jdk/src/share/classes/java/lang/ClassLoader.java
changeset 2 90ce3da70b43
child 51 6fe31bc95bbc
--- /dev/null	Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
+++ b/jdk/src/share/classes/java/lang/ClassLoader.java	Sat Dec 01 00:00:00 2007 +0000
@@ -0,0 +1,2037 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 1994-2005 Sun Microsystems, Inc.  All Rights Reserved.
+ * DO NOT ALTER OR REMOVE COPYRIGHT NOTICES OR THIS FILE HEADER.
+ *
+ * This code is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+ * under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 2 only, as
+ * published by the Free Software Foundation.  Sun designates this
+ * particular file as subject to the "Classpath" exception as provided
+ * by Sun in the LICENSE file that accompanied this code.
+ *
+ * This code is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
+ * ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU General Public License
+ * version 2 for more details (a copy is included in the LICENSE file that
+ * accompanied this code).
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License version
+ * 2 along with this work; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation,
+ * Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA.
+ *
+ * Please contact Sun Microsystems, Inc., 4150 Network Circle, Santa Clara,
+ * CA 95054 USA or visit www.sun.com if you need additional information or
+ * have any questions.
+ */
+package java.lang;
+
+import java.io.InputStream;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.io.File;
+import java.lang.reflect.Constructor;
+import java.lang.reflect.InvocationTargetException;
+import java.net.MalformedURLException;
+import java.net.URL;
+import java.security.AccessController;
+import java.security.AccessControlContext;
+import java.security.CodeSource;
+import java.security.Policy;
+import java.security.PrivilegedAction;
+import java.security.PrivilegedActionException;
+import java.security.PrivilegedExceptionAction;
+import java.security.ProtectionDomain;
+import java.util.Enumeration;
+import java.util.Hashtable;
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.HashSet;
+import java.util.Set;
+import java.util.Stack;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.Vector;
+import sun.misc.ClassFileTransformer;
+import sun.misc.CompoundEnumeration;
+import sun.misc.Resource;
+import sun.misc.URLClassPath;
+import sun.misc.VM;
+import sun.reflect.Reflection;
+import sun.security.util.SecurityConstants;
+
+/**
+ * A class loader is an object that is responsible for loading classes. The
+ * class <tt>ClassLoader</tt> is an abstract class.  Given the <a
+ * href="#name">binary name</a> of a class, a class loader should attempt to
+ * locate or generate data that constitutes a definition for the class.  A
+ * typical strategy is to transform the name into a file name and then read a
+ * "class file" of that name from a file system.
+ *
+ * <p> Every {@link Class <tt>Class</tt>} object contains a {@link
+ * Class#getClassLoader() reference} to the <tt>ClassLoader</tt> that defined
+ * it.
+ *
+ * <p> <tt>Class</tt> objects for array classes are not created by class
+ * loaders, but are created automatically as required by the Java runtime.
+ * The class loader for an array class, as returned by {@link
+ * Class#getClassLoader()} is the same as the class loader for its element
+ * type; if the element type is a primitive type, then the array class has no
+ * class loader.
+ *
+ * <p> Applications implement subclasses of <tt>ClassLoader</tt> in order to
+ * extend the manner in which the Java virtual machine dynamically loads
+ * classes.
+ *
+ * <p> Class loaders may typically be used by security managers to indicate
+ * security domains.
+ *
+ * <p> The <tt>ClassLoader</tt> class uses a delegation model to search for
+ * classes and resources.  Each instance of <tt>ClassLoader</tt> has an
+ * associated parent class loader.  When requested to find a class or
+ * resource, a <tt>ClassLoader</tt> instance will delegate the search for the
+ * class or resource to its parent class loader before attempting to find the
+ * class or resource itself.  The virtual machine's built-in class loader,
+ * called the "bootstrap class loader", does not itself have a parent but may
+ * serve as the parent of a <tt>ClassLoader</tt> instance.
+ *
+ * <p> Normally, the Java virtual machine loads classes from the local file
+ * system in a platform-dependent manner.  For example, on UNIX systems, the
+ * virtual machine loads classes from the directory defined by the
+ * <tt>CLASSPATH</tt> environment variable.
+ *
+ * <p> However, some classes may not originate from a file; they may originate
+ * from other sources, such as the network, or they could be constructed by an
+ * application.  The method {@link #defineClass(String, byte[], int, int)
+ * <tt>defineClass</tt>} converts an array of bytes into an instance of class
+ * <tt>Class</tt>. Instances of this newly defined class can be created using
+ * {@link Class#newInstance <tt>Class.newInstance</tt>}.
+ *
+ * <p> The methods and constructors of objects created by a class loader may
+ * reference other classes.  To determine the class(es) referred to, the Java
+ * virtual machine invokes the {@link #loadClass <tt>loadClass</tt>} method of
+ * the class loader that originally created the class.
+ *
+ * <p> For example, an application could create a network class loader to
+ * download class files from a server.  Sample code might look like:
+ *
+ * <blockquote><pre>
+ *   ClassLoader loader&nbsp;= new NetworkClassLoader(host,&nbsp;port);
+ *   Object main&nbsp;= loader.loadClass("Main", true).newInstance();
+ *       &nbsp;.&nbsp;.&nbsp;.
+ * </pre></blockquote>
+ *
+ * <p> The network class loader subclass must define the methods {@link
+ * #findClass <tt>findClass</tt>} and <tt>loadClassData</tt> to load a class
+ * from the network.  Once it has downloaded the bytes that make up the class,
+ * it should use the method {@link #defineClass <tt>defineClass</tt>} to
+ * create a class instance.  A sample implementation is:
+ *
+ * <blockquote><pre>
+ *     class NetworkClassLoader extends ClassLoader {
+ *         String host;
+ *         int port;
+ *
+ *         public Class findClass(String name) {
+ *             byte[] b = loadClassData(name);
+ *             return defineClass(name, b, 0, b.length);
+ *         }
+ *
+ *         private byte[] loadClassData(String name) {
+ *             // load the class data from the connection
+ *             &nbsp;.&nbsp;.&nbsp;.
+ *         }
+ *     }
+ * </pre></blockquote>
+ *
+ * <h4> <a name="name">Binary names</a> </h4>
+ *
+ * <p> Any class name provided as a {@link String} parameter to methods in
+ * <tt>ClassLoader</tt> must be a binary name as defined by the <a
+ * href="http://java.sun.com/docs/books/jls/">Java Language Specification</a>.
+ *
+ * <p> Examples of valid class names include:
+ * <blockquote><pre>
+ *   "java.lang.String"
+ *   "javax.swing.JSpinner$DefaultEditor"
+ *   "java.security.KeyStore$Builder$FileBuilder$1"
+ *   "java.net.URLClassLoader$3$1"
+ * </pre></blockquote>
+ *
+ * @see      #resolveClass(Class)
+ * @since 1.0
+ */
+public abstract class ClassLoader {
+
+    private static native void registerNatives();
+    static {
+        registerNatives();
+    }
+
+    // If initialization succeed this is set to true and security checks will
+    // succeed.  Otherwise the object is not initialized and the object is
+    // useless.
+    private boolean initialized = false;
+
+    // The parent class loader for delegation
+    private ClassLoader parent;
+
+    // Hashtable that maps packages to certs
+    private Hashtable package2certs = new Hashtable(11);
+
+    // Shared among all packages with unsigned classes
+    java.security.cert.Certificate[] nocerts;
+
+    // The classes loaded by this class loader.  The only purpose of this table
+    // is to keep the classes from being GC'ed until the loader is GC'ed.
+    private Vector classes = new Vector();
+
+    // The initiating protection domains for all classes loaded by this loader
+    private Set domains = new HashSet();
+
+    // Invoked by the VM to record every loaded class with this loader.
+    void addClass(Class c) {
+        classes.addElement(c);
+    }
+
+    // The packages defined in this class loader.  Each package name is mapped
+    // to its corresponding Package object.
+    private HashMap packages = new HashMap();
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a new class loader using the specified parent class loader for
+     * delegation.
+     *
+     * <p> If there is a security manager, its {@link
+     * SecurityManager#checkCreateClassLoader()
+     * <tt>checkCreateClassLoader</tt>} method is invoked.  This may result in
+     * a security exception.  </p>
+     *
+     * @param  parent
+     *         The parent class loader
+     *
+     * @throws  SecurityException
+     *          If a security manager exists and its
+     *          <tt>checkCreateClassLoader</tt> method doesn't allow creation
+     *          of a new class loader.
+     *
+     * @since  1.2
+     */
+    protected ClassLoader(ClassLoader parent) {
+        SecurityManager security = System.getSecurityManager();
+        if (security != null) {
+            security.checkCreateClassLoader();
+        }
+        this.parent = parent;
+        initialized = true;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a new class loader using the <tt>ClassLoader</tt> returned by
+     * the method {@link #getSystemClassLoader()
+     * <tt>getSystemClassLoader()</tt>} as the parent class loader.
+     *
+     * <p> If there is a security manager, its {@link
+     * SecurityManager#checkCreateClassLoader()
+     * <tt>checkCreateClassLoader</tt>} method is invoked.  This may result in
+     * a security exception.  </p>
+     *
+     * @throws  SecurityException
+     *          If a security manager exists and its
+     *          <tt>checkCreateClassLoader</tt> method doesn't allow creation
+     *          of a new class loader.
+     */
+    protected ClassLoader() {
+        SecurityManager security = System.getSecurityManager();
+        if (security != null) {
+            security.checkCreateClassLoader();
+        }
+        this.parent = getSystemClassLoader();
+        initialized = true;
+    }
+
+
+    // -- Class --
+
+    /**
+     * Loads the class with the specified <a href="#name">binary name</a>.
+     * This method searches for classes in the same manner as the {@link
+     * #loadClass(String, boolean)} method.  It is invoked by the Java virtual
+     * machine to resolve class references.  Invoking this method is equivalent
+     * to invoking {@link #loadClass(String, boolean) <tt>loadClass(name,
+     * false)</tt>}.  </p>
+     *
+     * @param  name
+     *         The <a href="#name">binary name</a> of the class
+     *
+     * @return  The resulting <tt>Class</tt> object
+     *
+     * @throws  ClassNotFoundException
+     *          If the class was not found
+     */
+    public Class<?> loadClass(String name) throws ClassNotFoundException {
+        return loadClass(name, false);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Loads the class with the specified <a href="#name">binary name</a>.  The
+     * default implementation of this method searches for classes in the
+     * following order:
+     *
+     * <p><ol>
+     *
+     *   <li><p> Invoke {@link #findLoadedClass(String)} to check if the class
+     *   has already been loaded.  </p></li>
+     *
+     *   <li><p> Invoke the {@link #loadClass(String) <tt>loadClass</tt>} method
+     *   on the parent class loader.  If the parent is <tt>null</tt> the class
+     *   loader built-in to the virtual machine is used, instead.  </p></li>
+     *
+     *   <li><p> Invoke the {@link #findClass(String)} method to find the
+     *   class.  </p></li>
+     *
+     * </ol>
+     *
+     * <p> If the class was found using the above steps, and the
+     * <tt>resolve</tt> flag is true, this method will then invoke the {@link
+     * #resolveClass(Class)} method on the resulting <tt>Class</tt> object.
+     *
+     * <p> Subclasses of <tt>ClassLoader</tt> are encouraged to override {@link
+     * #findClass(String)}, rather than this method.  </p>
+     *
+     * @param  name
+     *         The <a href="#name">binary name</a> of the class
+     *
+     * @param  resolve
+     *         If <tt>true</tt> then resolve the class
+     *
+     * @return  The resulting <tt>Class</tt> object
+     *
+     * @throws  ClassNotFoundException
+     *          If the class could not be found
+     */
+    protected synchronized Class<?> loadClass(String name, boolean resolve)
+        throws ClassNotFoundException
+    {
+        // First, check if the class has already been loaded
+        Class c = findLoadedClass(name);
+        if (c == null) {
+            try {
+                if (parent != null) {
+                    c = parent.loadClass(name, false);
+                } else {
+                    c = findBootstrapClass0(name);
+                }
+            } catch (ClassNotFoundException e) {
+                // If still not found, then invoke findClass in order
+                // to find the class.
+                c = findClass(name);
+            }
+        }
+        if (resolve) {
+            resolveClass(c);
+        }
+        return c;
+    }
+
+    // This method is invoked by the virtual machine to load a class.
+    private synchronized Class loadClassInternal(String name)
+        throws ClassNotFoundException
+    {
+        return loadClass(name);
+    }
+
+    private void checkPackageAccess(Class cls, ProtectionDomain pd) {
+        final SecurityManager sm = System.getSecurityManager();
+        if (sm != null) {
+            final String name = cls.getName();
+            final int i = name.lastIndexOf('.');
+            if (i != -1) {
+                AccessController.doPrivileged(new PrivilegedAction() {
+                    public Object run() {
+                        sm.checkPackageAccess(name.substring(0, i));
+                        return null;
+                    }
+                }, new AccessControlContext(new ProtectionDomain[] {pd}));
+            }
+        }
+        domains.add(pd);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Finds the class with the specified <a href="#name">binary name</a>.
+     * This method should be overridden by class loader implementations that
+     * follow the delegation model for loading classes, and will be invoked by
+     * the {@link #loadClass <tt>loadClass</tt>} method after checking the
+     * parent class loader for the requested class.  The default implementation
+     * throws a <tt>ClassNotFoundException</tt>.  </p>
+     *
+     * @param  name
+     *         The <a href="#name">binary name</a> of the class
+     *
+     * @return  The resulting <tt>Class</tt> object
+     *
+     * @throws  ClassNotFoundException
+     *          If the class could not be found
+     *
+     * @since  1.2
+     */
+    protected Class<?> findClass(String name) throws ClassNotFoundException {
+        throw new ClassNotFoundException(name);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Converts an array of bytes into an instance of class <tt>Class</tt>.
+     * Before the <tt>Class</tt> can be used it must be resolved.  This method
+     * is deprecated in favor of the version that takes a <a
+     * href="#name">binary name</a> as its first argument, and is more secure.
+     *
+     * @param  b
+     *         The bytes that make up the class data.  The bytes in positions
+     *         <tt>off</tt> through <tt>off+len-1</tt> should have the format
+     *         of a valid class file as defined by the <a
+     *         href="http://java.sun.com/docs/books/vmspec/">Java Virtual
+     *         Machine Specification</a>.
+     *
+     * @param  off
+     *         The start offset in <tt>b</tt> of the class data
+     *
+     * @param  len
+     *         The length of the class data
+     *
+     * @return  The <tt>Class</tt> object that was created from the specified
+     *          class data
+     *
+     * @throws  ClassFormatError
+     *          If the data did not contain a valid class
+     *
+     * @throws  IndexOutOfBoundsException
+     *          If either <tt>off</tt> or <tt>len</tt> is negative, or if
+     *          <tt>off+len</tt> is greater than <tt>b.length</tt>.
+     *
+     * @see  #loadClass(String, boolean)
+     * @see  #resolveClass(Class)
+     *
+     * @deprecated  Replaced by {@link #defineClass(String, byte[], int, int)
+     * defineClass(String, byte[], int, int)}
+     */
+    @Deprecated
+    protected final Class<?> defineClass(byte[] b, int off, int len)
+        throws ClassFormatError
+    {
+        return defineClass(null, b, off, len, null);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Converts an array of bytes into an instance of class <tt>Class</tt>.
+     * Before the <tt>Class</tt> can be used it must be resolved.
+     *
+     * <p> This method assigns a default {@link java.security.ProtectionDomain
+     * <tt>ProtectionDomain</tt>} to the newly defined class.  The
+     * <tt>ProtectionDomain</tt> is effectively granted the same set of
+     * permissions returned when {@link
+     * java.security.Policy#getPermissions(java.security.CodeSource)
+     * <tt>Policy.getPolicy().getPermissions(new CodeSource(null, null))</tt>}
+     * is invoked.  The default domain is created on the first invocation of
+     * {@link #defineClass(String, byte[], int, int) <tt>defineClass</tt>},
+     * and re-used on subsequent invocations.
+     *
+     * <p> To assign a specific <tt>ProtectionDomain</tt> to the class, use
+     * the {@link #defineClass(String, byte[], int, int,
+     * java.security.ProtectionDomain) <tt>defineClass</tt>} method that takes a
+     * <tt>ProtectionDomain</tt> as one of its arguments.  </p>
+     *
+     * @param  name
+     *         The expected <a href="#name">binary name</a> of the class, or
+     *         <tt>null</tt> if not known
+     *
+     * @param  b
+     *         The bytes that make up the class data.  The bytes in positions
+     *         <tt>off</tt> through <tt>off+len-1</tt> should have the format
+     *         of a valid class file as defined by the <a
+     *         href="http://java.sun.com/docs/books/vmspec/">Java Virtual
+     *         Machine Specification</a>.
+     *
+     * @param  off
+     *         The start offset in <tt>b</tt> of the class data
+     *
+     * @param  len
+     *         The length of the class data
+     *
+     * @return  The <tt>Class</tt> object that was created from the specified
+     *          class data.
+     *
+     * @throws  ClassFormatError
+     *          If the data did not contain a valid class
+     *
+     * @throws  IndexOutOfBoundsException
+     *          If either <tt>off</tt> or <tt>len</tt> is negative, or if
+     *          <tt>off+len</tt> is greater than <tt>b.length</tt>.
+     *
+     * @throws  SecurityException
+     *          If an attempt is made to add this class to a package that
+     *          contains classes that were signed by a different set of
+     *          certificates than this class (which is unsigned), or if
+     *          <tt>name</tt> begins with "<tt>java.</tt>".
+     *
+     * @see  #loadClass(String, boolean)
+     * @see  #resolveClass(Class)
+     * @see  java.security.CodeSource
+     * @see  java.security.SecureClassLoader
+     *
+     * @since  1.1
+     */
+    protected final Class<?> defineClass(String name, byte[] b, int off, int len)
+        throws ClassFormatError
+    {
+        return defineClass(name, b, off, len, null);
+    }
+
+    /* Determine protection domain, and check that:
+        - not define java.* class,
+        - signer of this class matches signers for the rest of the classes in package.
+    */
+    private ProtectionDomain preDefineClass(String name,
+                                            ProtectionDomain protectionDomain)
+    {
+        if (!checkName(name))
+            throw new NoClassDefFoundError("IllegalName: " + name);
+
+        if ((name != null) && name.startsWith("java.")) {
+            throw new SecurityException("Prohibited package name: " +
+                                        name.substring(0, name.lastIndexOf('.')));
+        }
+        if (protectionDomain == null) {
+            protectionDomain = getDefaultDomain();
+        }
+
+        if (name != null)
+            checkCerts(name, protectionDomain.getCodeSource());
+
+        return protectionDomain;
+    }
+
+    private String defineClassSourceLocation(ProtectionDomain protectionDomain)
+    {
+        CodeSource cs = protectionDomain.getCodeSource();
+        String source = null;
+        if (cs != null && cs.getLocation() != null) {
+            source = cs.getLocation().toString();
+        }
+        return source;
+    }
+
+    private Class defineTransformedClass(String name, byte[] b, int off, int len,
+                                         ProtectionDomain protectionDomain,
+                                         ClassFormatError cfe, String source)
+      throws ClassFormatError
+    {
+        // Class format error - try to transform the bytecode and
+        // define the class again
+        //
+        Object[] transformers = ClassFileTransformer.getTransformers();
+        Class c = null;
+
+        for (int i = 0; transformers != null && i < transformers.length; i++) {
+            try {
+              // Transform byte code using transformer
+              byte[] tb = ((ClassFileTransformer) transformers[i]).transform(b, off, len);
+              c = defineClass1(name, tb, 0, tb.length, protectionDomain, source);
+              break;
+            } catch (ClassFormatError cfe2)     {
+              // If ClassFormatError occurs, try next transformer
+            }
+        }
+
+        // Rethrow original ClassFormatError if unable to transform
+        // bytecode to well-formed
+        //
+        if (c == null)
+            throw cfe;
+
+        return c;
+    }
+
+    private void postDefineClass(Class c, ProtectionDomain protectionDomain)
+    {
+        if (protectionDomain.getCodeSource() != null) {
+            java.security.cert.Certificate certs[] =
+                protectionDomain.getCodeSource().getCertificates();
+            if (certs != null)
+                setSigners(c, certs);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Converts an array of bytes into an instance of class <tt>Class</tt>,
+     * with an optional <tt>ProtectionDomain</tt>.  If the domain is
+     * <tt>null</tt>, then a default domain will be assigned to the class as
+     * specified in the documentation for {@link #defineClass(String, byte[],
+     * int, int)}.  Before the class can be used it must be resolved.
+     *
+     * <p> The first class defined in a package determines the exact set of
+     * certificates that all subsequent classes defined in that package must
+     * contain.  The set of certificates for a class is obtained from the
+     * {@link java.security.CodeSource <tt>CodeSource</tt>} within the
+     * <tt>ProtectionDomain</tt> of the class.  Any classes added to that
+     * package must contain the same set of certificates or a
+     * <tt>SecurityException</tt> will be thrown.  Note that if
+     * <tt>name</tt> is <tt>null</tt>, this check is not performed.
+     * You should always pass in the <a href="#name">binary name</a> of the
+     * class you are defining as well as the bytes.  This ensures that the
+     * class you are defining is indeed the class you think it is.
+     *
+     * <p> The specified <tt>name</tt> cannot begin with "<tt>java.</tt>", since
+     * all classes in the "<tt>java.*</tt> packages can only be defined by the
+     * bootstrap class loader.  If <tt>name</tt> is not <tt>null</tt>, it
+     * must be equal to the <a href="#name">binary name</a> of the class
+     * specified by the byte array "<tt>b</tt>", otherwise a {@link
+     * <tt>NoClassDefFoundError</tt>} will be thrown.  </p>
+     *
+     * @param  name
+     *         The expected <a href="#name">binary name</a> of the class, or
+     *         <tt>null</tt> if not known
+     *
+     * @param  b
+     *         The bytes that make up the class data. The bytes in positions
+     *         <tt>off</tt> through <tt>off+len-1</tt> should have the format
+     *         of a valid class file as defined by the <a
+     *         href="http://java.sun.com/docs/books/vmspec/">Java Virtual
+     *         Machine Specification</a>.
+     *
+     * @param  off
+     *         The start offset in <tt>b</tt> of the class data
+     *
+     * @param  len
+     *         The length of the class data
+     *
+     * @param  protectionDomain
+     *         The ProtectionDomain of the class
+     *
+     * @return  The <tt>Class</tt> object created from the data,
+     *          and optional <tt>ProtectionDomain</tt>.
+     *
+     * @throws  ClassFormatError
+     *          If the data did not contain a valid class
+     *
+     * @throws  NoClassDefFoundError
+     *          If <tt>name</tt> is not equal to the <a href="#name">binary
+     *          name</a> of the class specified by <tt>b</tt>
+     *
+     * @throws  IndexOutOfBoundsException
+     *          If either <tt>off</tt> or <tt>len</tt> is negative, or if
+     *          <tt>off+len</tt> is greater than <tt>b.length</tt>.
+     *
+     * @throws  SecurityException
+     *          If an attempt is made to add this class to a package that
+     *          contains classes that were signed by a different set of
+     *          certificates than this class, or if <tt>name</tt> begins with
+     *          "<tt>java.</tt>".
+     */
+    protected final Class<?> defineClass(String name, byte[] b, int off, int len,
+                                         ProtectionDomain protectionDomain)
+        throws ClassFormatError
+    {
+        check();
+        protectionDomain = preDefineClass(name, protectionDomain);
+
+        Class c = null;
+        String source = defineClassSourceLocation(protectionDomain);
+
+        try {
+            c = defineClass1(name, b, off, len, protectionDomain, source);
+        } catch (ClassFormatError cfe) {
+            c = defineTransformedClass(name, b, off, len, protectionDomain, cfe, source);
+        }
+
+        postDefineClass(c, protectionDomain);
+        return c;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Converts a {@link java.nio.ByteBuffer <tt>ByteBuffer</tt>}
+     * into an instance of class <tt>Class</tt>,
+     * with an optional <tt>ProtectionDomain</tt>.  If the domain is
+     * <tt>null</tt>, then a default domain will be assigned to the class as
+     * specified in the documentation for {@link #defineClass(String, byte[],
+     * int, int)}.  Before the class can be used it must be resolved.
+     *
+     * <p>The rules about the first class defined in a package determining the set of
+     * certificates for the package, and the restrictions on class names are identical
+     * to those specified in the documentation for {@link #defineClass(String, byte[],
+     * int, int, ProtectionDomain)}.
+     *
+     * <p> An invocation of this method of the form
+     * <i>cl</i><tt>.defineClass(</tt><i>name</i><tt>,</tt>
+     * <i>bBuffer</i><tt>,</tt> <i>pd</i><tt>)</tt> yields exactly the same
+     * result as the statements
+     *
+     * <blockquote><tt>
+     * ...<br>
+     * byte[] temp = new byte[</tt><i>bBuffer</i><tt>.{@link java.nio.ByteBuffer#remaining
+     * remaining}()];<br>
+     *     </tt><i>bBuffer</i><tt>.{@link java.nio.ByteBuffer#get(byte[])
+     * get}(temp);<br>
+     *     return {@link #defineClass(String, byte[], int, int, ProtectionDomain)
+     * </tt><i>cl</i><tt>.defineClass}(</tt><i>name</i><tt>, temp, 0, temp.length, </tt><i>pd</i><tt>);<br>
+     * </tt></blockquote>
+     *
+     * @param  name
+     *         The expected <a href="#name">binary name</a. of the class, or
+     *         <tt>null</tt> if not known
+     *
+     * @param  b
+     *         The bytes that make up the class data. The bytes from positions
+     *         <tt>b.position()</tt> through <tt>b.position() + b.limit() -1 </tt>
+     *         should have the format of a valid class file as defined by the <a
+     *         href="http://java.sun.com/docs/books/vmspec/">Java Virtual
+     *         Machine Specification</a>.
+     *
+     * @param  protectionDomain
+     *         The ProtectionDomain of the class, or <tt>null</tt>.
+     *
+     * @return  The <tt>Class</tt> object created from the data,
+     *          and optional <tt>ProtectionDomain</tt>.
+     *
+     * @throws  ClassFormatError
+     *          If the data did not contain a valid class.
+     *
+     * @throws  NoClassDefFoundError
+     *          If <tt>name</tt> is not equal to the <a href="#name">binary
+     *          name</a> of the class specified by <tt>b</tt>
+     *
+     * @throws  SecurityException
+     *          If an attempt is made to add this class to a package that
+     *          contains classes that were signed by a different set of
+     *          certificates than this class, or if <tt>name</tt> begins with
+     *          "<tt>java.</tt>".
+     *
+     * @see      #defineClass(String, byte[], int, int, ProtectionDomain)
+     *
+     * @since  1.5
+     */
+    protected final Class<?> defineClass(String name, java.nio.ByteBuffer b,
+                                         ProtectionDomain protectionDomain)
+        throws ClassFormatError
+    {
+        check();
+
+        int len = b.remaining();
+
+        // Use byte[] if not a direct ByteBufer:
+        if (!b.isDirect()) {
+            if (b.hasArray()) {
+                return defineClass(name, b.array(),
+                                   b.position() + b.arrayOffset(), len,
+                                   protectionDomain);
+            } else {
+                // no array, or read-only array
+                byte[] tb = new byte[len];
+                b.get(tb);  // get bytes out of byte buffer.
+                return defineClass(name, tb, 0, len, protectionDomain);
+            }
+        }
+
+        protectionDomain = preDefineClass(name, protectionDomain);
+
+        Class c = null;
+        String source = defineClassSourceLocation(protectionDomain);
+
+        try {
+            c = defineClass2(name, b, b.position(), len, protectionDomain, source);
+        } catch (ClassFormatError cfe) {
+            byte[] tb = new byte[len];
+            b.get(tb);  // get bytes out of byte buffer.
+            c = defineTransformedClass(name, tb, 0, len, protectionDomain, cfe, source);
+        }
+
+        postDefineClass(c, protectionDomain);
+        return c;
+    }
+
+    private native Class defineClass0(String name, byte[] b, int off, int len,
+                                      ProtectionDomain pd);
+
+    private native Class defineClass1(String name, byte[] b, int off, int len,
+                                      ProtectionDomain pd, String source);
+
+    private native Class defineClass2(String name, java.nio.ByteBuffer b,
+                                      int off, int len, ProtectionDomain pd,
+                                      String source);
+
+    // true if the name is null or has the potential to be a valid binary name
+    private boolean checkName(String name) {
+        if ((name == null) || (name.length() == 0))
+            return true;
+        if ((name.indexOf('/') != -1)
+            || (!VM.allowArraySyntax() && (name.charAt(0) == '[')))
+            return false;
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    private synchronized void checkCerts(String name, CodeSource cs) {
+        int i = name.lastIndexOf('.');
+        String pname = (i == -1) ? "" : name.substring(0, i);
+        java.security.cert.Certificate[] pcerts =
+            (java.security.cert.Certificate[]) package2certs.get(pname);
+        if (pcerts == null) {
+            // first class in this package gets to define which
+            // certificates must be the same for all other classes
+            // in this package
+            if (cs != null) {
+                pcerts = cs.getCertificates();
+            }
+            if (pcerts == null) {
+                if (nocerts == null)
+                    nocerts = new java.security.cert.Certificate[0];
+                pcerts = nocerts;
+            }
+            package2certs.put(pname, pcerts);
+        } else {
+            java.security.cert.Certificate[] certs = null;
+            if (cs != null) {
+                certs = cs.getCertificates();
+            }
+
+            if (!compareCerts(pcerts, certs)) {
+                throw new SecurityException("class \""+ name +
+                                            "\"'s signer information does not match signer information of other classes in the same package");
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * check to make sure the certs for the new class (certs) are the same as
+     * the certs for the first class inserted in the package (pcerts)
+     */
+    private boolean compareCerts(java.security.cert.Certificate[] pcerts,
+                                 java.security.cert.Certificate[] certs)
+    {
+        // certs can be null, indicating no certs.
+        if ((certs == null) || (certs.length == 0)) {
+            return pcerts.length == 0;
+        }
+
+        // the length must be the same at this point
+        if (certs.length != pcerts.length)
+            return false;
+
+        // go through and make sure all the certs in one array
+        // are in the other and vice-versa.
+        boolean match;
+        for (int i = 0; i < certs.length; i++) {
+            match = false;
+            for (int j = 0; j < pcerts.length; j++) {
+                if (certs[i].equals(pcerts[j])) {
+                    match = true;
+                    break;
+                }
+            }
+            if (!match) return false;
+        }
+
+        // now do the same for pcerts
+        for (int i = 0; i < pcerts.length; i++) {
+            match = false;
+            for (int j = 0; j < certs.length; j++) {
+                if (pcerts[i].equals(certs[j])) {
+                    match = true;
+                    break;
+                }
+            }
+            if (!match) return false;
+        }
+
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Links the specified class.  This (misleadingly named) method may be
+     * used by a class loader to link a class.  If the class <tt>c</tt> has
+     * already been linked, then this method simply returns. Otherwise, the
+     * class is linked as described in the "Execution" chapter of the <a
+     * href="http://java.sun.com/docs/books/jls/">Java Language
+     * Specification</a>.
+     * </p>
+     *
+     * @param  c
+     *         The class to link
+     *
+     * @throws  NullPointerException
+     *          If <tt>c</tt> is <tt>null</tt>.
+     *
+     * @see  #defineClass(String, byte[], int, int)
+     */
+    protected final void resolveClass(Class<?> c) {
+        check();
+        resolveClass0(c);
+    }
+
+    private native void resolveClass0(Class c);
+
+    /**
+     * Finds a class with the specified <a href="#name">binary name</a>,
+     * loading it if necessary.
+     *
+     * <p> This method loads the class through the system class loader (see
+     * {@link #getSystemClassLoader()}).  The <tt>Class</tt> object returned
+     * might have more than one <tt>ClassLoader</tt> associated with it.
+     * Subclasses of <tt>ClassLoader</tt> need not usually invoke this method,
+     * because most class loaders need to override just {@link
+     * #findClass(String)}.  </p>
+     *
+     * @param  name
+     *         The <a href="#name">binary name</a> of the class
+     *
+     * @return  The <tt>Class</tt> object for the specified <tt>name</tt>
+     *
+     * @throws  ClassNotFoundException
+     *          If the class could not be found
+     *
+     * @see  #ClassLoader(ClassLoader)
+     * @see  #getParent()
+     */
+    protected final Class<?> findSystemClass(String name)
+        throws ClassNotFoundException
+    {
+        check();
+        ClassLoader system = getSystemClassLoader();
+        if (system == null) {
+            if (!checkName(name))
+                throw new ClassNotFoundException(name);
+            return findBootstrapClass(name);
+        }
+        return system.loadClass(name);
+    }
+
+    private Class findBootstrapClass0(String name)
+        throws ClassNotFoundException
+    {
+        check();
+        if (!checkName(name))
+            throw new ClassNotFoundException(name);
+        return findBootstrapClass(name);
+    }
+
+    private native Class findBootstrapClass(String name)
+        throws ClassNotFoundException;
+
+    // Check to make sure the class loader has been initialized.
+    private void check() {
+        if (!initialized) {
+            throw new SecurityException("ClassLoader object not initialized");
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the class with the given <a href="#name">binary name</a> if this
+     * loader has been recorded by the Java virtual machine as an initiating
+     * loader of a class with that <a href="#name">binary name</a>.  Otherwise
+     * <tt>null</tt> is returned.  </p>
+     *
+     * @param  name
+     *         The <a href="#name">binary name</a> of the class
+     *
+     * @return  The <tt>Class</tt> object, or <tt>null</tt> if the class has
+     *          not been loaded
+     *
+     * @since  1.1
+     */
+    protected final Class<?> findLoadedClass(String name) {
+        check();
+        if (!checkName(name))
+            return null;
+        return findLoadedClass0(name);
+    }
+
+    private native final Class findLoadedClass0(String name);
+
+    /**
+     * Sets the signers of a class.  This should be invoked after defining a
+     * class.  </p>
+     *
+     * @param  c
+     *         The <tt>Class</tt> object
+     *
+     * @param  signers
+     *         The signers for the class
+     *
+     * @since  1.1
+     */
+    protected final void setSigners(Class<?> c, Object[] signers) {
+        check();
+        c.setSigners(signers);
+    }
+
+
+    // -- Resource --
+
+    /**
+     * Finds the resource with the given name.  A resource is some data
+     * (images, audio, text, etc) that can be accessed by class code in a way
+     * that is independent of the location of the code.
+     *
+     * <p> The name of a resource is a '<tt>/</tt>'-separated path name that
+     * identifies the resource.
+     *
+     * <p> This method will first search the parent class loader for the
+     * resource; if the parent is <tt>null</tt> the path of the class loader
+     * built-in to the virtual machine is searched.  That failing, this method
+     * will invoke {@link #findResource(String)} to find the resource.  </p>
+     *
+     * @param  name
+     *         The resource name
+     *
+     * @return  A <tt>URL</tt> object for reading the resource, or
+     *          <tt>null</tt> if the resource could not be found or the invoker
+     *          doesn't have adequate  privileges to get the resource.
+     *
+     * @since  1.1
+     */
+    public URL getResource(String name) {
+        URL url;
+        if (parent != null) {
+            url = parent.getResource(name);
+        } else {
+            url = getBootstrapResource(name);
+        }
+        if (url == null) {
+            url = findResource(name);
+        }
+        return url;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Finds all the resources with the given name. A resource is some data
+     * (images, audio, text, etc) that can be accessed by class code in a way
+     * that is independent of the location of the code.
+     *
+     * <p>The name of a resource is a <tt>/</tt>-separated path name that
+     * identifies the resource.
+     *
+     * <p> The search order is described in the documentation for {@link
+     * #getResource(String)}.  </p>
+     *
+     * @param  name
+     *         The resource name
+     *
+     * @return  An enumeration of {@link java.net.URL <tt>URL</tt>} objects for
+     *          the resource.  If no resources could  be found, the enumeration
+     *          will be empty.  Resources that the class loader doesn't have
+     *          access to will not be in the enumeration.
+     *
+     * @throws  IOException
+     *          If I/O errors occur
+     *
+     * @see  #findResources(String)
+     *
+     * @since  1.2
+     */
+    public Enumeration<URL> getResources(String name) throws IOException {
+        Enumeration[] tmp = new Enumeration[2];
+        if (parent != null) {
+            tmp[0] = parent.getResources(name);
+        } else {
+            tmp[0] = getBootstrapResources(name);
+        }
+        tmp[1] = findResources(name);
+
+        return new CompoundEnumeration(tmp);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Finds the resource with the given name. Class loader implementations
+     * should override this method to specify where to find resources.  </p>
+     *
+     * @param  name
+     *         The resource name
+     *
+     * @return  A <tt>URL</tt> object for reading the resource, or
+     *          <tt>null</tt> if the resource could not be found
+     *
+     * @since  1.2
+     */
+    protected URL findResource(String name) {
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns an enumeration of {@link java.net.URL <tt>URL</tt>} objects
+     * representing all the resources with the given name. Class loader
+     * implementations should override this method to specify where to load
+     * resources from.  </p>
+     *
+     * @param  name
+     *         The resource name
+     *
+     * @return  An enumeration of {@link java.net.URL <tt>URL</tt>} objects for
+     *          the resources
+     *
+     * @throws  IOException
+     *          If I/O errors occur
+     *
+     * @since  1.2
+     */
+    protected Enumeration<URL> findResources(String name) throws IOException {
+        return new CompoundEnumeration(new Enumeration[0]);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Find a resource of the specified name from the search path used to load
+     * classes.  This method locates the resource through the system class
+     * loader (see {@link #getSystemClassLoader()}).  </p>
+     *
+     * @param  name
+     *         The resource name
+     *
+     * @return  A {@link java.net.URL <tt>URL</tt>} object for reading the
+     *          resource, or <tt>null</tt> if the resource could not be found
+     *
+     * @since  1.1
+     */
+    public static URL getSystemResource(String name) {
+        ClassLoader system = getSystemClassLoader();
+        if (system == null) {
+            return getBootstrapResource(name);
+        }
+        return system.getResource(name);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Finds all resources of the specified name from the search path used to
+     * load classes.  The resources thus found are returned as an
+     * {@link java.util.Enumeration <tt>Enumeration</tt>} of {@link
+     * java.net.URL <tt>URL</tt>} objects.
+     *
+     * <p> The search order is described in the documentation for {@link
+     * #getSystemResource(String)}.  </p>
+     *
+     * @param  name
+     *         The resource name
+     *
+     * @return  An enumeration of resource {@link java.net.URL <tt>URL</tt>}
+     *          objects
+     *
+     * @throws  IOException
+     *          If I/O errors occur
+
+     * @since  1.2
+     */
+    public static Enumeration<URL> getSystemResources(String name)
+        throws IOException
+    {
+        ClassLoader system = getSystemClassLoader();
+        if (system == null) {
+            return getBootstrapResources(name);
+        }
+        return system.getResources(name);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Find resources from the VM's built-in classloader.
+     */
+    private static URL getBootstrapResource(String name) {
+        URLClassPath ucp = getBootstrapClassPath();
+        Resource res = ucp.getResource(name);
+        return res != null ? res.getURL() : null;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Find resources from the VM's built-in classloader.
+     */
+    private static Enumeration getBootstrapResources(String name)
+        throws IOException
+    {
+        final Enumeration e = getBootstrapClassPath().getResources(name);
+        return new Enumeration () {
+            public Object nextElement() {
+                return ((Resource)e.nextElement()).getURL();
+            }
+            public boolean hasMoreElements() {
+                return e.hasMoreElements();
+            }
+        };
+    }
+
+    // Returns the URLClassPath that is used for finding system resources.
+    static URLClassPath getBootstrapClassPath() {
+        if (bootstrapClassPath == null) {
+            bootstrapClassPath = sun.misc.Launcher.getBootstrapClassPath();
+        }
+        return bootstrapClassPath;
+    }
+
+    private static URLClassPath bootstrapClassPath;
+
+    /**
+     * Returns an input stream for reading the specified resource.
+     *
+     * <p> The search order is described in the documentation for {@link
+     * #getResource(String)}.  </p>
+     *
+     * @param  name
+     *         The resource name
+     *
+     * @return  An input stream for reading the resource, or <tt>null</tt>
+     *          if the resource could not be found
+     *
+     * @since  1.1
+     */
+    public InputStream getResourceAsStream(String name) {
+        URL url = getResource(name);
+        try {
+            return url != null ? url.openStream() : null;
+        } catch (IOException e) {
+            return null;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Open for reading, a resource of the specified name from the search path
+     * used to load classes.  This method locates the resource through the
+     * system class loader (see {@link #getSystemClassLoader()}).  </p>
+     *
+     * @param  name
+     *         The resource name
+     *
+     * @return  An input stream for reading the resource, or <tt>null</tt>
+     *          if the resource could not be found
+     *
+     * @since  1.1
+     */
+    public static InputStream getSystemResourceAsStream(String name) {
+        URL url = getSystemResource(name);
+        try {
+            return url != null ? url.openStream() : null;
+        } catch (IOException e) {
+            return null;
+        }
+    }
+
+
+    // -- Hierarchy --
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the parent class loader for delegation. Some implementations may
+     * use <tt>null</tt> to represent the bootstrap class loader. This method
+     * will return <tt>null</tt> in such implementations if this class loader's
+     * parent is the bootstrap class loader.
+     *
+     * <p> If a security manager is present, and the invoker's class loader is
+     * not <tt>null</tt> and is not an ancestor of this class loader, then this
+     * method invokes the security manager's {@link
+     * SecurityManager#checkPermission(java.security.Permission)
+     * <tt>checkPermission</tt>} method with a {@link
+     * RuntimePermission#RuntimePermission(String)
+     * <tt>RuntimePermission("getClassLoader")</tt>} permission to verify
+     * access to the parent class loader is permitted.  If not, a
+     * <tt>SecurityException</tt> will be thrown.  </p>
+     *
+     * @return  The parent <tt>ClassLoader</tt>
+     *
+     * @throws  SecurityException
+     *          If a security manager exists and its <tt>checkPermission</tt>
+     *          method doesn't allow access to this class loader's parent class
+     *          loader.
+     *
+     * @since  1.2
+     */
+    public final ClassLoader getParent() {
+        if (parent == null)
+            return null;
+        SecurityManager sm = System.getSecurityManager();
+        if (sm != null) {
+            ClassLoader ccl = getCallerClassLoader();
+            if (ccl != null && !isAncestor(ccl)) {
+                sm.checkPermission(SecurityConstants.GET_CLASSLOADER_PERMISSION);
+            }
+        }
+        return parent;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the system class loader for delegation.  This is the default
+     * delegation parent for new <tt>ClassLoader</tt> instances, and is
+     * typically the class loader used to start the application.
+     *
+     * <p> This method is first invoked early in the runtime's startup
+     * sequence, at which point it creates the system class loader and sets it
+     * as the context class loader of the invoking <tt>Thread</tt>.
+     *
+     * <p> The default system class loader is an implementation-dependent
+     * instance of this class.
+     *
+     * <p> If the system property "<tt>java.system.class.loader</tt>" is defined
+     * when this method is first invoked then the value of that property is
+     * taken to be the name of a class that will be returned as the system
+     * class loader.  The class is loaded using the default system class loader
+     * and must define a public constructor that takes a single parameter of
+     * type <tt>ClassLoader</tt> which is used as the delegation parent.  An
+     * instance is then created using this constructor with the default system
+     * class loader as the parameter.  The resulting class loader is defined
+     * to be the system class loader.
+     *
+     * <p> If a security manager is present, and the invoker's class loader is
+     * not <tt>null</tt> and the invoker's class loader is not the same as or
+     * an ancestor of the system class loader, then this method invokes the
+     * security manager's {@link
+     * SecurityManager#checkPermission(java.security.Permission)
+     * <tt>checkPermission</tt>} method with a {@link
+     * RuntimePermission#RuntimePermission(String)
+     * <tt>RuntimePermission("getClassLoader")</tt>} permission to verify
+     * access to the system class loader.  If not, a
+     * <tt>SecurityException</tt> will be thrown.  </p>
+     *
+     * @return  The system <tt>ClassLoader</tt> for delegation, or
+     *          <tt>null</tt> if none
+     *
+     * @throws  SecurityException
+     *          If a security manager exists and its <tt>checkPermission</tt>
+     *          method doesn't allow access to the system class loader.
+     *
+     * @throws  IllegalStateException
+     *          If invoked recursively during the construction of the class
+     *          loader specified by the "<tt>java.system.class.loader</tt>"
+     *          property.
+     *
+     * @throws  Error
+     *          If the system property "<tt>java.system.class.loader</tt>"
+     *          is defined but the named class could not be loaded, the
+     *          provider class does not define the required constructor, or an
+     *          exception is thrown by that constructor when it is invoked. The
+     *          underlying cause of the error can be retrieved via the
+     *          {@link Throwable#getCause()} method.
+     *
+     * @revised  1.4
+     */
+    public static ClassLoader getSystemClassLoader() {
+        initSystemClassLoader();
+        if (scl == null) {
+            return null;
+        }
+        SecurityManager sm = System.getSecurityManager();
+        if (sm != null) {
+            ClassLoader ccl = getCallerClassLoader();
+            if (ccl != null && ccl != scl && !scl.isAncestor(ccl)) {
+                sm.checkPermission(SecurityConstants.GET_CLASSLOADER_PERMISSION);
+            }
+        }
+        return scl;
+    }
+
+    private static synchronized void initSystemClassLoader() {
+        if (!sclSet) {
+            if (scl != null)
+                throw new IllegalStateException("recursive invocation");
+            sun.misc.Launcher l = sun.misc.Launcher.getLauncher();
+            if (l != null) {
+                Throwable oops = null;
+                scl = l.getClassLoader();
+                try {
+                    PrivilegedExceptionAction a;
+                    a = new SystemClassLoaderAction(scl);
+                    scl = (ClassLoader) AccessController.doPrivileged(a);
+                } catch (PrivilegedActionException pae) {
+                    oops = pae.getCause();
+                    if (oops instanceof InvocationTargetException) {
+                        oops = oops.getCause();
+                    }
+                }
+                if (oops != null) {
+                    if (oops instanceof Error) {
+                        throw (Error) oops;
+                    } else {
+                        // wrap the exception
+                        throw new Error(oops);
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            sclSet = true;
+        }
+    }
+
+    // Returns true if the specified class loader can be found in this class
+    // loader's delegation chain.
+    boolean isAncestor(ClassLoader cl) {
+        ClassLoader acl = this;
+        do {
+            acl = acl.parent;
+            if (cl == acl) {
+                return true;
+            }
+        } while (acl != null);
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    // Returns the invoker's class loader, or null if none.
+    // NOTE: This must always be invoked when there is exactly one intervening
+    // frame from the core libraries on the stack between this method's
+    // invocation and the desired invoker.
+    static ClassLoader getCallerClassLoader() {
+        // NOTE use of more generic Reflection.getCallerClass()
+        Class caller = Reflection.getCallerClass(3);
+        // This can be null if the VM is requesting it
+        if (caller == null) {
+            return null;
+        }
+        // Circumvent security check since this is package-private
+        return caller.getClassLoader0();
+    }
+
+    // The class loader for the system
+    private static ClassLoader scl;
+
+    // Set to true once the system class loader has been set
+    private static boolean sclSet;
+
+
+    // -- Package --
+
+    /**
+     * Defines a package by name in this <tt>ClassLoader</tt>.  This allows
+     * class loaders to define the packages for their classes. Packages must
+     * be created before the class is defined, and package names must be
+     * unique within a class loader and cannot be redefined or changed once
+     * created.  </p>
+     *
+     * @param  name
+     *         The package name
+     *
+     * @param  specTitle
+     *         The specification title
+     *
+     * @param  specVersion
+     *         The specification version
+     *
+     * @param  specVendor
+     *         The specification vendor
+     *
+     * @param  implTitle
+     *         The implementation title
+     *
+     * @param  implVersion
+     *         The implementation version
+     *
+     * @param  implVendor
+     *         The implementation vendor
+     *
+     * @param  sealBase
+     *         If not <tt>null</tt>, then this package is sealed with
+     *         respect to the given code source {@link java.net.URL
+     *         <tt>URL</tt>}  object.  Otherwise, the package is not sealed.
+     *
+     * @return  The newly defined <tt>Package</tt> object
+     *
+     * @throws  IllegalArgumentException
+     *          If package name duplicates an existing package either in this
+     *          class loader or one of its ancestors
+     *
+     * @since  1.2
+     */
+    protected Package definePackage(String name, String specTitle,
+                                    String specVersion, String specVendor,
+                                    String implTitle, String implVersion,
+                                    String implVendor, URL sealBase)
+        throws IllegalArgumentException
+    {
+        synchronized (packages) {
+            Package pkg = getPackage(name);
+            if (pkg != null) {
+                throw new IllegalArgumentException(name);
+            }
+            pkg = new Package(name, specTitle, specVersion, specVendor,
+                              implTitle, implVersion, implVendor,
+                              sealBase, this);
+            packages.put(name, pkg);
+            return pkg;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a <tt>Package</tt> that has been defined by this class loader
+     * or any of its ancestors.  </p>
+     *
+     * @param  name
+     *         The package name
+     *
+     * @return  The <tt>Package</tt> corresponding to the given name, or
+     *          <tt>null</tt> if not found
+     *
+     * @since  1.2
+     */
+    protected Package getPackage(String name) {
+        synchronized (packages) {
+            Package pkg = (Package)packages.get(name);
+            if (pkg == null) {
+                if (parent != null) {
+                    pkg = parent.getPackage(name);
+                } else {
+                    pkg = Package.getSystemPackage(name);
+                }
+                if (pkg != null) {
+                    packages.put(name, pkg);
+                }
+            }
+            return pkg;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns all of the <tt>Packages</tt> defined by this class loader and
+     * its ancestors.  </p>
+     *
+     * @return  The array of <tt>Package</tt> objects defined by this
+     *          <tt>ClassLoader</tt>
+     *
+     * @since  1.2
+     */
+    protected Package[] getPackages() {
+        Map map;
+        synchronized (packages) {
+            map = (Map)packages.clone();
+        }
+        Package[] pkgs;
+        if (parent != null) {
+            pkgs = parent.getPackages();
+        } else {
+            pkgs = Package.getSystemPackages();
+        }
+        if (pkgs != null) {
+            for (int i = 0; i < pkgs.length; i++) {
+                String pkgName = pkgs[i].getName();
+                if (map.get(pkgName) == null) {
+                    map.put(pkgName, pkgs[i]);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        return (Package[])map.values().toArray(new Package[map.size()]);
+    }
+
+
+    // -- Native library access --
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the absolute path name of a native library.  The VM invokes this
+     * method to locate the native libraries that belong to classes loaded with
+     * this class loader. If this method returns <tt>null</tt>, the VM
+     * searches the library along the path specified as the
+     * "<tt>java.library.path</tt>" property.  </p>
+     *
+     * @param  libname
+     *         The library name
+     *
+     * @return  The absolute path of the native library
+     *
+     * @see  System#loadLibrary(String)
+     * @see  System#mapLibraryName(String)
+     *
+     * @since  1.2
+     */
+    protected String findLibrary(String libname) {
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * The inner class NativeLibrary denotes a loaded native library instance.
+     * Every classloader contains a vector of loaded native libraries in the
+     * private field <tt>nativeLibraries</tt>.  The native libraries loaded
+     * into the system are entered into the <tt>systemNativeLibraries</tt>
+     * vector.
+     *
+     * <p> Every native library requires a particular version of JNI. This is
+     * denoted by the private <tt>jniVersion</tt> field.  This field is set by
+     * the VM when it loads the library, and used by the VM to pass the correct
+     * version of JNI to the native methods.  </p>
+     *
+     * @see      ClassLoader
+     * @since    1.2
+     */
+    static class NativeLibrary {
+        // opaque handle to native library, used in native code.
+        long handle;
+        // the version of JNI environment the native library requires.
+        private int jniVersion;
+        // the class from which the library is loaded, also indicates
+        // the loader this native library belongs.
+        private Class fromClass;
+        // the canonicalized name of the native library.
+        String name;
+
+        native void load(String name);
+        native long find(String name);
+        native void unload();
+
+        public NativeLibrary(Class fromClass, String name) {
+            this.name = name;
+            this.fromClass = fromClass;
+        }
+
+        protected void finalize() {
+            synchronized (loadedLibraryNames) {
+                if (fromClass.getClassLoader() != null && handle != 0) {
+                    /* remove the native library name */
+                    int size = loadedLibraryNames.size();
+                    for (int i = 0; i < size; i++) {
+                        if (name.equals(loadedLibraryNames.elementAt(i))) {
+                            loadedLibraryNames.removeElementAt(i);
+                            break;
+                        }
+                    }
+                    /* unload the library. */
+                    ClassLoader.nativeLibraryContext.push(this);
+                    try {
+                        unload();
+                    } finally {
+                        ClassLoader.nativeLibraryContext.pop();
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        // Invoked in the VM to determine the context class in
+        // JNI_Load/JNI_Unload
+        static Class getFromClass() {
+            return ((NativeLibrary)
+                    (ClassLoader.nativeLibraryContext.peek())).fromClass;
+        }
+    }
+
+    // The "default" domain. Set as the default ProtectionDomain on newly
+    // created classes.
+    private ProtectionDomain defaultDomain = null;
+
+    // Returns (and initializes) the default domain.
+    private synchronized ProtectionDomain getDefaultDomain() {
+        if (defaultDomain == null) {
+            CodeSource cs =
+                new CodeSource(null, (java.security.cert.Certificate[]) null);
+            defaultDomain = new ProtectionDomain(cs, null, this, null);
+        }
+        return defaultDomain;
+    }
+
+    // All native library names we've loaded.
+    private static Vector loadedLibraryNames = new Vector();
+    // Native libraries belonging to system classes.
+    private static Vector systemNativeLibraries = new Vector();
+    // Native libraries associated with the class loader.
+    private Vector nativeLibraries = new Vector();
+
+    // native libraries being loaded/unloaded.
+    private static Stack nativeLibraryContext = new Stack();
+
+    // The paths searched for libraries
+    static private String usr_paths[];
+    static private String sys_paths[];
+
+    private static String[] initializePath(String propname) {
+        String ldpath = System.getProperty(propname, "");
+        String ps = File.pathSeparator;
+        int ldlen = ldpath.length();
+        int i, j, n;
+        // Count the separators in the path
+        i = ldpath.indexOf(ps);
+        n = 0;
+        while (i >= 0) {
+            n++;
+            i = ldpath.indexOf(ps, i + 1);
+        }
+
+        // allocate the array of paths - n :'s = n + 1 path elements
+        String[] paths = new String[n + 1];
+
+        // Fill the array with paths from the ldpath
+        n = i = 0;
+        j = ldpath.indexOf(ps);
+        while (j >= 0) {
+            if (j - i > 0) {
+                paths[n++] = ldpath.substring(i, j);
+            } else if (j - i == 0) {
+                paths[n++] = ".";
+            }
+            i = j + 1;
+            j = ldpath.indexOf(ps, i);
+        }
+        paths[n] = ldpath.substring(i, ldlen);
+        return paths;
+    }
+
+    // Invoked in the java.lang.Runtime class to implement load and loadLibrary.
+    static void loadLibrary(Class fromClass, String name,
+                            boolean isAbsolute) {
+        ClassLoader loader =
+            (fromClass == null) ? null : fromClass.getClassLoader();
+        if (sys_paths == null) {
+            usr_paths = initializePath("java.library.path");
+            sys_paths = initializePath("sun.boot.library.path");
+        }
+        if (isAbsolute) {
+            if (loadLibrary0(fromClass, new File(name))) {
+                return;
+            }
+            throw new UnsatisfiedLinkError("Can't load library: " + name);
+        }
+        if (loader != null) {
+            String libfilename = loader.findLibrary(name);
+            if (libfilename != null) {
+                File libfile = new File(libfilename);
+                if (!libfile.isAbsolute()) {
+                    throw new UnsatisfiedLinkError(
+    "ClassLoader.findLibrary failed to return an absolute path: " + libfilename);
+                }
+                if (loadLibrary0(fromClass, libfile)) {
+                    return;
+                }
+                throw new UnsatisfiedLinkError("Can't load " + libfilename);
+            }
+        }
+        for (int i = 0 ; i < sys_paths.length ; i++) {
+            File libfile = new File(sys_paths[i], System.mapLibraryName(name));
+            if (loadLibrary0(fromClass, libfile)) {
+                return;
+            }
+        }
+        if (loader != null) {
+            for (int i = 0 ; i < usr_paths.length ; i++) {
+                File libfile = new File(usr_paths[i],
+                                        System.mapLibraryName(name));
+                if (loadLibrary0(fromClass, libfile)) {
+                    return;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        // Oops, it failed
+        throw new UnsatisfiedLinkError("no " + name + " in java.library.path");
+    }
+
+    private static boolean loadLibrary0(Class fromClass, final File file) {
+        Boolean exists = (Boolean)
+            AccessController.doPrivileged(new PrivilegedAction() {
+                public Object run() {
+                    return new Boolean(file.exists());
+                }
+            });
+        if (!exists.booleanValue()) {
+            return false;
+        }
+        String name;
+        try {
+            name = file.getCanonicalPath();
+        } catch (IOException e) {
+            return false;
+        }
+        ClassLoader loader =
+            (fromClass == null) ? null : fromClass.getClassLoader();
+        Vector libs =
+            loader != null ? loader.nativeLibraries : systemNativeLibraries;
+        synchronized (libs) {
+            int size = libs.size();
+            for (int i = 0; i < size; i++) {
+                NativeLibrary lib = (NativeLibrary)libs.elementAt(i);
+                if (name.equals(lib.name)) {
+                    return true;
+                }
+            }
+
+            synchronized (loadedLibraryNames) {
+                if (loadedLibraryNames.contains(name)) {
+                    throw new UnsatisfiedLinkError
+                        ("Native Library " +
+                         name +
+                         " already loaded in another classloader");
+                }
+                /* If the library is being loaded (must be by the same thread,
+                 * because Runtime.load and Runtime.loadLibrary are
+                 * synchronous). The reason is can occur is that the JNI_OnLoad
+                 * function can cause another loadLibrary invocation.
+                 *
+                 * Thus we can use a static stack to hold the list of libraries
+                 * we are loading.
+                 *
+                 * If there is a pending load operation for the library, we
+                 * immediately return success; otherwise, we raise
+                 * UnsatisfiedLinkError.
+                 */
+                int n = nativeLibraryContext.size();
+                for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
+                    NativeLibrary lib = (NativeLibrary)
+                        nativeLibraryContext.elementAt(i);
+                    if (name.equals(lib.name)) {
+                        if (loader == lib.fromClass.getClassLoader()) {
+                            return true;
+                        } else {
+                            throw new UnsatisfiedLinkError
+                                ("Native Library " +
+                                 name +
+                                 " is being loaded in another classloader");
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+                NativeLibrary lib = new NativeLibrary(fromClass, name);
+                nativeLibraryContext.push(lib);
+                try {
+                    lib.load(name);
+                } finally {
+                    nativeLibraryContext.pop();
+                }
+                if (lib.handle != 0) {
+                    loadedLibraryNames.addElement(name);
+                    libs.addElement(lib);
+                    return true;
+                }
+                return false;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    // Invoked in the VM class linking code.
+    static long findNative(ClassLoader loader, String name) {
+        Vector libs =
+            loader != null ? loader.nativeLibraries : systemNativeLibraries;
+        synchronized (libs) {
+            int size = libs.size();
+            for (int i = 0; i < size; i++) {
+                NativeLibrary lib = (NativeLibrary)libs.elementAt(i);
+                long entry = lib.find(name);
+                if (entry != 0)
+                    return entry;
+            }
+        }
+        return 0;
+    }
+
+
+    // -- Assertion management --
+
+    // The default toggle for assertion checking.
+    private boolean defaultAssertionStatus = false;
+
+    // Maps String packageName to Boolean package default assertion status Note
+    // that the default package is placed under a null map key.  If this field
+    // is null then we are delegating assertion status queries to the VM, i.e.,
+    // none of this ClassLoader's assertion status modification methods have
+    // been invoked.
+    private Map packageAssertionStatus = null;
+
+    // Maps String fullyQualifiedClassName to Boolean assertionStatus If this
+    // field is null then we are delegating assertion status queries to the VM,
+    // i.e., none of this ClassLoader's assertion status modification methods
+    // have been invoked.
+    Map classAssertionStatus = null;
+
+    /**
+     * Sets the default assertion status for this class loader.  This setting
+     * determines whether classes loaded by this class loader and initialized
+     * in the future will have assertions enabled or disabled by default.
+     * This setting may be overridden on a per-package or per-class basis by
+     * invoking {@link #setPackageAssertionStatus(String, boolean)} or {@link
+     * #setClassAssertionStatus(String, boolean)}.  </p>
+     *
+     * @param  enabled
+     *         <tt>true</tt> if classes loaded by this class loader will
+     *         henceforth have assertions enabled by default, <tt>false</tt>
+     *         if they will have assertions disabled by default.
+     *
+     * @since  1.4
+     */
+    public synchronized void setDefaultAssertionStatus(boolean enabled) {
+        if (classAssertionStatus == null)
+            initializeJavaAssertionMaps();
+
+        defaultAssertionStatus = enabled;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Sets the package default assertion status for the named package.  The
+     * package default assertion status determines the assertion status for
+     * classes initialized in the future that belong to the named package or
+     * any of its "subpackages".
+     *
+     * <p> A subpackage of a package named p is any package whose name begins
+     * with "<tt>p.</tt>".  For example, <tt>javax.swing.text</tt> is a
+     * subpackage of <tt>javax.swing</tt>, and both <tt>java.util</tt> and
+     * <tt>java.lang.reflect</tt> are subpackages of <tt>java</tt>.
+     *
+     * <p> In the event that multiple package defaults apply to a given class,
+     * the package default pertaining to the most specific package takes
+     * precedence over the others.  For example, if <tt>javax.lang</tt> and
+     * <tt>javax.lang.reflect</tt> both have package defaults associated with
+     * them, the latter package default applies to classes in
+     * <tt>javax.lang.reflect</tt>.
+     *
+     * <p> Package defaults take precedence over the class loader's default
+     * assertion status, and may be overridden on a per-class basis by invoking
+     * {@link #setClassAssertionStatus(String, boolean)}.  </p>
+     *
+     * @param  packageName
+     *         The name of the package whose package default assertion status
+     *         is to be set. A <tt>null</tt> value indicates the unnamed
+     *         package that is "current"
+     *         (<a href="http://java.sun.com/docs/books/jls/">Java Language
+     *         Specification</a>, section 7.4.2).
+     *
+     * @param  enabled
+     *         <tt>true</tt> if classes loaded by this classloader and
+     *         belonging to the named package or any of its subpackages will
+     *         have assertions enabled by default, <tt>false</tt> if they will
+     *         have assertions disabled by default.
+     *
+     * @since  1.4
+     */
+    public synchronized void setPackageAssertionStatus(String packageName,
+                                                       boolean enabled)
+    {
+        if (packageAssertionStatus == null)
+            initializeJavaAssertionMaps();
+
+        packageAssertionStatus.put(packageName, Boolean.valueOf(enabled));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Sets the desired assertion status for the named top-level class in this
+     * class loader and any nested classes contained therein.  This setting
+     * takes precedence over the class loader's default assertion status, and
+     * over any applicable per-package default.  This method has no effect if
+     * the named class has already been initialized.  (Once a class is
+     * initialized, its assertion status cannot change.)
+     *
+     * <p> If the named class is not a top-level class, this invocation will
+     * have no effect on the actual assertion status of any class. </p>
+     *
+     * @param  className
+     *         The fully qualified class name of the top-level class whose
+     *         assertion status is to be set.
+     *
+     * @param  enabled
+     *         <tt>true</tt> if the named class is to have assertions
+     *         enabled when (and if) it is initialized, <tt>false</tt> if the
+     *         class is to have assertions disabled.
+     *
+     * @since  1.4
+     */
+    public synchronized void setClassAssertionStatus(String className,
+                                                     boolean enabled)
+    {
+        if (classAssertionStatus == null)
+            initializeJavaAssertionMaps();
+
+        classAssertionStatus.put(className, Boolean.valueOf(enabled));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Sets the default assertion status for this class loader to
+     * <tt>false</tt> and discards any package defaults or class assertion
+     * status settings associated with the class loader.  This method is
+     * provided so that class loaders can be made to ignore any command line or
+     * persistent assertion status settings and "start with a clean slate."
+     * </p>
+     *
+     * @since  1.4
+     */
+    public synchronized void clearAssertionStatus() {
+        /*
+         * Whether or not "Java assertion maps" are initialized, set
+         * them to empty maps, effectively ignoring any present settings.
+         */
+        classAssertionStatus = new HashMap();
+        packageAssertionStatus = new HashMap();
+
+        defaultAssertionStatus = false;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the assertion status that would be assigned to the specified
+     * class if it were to be initialized at the time this method is invoked.
+     * If the named class has had its assertion status set, the most recent
+     * setting will be returned; otherwise, if any package default assertion
+     * status pertains to this class, the most recent setting for the most
+     * specific pertinent package default assertion status is returned;
+     * otherwise, this class loader's default assertion status is returned.
+     * </p>
+     *
+     * @param  className
+     *         The fully qualified class name of the class whose desired
+     *         assertion status is being queried.
+     *
+     * @return  The desired assertion status of the specified class.
+     *
+     * @see  #setClassAssertionStatus(String, boolean)
+     * @see  #setPackageAssertionStatus(String, boolean)
+     * @see  #setDefaultAssertionStatus(boolean)
+     *
+     * @since  1.4
+     */
+    synchronized boolean desiredAssertionStatus(String className) {
+        Boolean result;
+
+        // assert classAssertionStatus   != null;
+        // assert packageAssertionStatus != null;
+
+        // Check for a class entry
+        result = (Boolean)classAssertionStatus.get(className);
+        if (result != null)
+            return result.booleanValue();
+
+        // Check for most specific package entry
+        int dotIndex = className.lastIndexOf(".");
+        if (dotIndex < 0) { // default package
+            result = (Boolean)packageAssertionStatus.get(null);
+            if (result != null)
+                return result.booleanValue();
+        }
+        while(dotIndex > 0) {
+            className = className.substring(0, dotIndex);
+            result = (Boolean)packageAssertionStatus.get(className);
+            if (result != null)
+                return result.booleanValue();
+            dotIndex = className.lastIndexOf(".", dotIndex-1);
+        }
+
+        // Return the classloader default
+        return defaultAssertionStatus;
+    }
+
+    // Set up the assertions with information provided by the VM.
+    private void initializeJavaAssertionMaps() {
+        // assert Thread.holdsLock(this);
+
+        classAssertionStatus = new HashMap();
+        packageAssertionStatus = new HashMap();
+        AssertionStatusDirectives directives = retrieveDirectives();
+
+        for(int i = 0; i < directives.classes.length; i++)
+            classAssertionStatus.put(directives.classes[i],
+                              Boolean.valueOf(directives.classEnabled[i]));
+
+        for(int i = 0; i < directives.packages.length; i++)
+            packageAssertionStatus.put(directives.packages[i],
+                              Boolean.valueOf(directives.packageEnabled[i]));
+
+        defaultAssertionStatus = directives.deflt;
+    }
+
+    // Retrieves the assertion directives from the VM.
+    private static native AssertionStatusDirectives retrieveDirectives();
+}
+
+
+class SystemClassLoaderAction implements PrivilegedExceptionAction {
+    private ClassLoader parent;
+
+    SystemClassLoaderAction(ClassLoader parent) {
+        this.parent = parent;
+    }
+
+    public Object run() throws Exception {
+        ClassLoader sys;
+        Constructor ctor;
+        Class c;
+        Class cp[] = { ClassLoader.class };
+        Object params[] = { parent };
+
+        String cls = System.getProperty("java.system.class.loader");
+        if (cls == null) {
+            return parent;
+        }
+
+        c = Class.forName(cls, true, parent);
+        ctor = c.getDeclaredConstructor(cp);
+        sys = (ClassLoader) ctor.newInstance(params);
+        Thread.currentThread().setContextClassLoader(sys);
+        return sys;
+    }
+}