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 * DO NOT ALTER OR REMOVE COPYRIGHT NOTICES OR THIS FILE HEADER.

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 * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU General Public License

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 * accompanied this code).

 *

 * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License version

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package com.sun.tools.attach;

import com.sun.tools.attach.spi.AttachProvider;

import java.util.ArrayList;

import java.util.List;

import java.util.Properties;

import java.io.IOException;

/**

 * A Java virtual machine.

 *

 * <p> A {@code VirtualMachine} represents a Java virtual machine to which this

 * Java virtual machine has attached. The Java virtual machine to which it is

 * attached is sometimes called the <i>target virtual machine</i>, or <i>target VM</i>.

 * An application (typically a tool such as a managemet console or profiler) uses a

 * VirtualMachine to load an agent into the target VM. For example, a profiler tool

 * written in the Java Language might attach to a running application and load its

 * profiler agent to profile the running application. </p>

 *

 * <p> A VirtualMachine is obtained by invoking the {@link #attach(String) attach} method

 * with an identifier that identifies the target virtual machine. The identifier is

 * implementation-dependent but is typically the process identifier (or pid) in

 * environments where each Java virtual machine runs in its own operating system process.

 * Alternatively, a {@code VirtualMachine} instance is obtained by invoking the

 * {@link #attach(VirtualMachineDescriptor) attach} method with a {@link

 * com.sun.tools.attach.VirtualMachineDescriptor VirtualMachineDescriptor} obtained

 * from the list of virtual machine descriptors returned by the {@link #list list} method.

 * Once a reference to a virtual machine is obtained, the {@link #loadAgent loadAgent},

 * {@link #loadAgentLibrary loadAgentLibrary}, and {@link #loadAgentPath loadAgentPath}

 * methods are used to load agents into target virtual machine. The {@link

 * #loadAgent loadAgent} method is used to load agents that are written in the Java

 * Language and deployed in a {@link java.util.jar.JarFile JAR file}. (See

 * {@link java.lang.instrument} for a detailed description on how these agents

 * are loaded and started). The {@link #loadAgentLibrary loadAgentLibrary} and

 * {@link #loadAgentPath loadAgentPath} methods are used to load agents that

 * are deployed either in a dynamic library or statically linked into the VM and make use of the <a

 * href="../../../../../../../../technotes/guides/jvmti/index.html">JVM Tools

 * Interface</a>. </p>

 *

 * <p> In addition to loading agents a VirtualMachine provides read access to the

 * {@link java.lang.System#getProperties() system properties} in the target VM.

 * This can be useful in some environments where properties such as

 * {@code java.home}, {@code os.name}, or {@code os.arch} are

 * used to construct the path to agent that will be loaded into the target VM.

 *

 * <p> The following example demonstrates how VirtualMachine may be used:</p>

 *

 * <pre>

 *

 *      // attach to target VM

 *      VirtualMachine vm = VirtualMachine.attach("2177");

 *

 *      // start management agent

 *      Properties props = new Properties();

 *      props.put("com.sun.management.jmxremote.port", "5000");

 *      vm.startManagementAgent(props);

 *

 *      // detach

 *      vm.detach();

 *

 * </pre>

 *

 * <p> In this example we attach to a Java virtual machine that is identified by

 * the process identifier {@code 2177}. Then the JMX management agent is

 * started in the target process using the supplied arguments. Finally, the

 * client detaches from the target VM. </p>

 *

 * <p> A VirtualMachine is safe for use by multiple concurrent threads. </p>

 *

 * @since 1.6

 */

@jdk.Exported

public abstract class VirtualMachine {

    private AttachProvider provider;

    private String id;

    private volatile int hash;        // 0 => not computed

    /**

     * Initializes a new instance of this class.

     *

     * @param   provider

     *          The attach provider creating this class.

     * @param   id

     *          The abstract identifier that identifies the Java virtual machine.

     *

     * @throws  NullPointerException

     *          If {@code provider} or {@code id} is {@code null}.

     */

    protected VirtualMachine(AttachProvider provider, String id) {

        if (provider == null) {

            throw new NullPointerException("provider cannot be null");

        }

        if (id == null) {

            throw new NullPointerException("id cannot be null");

        }

        this.provider = provider;

        this.id = id;

    }

    /**

     * Return a list of Java virtual machines.

     *

     * <p> This method returns a list of Java {@link

     * com.sun.tools.attach.VirtualMachineDescriptor} elements.

     * The list is an aggregation of the virtual machine

     * descriptor lists obtained by invoking the {@link

     * com.sun.tools.attach.spi.AttachProvider#listVirtualMachines

     * listVirtualMachines} method of all installed

     * {@link com.sun.tools.attach.spi.AttachProvider attach providers}.

     * If there are no Java virtual machines known to any provider

     * then an empty list is returned.

     *

     * @return  The list of virtual machine descriptors.

     */

    public static List<VirtualMachineDescriptor> list() {

        ArrayList<VirtualMachineDescriptor> l =

            new ArrayList<VirtualMachineDescriptor>();

        List<AttachProvider> providers = AttachProvider.providers();

        for (AttachProvider provider: providers) {

            l.addAll(provider.listVirtualMachines());

        }

        return l;

    }

    /**

     * Attaches to a Java virtual machine.

     *

     * <p> This method obtains the list of attach providers by invoking the

     * {@link com.sun.tools.attach.spi.AttachProvider#providers()

     * AttachProvider.providers()} method. It then iterates overs the list

     * and invokes each provider's {@link

     * com.sun.tools.attach.spi.AttachProvider#attachVirtualMachine(java.lang.String)

     * attachVirtualMachine} method in turn. If a provider successfully

     * attaches then the iteration terminates, and the VirtualMachine created

     * by the provider that successfully attached is returned by this method.

     * If the {@code attachVirtualMachine} method of all providers throws

     * {@link com.sun.tools.attach.AttachNotSupportedException AttachNotSupportedException}

     * then this method also throws {@code AttachNotSupportedException}.

     * This means that {@code AttachNotSupportedException} is thrown when

     * the identifier provided to this method is invalid, or the identifier

     * corresponds to a Java virtual machine that does not exist, or none

     * of the providers can attach to it. This exception is also thrown if

     * {@link com.sun.tools.attach.spi.AttachProvider#providers()

     * AttachProvider.providers()} returns an empty list. </p>

     *

     * @param   id

     *          The abstract identifier that identifies the Java virtual machine.

     *

     * @return  A VirtualMachine representing the target VM.

     *

     * @throws  SecurityException

     *          If a security manager has been installed and it denies

     *          {@link com.sun.tools.attach.AttachPermission AttachPermission}

     *          {@code ("attachVirtualMachine")}, or another permission

     *          required by the implementation.

     *

     * @throws  AttachNotSupportedException

     *          If the {@code attachVirtualmachine} method of all installed

     *          providers throws {@code AttachNotSupportedException}, or

     *          there aren't any providers installed.

     *

     * @throws  IOException

     *          If an I/O error occurs

     *

     * @throws  NullPointerException

     *          If {@code id} is {@code null}.

     */

    public static VirtualMachine attach(String id)

        throws AttachNotSupportedException, IOException

    {

        if (id == null) {

            throw new NullPointerException("id cannot be null");

        }

        List<AttachProvider> providers = AttachProvider.providers();

        if (providers.size() == 0) {

            throw new AttachNotSupportedException("no providers installed");

        }

        AttachNotSupportedException lastExc = null;

        for (AttachProvider provider: providers) {

            try {

                return provider.attachVirtualMachine(id);

            } catch (AttachNotSupportedException x) {

                lastExc = x;

            }

        }

        throw lastExc;

    }

    /**

     * Attaches to a Java virtual machine.

     *

     * <p> This method first invokes the {@link

     * com.sun.tools.attach.VirtualMachineDescriptor#provider() provider()} method

     * of the given virtual machine descriptor to obtain the attach provider. It

     * then invokes the attach provider's {@link

     * com.sun.tools.attach.spi.AttachProvider#attachVirtualMachine(VirtualMachineDescriptor)

     * attachVirtualMachine} to attach to the target VM.

     *

     * @param   vmd

     *          The virtual machine descriptor.

     *

     * @return  A VirtualMachine representing the target VM.

     *

     * @throws  SecurityException

     *          If a security manager has been installed and it denies

     *          {@link com.sun.tools.attach.AttachPermission AttachPermission}

     *          {@code ("attachVirtualMachine")}, or another permission

     *          required by the implementation.

     *

     * @throws  AttachNotSupportedException

     *          If the attach provider's {@code attachVirtualmachine}

     *          throws {@code AttachNotSupportedException}.

     *

     * @throws  IOException

     *          If an I/O error occurs

     *

     * @throws  NullPointerException

     *          If {@code vmd} is {@code null}.

     */

    public static VirtualMachine attach(VirtualMachineDescriptor vmd)

        throws AttachNotSupportedException, IOException

    {

        return vmd.provider().attachVirtualMachine(vmd);

    }

    /**

     * Detach from the virtual machine.

     *

     * <p> After detaching from the virtual machine, any further attempt to invoke

     * operations on that virtual machine will cause an {@link java.io.IOException

     * IOException} to be thrown. If an operation (such as {@link #loadAgent

     * loadAgent} for example) is in progress when this method is invoked then

     * the behaviour is implementation dependent. In other words, it is

     * implementation specific if the operation completes or throws

     * {@code IOException}.

     *

     * <p> If already detached from the virtual machine then invoking this

     * method has no effect. </p>

     *

     * @throws  IOException

     *          If an I/O error occurs

     */

    public abstract void detach() throws IOException;

    /**

     * Returns the provider that created this virtual machine.

     *

     * @return  The provider that created this virtual machine.

     */

    public final AttachProvider provider() {

        return provider;

    }

    /**

     * Returns the identifier for this Java virtual machine.

     *

     * @return  The identifier for this Java virtual machine.

     */

    public final String id() {

        return id;

    }

    /**

     * Loads an agent library.

     *

     * <p> A <a href="../../../../../../../../technotes/guides/jvmti/index.html">JVM

     * TI</a> client is called an <i>agent</i>. It is developed in a native language.

     * A JVM TI agent is deployed in a platform specific manner but it is typically the

     * platform equivalent of a dynamic library. Alternatively, it may be statically linked into the VM.

     * This method causes the given agent library to be loaded into the target

     * VM (if not already loaded or if not statically linked into the VM).

     * It then causes the target VM to invoke the {@code Agent_OnAttach} function

     * or, for a statically linked agent named 'L', the {@code Agent_OnAttach_L} function

     * as specified in the

     * <a href="../../../../../../../../technotes/guides/jvmti/index.html"> JVM Tools

     * Interface</a> specification. Note that the {@code Agent_OnAttach[_L]}

     * function is invoked even if the agent library was loaded prior to invoking

     * this method.

     *

     * <p> The agent library provided is the name of the agent library. It is interpreted

     * in the target virtual machine in an implementation-dependent manner. Typically an

     * implementation will expand the library name into an operating system specific file

     * name. For example, on UNIX systems, the name {@code L} might be expanded to

     * {@code libL.so}, and located using the search path specified by the

     * {@code LD_LIBRARY_PATH} environment variable. If the agent named 'L' is

     * statically linked into the VM then the VM must export a function named

     * {@code Agent_OnAttach_L}.</p>

     *

     * <p> If the {@code Agent_OnAttach[_L]} function in the agent library returns

     * an error then an {@link com.sun.tools.attach.AgentInitializationException} is

     * thrown. The return value from the {@code Agent_OnAttach[_L]} can then be

     * obtained by invoking the {@link

     * com.sun.tools.attach.AgentInitializationException#returnValue() returnValue}

     * method on the exception. </p>

     *

     * @param   agentLibrary

     *          The name of the agent library.

     *

     * @param   options

     *          The options to provide to the {@code Agent_OnAttach[_L]}

     *          function (can be {@code null}).

     *

     * @throws  AgentLoadException

     *          If the agent library does not exist, the agent library is not

     *          statically linked with the VM, or the agent library cannot be

     *          loaded for another reason.

     *

     * @throws  AgentInitializationException

     *          If the {@code Agent_OnAttach[_L]} function returns an error.

     *

     * @throws  IOException

     *          If an I/O error occurs

     *

     * @throws  NullPointerException

     *          If {@code agentLibrary} is {@code null}.

     *

     * @see     com.sun.tools.attach.AgentInitializationException#returnValue()

     */

    public abstract void loadAgentLibrary(String agentLibrary, String options)

        throws AgentLoadException, AgentInitializationException, IOException;

    /**

     * Loads an agent library.

     *

     * <p> This convenience method works as if by invoking:

     *

     * <blockquote><code>

     * {@link #loadAgentLibrary(String, String) loadAgentLibrary}(agentLibrary, null);

     * </code></blockquote>

     *

     * @param   agentLibrary

     *          The name of the agent library.

     *

     * @throws  AgentLoadException

     *          If the agent library does not exist, the agent library is not

     *          statically linked with the VM, or the agent library cannot be

     *          loaded for another reason.

     *

     * @throws  AgentInitializationException

     *          If the {@code Agent_OnAttach[_L]} function returns an error.

     *

     * @throws  IOException

     *          If an I/O error occurs

     *

     * @throws  NullPointerException

     *          If {@code agentLibrary} is {@code null}.

     */

    public void loadAgentLibrary(String agentLibrary)

        throws AgentLoadException, AgentInitializationException, IOException

    {

        loadAgentLibrary(agentLibrary, null);

    }

    /**

     * Load a native agent library by full pathname.

     *

     * <p> A <a href="../../../../../../../../technotes/guides/jvmti/index.html">JVM

     * TI</a> client is called an <i>agent</i>. It is developed in a native language.

     * A JVM TI agent is deployed in a platform specific manner but it is typically the

     * platform equivalent of a dynamic library. Alternatively, the native

     * library specified by the agentPath parameter may be statically

     * linked with the VM. The parsing of the agentPath parameter into

     * a statically linked library name is done in a platform

     * specific manner in the VM. For example, in UNIX, an agentPath parameter

     * of {@code /a/b/libL.so} would name a library 'L'.

     *

     * See the JVM TI Specification for more details.

     *

     * This method causes the given agent library to be loaded into the target

     * VM (if not already loaded or if not statically linked into the VM).

     * It then causes the target VM to invoke the {@code Agent_OnAttach}

     * function or, for a statically linked agent named 'L', the

     * {@code Agent_OnAttach_L} function as specified in the

     * <a href="../../../../../../../../technotes/guides/jvmti/index.html"> JVM Tools

     * Interface</a> specification.

     * Note that the {@code Agent_OnAttach[_L]}

     * function is invoked even if the agent library was loaded prior to invoking

     * this method.

     *

     * <p> The agent library provided is the absolute path from which to load the

     * agent library. Unlike {@link #loadAgentLibrary loadAgentLibrary}, the library name

     * is not expanded in the target virtual machine. </p>

     *

     * <p> If the {@code Agent_OnAttach[_L]} function in the agent library returns

     * an error then an {@link com.sun.tools.attach.AgentInitializationException} is

     * thrown. The return value from the {@code Agent_OnAttach[_L]} can then be

     * obtained by invoking the {@link

     * com.sun.tools.attach.AgentInitializationException#returnValue() returnValue}

     * method on the exception. </p>

     *

     * @param   agentPath

     *          The full path of the agent library.

     *

     * @param   options

     *          The options to provide to the {@code Agent_OnAttach[_L]}

     *          function (can be {@code null}).

     *

     * @throws  AgentLoadException

     *          If the agent library does not exist, the agent library is not

     *          statically linked with the VM, or the agent library cannot be

     *          loaded for another reason.

     *

     * @throws  AgentInitializationException

     *          If the {@code Agent_OnAttach[_L]} function returns an error.

     *

     * @throws  IOException

     *          If an I/O error occurs

     *

     * @throws  NullPointerException

     *          If {@code agentPath} is {@code null}.

     *

     * @see     com.sun.tools.attach.AgentInitializationException#returnValue()

     */

    public abstract void loadAgentPath(String agentPath, String options)

        throws AgentLoadException, AgentInitializationException, IOException;

    /**

     * Load a native agent library by full pathname.

     *

     * <p> This convenience method works as if by invoking:

     *

     * <blockquote><code>

     * {@link #loadAgentPath(String, String) loadAgentPath}(agentLibrary, null);

     * </code></blockquote>

     *

     * @param   agentPath

     *          The full path to the agent library.

     *

     * @throws  AgentLoadException

     *          If the agent library does not exist, the agent library is not

     *          statically linked with the VM, or the agent library cannot be

     *          loaded for another reason.

     *

     * @throws  AgentInitializationException

     *          If the {@code Agent_OnAttach[_L]} function returns an error.

     *

     * @throws  IOException

     *          If an I/O error occurs

     *

     * @throws  NullPointerException

     *          If {@code agentPath} is {@code null}.

     */

    public void loadAgentPath(String agentPath)

       throws AgentLoadException, AgentInitializationException, IOException

    {

        loadAgentPath(agentPath, null);

    }

   /**

     * Loads an agent.

     *

     * <p> The agent provided to this method is a path name to a JAR file on the file

     * system of the target virtual machine. This path is passed to the target virtual

     * machine where it is interpreted. The target virtual machine attempts to start

     * the agent as specified by the {@link java.lang.instrument} specification.

     * That is, the specified JAR file is added to the system class path (of the target

     * virtual machine), and the {@code agentmain} method of the agent class, specified

     * by the {@code Agent-Class} attribute in the JAR manifest, is invoked. This

     * method completes when the {@code agentmain} method completes.

     *

     * @param   agent

     *          Path to the JAR file containing the agent.

     *

     * @param   options

     *          The options to provide to the agent's {@code agentmain}

     *          method (can be {@code null}).

     *

     * @throws  AgentLoadException

     *          If the agent does not exist, or cannot be started in the manner

     *          specified in the {@link java.lang.instrument} specification.

     *

     * @throws  AgentInitializationException

     *          If the {@code agentmain} throws an exception

     *

     * @throws  IOException

     *          If an I/O error occurs

     *

     * @throws  NullPointerException

     *          If {@code agent} is {@code null}.

     */

    public abstract void loadAgent(String agent, String options)

        throws AgentLoadException, AgentInitializationException, IOException;

    /**

     * Loads an agent.

     *