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25 <body> |
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26 <p> |
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27 Nashorn is a runtime environment for programs written in ECMAScript 5.1. |
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28 </p> |
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29 <h1>Usage</h1> |
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30 <p> |
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31 The recommended way to use Nashorn is through the <a href="http://jcp.org/en/jsr/detail?id=223" target="_top">JSR-223 |
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32 "Scripting for the Java Platform"</a> APIs found in the {@link javax.script} package. Usually, you'll obtain a |
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33 {@link javax.script.ScriptEngine} instance for Nashorn using: |
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34 <pre> |
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35 import javax.script.*; |
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36 ... |
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37 ScriptEngine nashornEngine = new ScriptEngineManager().getEngineByName("nashorn"); |
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38 </pre> |
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39 and then use it just as you would any other JSR-223 script engine. See |
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40 <a href="jdk/nashorn/api/scripting/package-summary.html">{@code jdk.nashorn.api.scripting}</a> package |
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41 for details. |
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42 <p> |
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43 <h1>Compatibility</h1> |
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44 Nashorn is 100% compliant with the <a href="http://www.ecma-international.org/publications/standards/Ecma-262.htm" |
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45 target="_top">ECMA-262 Standard, Edition 5.1</a>. It requires a Java Virtual Machine that implements the |
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46 <a href="http://jcp.org/en/jsr/detail?id=292" target="_top">JSR-292 "Supporting Dynamically Typed Languages on the Java |
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47 Platform"</a> specification (often referred to as "invokedynamic"), as well as the already mentioned JSR-223. |
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48 <h1>Interoperability with the Java platform</h1> |
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49 <p> |
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50 In addition to being a 100% ECMAScript 5.1 runtime, Nashorn provides features for interoperability of the ECMAScript |
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51 programs with the Java platform. In general, any Java object put into the script engine's context will be visible from |
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52 the script. In terms of the standard, such Java objects are not considered "native objects", but rather "host objects", |
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53 as defined in section 4.3.8. This distinction allows certain semantical differences in handling them compared to native |
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54 objects. For most purposes, Java objects behave just as native objects do: you can invoke their methods, get and set |
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55 their properties. In most cases, though, you can't add arbitrary properties to them, nor can you remove existing |
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56 properties. |
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57 <p> |
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58 <h2>Java collection handling</h2> |
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59 <p> |
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60 Native Java arrays and {@link java.util.List}s support indexed access to their elements through the property accessors, |
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61 and {@link java.util.Map}s support both property and element access through both dot and square-bracket property |
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62 accessors, with the difference being that dot operator gives precedence to object properties (its fields and properties |
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63 defined as {@code getXxx} and {@code setXxx} methods) while the square bracket operator gives precedence to map |
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64 elements. Native Java arrays expose the {@code length} property. |
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65 <p> |
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66 <h2>ECMAScript primitive types</h2> |
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67 <p> |
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68 ECMAScript primitive types for number, string, and boolean are represented with {@link java.lang.Number}, |
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69 {@link java.lang.CharSequence}, and {@link java.lang.Boolean} objects. While the most often used number type is |
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70 {@link java.lang.Double} and the most often used string type is {@link java.lang.String}, don't rely on it as various |
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71 internal optimizations cause other subclasses of {@code Number} and internal implementations of {@code CharSequence} to |
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72 be used. |
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73 <p> |
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74 <h2>Type conversions</h2> |
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75 <p> |
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76 When a method on a Java object is invoked, the arguments are converted to the formal parameter types of the Java method |
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77 using all allowed ECMAScript conversions. This can be surprising, as in general, conversions from string to number will |
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78 succeed according to Standard's section 9.3 "ToNumber" and so on; string to boolean, number to boolean, Object to |
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79 number, Object to string all work. Note that if the Java method's declared parameter type is {@code java.lang.Object}, |
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80 Nashorn objects are passed without any conversion whatsoever; specifically if the JavaScript value being passed is of |
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81 primitive string type, you can only rely on it being a {@code java.lang.CharSequence}, and if the value is a number, you |
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82 can only rely on it being a {@code java.lang.Number}. If the Java method declared parameter type is more specific (e.g. |
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83 {@code java.lang.String} or {@code java.lang.Double}), then Nashorn will of course ensure the required type is passed. |
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84 <p> |
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85 <h2>SAM types</h2> |
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86 <p> |
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87 As a special extension when invoking Java methods, ECMAScript function objects can be passed in place of an argument |
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88 whose Java type is so-called "single abstract method" or "SAM" type. While this name usually covers single-method |
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89 interfaces, Nashorn is a bit more versatile, and it recognizes a type as a SAM type if all its abstract methods are |
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90 overloads of the same name, and it is either an interface, or it is an abstract class with |
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91 a no-arg constructor. The type itself must be public, while the constructor and the methods can be either public or |
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92 protected. If there are multiple abstract overloads of the same name, the single function will serve as the shared |
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93 implementation for all of them, <em>and additionally it will also override any non-abstract methods of the same name</em>. |
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94 This is done to be consistent with the fact that ECMAScript does not have the concept of overloaded methods. |
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95 <p> |
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96 <h2>The {@code Java} object</h2> |
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97 Nashorn exposes a non-standard global object named {@code Java} that is the primary API entry point into Java |
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98 platform-specific functionality. You can use it to create instances of Java classes, convert from Java arrays to native |
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99 arrays and back, and so on. The methods on the objects are directly implemented by public static methods on the class |
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100 <a href="jdk/nashorn/internal/objects/NativeJava.html">{@code NativeJava}</a>, see that class for details on what |
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101 functionality is available. |
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102 <h2>Representations of Java types</h2> |
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103 The method <a href="jdk/nashorn/internal/objects/NativeJava.html#type(java.lang.Object,%20java.lang.Object)"> |
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104 {@code Java.type(typeName)}</a> takes a name of a type, and returns an object representing a Java type. You can |
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105 use that object to both create new instances of Java classes, as well as to access static fields and methods on them. |
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106 The type object is distinct from the {@code java.lang.Class} object, which represents the reflective run-time type |
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107 identity and doesn't carry i.e. static members. Again, see the link for {@code NativeJava} above for details. |
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108 <h2>Other non-standard built-in objects</h2> |
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109 In addition to {@code Java}, Nashorn also exposes some other non-standard built-in objects: |
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110 <a href="jdk/nashorn/internal/objects/NativeJSAdapter.html">{@code JSAdapter}</a>, |
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111 <a href="jdk/nashorn/internal/objects/NativeJavaImporter.html">{@code JavaImporter}</a>, |
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112 <a href="jdk/nashorn/internal/runtime/NativeJavaPackage.html">{@code Packages}.</a> |
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113 </body> |
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