| author | alanb |
| Tue, 15 May 2018 09:33:02 +0100 | |
| changeset 50109 | ea54197f4fe4 |
| parent 47216 | 71c04702a3d5 |
| permissions | -rw-r--r-- |
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<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 3.2 Final//EN"> |
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<html> |
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<head> |
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<!-- |
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Copyright (c) 1998, 2017, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. |
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DO NOT ALTER OR REMOVE COPYRIGHT NOTICES OR THIS FILE HEADER. |
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This code is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it |
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under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 2 only, as |
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published by the Free Software Foundation. Oracle designates this |
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particular file as subject to the "Classpath" exception as provided |
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by Oracle in the LICENSE file that accompanied this code. |
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This code is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT |
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ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or |
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FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License |
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version 2 for more details (a copy is included in the LICENSE file that |
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accompanied this code). |
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You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License version |
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2 along with this work; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation, |
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Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA. |
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Please contact Oracle, 500 Oracle Parkway, Redwood Shores, CA 94065 USA |
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or visit www.oracle.com if you need additional information or have any |
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questions. |
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--> |
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</head> |
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<body bgcolor="white"> |
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Provides the API for accessing and processing data stored in a |
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data source (usually a relational database) using the |
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Java™ programming language. |
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This API includes a framework whereby different |
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drivers can be installed dynamically to access different data sources. |
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Although the JDBC™ API is mainly geared |
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to passing SQL statements to a database, it provides for reading and |
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writing data from any data source with a tabular format. |
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The reader/writer facility, available through the |
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<code>javax.sql.RowSet</code> group of interfaces, can be customized to |
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use and update data from a spread sheet, flat file, or any other tabular |
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data source. |
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<h2>What the JDBC™ 4.3 API Includes</h2> |
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The JDBC™ 4.3 API includes both |
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the <code>java.sql</code> package, referred to as the JDBC core API, |
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and the <code>javax.sql</code> package, referred to as the JDBC Optional |
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Package API. This complete JDBC API |
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is included in the Java™ Standard Edition (Java SE™), version 7. |
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The <code>javax.sql</code> package extends the functionality of the JDBC API |
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from a client-side API to a server-side API, and it is an essential part |
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of the Java™ Enterprise Edition |
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(Java EE™) technology. |
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<h2>Versions</h2> |
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The JDBC 4.3 API incorporates all of the previous JDBC API versions: |
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<UL> |
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<LI> The JDBC 4.2 API</li> |
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<LI> The JDBC 4.1 API</li> |
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<LI> The JDBC 4.0 API</li> |
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<LI> The JDBC 3.0 API</li> |
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<LI> The JDBC 2.1 core API</li> |
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<LI> The JDBC 2.0 Optional Package API<br> |
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(Note that the JDBC 2.1 core API and the JDBC 2.0 Optional Package |
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API together are referred to as the JDBC 2.0 API.)</li> |
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<LI> The JDBC 1.2 API</li> |
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<LI> The JDBC 1.0 API</li> |
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</UL> |
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<P> |
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Classes, interfaces, methods, fields, constructors, and exceptions |
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have the following "since" tags that indicate when they were introduced |
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into the Java platform. When these "since" tags are used in |
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Javadoc™ comments for the JDBC API, |
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they indicate the following: |
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<UL> |
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<LI>Since 9 -- new in the JDBC 4.3 API and part of the Java SE platform, |
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version 9</li> |
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<LI>Since 1.8 -- new in the JDBC 4.2 API and part of the Java SE platform, |
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version 8</li> |
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<LI>Since 1.7 -- new in the JDBC 4.1 API and part of the Java SE platform, |
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version 7</li> |
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<LI>Since 1.6 -- new in the JDBC 4.0 API and part of the Java SE platform, |
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version 6</li> |
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<LI>Since 1.4 -- new in the JDBC 3.0 API and part of the J2SE platform, |
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version 1.4</li> |
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<LI>Since 1.2 -- new in the JDBC 2.0 API and part of the J2SE platform, |
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version 1.2</li> |
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<LI>Since 1.1 or no "since" tag -- in the original JDBC 1.0 API and part of |
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the JDK™, version 1.1</li> |
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</UL> |
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<P> |
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<b>NOTE:</b> Many of the new features are optional; consequently, there is |
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some variation in drivers and the features they support. Always |
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check your driver's documentation to see whether it supports a feature before |
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you try to use it. |
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<P> |
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<b>NOTE:</b> The class <code>SQLPermission</code> was added in the |
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Java™ 2 SDK, Standard Edition, |
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version 1.3 release. This class is used to prevent unauthorized |
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access to the logging stream associated with the <code>DriverManager</code>, |
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which may contain information such as table names, column data, and so on. |
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<h2>What the <code>java.sql</code> Package Contains</h2> |
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The <code>java.sql</code> package contains API for the following: |
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<UL> |
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<LI>Making a connection with a database via the <code>DriverManager</code> facility |
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<UL> |
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<LI><code>DriverManager</code> class -- makes a connection with a driver |
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<LI><code>SQLPermission</code> class -- provides permission when code |
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running within a Security Manager, such as an applet, |
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attempts to set up a logging stream through the |
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<code>DriverManager</code> |
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<LI><code>Driver</code> interface -- provides the API for registering |
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and connecting drivers based on JDBC technology ("JDBC drivers");
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generally used only by the <code>DriverManager</code> class |
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<LI><code>DriverPropertyInfo</code> class -- provides properties for a |
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JDBC driver; not used by the general user |
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</UL> |
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<LI>Sending SQL statements to a database |
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<UL> |
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<LI><code>Statement</code> -- used to send basic SQL statements |
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<LI><code>PreparedStatement</code> -- used to send prepared statements or |
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basic SQL statements (derived from <code>Statement</code>) |
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<LI><code>CallableStatement</code> -- used to call database stored |
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procedures (derived from <code>PreparedStatement</code>) |
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<LI><code>Connection</code> interface -- provides methods for creating |
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statements and managing connections and their properties |
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<LI><code>Savepoint</code> -- provides savepoints in a transaction |
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</UL> |
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<LI>Retrieving and updating the results of a query |
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<UL> |
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<LI><code>ResultSet</code> interface |
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</UL> |
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<LI>Standard mappings for SQL types to classes and interfaces in the |
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Java programming language |
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<UL> |
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<LI><code>Array</code> interface -- mapping for SQL <code>ARRAY</code> |
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<LI><code>Blob</code> interface -- mapping for SQL <code>BLOB</code> |
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<LI><code>Clob</code> interface -- mapping for SQL <code>CLOB</code> |
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<LI><code>Date</code> class -- mapping for SQL <code>DATE</code> |
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<LI><code>NClob</code> interface -- mapping for SQL <code>NCLOB</code> |
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<LI><code>Ref</code> interface -- mapping for SQL <code>REF</code> |
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<LI><code>RowId</code> interface -- mapping for SQL <code>ROWID</code> |
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<LI><code>Struct</code> interface -- mapping for SQL <code>STRUCT</code> |
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<LI><code>SQLXML</code> interface -- mapping for SQL <code>XML</code> |
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<LI><code>Time</code> class -- mapping for SQL <code>TIME</code> |
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<LI><code>Timestamp</code> class -- mapping for SQL <code>TIMESTAMP</code> |
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<LI><code>Types</code> class -- provides constants for SQL types |
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</UL> |
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<LI>Custom mapping an SQL user-defined type (UDT) to a class in the |
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Java programming language |
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<UL> |
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<LI><code>SQLData</code> interface -- specifies the mapping of |
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a UDT to an instance of this class |
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<LI><code>SQLInput</code> interface -- provides methods for reading |
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UDT attributes from a stream |
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<LI><code>SQLOutput</code> interface -- provides methods for writing |
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UDT attributes back to a stream |
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</UL> |
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<LI>Metadata |
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<UL> |
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<LI><code>DatabaseMetaData</code> interface -- provides information |
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about the database |
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<LI><code>ResultSetMetaData</code> interface -- provides information |
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about the columns of a <code>ResultSet</code> object |
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<LI><code>ParameterMetaData</code> interface -- provides information |
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about the parameters to <code>PreparedStatement</code> commands |
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</UL> |
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<LI>Exceptions |
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<UL> |
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<LI><code>SQLException</code> -- thrown by most methods when there |
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is a problem accessing data and by some methods for other reasons |
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<LI><code>SQLWarning</code> -- thrown to indicate a warning |
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<LI><code>DataTruncation</code> -- thrown to indicate that data may have |
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been truncated |
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<LI><code>BatchUpdateException</code> -- thrown to indicate that not all |
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commands in a batch update executed successfully |
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</UL> |
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</UL> |
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<h3><code>java.sql</code> and <code>javax.sql</code> Features Introduced in the JDBC 4.3 API</h3> |
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<UL> |
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<LI>Added <code>Sharding</code> support</LI> |
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<LI>Enhanced <code>Connection</code> to be able to provide hints |
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to the driver that a request, an independent unit of work, |
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is beginning or ending</LI> |
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<LI>Enhanced <code>DatabaseMetaData</code> to determine if Sharding is |
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supported</LI> |
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<LI>Added the method <code>drivers</code> to <code>DriverManager</code> |
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to return a Stream of the currently loaded and |
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available JDBC drivers</LI> |
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<LI>Added support to <code>Statement</code> for enquoting literals |
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and simple identifiers</LI> |
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<LI>Clarified the Java SE version that methods were deprecated</LI> |
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</UL> |
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<h3><code>java.sql</code> and <code>javax.sql</code> Features Introduced in the JDBC 4.2 API</h3> |
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<UL> |
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<LI>Added <code>JDBCType</code> enum and <code>SQLType</code> interface</li> |
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<LI>Support for <code>REF CURSORS</code> in <code>CallableStatement</code> |
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</LI> |
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<LI><code>DatabaseMetaData</code> methods to return maximum Logical LOB size |
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and if Ref Cursors are supported</LI> |
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<LI>Added support for large update counts</LI> |
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</UL> |
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<h3><code>java.sql</code> and <code>javax.sql</code> Features Introduced in the JDBC 4.1 API</h3> |
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<UL> |
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<LI>Allow <code>Connection</code>, |
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<code>ResultSet</code> and <code>Statement</code> objects to be |
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used with the try-with-resources statement</LI> |
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<LI>Support added to <code>CallableStatement</code> and |
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<code>ResultSet</code> to specify the Java type to convert to via the |
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<code>getObject</code> method</LI> |
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<LI><code>DatabaseMetaData</code> methods to return PseudoColumns and if a |
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generated key is always returned</LI> |
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<LI>Added support to <code>Connection</code> to specify a database schema, |
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abort and timeout a physical connection.</LI> |
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<LI>Added support to close a <code>Statement</code> object when its dependent |
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objects have been closed</LI> |
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<LI>Support for obtaining the parent logger for a <code>Driver</code>, |
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<code>DataSource</code>, <code>ConnectionPoolDataSource</code> and |
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<code>XADataSource</code></LI> |
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</UL> |
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<h3><code>java.sql</code> and <code>javax.sql</code> Features Introduced in the JDBC 4.0 API</h3> |
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<UL> |
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<LI>auto java.sql.Driver discovery -- no longer need to load a |
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<code>java.sql.Driver</code> class via <code>Class.forName</code> |
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<LI>National Character Set support added |
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<li>Support added for the SQL:2003 XML data type |
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<lI>SQLException enhancements -- Added support for cause chaining; New SQLExceptions |
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added for common SQLState class value codes |
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<li>Enhanced Blob/Clob functionality -- Support provided to create and free a Blob/Clob instance |
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as well as additional methods added to improve accessibility |
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<li>Support added for accessing a SQL ROWID |
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<li>Support added to allow a JDBC application to access an instance of a JDBC resource |
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that has been wrapped by a vendor, usually in an application server or connection |
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pooling environment. |
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<li>Availability to be notified when a <code>PreparedStatement</code> that is associated |
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with a <code>PooledConnection</code> has been closed or the driver determines is invalid |
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</UL> |
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<h3><code>java.sql</code> and <code>javax.sql</code> Features Introduced in the JDBC 3.0 API</h3> |
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<UL> |
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<LI>Pooled statements -- reuse of statements associated with a pooled |
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connection |
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<LI>Savepoints -- allow a transaction to be rolled back to a designated |
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savepoint |
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<LI>Properties defined for <code>ConnectionPoolDataSource</code> -- specify |
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how connections are to be pooled |
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<LI>Metadata for parameters of a <code>PreparedStatement</code> object |
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<LI>Ability to retrieve values from automatically generated columns |
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<LI>Ability to have multiple <code>ResultSet</code> objects |
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returned from <code>CallableStatement</code> objects open at the |
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same time |
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<LI>Ability to identify parameters to <code>CallableStatement</code> |
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objects by name as well as by index |
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<LI><code>ResultSet</code> holdability -- ability to specify whether cursors |
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should be held open or closed at the end of a transaction |
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<LI>Ability to retrieve and update the SQL structured type instance that a |
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<code>Ref</code> object references |
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<LI>Ability to programmatically update <code>BLOB</code>, |
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<code>CLOB</code>, <code>ARRAY</code>, and <code>REF</code> values. |
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<LI>Addition of the <code>java.sql.Types.DATALINK</code> data type -- |
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allows JDBC drivers access to objects stored outside a data source |
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<LI>Addition of metadata for retrieving SQL type hierarchies |
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</UL> |
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<h3><code>java.sql</code> Features Introduced in the JDBC 2.1 Core API</h3> |
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<UL> |
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<LI>Scrollable result sets--using new methods in the <code>ResultSet</code> |
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interface that allow the cursor to be moved to a particular row or to a |
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position relative to its current position |
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<LI>Batch updates |
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<LI>Programmatic updates--using <code>ResultSet</code> updater methods |
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<LI>New data types--interfaces mapping the SQL3 data types |
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<LI>Custom mapping of user-defined types (UDTs) |
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<LI>Miscellaneous features, including performance hints, the use of character |
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streams, full precision for <code>java.math.BigDecimal</code> values, |
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additional security, and |
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support for time zones in date, time, and timestamp values. |
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</UL> |
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<h3><code>javax.sql</code> Features Introduced in the JDBC 2.0 Optional |
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Package API</h3> |
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<UL> |
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<LI>The <code>DataSource</code> interface as a means of making a connection. The |
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Java Naming and Directory Interface™ |
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(JNDI) is used for registering a <code>DataSource</code> object with a |
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naming service and also for retrieving it. |
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<LI>Pooled connections -- allowing connections to be used and reused |
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<LI>Distributed transactions -- allowing a transaction to span diverse |
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DBMS servers |
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<LI><code>RowSet</code> technology -- providing a convenient means of |
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handling and passing data |
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</UL> |
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<h3>Custom Mapping of UDTs</h3> |
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A user-defined type (UDT) defined in SQL can be mapped to a class in the Java |
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programming language. An SQL structured type or an SQL <code>DISTINCT</code> |
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type are the UDTs that may be custom mapped. The following three |
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steps set up a custom mapping: |
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<ol> |
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<li>Defining the SQL structured type or <code>DISTINCT</code> type in SQL |
|
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<li>Defining the class in the Java programming language to which the |
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SQL UDT will be mapped. This class must implement the |
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<code>SQLData</code> interface. |
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<li>Making an entry in a <code>Connection</code> object's type map |
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that contains two things: |
|
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<ul> |
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<li>the fully-qualified SQL name of the UDT |
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<li>the <code>Class</code> object for the class that implements the |
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<code>SQLData</code> interface |
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</ul> |
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</ol> |
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<p> |
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When these are in place for a UDT, calling the methods |
|
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<code>ResultSet.getObject</code> or <code>CallableStatement.getObject</code> |
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on that UDT will automatically retrieve the custom mapping for it. Also, the |
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<code>PreparedStatement.setObject</code> method will automatically map the |
|
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object back to its SQL type to store it in the data source. |
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||
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<h2>Package Specification</h2> |
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||
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<ul> |
|
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<li><a href="https://jcp.org/en/jsr/detail?id=221">JDBC 4.3 Specification</a> |
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</ul> |
339 |
||
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<h2>Related Documentation</h2> |
|
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||
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<ul> |
|
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<li><a href="http://docs.oracle.com/javase/tutorial/jdbc/basics/index.html"> |
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Lesson:JDBC Basics(The Javaxx Tutorials > JDBC™ Database Access)</a> |
| 23590 | 345 |
|
| 23708 | 346 |
<li><a href="http://www.oracle.com/technetwork/java/index-142838.html"> |
|
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<i>JDBC™ API Tutorial and Reference, Third Edition</i></a> |
| 2 | 348 |
</ul> |
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|
| 2 | 350 |
</body> |
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</html> |