskoe-oblastnoe-otdelenie/ob-otdelenii/publikacii/kak-nam-zhilos-bez-letnego-vremeni
-# confirms that the 1989 change to Moscow-1 was implemented.
-# (The article, though, is misattributed to 1990 while saying that
-# summer->winter transition would be done on the 24 of September. But
-# 1990-09-24 was Monday, while 1989-09-24 was Sunday as expected.)
-# ...
-# http://www.kaliningradka.ru/site_pc/cherez/index.php?ELEMENT_ID=40091
-# says that Kaliningrad switched to Moscow-1 on 1989-03-26, avoided
-# at the last moment switch to Moscow-1 on 1991-03-31, switched to
-# Moscow on 1991-11-03, switched to Moscow-1 on 1992-01-19.
-
-Zone Europe/Kaliningrad 1:22:00 - LMT 1893 Apr
- 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945
- 2:00 Poland CE%sT 1946
- 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1989 Mar 26 2:00s
- 2:00 Russia EE%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
- 3:00 - +03 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
- 2:00 - EET
-
-
-# From Paul Eggert (2016-02-21), per Tim Parenti (2014-07-03) and
-# Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25):
-# Europe/Moscow covers...
-# 01 RU-AD Adygea, Republic of
-# 05 RU-DA Dagestan, Republic of
-# 06 RU-IN Ingushetia, Republic of
-# 07 RU-KB Kabardino-Balkar Republic
-# 08 RU-KL Kalmykia, Republic of
-# 09 RU-KC Karachay-Cherkess Republic
-# 10 RU-KR Karelia, Republic of
-# 11 RU-KO Komi Republic
-# 12 RU-ME Mari El Republic
-# 13 RU-MO Mordovia, Republic of
-# 15 RU-SE North Ossetia-Alania, Republic of
-# 16 RU-TA Tatarstan, Republic of
-# 20 RU-CE Chechen Republic
-# 21 RU-CU Chuvash Republic
-# 23 RU-KDA Krasnodar Krai
-# 26 RU-STA Stavropol Krai
-# 29 RU-ARK Arkhangelsk Oblast
-# 31 RU-BEL Belgorod Oblast
-# 32 RU-BRY Bryansk Oblast
-# 33 RU-VLA Vladimir Oblast
-# 35 RU-VLG Vologda Oblast
-# 36 RU-VOR Voronezh Oblast
-# 37 RU-IVA Ivanovo Oblast
-# 40 RU-KLU Kaluga Oblast
-# 44 RU-KOS Kostroma Oblast
-# 46 RU-KRS Kursk Oblast
-# 47 RU-LEN Leningrad Oblast
-# 48 RU-LIP Lipetsk Oblast
-# 50 RU-MOS Moscow Oblast
-# 51 RU-MUR Murmansk Oblast
-# 52 RU-NIZ Nizhny Novgorod Oblast
-# 53 RU-NGR Novgorod Oblast
-# 57 RU-ORL Oryol Oblast
-# 58 RU-PNZ Penza Oblast
-# 60 RU-PSK Pskov Oblast
-# 61 RU-ROS Rostov Oblast
-# 62 RU-RYA Ryazan Oblast
-# 67 RU-SMO Smolensk Oblast
-# 68 RU-TAM Tambov Oblast
-# 69 RU-TVE Tver Oblast
-# 71 RU-TUL Tula Oblast
-# 76 RU-YAR Yaroslavl Oblast
-# 77 RU-MOW Moscow
-# 78 RU-SPE Saint Petersburg
-# 83 RU-NEN Nenets Autonomous Okrug
-
-# From Paul Eggert (2016-08-23):
-# The Soviets switched to UT-based time in 1919. Decree No. 59
-# (1919-02-08) http://istmat.info/node/35567 established UT-based time
-# zones, and Decree No. 147 (1919-03-29) http://istmat.info/node/35854
-# specified a transition date of 1919-07-01, apparently at 00:00 UT.
-# No doubt only the Soviet-controlled regions switched on that date;
-# later transitions to UT-based time in other parts of Russia are
-# taken from what appear to be guesses by Shanks.
-# (Thanks to Alexander Belopolsky for pointers to the decrees.)
-
-# From Stepan Golosunov (2016-03-07):
-# 11. Regions-violators, 1981-1982.
-# Wikipedia refers to
-# http://maps.monetonos.ru/maps/raznoe/Old_Maps/Old_Maps/Articles/022/3_1981.html
-# http://besp.narod.ru/nauka_1981_3.htm
-#
-# The second link provides two articles scanned from the Nauka i Zhizn
-# magazine No. 3, 1981 and a scan of the short article attributed to
-# the Trud newspaper from February 1982. The first link provides the
-# same Nauka i Zhizn articles converted to the text form (but misses
-# time belt changes map).
-#
-# The second Nauka i Zhizn article says that in addition to
-# introduction of summer time on 1981-04-01 there are some time belt
-# border changes on 1981-10-01, mostly affecting Nenets Autonomous
-# Okrug, Krasnoyarsk Krai, Yakutia, Magadan Oblast and Chukotka
-# according to the provided map (colored one). In addition to that
-# "time violators" (regions which were not using rules of the time
-# belts in which they were located) would not be moving off the DST on
-# 1981-10-01 to restore the decree time usage. (Komi ASSR was
-# supposed to repeat that move in October 1982 to account for the 2
-# hour difference.) Map depicting "time violators" before 1981-10-01
-# is also provided.
-#
-# The article from Trud says that 1981-10-01 changes caused problems
-# and some territories would be moved to pre-1981-10-01 time by not
-# moving to summer time on 1982-04-01. Namely: Dagestan,
-# Kabardino-Balkar, Kalmyk, Komi, Mari, Mordovian, North Ossetian,
-# Tatar, Chechen-Ingush and Chuvash ASSR, Krasnodar and Stavropol
-# krais, Arkhangelsk, Vladimir, Vologda, Voronezh, Gorky, Ivanovo,
-# Kostroma, Lipetsk, Penza, Rostov, Ryazan, Tambov, Tyumen and
-# Yaroslavl oblasts, Nenets and Evenk autonomous okrugs, Khatangsky
-# district of Taymyr Autonomous Okrug. As a result Evenk Autonomous
-# Okrug and Khatangsky district of Taymyr Autonomous Okrug would end
-# up on Moscow+4, Tyumen Oblast on Moscow+2 and the rest on Moscow
-# time.
-#
-# http://astrozet.net/files/Zones/DOC/RU/1980-925.txt
-# attributes the 1982 changes to the Act of the Council of Ministers
-# of the USSR No. 126 from 18.02.1982. 1980-925.txt also adds
-# Udmurtia to the list of affected territories and lists Khatangsky
-# district separately from Taymyr Autonomous Okrug. Probably erroneously.
-#
-# The affected territories are currently listed under Europe/Moscow,
-# Asia/Yekaterinburg and Asia/Krasnoyarsk.
-#
-# 12. Udmurtia
-# The fact that Udmurtia is depicted as a violator in the Nauka i
-# Zhizn article hints at Izhevsk being on different time from
-# Kuybyshev before 1981-10-01. Udmurtia is not mentioned in the 1989 act.
-# http://astrozet.net/files/Zones/DOC/RU/1980-925.txt
-# implies Udmurtia was on Moscow time after 1982-04-01.
-# Wikipedia implies Udmurtia being on Moscow+1 until 1991.
-#
-# ...
-#
-# All Russian zones are supposed to have by default a -1 change at
-# 1991-03-31 2:00 (cancellation of the decree time in the USSR) and a +1
-# change at 1992-01-19 2:00 (restoration of the decree time in Russia).
-#
-# There were some exceptions, though.
-# Wikipedia says newspapers listed Astrakhan, Saratov, Kirov, Volgograd,
-# Izhevsk, Grozny, Kazan and Samara as such exceptions for the 1992
-# change. (Different newspapers providing different lists. And some
-# lists found in the internet are quite wild.)
-#
-# And apparently some exceptions were reverted in the last moment.
-# http://www.kaliningradka.ru/site_pc/cherez/index.php?ELEMENT_ID=40091
-# says that Kaliningrad decided not to be an exception 2 days before the
-# 1991-03-31 switch and one person at
-# https://izhevsk.ru/forum_light_message/50/682597-m8369040.html
-# says he remembers that Samara opted out of the 1992-01-19 exception
-# 2 days before the switch.
-#
-#
-# From Paul Eggert (2016-03-18):
-# Given the above, we appear to be missing some Zone entries for the
-# chaotic early 1980s in Russia. It's not clear what these entries
-# should be. For now, sweep this under the rug and just document the
-# time in Moscow.
-
-# From Vladimir Karpinsky (2014-07-08):
-# LMT in Moscow (before Jul 3, 1916) is 2:30:17, that was defined by Moscow
-# Observatory (coordinates: 55° 45' 29.70", 37° 34' 05.30")....
-# LMT in Moscow since Jul 3, 1916 is 2:31:01 as a result of new standard.
-# (The info is from the book by Byalokoz ... p. 18.)
-# The time in St. Petersburg as capital of Russia was defined by
-# Pulkov observatory, near St. Petersburg. In 1916 LMT Moscow
-# was synchronized with LMT St. Petersburg (+30 minutes), (Pulkov observatory
-# coordinates: 59° 46' 18.70", 30° 19' 40.70") so 30° 19' 40.70" >
-# 2h01m18.7s = 2:01:19. LMT Moscow = LMT St.Petersburg + 30m 2:01:19 + 0:30 =
-# 2:31:19 ...
-#
-# From Paul Eggert (2014-07-08):
-# Milne does not list Moscow, but suggests that its time might be listed in
-# Résumés mensuels et annuels des observations météorologiques (1895).
-# Presumably this is OCLC 85825704, a journal published with parallel text in
-# Russian and French. This source has not been located; go with Karpinsky.
-
-Zone Europe/Moscow 2:30:17 - LMT 1880
- 2:30:17 - MMT 1916 Jul 3 # Moscow Mean Time
- 2:31:19 Russia %s 1919 Jul 1 0:00u
- 3:00 Russia %s 1921 Oct
- 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1922 Oct
- 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
- 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
- 2:00 Russia EE%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
- 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
- 4:00 - MSK 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
- 3:00 - MSK
-
-
-# From Paul Eggert (2016-12-06):
-# Europe/Simferopol covers Crimea.
-
-Zone Europe/Simferopol 2:16:24 - LMT 1880
- 2:16 - SMT 1924 May 2 # Simferopol Mean T
- 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
- 3:00 - MSK 1941 Nov
- 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Apr 13
- 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990
- 3:00 - MSK 1990 Jul 1 2:00
- 2:00 - EET 1992
-# Central Crimea used Moscow time 1994/1997.
-#
-# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
-# The _Economist_ (1994-05-28, p 45) reports that central Crimea switched
-# from Kiev to Moscow time sometime after the January 1994 elections.
-# Shanks (1999) says "date of change uncertain", but implies that it happened
-# sometime between the 1994 DST switches. Shanks & Pottenger simply say
-# 1994-09-25 03:00, but that can't be right. For now, guess it
-# changed in May.
- 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1994 May
-# From IATA SSIM (1994/1997), which also says that Kerch is still like Kiev.
- 3:00 E-Eur MSK/MSD 1996 Mar 31 0:00s
- 3:00 1:00 MSD 1996 Oct 27 3:00s
-# IATA SSIM (1997-09) says Crimea switched to EET/EEST.
-# Assume it happened in March by not changing the clocks.
- 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1997
- 3:00 - MSK 1997 Mar lastSun 1:00u
-# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2014-03-17):
-# time change at 2:00 (2am) on March 30, 2014
-# https://vz.ru/news/2014/3/17/677464.html
-# From Paul Eggert (2014-03-30):
-# Simferopol and Sevastopol reportedly changed their central town clocks
-# late the previous day, but this appears to have been ceremonial
-# and the discrepancies are small enough to not worry about.
- 2:00 EU EE%sT 2014 Mar 30 2:00
- 4:00 - MSK 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
- 3:00 - MSK
-
-
-# From Paul Eggert (2016-03-18):
-# Europe/Astrakhan covers:
-# 30 RU-AST Astrakhan Oblast
-#
-# The 1989 transition is from USSR act No. 227 (1989-03-14).
-
-# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2016-01-12):
-# On February 10, 2016 Astrakhan Oblast got approval by the Federation
-# Council to change its time zone to UTC+4 (from current UTC+3 Moscow time)....
-# This Federal Law shall enter into force on 27 March 2016 at 02:00.
-# From Matt Johnson (2016-03-09):
-# http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/Document/View/0001201602150056
-
-Zone Europe/Astrakhan 3:12:12 - LMT 1924 May
- 3:00 - +03 1930 Jun 21
- 4:00 Russia +04/+05 1989 Mar 26 2:00s
- 3:00 Russia +03/+04 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
- 4:00 - +04 1992 Mar 29 2:00s
- 3:00 Russia +03/+04 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
- 4:00 - +04 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
- 3:00 - +03 2016 Mar 27 2:00s
- 4:00 - +04
-
-# From Paul Eggert (2016-11-11):
-# Europe/Volgograd covers:
-# 34 RU-VGG Volgograd Oblast
-# The 1988 transition is from USSR act No. 5 (1988-01-04).
-
-# From Alexander Fetisov (2018-09-20):
-# Volgograd region in southern Russia (Europe/Volgograd) change
-# timezone from UTC+3 to UTC+4 from 28oct2018.
-# http://sozd.parliament.gov.ru/bill/452878-7
-#
-# From Stepan Golosunov (2018-10-11):
-# The law has been published today on
-# http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/Document/View/0001201810110037
-
-Zone Europe/Volgograd 2:57:40 - LMT 1920 Jan 3
- 3:00 - +03 1930 Jun 21
- 4:00 - +04 1961 Nov 11
- 4:00 Russia +04/+05 1988 Mar 27 2:00s
- 3:00 Russia +03/+04 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
- 4:00 - +04 1992 Mar 29 2:00s
- 3:00 Russia +03/+04 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
- 4:00 - +04 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
- 3:00 - +03 2018 Oct 28 2:00s
- 4:00 - +04
-
-# From Paul Eggert (2016-11-11):
-# Europe/Saratov covers:
-# 64 RU-SAR Saratov Oblast
-
-# From Yuri Konotopov (2016-11-11):
-# Dec 4, 2016 02:00 UTC+3.... Saratov Region's local time will be ... UTC+4.
-# From Stepan Golosunov (2016-11-11):
-# ... Byalokoz listed Saratov on 03:04:18.
-# From Stepan Golosunov (2016-11-22):
-# http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/Document/View/0001201611220031
-
-Zone Europe/Saratov 3:04:18 - LMT 1919 Jul 1 0:00u
- 3:00 - +03 1930 Jun 21
- 4:00 Russia +04/+05 1988 Mar 27 2:00s
- 3:00 Russia +03/+04 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
- 4:00 - +04 1992 Mar 29 2:00s
- 3:00 Russia +03/+04 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
- 4:00 - +04 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
- 3:00 - +03 2016 Dec 4 2:00s
- 4:00 - +04
-
-# From Paul Eggert (2016-03-18):
-# Europe/Kirov covers:
-# 43 RU-KIR Kirov Oblast
-# The 1989 transition is from USSR act No. 227 (1989-03-14).
-#
-Zone Europe/Kirov 3:18:48 - LMT 1919 Jul 1 0:00u
- 3:00 - +03 1930 Jun 21
- 4:00 Russia +04/+05 1989 Mar 26 2:00s
- 3:00 Russia +03/+04 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
- 4:00 - +04 1992 Mar 29 2:00s
- 3:00 Russia +03/+04 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
- 4:00 - +04 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
- 3:00 - +03
-
-# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25):
-# Europe/Samara covers...
-# 18 RU-UD Udmurt Republic
-# 63 RU-SAM Samara Oblast
-
-# From Paul Eggert (2016-03-18):
-# Byalokoz 1919 says Samara was 3:20:20.
-# The 1989 transition is from USSR act No. 227 (1989-03-14).
-
-Zone Europe/Samara 3:20:20 - LMT 1919 Jul 1 0:00u
- 3:00 - +03 1930 Jun 21
- 4:00 - +04 1935 Jan 27
- 4:00 Russia +04/+05 1989 Mar 26 2:00s
- 3:00 Russia +03/+04 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
- 2:00 Russia +02/+03 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
- 3:00 - +03 1991 Oct 20 3:00
- 4:00 Russia +04/+05 2010 Mar 28 2:00s
- 3:00 Russia +03/+04 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
- 4:00 - +04
-
-# From Paul Eggert (2016-03-18):
-# Europe/Ulyanovsk covers:
-# 73 RU-ULY Ulyanovsk Oblast
-
-# The 1989 transition is from USSR act No. 227 (1989-03-14).
-
-# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2016-02-17):
-# Ulyanovsk ... on their way to change time zones by March 27, 2016 at 2am.
-# Ulyanovsk Oblast ... from MSK to MSK+1 (UTC+3 to UTC+4) ...
-# 920582-6 ... 02/17/2016 The State Duma passed the bill in the first reading.
-# From Matt Johnson (2016-03-09):
-# http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/Document/View/0001201603090051
-
-Zone Europe/Ulyanovsk 3:13:36 - LMT 1919 Jul 1 0:00u
- 3:00 - +03 1930 Jun 21
- 4:00 Russia +04/+05 1989 Mar 26 2:00s
- 3:00 Russia +03/+04 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
- 2:00 Russia +02/+03 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
- 3:00 Russia +03/+04 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
- 4:00 - +04 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
- 3:00 - +03 2016 Mar 27 2:00s
- 4:00 - +04
-
-# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25):
-# Asia/Yekaterinburg covers...
-# 02 RU-BA Bashkortostan, Republic of
-# 90 RU-PER Perm Krai
-# 45 RU-KGN Kurgan Oblast
-# 56 RU-ORE Orenburg Oblast
-# 66 RU-SVE Sverdlovsk Oblast
-# 72 RU-TYU Tyumen Oblast
-# 74 RU-CHE Chelyabinsk Oblast
-# 86 RU-KHM Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug - Yugra
-# 89 RU-YAN Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug
-#
-# Note: Effective 2005-12-01, (59) Perm Oblast and (81) Komi-Permyak
-# Autonomous Okrug merged to form (90, RU-PER) Perm Krai.
-
-# Milne says Yekaterinburg was 4:02:32.9; round to nearest.
-# Byalokoz 1919 says its provincial time was based on Perm, at 3:45:05.
-# Assume it switched on 1916-07-03, the time of the new standard.
-# The 1919 and 1930 transitions are from Shanks.
-
-Zone Asia/Yekaterinburg 4:02:33 - LMT 1916 Jul 3
- 3:45:05 - PMT 1919 Jul 15 4:00
- 4:00 - +04 1930 Jun 21
- 5:00 Russia +05/+06 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
- 4:00 Russia +04/+05 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
- 5:00 Russia +05/+06 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
- 6:00 - +06 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
- 5:00 - +05
-
-
-# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25):
-# Asia/Omsk covers...
-# 55 RU-OMS Omsk Oblast
-
-# Byalokoz 1919 says Omsk was 4:53:30.
-
-Zone Asia/Omsk 4:53:30 - LMT 1919 Nov 14
- 5:00 - +05 1930 Jun 21
- 6:00 Russia +06/+07 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
- 5:00 Russia +05/+06 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
- 6:00 Russia +06/+07 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
- 7:00 - +07 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
- 6:00 - +06
-
-# From Paul Eggert (2016-02-22):
-# Asia/Barnaul covers:
-# 04 RU-AL Altai Republic
-# 22 RU-ALT Altai Krai
-
-# Data before 1991 are from Shanks & Pottenger.
-
-# From Stepan Golosunov (2016-03-07):
-# Letter of Bank of Russia from 1995-05-25
-# http://www.bestpravo.ru/rossijskoje/lj-akty/y3a.htm
-# suggests that Altai Republic transitioned to Moscow+3 on
-# 1995-05-28.
-#
-# https://regnum.ru/news/society/1957270.html
-# has some historical data for Altai Krai:
-# before 1957: west part on UT+6, east on UT+7
-# after 1957: UT+7
-# since 1995: UT+6
-# http://barnaul.rusplt.ru/index/pochemu_altajskij_kraj_okazalsja_v_neprivychnom_chasovom_pojase-17648.html
-# confirms that and provides more details including 1995-05-28 transition date.
-
-# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2016-02-17):
-# Altai Krai and Altai Republic on their way to change time zones
-# by March 27, 2016 at 2am....
-# Altai Republic / Gorno-Altaysk MSK+3 to MSK+4 (UTC+6 to UTC+7) ...
-# Altai Krai / Barnaul MSK+3 to MSK+4 (UTC+6 to UTC+7)
-# From Matt Johnson (2016-03-09):
-# http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/Document/View/0001201603090043
-# http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/Document/View/0001201603090038
-
-Zone Asia/Barnaul 5:35:00 - LMT 1919 Dec 10
- 6:00 - +06 1930 Jun 21
- 7:00 Russia +07/+08 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
- 6:00 Russia +06/+07 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
- 7:00 Russia +07/+08 1995 May 28
- 6:00 Russia +06/+07 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
- 7:00 - +07 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
- 6:00 - +06 2016 Mar 27 2:00s
- 7:00 - +07
-
-# From Paul Eggert (2016-03-18):
-# Asia/Novosibirsk covers:
-# 54 RU-NVS Novosibirsk Oblast
-
-# From Stepan Golosunov (2016-05-30):
-# http://asozd2.duma.gov.ru/main.nsf/(Spravka)?OpenAgent&RN=1085784-6
-# moves Novosibirsk oblast from UTC+6 to UTC+7.
-# From Stepan Golosunov (2016-07-04):
-# The law was signed yesterday and published today on
-# http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/Document/View/0001201607040064
-
-Zone Asia/Novosibirsk 5:31:40 - LMT 1919 Dec 14 6:00
- 6:00 - +06 1930 Jun 21
- 7:00 Russia +07/+08 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
- 6:00 Russia +06/+07 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
- 7:00 Russia +07/+08 1993 May 23 # say Shanks & P.
- 6:00 Russia +06/+07 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
- 7:00 - +07 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
- 6:00 - +06 2016 Jul 24 2:00s
- 7:00 - +07
-
-# From Paul Eggert (2016-03-18):
-# Asia/Tomsk covers:
-# 70 RU-TOM Tomsk Oblast
-
-# From Stepan Golosunov (2016-03-24):
-# Byalokoz listed Tomsk at 5:39:51.
-
-# From Stanislaw A. Kuzikowski (1994-06-29):
-# Tomsk is still 4 hours ahead of Moscow.
-
-# From Stepan Golosunov (2016-03-19):
-# http://pravo.gov.ru/proxy/ips/?docbody=&nd=102075743
-# (fifth time belt being UTC+5+1(decree time)
-# / UTC+5+1(decree time)+1(summer time)) ...
-# Note that time belts (numbered from 2 (Moscow) to 12 according to their
-# GMT/UTC offset and having too many exceptions like regions formally
-# belonging to one belt but using time from another) were replaced
-# with time zones in 2011 with different numbering (there was a
-# 2-hour gap between second and third zones in 2011-2014).
-
-# From Stepan Golosunov (2016-04-12):
-# http://asozd2.duma.gov.ru/main.nsf/(SpravkaNew)?OpenAgent&RN=1006865-6
-# This bill was approved in the first reading today. It moves Tomsk oblast
-# from UTC+6 to UTC+7 and is supposed to come into effect on 2016-05-29 at
-# 2:00. The bill needs to be approved in the second and the third readings by
-# the State Duma, approved by the Federation Council, signed by the President
-# and published to become a law. Minor changes in the text are to be expected
-# before the second reading (references need to be updated to account for the
-# recent changes).
-#
-# Judging by the ultra-short one-day amendments period, recent similar laws,
-# the State Duma schedule and the Federation Council schedule
-# http://www.duma.gov.ru/legislative/planning/day-shedule/por_vesna_2016/
-# http://council.gov.ru/activity/meetings/schedule/63303
-# I speculate that the final text of the bill will be proposed tomorrow, the
-# bill will be approved in the second and the third readings on Friday,
-# approved by the Federation Council on 2016-04-20, signed by the President and
-# published as a law around 2016-04-26.
-
-# From Matt Johnson (2016-04-26):
-# http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/Document/View/0001201604260048
-
-Zone Asia/Tomsk 5:39:51 - LMT 1919 Dec 22
- 6:00 - +06 1930 Jun 21
- 7:00 Russia +07/+08 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
- 6:00 Russia +06/+07 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
- 7:00 Russia +07/+08 2002 May 1 3:00
- 6:00 Russia +06/+07 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
- 7:00 - +07 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
- 6:00 - +06 2016 May 29 2:00s
- 7:00 - +07
-
-
-# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03):
-# Asia/Novokuznetsk covers...
-# 42 RU-KEM Kemerovo Oblast
-
-# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2009-10-13):
-# Kemerovo oblast' (Kemerovo region) in Russia will change current time zone on
-# March 28, 2010:
-# from current Russia Zone 6 - Krasnoyarsk Time Zone (KRA) UTC +0700
-# to Russia Zone 5 - Novosibirsk Time Zone (NOV) UTC +0600
-#
-# This is according to Government of Russia decree No. 740, on September
-# 14, 2009 "Application in the territory of the Kemerovo region the Fifth
-# time zone." ("Russia Zone 5" or old "USSR Zone 5" is GMT +0600)
-#
-# Russian Government web site (Russian language)
-# http://www.government.ru/content/governmentactivity/rfgovernmentdecisions/archive/2009/09/14/991633.htm
-# or Russian-English translation by WorldTimeZone.com with reference
-# map to local region and new Russia Time Zone map after March 28, 2010
-# http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_russia03.html
-#
-# Thus, when Russia will switch to DST on the night of March 28, 2010
-# Kemerovo region (Kemerovo oblast') will not change the clock.
-
-# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-02), per Alexander Krivenyshev (2014-07-02):
-# The Kemerovo region will remain at UTC+7 through the 2014-10-26 change, thus
-# realigning itself with KRAT.
-
-Zone Asia/Novokuznetsk 5:48:48 - LMT 1924 May 1
- 6:00 - +06 1930 Jun 21
- 7:00 Russia +07/+08 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
- 6:00 Russia +06/+07 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
- 7:00 Russia +07/+08 2010 Mar 28 2:00s
- 6:00 Russia +06/+07 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
- 7:00 - +07
-
-# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25):
-# Asia/Krasnoyarsk covers...
-# 17 RU-TY Tuva Republic
-# 19 RU-KK Khakassia, Republic of
-# 24 RU-KYA Krasnoyarsk Krai
-#
-# Note: Effective 2007-01-01, (88) Evenk Autonomous Okrug and (84) Taymyr
-# Autonomous Okrug were merged into (24, RU-KYA) Krasnoyarsk Krai.
-
-# Byalokoz 1919 says Krasnoyarsk was 6:11:26.
-
-Zone Asia/Krasnoyarsk 6:11:26 - LMT 1920 Jan 6
- 6:00 - +06 1930 Jun 21
- 7:00 Russia +07/+08 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
- 6:00 Russia +06/+07 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
- 7:00 Russia +07/+08 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
- 8:00 - +08 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
- 7:00 - +07
-
-
-# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25):
-# Asia/Irkutsk covers...
-# 03 RU-BU Buryatia, Republic of
-# 38 RU-IRK Irkutsk Oblast
-#
-# Note: Effective 2008-01-01, (85) Ust-Orda Buryat Autonomous Okrug was
-# merged into (38, RU-IRK) Irkutsk Oblast.
-
-# Milne 1899 says Irkutsk was 6:57:15.
-# Byalokoz 1919 says Irkutsk was 6:57:05.
-# Go with Byalokoz.
-
-Zone Asia/Irkutsk 6:57:05 - LMT 1880
- 6:57:05 - IMT 1920 Jan 25 # Irkutsk Mean Time
- 7:00 - +07 1930 Jun 21
- 8:00 Russia +08/+09 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
- 7:00 Russia +07/+08 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
- 8:00 Russia +08/+09 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
- 9:00 - +09 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
- 8:00 - +08
-
-
-# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-06):
-# Asia/Chita covers...
-# 92 RU-ZAB Zabaykalsky Krai
-#
-# Note: Effective 2008-03-01, (75) Chita Oblast and (80) Agin-Buryat
-# Autonomous Okrug merged to form (92, RU-ZAB) Zabaykalsky Krai.
-
-# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2016-01-02):
-# [The] time zone in the Trans-Baikal Territory (Zabaykalsky Krai) -
-# Asia/Chita [is changing] from UTC+8 to UTC+9. Effective date will
-# be March 27, 2016 at 2:00am....
-# http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/Document/View/0001201512300107
-
-Zone Asia/Chita 7:33:52 - LMT 1919 Dec 15
- 8:00 - +08 1930 Jun 21
- 9:00 Russia +09/+10 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
- 8:00 Russia +08/+09 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
- 9:00 Russia +09/+10 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
- 10:00 - +10 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
- 8:00 - +08 2016 Mar 27 2:00
- 9:00 - +09
-
-
-# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2009-11-29):
-# Asia/Yakutsk covers...
-# 28 RU-AMU Amur Oblast
-#
-# ...and parts of (14, RU-SA) Sakha (Yakutia) Republic:
-# 14-02 **** Aldansky District
-# 14-04 **** Amginsky District
-# 14-05 **** Anabarsky District
-# 14-06 **** Bulunsky District
-# 14-07 **** Verkhnevilyuysky District
-# 14-10 **** Vilyuysky District
-# 14-11 **** Gorny District
-# 14-12 **** Zhigansky District
-# 14-13 **** Kobyaysky District
-# 14-14 **** Lensky District
-# 14-15 **** Megino-Kangalassky District
-# 14-16 **** Mirninsky District
-# 14-18 **** Namsky District
-# 14-19 **** Neryungrinsky District
-# 14-21 **** Nyurbinsky District
-# 14-23 **** Olenyoksky District
-# 14-24 **** Olyokminsky District
-# 14-26 **** Suntarsky District
-# 14-27 **** Tattinsky District
-# 14-29 **** Ust-Aldansky District
-# 14-32 **** Khangalassky District
-# 14-33 **** Churapchinsky District
-# 14-34 **** Eveno-Bytantaysky National District
-
-# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03):
-# Our commentary seems to have lost mention of (14-19) Neryungrinsky District.
-# Since the surrounding districts of Sakha are all YAKT, assume this is, too.
-# Also assume its history has been the same as the rest of Asia/Yakutsk.
-
-# Byalokoz 1919 says Yakutsk was 8:38:58.
-
-Zone Asia/Yakutsk 8:38:58 - LMT 1919 Dec 15
- 8:00 - +08 1930 Jun 21
- 9:00 Russia +09/+10 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
- 8:00 Russia +08/+09 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
- 9:00 Russia +09/+10 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
- 10:00 - +10 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
- 9:00 - +09
-
-
-# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2009-11-29):
-# Asia/Vladivostok covers...
-# 25 RU-PRI Primorsky Krai
-# 27 RU-KHA Khabarovsk Krai
-# 79 RU-YEV Jewish Autonomous Oblast
-#
-# ...and parts of (14, RU-SA) Sakha (Yakutia) Republic:
-# 14-09 **** Verkhoyansky District
-# 14-31 **** Ust-Yansky District
-
-# Milne 1899 says Vladivostok was 8:47:33.5.
-# Byalokoz 1919 says Vladivostok was 8:47:31.
-# Go with Byalokoz.
-
-Zone Asia/Vladivostok 8:47:31 - LMT 1922 Nov 15
- 9:00 - +09 1930 Jun 21
- 10:00 Russia +10/+11 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
- 9:00 Russia +09/+10 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
- 10:00 Russia +10/+11 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
- 11:00 - +11 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
- 10:00 - +10
-
-
-# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03):
-# Asia/Khandyga covers parts of (14, RU-SA) Sakha (Yakutia) Republic:
-# 14-28 **** Tomponsky District
-# 14-30 **** Ust-Maysky District
-
-# From Arthur David Olson (2012-05-09):
-# Tomponskij and Ust'-Majskij switched from Vladivostok time to Yakutsk time
-# in 2011.
-
-# From Paul Eggert (2012-11-25):
-# Shanks and Pottenger (2003) has Khandyga on Yakutsk time.
-# Make a wild guess that it switched to Vladivostok time in 2004.
-# This transition is no doubt wrong, but we have no better info.
-
-Zone Asia/Khandyga 9:02:13 - LMT 1919 Dec 15
- 8:00 - +08 1930 Jun 21
- 9:00 Russia +09/+10 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
- 8:00 Russia +08/+09 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
- 9:00 Russia +09/+10 2004
- 10:00 Russia +10/+11 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
- 11:00 - +11 2011 Sep 13 0:00s # Decree 725?
- 10:00 - +10 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
- 9:00 - +09
-
-
-# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03):
-# Asia/Sakhalin covers...
-# 65 RU-SAK Sakhalin Oblast
-# ...with the exception of:
-# 65-11 **** Severo-Kurilsky District (North Kuril Islands)
-
-# From Matt Johnson (2016-02-22):
-# Asia/Sakhalin is moving (in entirety) from UTC+10 to UTC+11 ...
-# (2016-03-09):
-# http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/Document/View/0001201603090044
-
-# The Zone name should be Asia/Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk, but that's too long.
-Zone Asia/Sakhalin 9:30:48 - LMT 1905 Aug 23
- 9:00 - +09 1945 Aug 25
- 11:00 Russia +11/+12 1991 Mar 31 2:00s # Sakhalin T
- 10:00 Russia +10/+11 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
- 11:00 Russia +11/+12 1997 Mar lastSun 2:00s
- 10:00 Russia +10/+11 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
- 11:00 - +11 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
- 10:00 - +10 2016 Mar 27 2:00s
- 11:00 - +11
-
-
-# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2009-11-29):
-# Asia/Magadan covers...
-# 49 RU-MAG Magadan Oblast
-
-# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-06), per Alexander Krivenyshev (2014-07-02):
-# Magadan Oblast is moving from UTC+12 to UTC+10 on 2014-10-26; however,
-# several districts of Sakha Republic as well as Severo-Kurilsky District of
-# the Sakhalin Oblast (also known as the North Kuril Islands), represented
-# until now by Asia/Magadan, will instead move to UTC+11. These regions will
-# need their own zone.
-
-# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2016-03-27):
-# ... draft bill 948300-6 to change its time zone from UTC+10 to UTC+11 ...
-# will take ... effect ... on April 24, 2016 at 2 o'clock
-#
-# From Matt Johnson (2016-04-05):
-# ... signed by the President today ...
-# http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/Document/View/0001201604050038
-
-Zone Asia/Magadan 10:03:12 - LMT 1924 May 2
- 10:00 - +10 1930 Jun 21 # Magadan Time
- 11:00 Russia +11/+12 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
- 10:00 Russia +10/+11 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
- 11:00 Russia +11/+12 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
- 12:00 - +12 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
- 10:00 - +10 2016 Apr 24 2:00s
- 11:00 - +11
-
-
-# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-06):
-# Asia/Srednekolymsk covers parts of (14, RU-SA) Sakha (Yakutia) Republic:
-# 14-01 **** Abyysky District
-# 14-03 **** Allaikhovsky District
-# 14-08 **** Verkhnekolymsky District
-# 14-17 **** Momsky District
-# 14-20 **** Nizhnekolymsky District
-# 14-25 **** Srednekolymsky District
-#
-# ...and parts of (65, RU-SAK) Sakhalin Oblast:
-# 65-11 **** Severo-Kurilsky District (North Kuril Islands)
-
-# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-02):
-# Oymyakonsky District of Sakha Republic (represented by Ust-Nera), along with
-# most of Sakhalin Oblast (represented by Sakhalin) will be moving to UTC+10 on
-# 2014-10-26 to stay aligned with VLAT/SAKT; however, Severo-Kurilsky District
-# of the Sakhalin Oblast (also known as the North Kuril Islands, represented by
-# Severo-Kurilsk) will remain on UTC+11.
-
-# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-06):
-# Assume North Kuril Islands have history like Magadan before 2011-03-27.
-# There is a decent chance this is wrong, in which case a new zone
-# Asia/Severo-Kurilsk would become necessary.
-#
-# Srednekolymsk and Zyryanka are the most populous places amongst these
-# districts, but have very similar populations. In fact, Wikipedia currently
-# lists them both as having 3528 people, exactly 1668 males and 1860 females
-# each! (Yikes!)
-# https://en.wikipedia.org/w/?title=Srednekolymsky_District&oldid=603435276
-# https://en.wikipedia.org/w/?title=Verkhnekolymsky_District&oldid=594378493
-# Assume this is a mistake, albeit an amusing one.
-#
-# Looking at censuses, the populations of the two municipalities seem to have
-# fluctuated recently. Zyryanka was more populous than Srednekolymsk in the
-# 1989 and 2002 censuses, but Srednekolymsk was more populous in the most
-# recent (2010) census, 3525 to 3170. (See pages 195 and 197 of
-# http://www.gks.ru/free_doc/new_site/perepis2010/croc/Documents/Vol1/pub-01-05.pdf
-# in Russian.) In addition, Srednekolymsk appears to be a much older
-# settlement and the population of Zyryanka seems to be declining.
-# Go with Srednekolymsk.
-
-Zone Asia/Srednekolymsk 10:14:52 - LMT 1924 May 2
- 10:00 - +10 1930 Jun 21
- 11:00 Russia +11/+12 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
- 10:00 Russia +10/+11 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
- 11:00 Russia +11/+12 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
- 12:00 - +12 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
- 11:00 - +11
-
-
-# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03):
-# Asia/Ust-Nera covers parts of (14, RU-SA) Sakha (Yakutia) Republic:
-# 14-22 **** Oymyakonsky District
-
-# From Arthur David Olson (2012-05-09):
-# Ojmyakonskij [and the Kuril Islands] switched from
-# Magadan time to Vladivostok time in 2011.
-#
-# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-06), per Alexander Krivenyshev (2014-07-02):
-# It's unlikely that any of the Kuril Islands were involved in such a switch,
-# as the South and Middle Kurils have been on UTC+11 (SAKT) with the rest of
-# Sakhalin Oblast since at least 2011-09, and the North Kurils have been on
-# UTC+12 since at least then, too.
-
-Zone Asia/Ust-Nera 9:32:54 - LMT 1919 Dec 15
- 8:00 - +08 1930 Jun 21
- 9:00 Russia +09/+10 1981 Apr 1
- 11:00 Russia +11/+12 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
- 10:00 Russia +10/+11 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
- 11:00 Russia +11/+12 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
- 12:00 - +12 2011 Sep 13 0:00s # Decree 725?
- 11:00 - +11 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
- 10:00 - +10
-
-
-# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25):
-# Asia/Kamchatka covers...
-# 91 RU-KAM Kamchatka Krai
-#
-# Note: Effective 2007-07-01, (41) Kamchatka Oblast and (82) Koryak
-# Autonomous Okrug merged to form (91, RU-KAM) Kamchatka Krai.
-
-# The Zone name should be Asia/Petropavlovsk-Kamchatski or perhaps
-# Asia/Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, but these are too long.
-Zone Asia/Kamchatka 10:34:36 - LMT 1922 Nov 10
- 11:00 - +11 1930 Jun 21
- 12:00 Russia +12/+13 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
- 11:00 Russia +11/+12 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
- 12:00 Russia +12/+13 2010 Mar 28 2:00s
- 11:00 Russia +11/+12 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
- 12:00 - +12
-
-
-# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03):
-# Asia/Anadyr covers...
-# 87 RU-CHU Chukotka Autonomous Okrug
-
-Zone Asia/Anadyr 11:49:56 - LMT 1924 May 2
- 12:00 - +12 1930 Jun 21
- 13:00 Russia +13/+14 1982 Apr 1 0:00s
- 12:00 Russia +12/+13 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
- 11:00 Russia +11/+12 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
- 12:00 Russia +12/+13 2010 Mar 28 2:00s
- 11:00 Russia +11/+12 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
- 12:00 - +12
-
-
-# San Marino
-# See Europe/Rome.
-
-# Serbia
-# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
-Zone Europe/Belgrade 1:22:00 - LMT 1884
- 1:00 - CET 1941 Apr 18 23:00
- 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945
- 1:00 - CET 1945 May 8 2:00s
- 1:00 1:00 CEST 1945 Sep 16 2:00s
-# Metod Koželj reports that the legal date of
-# transition to EU rules was 1982-11-27, for all of Yugoslavia at the time.
-# Shanks & Pottenger don't give as much detail, so go with Koželj.
- 1:00 - CET 1982 Nov 27
- 1:00 EU CE%sT
-Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Ljubljana # Slovenia
-Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Podgorica # Montenegro
-Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Sarajevo # Bosnia and Herzegovina
-Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Skopje # North Macedonia
-Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Zagreb # Croatia
-
-# Slovakia
-Link Europe/Prague Europe/Bratislava
-
-# Slovenia
-# See Europe/Belgrade.
-
-# Spain
-#
-# From Paul Eggert (2016-12-14):
-#
-# The source for Europe/Madrid before 2013 is:
-# Planesas P. La hora oficial en España y sus cambios.
-# Anuario del Observatorio Astronómico de Madrid (2013, in Spanish).
-# http://astronomia.ign.es/rknowsys-theme/images/webAstro/paginas/documentos/Anuario/lahoraoficialenespana.pdf
-# As this source says that historical time in the Canaries is obscure,
-# and it does not discuss Ceuta, stick with Shanks for now for that data.
-#
-# In the 1918 and 1919 fallback transitions in Spain, the clock for
-# the hour-longer day officially kept going after midnight, so that
-# the repeated instances of that day's 00:00 hour were 24 hours apart,
-# with a fallback transition from the second occurrence of 00:59... to
-# the next day's 00:00. Our data format cannot represent this
-# directly, and instead repeats the first hour of the next day, with a
-# fallback transition from the next day's 00:59... to 00:00.
-
-# From Michael Deckers (2016-12-15):
-# The Royal Decree of 1900-06-26 quoted by Planesas, online at
-# https://www.boe.es/datos/pdfs/BOE//1900/209/A00383-00384.pdf
-# says in its article 5 (my translation):
-# These dispositions will enter into force beginning with the
-# instant at which, according to the time indicated in article 1,
-# the 1st day of January of 1901 will begin.
-
-# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
-Rule Spain 1918 only - Apr 15 23:00 1:00 S
-Rule Spain 1918 1919 - Oct 6 24:00s 0 -
-Rule Spain 1919 only - Apr 6 23:00 1:00 S
-Rule Spain 1924 only - Apr 16 23:00 1:00 S
-Rule Spain 1924 only - Oct 4 24:00s 0 -
-Rule Spain 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00 1:00 S
-Rule Spain 1926 1929 - Oct Sat>=1 24:00s 0 -
-Rule Spain 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00 1:00 S
-Rule Spain 1928 only - Apr 15 0:00 1:00 S
-Rule Spain 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00 1:00 S
-# Republican Spain during the civil war; it controlled Madrid until 1939-03-28.
-Rule Spain 1937 only - Jun 16 23:00 1:00 S
-Rule Spain 1937 only - Oct 2 24:00s 0 -
-Rule Spain 1938 only - Apr 2 23:00 1:00 S
-Rule Spain 1938 only - Apr 30 23:00 2:00 M
-Rule Spain 1938 only - Oct 2 24:00 1:00 S
-# The following rules are for unified Spain again.
-#
-# Planesas does not say what happened in Madrid between its fall on
-# 1939-03-28 and the Nationalist spring-forward transition on
-# 1939-04-15. For lack of better info, assume Madrid's clocks did not
-# change during that period.
-#
-# The first rule is commented out, as it is redundant for Republican Spain.
-#Rule Spain 1939 only - Apr 15 23:00 1:00 S
-Rule Spain 1939 only - Oct 7 24:00s 0 -
-Rule Spain 1942 only - May 2 23:00 1:00 S
-Rule Spain 1942 only - Sep 1 1:00 0 -
-Rule Spain 1943 1946 - Apr Sat>=13 23:00 1:00 S
-Rule Spain 1943 1944 - Oct Sun>=1 1:00 0 -
-Rule Spain 1945 1946 - Sep lastSun 1:00 0 -
-Rule Spain 1949 only - Apr 30 23:00 1:00 S
-Rule Spain 1949 only - Oct 2 1:00 0 -
-Rule Spain 1974 1975 - Apr Sat>=12 23:00 1:00 S
-Rule Spain 1974 1975 - Oct Sun>=1 1:00 0 -
-Rule Spain 1976 only - Mar 27 23:00 1:00 S
-Rule Spain 1976 1977 - Sep lastSun 1:00 0 -
-Rule Spain 1977 only - Apr 2 23:00 1:00 S
-Rule Spain 1978 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S
-Rule Spain 1978 only - Oct 1 2:00s 0 -
-# Nationalist Spain during the civil war
-#Rule NatSpain 1937 only - May 22 23:00 1:00 S
-#Rule NatSpain 1937 1938 - Oct Sat>=1 24:00s 0 -
-#Rule NatSpain 1938 only - Mar 26 23:00 1:00 S
-# The following rules are copied from Morocco from 1967 through 1978,
-# except with "S" letters.
-Rule SpainAfrica 1967 only - Jun 3 12:00 1:00 S
-Rule SpainAfrica 1967 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
-Rule SpainAfrica 1974 only - Jun 24 0:00 1:00 S
-Rule SpainAfrica 1974 only - Sep 1 0:00 0 -
-Rule SpainAfrica 1976 1977 - May 1 0:00 1:00 S
-Rule SpainAfrica 1976 only - Aug 1 0:00 0 -
-Rule SpainAfrica 1977 only - Sep 28 0:00 0 -
-Rule SpainAfrica 1978 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 S
-Rule SpainAfrica 1978 only - Aug 4 0:00 0 -
-# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
-Zone Europe/Madrid -0:14:44 - LMT 1900 Dec 31 23:45:16
- 0:00 Spain WE%sT 1940 Mar 16 23:00
- 1:00 Spain CE%sT 1979
- 1:00 EU CE%sT
-Zone Africa/Ceuta -0:21:16 - LMT 1900 Dec 31 23:38:44
- 0:00 - WET 1918 May 6 23:00
- 0:00 1:00 WEST 1918 Oct 7 23:00
- 0:00 - WET 1924
- 0:00 Spain WE%sT 1929
- 0:00 - WET 1967 # Help zishrink.awk.
- 0:00 SpainAfrica WE%sT 1984 Mar 16
- 1:00 - CET 1986
- 1:00 EU CE%sT
-Zone Atlantic/Canary -1:01:36 - LMT 1922 Mar # Las Palmas de Gran C.
- -1:00 - -01 1946 Sep 30 1:00
- 0:00 - WET 1980 Apr 6 0:00s
- 0:00 1:00 WEST 1980 Sep 28 1:00u
- 0:00 EU WE%sT
-# IATA SSIM (1996-09) says the Canaries switch at 2:00u, not 1:00u.
-# Ignore this for now, as the Canaries are part of the EU.
-
-# Sweden
-
-# From Ivan Nilsson (2001-04-13), superseding Shanks & Pottenger:
-#
-# The law "Svensk författningssamling 1878, no 14" about standard time in 1879:
-# From the beginning of 1879 (that is 01-01 00:00) the time for all
-# places in the country is "the mean solar time for the meridian at
-# three degrees, or twelve minutes of time, to the west of the
-# meridian of the Observatory of Stockholm". The law is dated 1878-05-31.
-#
-# The observatory at that time had the meridian 18° 03' 30"
-# eastern longitude = 01:12:14 in time. Less 12 minutes gives the
-# national standard time as 01:00:14 ahead of GMT....
-#
-# About the beginning of CET in Sweden. The lawtext ("Svensk
-# författningssamling 1899, no 44") states, that "from the beginning
-# of 1900... ... the same as the mean solar time for the meridian at
-# the distance of one hour of time from the meridian of the English
-# observatory at Greenwich, or at 12 minutes 14 seconds to the west
-# from the meridian of the Observatory of Stockholm". The law is dated
-# 1899-06-16. In short: At 1900-01-01 00:00:00 the new standard time
-# in Sweden is 01:00:00 ahead of GMT.
-#
-# 1916: The lawtext ("Svensk författningssamling 1916, no 124") states
-# that "1916-05-15 is considered to begin one hour earlier". It is
-# pretty obvious that at 05-14 23:00 the clocks are set to 05-15 00:00....
-# Further the law says, that "1916-09-30 is considered to end one hour later".
-#
-# The laws regulating [DST] are available on the site of the Swedish
-# Parliament beginning with 1985 - the laws regulating 1980/1984 are
-# not available on the site (to my knowledge they are only available
-# in Swedish): <http://www.riksdagen.se/english/work/sfst.asp> (type
-# "sommartid" without the quotes in the field "Fritext" and then click
-# the Sök-button).
-#
-# (2001-05-13):
-#
-# I have now found a newspaper stating that at 1916-10-01 01:00
-# summertime the church-clocks etc were set back one hour to show
-# 1916-10-01 00:00 standard time. The article also reports that some
-# people thought the switch to standard time would take place already
-# at 1916-10-01 00:00 summer time, but they had to wait for another
-# hour before the event took place.
-#
-# Source: The newspaper "Dagens Nyheter", 1916-10-01, page 7 upper left.
-
-# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
-Zone Europe/Stockholm 1:12:12 - LMT 1879 Jan 1
- 1:00:14 - SET 1900 Jan 1 # Swedish Time
- 1:00 - CET 1916 May 14 23:00
- 1:00 1:00 CEST 1916 Oct 1 1:00
- 1:00 - CET 1980
- 1:00 EU CE%sT
-
-# Switzerland
-# From Howse:
-# By the end of the 18th century clocks and watches became commonplace
-# and their performance improved enormously. Communities began to keep
-# mean time in preference to apparent time - Geneva from 1780 ....
-# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
-# From Whitman (who writes "Midnight?"):
-# Rule Swiss 1940 only - Nov 2 0:00 1:00 S
-# Rule Swiss 1940 only - Dec 31 0:00 0 -
-# From Shanks & Pottenger:
-# Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - May Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 S
-# Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - Oct Sun>=1 0:00 0 -
-
-# From Alois Treindl (2008-12-17):
-# I have researched the DST usage in Switzerland during the 1940ies.
-#
-# As I wrote in an earlier message, I suspected the current tzdata values
-# to be wrong. This is now verified.
-#
-# I have found copies of the original ruling by the Swiss Federal
-# government, in 'Eidgenössische Gesetzessammlung 1941 and 1942' (Swiss
-# federal law collection)...
-#
-# DST began on Monday 5 May 1941, 1:00 am by shifting the clocks to 2:00 am
-# DST ended on Monday 6 Oct 1941, 2:00 am by shifting the clocks to 1:00 am.
-#
-# DST began on Monday, 4 May 1942 at 01:00 am
-# DST ended on Monday, 5 Oct 1942 at 02:00 am
-#
-# There was no DST in 1940, I have checked the law collection carefully.
-# It is also indicated by the fact that the 1942 entry in the law
-# collection points back to 1941 as a reference, but no reference to any
-# other years are made.
-#
-# Newspaper articles I have read in the archives on 6 May 1941 reported
-# about the introduction of DST (Sommerzeit in German) during the previous
-# night as an absolute novelty, because this was the first time that such
-# a thing had happened in Switzerland.
-#
-# I have also checked 1916, because one book source (Gabriel, Traité de
-# l'heure dans le monde) claims that Switzerland had DST in 1916. This is
-# false, no official document could be found. Probably Gabriel got misled
-# by references to Germany, which introduced DST in 1916 for the first time.
-#
-# The tzdata rules for Switzerland must be changed to:
-# Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - May Mon>=1 1:00 1:00 S
-# Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - Oct Mon>=1 2:00 0 -
-#
-# The 1940 rules must be deleted.
-#
-# One further detail for Switzerland, which is probably out of scope for
-# most users of tzdata: The [Europe/Zurich zone] ...
-# describes all of Switzerland correctly, with the exception of
-# the Canton de Genève (Geneva, Genf). Between 1848 and 1894 Geneva did not
-# follow Bern Mean Time but kept its own local mean time.
-# To represent this, an extra zone would be needed.
-#
-# From Alois Treindl (2013-09-11):
-# The Federal regulations say
-# https://www.admin.ch/opc/de/classified-compilation/20071096/index.html
-# ... the meridian for Bern mean time ... is 7° 26' 22.50".
-# Expressed in time, it is 0h29m45.5s.
-
-# From Pierre-Yves Berger (2013-09-11):
-# the "Circulaire du conseil fédéral" (December 11 1893)
-# http://www.amtsdruckschriften.bar.admin.ch/viewOrigDoc.do?id=10071353
-# clearly states that the [1894-06-01] change should be done at midnight
-# but if no one is present after 11 at night, could be postponed until one
-# hour before the beginning of service.
-
-# From Paul Eggert (2013-09-11):
-# Round BMT to the nearest even second, 0:29:46.
-#
-# We can find no reliable source for Shanks's assertion that all of Switzerland
-# except Geneva switched to Bern Mean Time at 00:00 on 1848-09-12. This book:
-#
-# Jakob Messerli. Gleichmässig, pünktlich, schnell. Zeiteinteilung und
-# Zeitgebrauch in der Schweiz im 19. Jahrhundert. Chronos, Zurich 1995,
-# ISBN 3-905311-68-2, OCLC 717570797.
-#
-# suggests that the transition was more gradual, and that the Swiss did not
-# agree about civil time during the transition. The timekeeping it gives the
-# most detail for is postal and telegraph time: here, federal legislation (the
-# "Bundesgesetz über die Erstellung von elektrischen Telegraphen") passed on
-# 1851-11-23, and an official implementation notice was published 1853-07-16
-# (Bundesblatt 1853, Bd. II, S. 859). On p 72 Messerli writes that in
-# practice since July 1853 Bernese time was used in "all postal and telegraph
-# offices in Switzerland from Geneva to St. Gallen and Basel to Chiasso"
-# (Google translation). For now, model this transition as occurring on
-# 1853-07-16, though it probably occurred at some other date in Zurich, and
-# legal civil time probably changed at still some other transition date.
-
-# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
-Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - May Mon>=1 1:00 1:00 S
-Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - Oct Mon>=1 2:00 0 -
-# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
-Zone Europe/Zurich 0:34:08 - LMT 1853 Jul 16 # See above comment.
- 0:29:46 - BMT 1894 Jun # Bern Mean Time
- 1:00 Swiss CE%sT 1981
- 1:00 EU CE%sT
-
-# Turkey
-
-# From Kıvanç Yazan (2016-09-25):
-# 1) For 1986-2006, DST started at 01:00 local and ended at 02:00 local, with
-# no exceptions.
-# 2) 1994's lastSun was overridden with Mar 20 ...
-# Here are official papers:
-# http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/19032.pdf - page 2 for 1986
-# http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/19400.pdf - page 4 for 1987
-# http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/19752.pdf - page 15 for 1988
-# http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/20102.pdf - page 6 for 1989
-# http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/20464.pdf - page 1 for 1990 - 1992
-# http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/21531.pdf - page 15 for 1993 - 1995
-# http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/21879.pdf - page 1 for overriding 1994
-# http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/22588.pdf - page 1 for 1996, 1997
-# http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/23286.pdf - page 10 for 1998 - 2000
-# http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2001/03/20010324.htm#2 - for 2001
-# http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2002/03/20020316.htm#2 - for 2002-2006
-# From Paul Eggert (2016-09-25):
-# Prefer the above sources to Shanks & Pottenger for timestamps after 1985.
-
-# From Steffen Thorsen (2007-03-09):
-# Starting 2007 though, it seems that they are adopting EU's 1:00 UTC
-# start/end time, according to the following page (2007-03-07):
-# http://www.ntvmsnbc.com/news/402029.asp
-# The official document is located here - it is in Turkish...:
-# http://rega.basbakanlik.gov.tr/eskiler/2007/03/20070307-7.htm
-# I was able to locate the following seemingly official document
-# (on a non-government server though) describing dates between 2002 and 2006:
-# http://www.alomaliye.com/bkk_2002_3769.htm
-
-# From Gökdeniz Karadağ (2011-03-10):
-# According to the articles linked below, Turkey will change into summer
-# time zone (GMT+3) on March 28, 2011 at 3:00 a.m. instead of March 27.
-# This change is due to a nationwide exam on 27th.
-# https://www.worldbulletin.net/?aType=haber&ArticleID=70872
-# Turkish:
-# https://www.hurriyet.com.tr/yaz-saati-uygulamasi-bir-gun-ileri-alindi-17230464
-
-# From Faruk Pasin (2014-02-14):
-# The DST for Turkey has been changed for this year because of the
-# Turkish Local election....
-# http://www.sabah.com.tr/Ekonomi/2014/02/12/yaz-saatinde-onemli-degisiklik
-# ... so Turkey will move clocks forward one hour on March 31 at 3:00 a.m.
-# From Randal L. Schwartz (2014-04-15):
-# Having landed on a flight from the states to Istanbul (via AMS) on March 31,
-# I can tell you that NOBODY (even the airlines) respected this timezone DST
-# change delay. Maybe the word just didn't get out in time.
-# From Paul Eggert (2014-06-15):
-# The press reported massive confusion, as election officials obeyed the rule
-# change but cell phones (and airline baggage systems) did not. See:
-# Kostidis M. Eventful elections in Turkey. Balkan News Agency
-# http://www.balkaneu.com/eventful-elections-turkey/ 2014-03-30.
-# I guess the best we can do is document the official time.
-
-# From Fatih (2015-09-29):
-# It's officially announced now by the Ministry of Energy.
-# Turkey delays winter time to 8th of November 04:00
-# http://www.aa.com.tr/tr/turkiye/yaz-saati-uygulamasi-8-kasimda-sona-erecek/362217
-#
-# From BBC News (2015-10-25):
-# Confused Turks are asking "what's the time?" after automatic clocks defied a
-# government decision ... "For the next two weeks #Turkey is on EEST... Erdogan
-# Engineered Standard Time," said Twitter user @aysekarahasan.
-# http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-34631326
-
-# From Burak AYDIN (2016-09-08):
-# Turkey will stay in Daylight Saving Time even in winter....
-# http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2016/09/20160908-2.pdf
-#
-# From Paul Eggert (2016-09-07):
-# The change is permanent, so this is the new standard time in Turkey.
-# It takes effect today, which is not much notice.
-
-# From Kıvanç Yazan (2017-10-28):
-# Turkey will go back to Daylight Saving Time starting 2018-10.
-# http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2017/10/20171028-5.pdf
-#
-# From Even Scharning (2017-11-08):
-# ... today it was announced that the DST will become "continuous":
-# http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/son-dakika-yaz-saati-uygulamasi-surekli-hale-geldi-40637482
-# From Paul Eggert (2017-11-08):
-# Although Google Translate misfires on that source, it looks like
-# Turkey reversed last month's decision, and so will stay at +03.
-
-# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
-Rule Turkey 1916 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 S
-Rule Turkey 1916 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
-Rule Turkey 1920 only - Mar 28 0:00 1:00 S
-Rule Turkey 1920 only - Oct 25 0:00 0 -
-Rule Turkey 1921 only - Apr 3 0:00 1:00 S
-Rule Turkey 1921 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 -
-Rule Turkey 1922 only - Mar 26 0:00 1:00 S
-Rule Turkey 1922 only - Oct 8 0:00 0 -
-# Whitman gives 1923 Apr 28 - Sep 16 and no DST in 1924-1925;
-# go with Shanks & Pottenger.
-Rule Turkey 1924 only - May 13 0:00 1:00 S
-Rule Turkey 1924 1925 - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
-Rule Turkey 1925 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 S
-Rule Turkey 1940 only - Jun 30 0:00 1:00 S
-Rule Turkey 1940 only - Oct 5 0:00 0 -
-Rule Turkey 1940 only - Dec 1 0:00 1:00 S
-Rule Turkey 1941 only - Sep 21 0:00 0 -
-Rule Turkey 1942 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S
-# Whitman omits the next two transition and gives 1945 Oct 1;
-# go with Shanks & Pottenger.
-Rule Turkey 1942 only - Nov 1 0:00 0 -
-Rule Turkey 1945 only - Apr 2 0:00 1:00 S
-Rule Turkey 1945 only - Oct 8 0:00 0 -
-Rule Turkey 1946 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 S
-Rule Turkey 1946 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
-Rule Turkey 1947 1948 - Apr Sun>=16 0:00 1:00 S
-Rule Turkey 1947 1950 - Oct Sun>=2 0:00 0 -
-Rule Turkey 1949 only - Apr 10 0:00 1:00 S
-Rule Turkey 1950 only - Apr 19 0:00 1:00 S
-Rule Turkey 1951 only - Apr 22 0:00 1:00 S
-Rule Turkey 1951 only - Oct 8 0:00 0 -
-Rule Turkey 1962 only - Jul 15 0:00 1:00 S
-Rule Turkey 1962 only - Oct 8 0:00 0 -
-Rule Turkey 1964 only - May 15 0:00 1:00 S
-Rule Turkey 1964 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
-Rule Turkey 1970 1972 - May Sun>=2 0:00 1:00 S
-Rule Turkey 1970 1972 - Oct Sun>=2 0:00 0 -
-Rule Turkey 1973 only - Jun 3 1:00 1:00 S
-Rule Turkey 1973 only - Nov 4 3:00 0 -
-Rule Turkey 1974 only - Mar 31 2:00 1:00 S
-Rule Turkey 1974 only - Nov 3 5:00 0 -
-Rule Turkey 1975 only - Mar 30 0:00 1:00 S
-Rule Turkey 1975 1976 - Oct lastSun 0:00 0 -
-Rule Turkey 1976 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 S
-Rule Turkey 1977 1978 - Apr Sun>=1 0:00 1:00 S
-Rule Turkey 1977 only - Oct 16 0:00 0 -
-Rule Turkey 1979 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 3:00 1:00 S
-Rule Turkey 1979 1982 - Oct Mon>=11 0:00 0 -
-Rule Turkey 1981 1982 - Mar lastSun 3:00 1:00 S
-Rule Turkey 1983 only - Jul 31 0:00 1:00 S
-Rule Turkey 1983 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 -
-Rule Turkey 1985 only - Apr 20 0:00 1:00 S
-Rule Turkey 1985 only - Sep 28 0:00 0 -
-Rule Turkey 1986 1993 - Mar lastSun 1:00s 1:00 S
-Rule Turkey 1986 1995 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
-Rule Turkey 1994 only - Mar 20 1:00s 1:00 S
-Rule Turkey 1995 2006 - Mar lastSun 1:00s 1:00 S
-Rule Turkey 1996 2006 - Oct lastSun 1:00s 0 -
-# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
-Zone Europe/Istanbul 1:55:52 - LMT 1880
- 1:56:56 - IMT 1910 Oct # Istanbul Mean Time?
- 2:00 Turkey EE%sT 1978 Oct 15
- 3:00 Turkey +03/+04 1985 Apr 20
- 2:00 Turkey EE%sT 2007
- 2:00 EU EE%sT 2011 Mar 27 1:00u
- 2:00 - EET 2011 Mar 28 1:00u
- 2:00 EU EE%sT 2014 Mar 30 1:00u
- 2:00 - EET 2014 Mar 31 1:00u
- 2:00 EU EE%sT 2015 Oct 25 1:00u
- 2:00 1:00 EEST 2015 Nov 8 1:00u
- 2:00 EU EE%sT 2016 Sep 7
- 3:00 - +03
-Link Europe/Istanbul Asia/Istanbul # Istanbul is in both continents.
-
-# Ukraine
-#
-# From Igor Karpov, who works for the Ukrainian Ministry of Justice,
-# via Garrett Wollman (2003-01-27):
-# BTW, I've found the official document on this matter. It's government
-# regulations No. 509, May 13, 1996. In my poor translation it says:
-# "Time in Ukraine is set to second timezone (Kiev time). Each last Sunday
-# of March at 3am the time is changing to 4am and each last Sunday of
-# October the time at 4am is changing to 3am"
-
-# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2011-09-20):
-# On September 20, 2011 the deputies of the Verkhovna Rada agreed to
-# abolish the transfer clock to winter time.
-#
-# Bill No. 8330 of MP from the Party of Regions Oleg Nadoshi got
-# approval from 266 deputies.
-#
-# Ukraine abolishes transfer back to the winter time (in Russian)
-# http://news.mail.ru/politics/6861560/
-#
-# The Ukrainians will no longer change the clock (in Russian)
-# http://www.segodnya.ua/news/14290482.html
-#
-# Deputies cancelled the winter time (in Russian)
-# https://www.pravda.com.ua/rus/news/2011/09/20/6600616/
-#
-# From Philip Pizzey (2011-10-18):
-# Today my Ukrainian colleagues have informed me that the
-# Ukrainian parliament have decided that they will go to winter
-# time this year after all.
-#
-# From Udo Schwedt (2011-10-18):
-# As far as I understand, the recent change to the Ukrainian time zone
-# (Europe/Kiev) to introduce permanent daylight saving time (similar
-# to Russia) was reverted today:
-# http://portal.rada.gov.ua/rada/control/en/publish/article/info_left?art_id=287324&cat_id=105995
-#
-# Also reported by Alexander Bokovoy (2011-10-18) who also noted:
-# The law documents themselves are at
-# http://w1.c1.rada.gov.ua/pls/zweb_n/webproc4_1?id=&pf3511=41484
-
-# From Vladimir in Moscow via Alois Treindl re Kiev time 1991/2 (2014-02-28):
-# First in Ukraine they changed Time zone from UTC+3 to UTC+2 with DST:
-# 03 25 1990 02:00 -03.00 1 Time Zone 3 with DST
-# 07 01 1990 02:00 -02.00 1 Time Zone 2 with DST
-# * Ukrainian Government's Resolution of 18.06.1990, No. 134.
-# http://search.ligazakon.ua/l_doc2.nsf/link1/T001500.html
-#
-# They did not end DST in September, 1990 (according to the law,
-# "summer time" was still in action):
-# 09 30 1990 03:00 -02.00 1 Time Zone 2 with DST
-# * Ukrainian Government's Resolution of 21.09.1990, No. 272.
-# http://search.ligazakon.ua/l_doc2.nsf/link1/KP900272.html
-#
-# Again no change in March, 1991 ("summer time" in action):
-# 03 31 1991 02:00 -02.00 1 Time Zone 2 with DST
-#
-# DST ended in September 1991 ("summer time" ended):
-# 09 29 1991 03:00 -02.00 0 Time Zone 2, no DST
-# * Ukrainian Government's Resolution of 25.09.1991, No. 225.
-# http://www.uazakon.com/documents/date_21/pg_iwgdoc.htm
-# This is an answer.
-#
-# Since 1992 they had normal DST procedure:
-# 03 29 1992 02:00 -02.00 1 DST started
-# 09 27 1992 03:00 -02.00 0 DST ended
-# * Ukrainian Government's Resolution of 20.03.1992, No. 139.
-# http://www.uazakon.com/documents/date_8u/pg_grcasa.htm
-
-# From Paul Eggert (2018-10-03):
-# As is usual in tzdb, Ukrainian zones use the most common English spellings.
-# For example, tzdb uses Europe/Kiev, as "Kiev" is the most common spelling in
-# English for Ukraine's capital, even though it is certainly wrong as a
-# transliteration of the Ukrainian "Київ". This is similar to tzdb's use of
-# Europe/Prague, which is certainly wrong as a transliteration of the Czech
-# "Praha". ("Kiev" came from old Slavic via Russian to English, and "Prague"
-# came from old Slavic via French to English, so the two cases have something
-# in common.) Admittedly English-language spelling of Ukrainian names is
-# controversial, and some day "Kyiv" may become substantially more popular in
-# English; in the meantime, stick with the traditional English "Kiev" as that
-# means less disruption for our users.
-#
-# Anyway, none of the common English-language spellings (Kiev, Kyiv, Kieff,
-# Kijeff, Kijev, Kiyef, Kiyeff) do justice to the common pronunciation in
-# Ukrainian, namely [ˈkɪjiu̯] (IPA). This pronunciation has nothing like an
-# English "v" or "f", and instead trails off with what an English-speaker
-# would call a demure "oo" sound, and it would would be better anglicized as
-# "Kuiyu". Here's a sound file, if you would like to do as the Kuiyuvians do:
-# https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Uk-Київ.ogg
-
-# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
-# This represents most of Ukraine. See above for the spelling of "Kiev".
-Zone Europe/Kiev 2:02:04 - LMT 1880
- 2:02:04 - KMT 1924 May 2 # Kiev Mean Time
- 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
- 3:00 - MSK 1941 Sep 20
- 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1943 Nov 6
- 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990 Jul 1 2:00
- 2:00 1:00 EEST 1991 Sep 29 3:00
- 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1995
- 2:00 EU EE%sT
-# Ruthenia used CET 1990/1991.
-# "Uzhhorod" is the transliteration of the Rusyn/Ukrainian pronunciation, but
-# "Uzhgorod" is more common in English.
-Zone Europe/Uzhgorod 1:29:12 - LMT 1890 Oct
- 1:00 - CET 1940
- 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Oct
- 1:00 1:00 CEST 1944 Oct 26
- 1:00 - CET 1945 Jun 29
- 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990
- 3:00 - MSK 1990 Jul 1 2:00
- 1:00 - CET 1991 Mar 31 3:00
- 2:00 - EET 1992
- 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1995
- 2:00 EU EE%sT
-# Zaporozh'ye and eastern Lugansk oblasts observed DST 1990/1991.
-# "Zaporizhia" is the transliteration of the Ukrainian name, but
-# "Zaporozh'ye" is more common in English. Use the common English
-# spelling, except omit the apostrophe as it is not allowed in
-# portable Posix file names.
-Zone Europe/Zaporozhye 2:20:40 - LMT 1880
- 2:20 - +0220 1924 May 2
- 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
- 3:00 - MSK 1941 Aug 25
- 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1943 Oct 25
- 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00
- 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1995
- 2:00 EU EE%sT
-
-# Vatican City
-# See Europe/Rome.
-
-###############################################################################
-
-# One source shows that Bulgaria, Cyprus, Finland, and Greece observe DST from
-# the last Sunday in March to the last Sunday in September in 1986.
-# The source shows Romania changing a day later than everybody else.
-#
-# According to Bernard Sieloff's source, Poland is in the MET time zone but
-# uses the WE DST rules. The Western USSR uses EET+1 and ME DST rules.
-# Bernard Sieloff's source claims Romania switches on the same day, but at
-# 00:00 standard time (i.e., 01:00 DST). It also claims that Turkey
-# switches on the same day, but switches on at 01:00 standard time
-# and off at 00:00 standard time (i.e., 01:00 DST)
-
-# ...
-# Date: Wed, 28 Jan 87 16:56:27 -0100
-# From: Tom Hofmann
-# ...
-#
-# ...the European time rules are...standardized since 1981, when
-# most European countries started DST. Before that year, only
-# a few countries (UK, France, Italy) had DST, each according
-# to own national rules. In 1981, however, DST started on
-# 'Apr firstSun', and not on 'Mar lastSun' as in the following
-# years...
-# But also since 1981 there are some more national exceptions
-# than listed in 'europe': Switzerland, for example, joined DST
-# one year later, Denmark ended DST on 'Oct 1' instead of 'Sep
-# lastSun' in 1981 - I don't know how they handle now.
-#
-# Finally, DST ist always from 'Apr 1' to 'Oct 1' in the
-# Soviet Union (as far as I know).
-#
-# Tom Hofmann, Scientific Computer Center, CIBA-GEIGY AG,
-# 4002 Basle, Switzerland
-# ...
-
-# ...
-# Date: Wed, 4 Feb 87 22:35:22 +0100
-# From: Dik T. Winter
-# ...
-#
-# The information from Tom Hofmann is (as far as I know) not entirely correct.
-# After a request from chongo at amdahl I tried to retrieve all information
-# about DST in Europe. I was able to find all from about 1969.
-#
-# ...standardization on DST in Europe started in about 1977 with switches on
-# first Sunday in April and last Sunday in September...
-# In 1981 UK joined Europe insofar that
-# the starting day for both shifted to last Sunday in March. And from 1982
-# the whole of Europe used DST, with switch dates April 1 and October 1 in
-# the Sov[i]et Union. In 1985 the SU reverted to standard Europe[a]n switch
-# dates...
-#
-# It should also be remembered that time-zones are not constants; e.g.
-# Portugal switched in 1976 from MET (or CET) to WET with DST...
-# Note also that though there were rules for switch dates not
-# all countries abided to these dates, and many individual deviations
-# occurred, though not since 1982 I believe. Another note: it is always
-# assumed that DST is 1 hour ahead of normal time, this need not be the
-# case; at least in the Netherlands there have been times when DST was 2 hours
-# in advance of normal time.
-#
-# ...
-# dik t. winter, cwi, amsterdam, nederland
-# ...
-
-# From Bob Devine (1988-01-28):
-# ...
-# Greece: Last Sunday in April to last Sunday in September (iffy on dates).
-# Since 1978. Change at midnight.
-# ...
-# Monaco: has same DST as France.
-# ...