relpipe-data/examples-tr-sql-odbc.xml
author František Kučera <franta-hg@frantovo.cz>
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<stránka
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	xmlns="https://trac.frantovo.cz/xml-web-generator/wiki/xmlns/strana"
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	xmlns:m="https://trac.frantovo.cz/xml-web-generator/wiki/xmlns/makro">
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	<nadpis>Accessing SQLite, PostgreSQL and MySQL through ODBC</nadpis>
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	<perex>use various DBMS for SQL transformations or data access</perex>
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	<m:pořadí-příkladu>04200</m:pořadí-příkladu>
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	<text xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
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		<p>
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			Since <m:a href="release-v0.16">v0.16</m:a> the <code>relpipe-tr-sql</code> module
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			uses the ODBC abstraction layer and thus we can access data in any DBMS (database management system).
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			Our program depends only on the generic API and the driver for particular DBMS is loaded dynamically depending on the configuration.
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		</p>
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		<blockquote>
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			<p>
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				ODBC (Open Database Connectivity) is an industry standard and provides API for accessing a DBMS.
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				In late 80s several vendors (mostly from the Unix and database communities) established the SQL Access Group (SAG)
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				and then specified the Call Level Interface (CLI). ODBC, which is based on CLI, was published in early 90s.
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				ODBC is available on many operating systems and there are at least two free software implementations:
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				<a href="http://www.unixodbc.org/">unixODBC</a> and <a href="http://www.iodbc.org/">iODBC</a>.
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			</p>
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		</blockquote>
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		<p>For more information see the <m:a href="release-v0.16">v0.16 release notes</m:a>.</p>
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		<h2>General concepts and configuration</h2>
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		<p>
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			<strong>ODBC</strong>:
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			the API consisting of C functions; see the files <code>sql.h</code> and <code>sqlext.h</code> e.g. in unixODBC.
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		</p>
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		<p>
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			<strong>Database driver</strong>:
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			a shared library (an <code>.so</code> file) 
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			that implements the API and connects to particular DBMS (SQLite, PostgreSQL, MySQL, MariaDB, Firebird etc.);
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			is usually provided by the authors of given DBMS, sometimes writen by a third-party
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		</p>
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		<p>
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			<strong>Client</strong>:
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			a program that calls the API in order to access a database; our <code>relpipe-tr-sql</code> is a client
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		</p>
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		<p>
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			<strong>Data Source Name (DSN)</strong>:
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			the name of a preconfigured data source – when connecting, we need to know only the DSN – all parameters
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			(like server name, user name, password etc.) can be then looked-up in the configuration
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		</p>
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		<p>
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			<strong>Connection string</strong>:
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			a text string consisting of serialized parameters needed for connecting
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			– we can specify all parameters ad-hoc in the connection string without creating any permanent configuration;
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			a connection string can also refer to a DSN and add or override some parameters
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		</p>
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		<p>
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			There is some global configuration in the <code>/etc</code> directory.
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			In <code>/etc/odbcinst.ini</code> we can a find list of ODBC drivers.
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			Thanks to it, we can refer to a driver by its name (e.g. <code>SQLite3</code>)
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			instead of the path to the shared library (e.g. <code>/usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/odbc/libsqlite3odbc.so</code>).
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			In <code>/etc/odbc.ini</code> we can find a list of global (for given computer) data sources.
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			It is uncommon to put complete configurations in this file, because anyone would be able to read the passwords,
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			but we can provide here just a <i>template</i> with public parameters like server name, port etc.
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			and user will supply his own user name and password in the connection string or in his personal configuration file.
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		</p>
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		<p>
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			The <code>~/.odbc.ini</code> contains personal configuration of given user.
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			There are usually data sources including the passwords.
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			Thus this file must be readable only by given user (<code>chmod 600 ~/.odbc.ini</code>).
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			Providing passwords in connection strings passed as CLI arguments is not a good practice due to security reasons:
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			by default it is stored in the shell history and it is also visible to other users of the same machine in the list of running processes.
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		</p>
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		<p>
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			The section name – in the <code>[]</code> brackets – is the DSN.
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			Then there are parameters in form of <code>key=value</code> on each line.
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		</p>
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		<h2>CLI options</h2>
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		<p>
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			The <code>relpipe-tr-sql</code> and <code>relpipe-in-sql</code> support these relevant CLI options:
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		</p>
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		<ul>
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			<li>
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				<code>--list-data-sources</code>:
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				whether to
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				lists available (configured) data sources in relational format (so we pipe the output to some output filter e.g. to <code>relpipe-out-tabular</code>)
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			</li>
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			<li>
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				<code>--data-source-name</code>:
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				specifies the DSN of a configured data source
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			</li>
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			<li>
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				<code>--data-source-string</code>:
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				specifies the connections string for ad-hoc connection without need of any configuration
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			</li>
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		</ul>
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		<pre><![CDATA[$ relpipe-tr-sql --list-data-sources true | relpipe-out-tabular 
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data_source:
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 ╭───────────────┬──────────────────────╮
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 │ name (string) │ description (string) │
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 ├───────────────┼──────────────────────┤
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 │ sqlite-memory │ SQLite3              │
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 │ relpipe       │ PostgreSQL Unicode   │
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 ╰───────────────┴──────────────────────╯
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Record count: 2]]></pre>
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		<p>
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			Because output of this command is relational, we can further process it in our relational pipelines.
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			This output is also used for the Bash-completion for suggesting the DSN.
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		</p>
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		<p>
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			If neither <code>--data-source-name</code> nor <code>--data-source-string</code> option is provided,
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			a temporary in-memory SQLite database is used as default.
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		</p>
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		<h2>SQLite</h2>
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		<p>In Debian GNU/Linux and similar distributions we can install <a href="https://sqlite.org/">SQLite</a> ODBC driver by this command:</p>
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		<pre>apt install libsqliteodbc</pre>
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		<p>Which also installs the SQLite library that is all we need (because SQLite is a <i>serverless and self-contained</i> database).</p>
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		<p>
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			Then we can use the default in-memory temporary database or specify the connection string ad-hoc, 
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			<m:a href="examples-in-sql-selecting-existing-database">access existing SQLite databases</m:a>
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			or <m:a href="examples-in-filesystem-tr-sql-indexing">create new ones</m:a>	– e.g. this command:
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		</p>
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		<pre>… | relpipe-tr-sql --data-source-string 'Driver=SQLite3;Database=file:MyDatabase.sqlite'</pre>
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		<p>will create the <code>MyDatabase.sqlite</code> file and fill it with relations that came from STDIN.</p>
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		<p>For frequently used databases it is convenient to configure a data source in <code>~/.odbc.ini</code>:</p>
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		<m:pre jazyk="ini"><![CDATA[[MyDatabase]
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Driver=SQLite3
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Database=file:/home/hacker/MyDatabase.sqlite]]></m:pre>
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		<p>
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			and then connect to it simply using <code>--data-source-name MyDatabase</code>
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			(both the option and the name will be suggested by Bash-completion).
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		</p>
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		<p>
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			The <a href="http://www.ch-werner.de/sqliteodbc/html/index.html">SQLite ODBC driver</a> supports several parameters that are described in its documentation.
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			One of them is <code>LoadExt</code> that loads SQLite extensions:
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		</p>
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		<m:pre jazyk="ini"><![CDATA[LoadExt=/home/hacker/libdemo.so]]></m:pre>
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		<p>
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			So we can write our own SQLite extension with custom functions or other features 
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			(<a href="https://blog.frantovo.cz/c/383/Komplexita%20softwaru%3A%20%C5%98e%C5%A1en%C3%AD%20a%C2%A0prevence#toc_sqlite">example</a>)
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			or chose some existing one and load it into the SQLite connected through ODBC.
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		</p>
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		<h2>PostgreSQL</h2>
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		<p>In Debian GNU/Linux and similar distributions we can install <a href="https://www.postgresql.org/">PostgreSQL</a> ODBC driver by this command:</p>
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		<pre>apt install odbc-postgresql</pre>
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		<p>
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			PostgreSQL is very powerful DBMS (probably most advanced free software relational database system)
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			and utilizes the client-server architecture.
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			This means that we also needs a server (can be also installed through <code>apt</code> like the driver).
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		</p>
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		<p>
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			Once we have a server – remote or local – we need to create a user (role).
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			For SQL transformations we configure a dedicated role that has no persistent schema and uses the temporary one as default,
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			which means that all relations we create are lost at the end of the session (when the <code>relpipe-tr-sql</code> command finishes),
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			thus it behaves very similar to the SQLite in-memory database.
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		</p>
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		<m:pre jazyk="sql"><![CDATA[CREATE USER relpipe WITH PASSWORD 'someSecretPassword';
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ALTER ROLE relpipe SET search_path TO 'pg_temp';]]></m:pre>
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		<p>
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			And then we <a href="https://odbc.postgresql.org/docs/config.html">configure</a> the ODBC data source:
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		</p>
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		<m:pre jazyk="ini"><![CDATA[[postgresql-temp]
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Driver=PostgreSQL Unicode
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Database=postgres
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Servername=localhost
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Port=5432
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Username=relpipe
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Password=someSecretPassword]]></m:pre>
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		<p>
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			Now we can use advanced PostgreSQL features for transforming data in our pipelines.
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			We can also configure a DSN for another database that contains some useful data and other database objects, 
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			call existing business functions installed in such database, load data to or from this DB etc.
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		</p>
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		<h2>MySQL</h2>
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		<p>
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			If the <code>libmyodbc</code> package is missing in our distribution,
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			the	ODBC driver for <a href="https://dev.mysql.com/downloads/connector/odbc/">MySQL</a> can be downloaded from their website.
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			We can get a binary package (<code>.deb</code>, <code>.rpm</code> etc.) or source code.
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			If we are compiling from sources, we do something like this:
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		</p>
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		<m:pre jazyk="bash"><![CDATA[cd mysql-connector-odbc-*-src/
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mkdir build
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cd build
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cmake ../ -DWITH_UNIXODBC=1
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make]]></m:pre>
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		<p>
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			We should use the driver in the same or similar version as the MySQL client library installed on our system.
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			For example 8.x driver will not work with 5.x library.
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			Successful compilation results in <code>libmyodbc*.so</code> files.
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		</p>
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		<p>
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			Like PostgreSQL, also MySQL is a client-server,
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			so we need a server where we create a database and some user account.
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			As root through the <code>mysql mysql</code> command we execute:
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		</p>
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		<m:pre jazyk="sql"><![CDATA[CREATE DATABASE relpipe CHARACTER SET = utf8;
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CREATE USER 'relpipe'@'localhost' IDENTIFIED BY 'someSecretPassword';
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GRANT ALL PRIVILEGES ON relpipe.* TO 'relpipe'@'localhost';
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FLUSH PRIVILEGES;]]></m:pre>
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		<p>As a normal user we add new data source to our <code>~/.odbc.ini</code> file:</p>
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		<m:pre jazyk="ini"><![CDATA[[mysql-relpipe-localhost]
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b9bd0f06b4a1 MySQL seems to works well even with libmyodbc5a.so not only libmyodbc5w.so ODBC driver
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Driver=/home/hacker/src/mysql/build/lib/libmyodbc5a.so
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Server=localhost
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Port=3306
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Socket=/var/run/mysqld/mysqld.sock
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User=relpipe
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Password=someSecretPassword
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Database=relpipe
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InitStmt=SET SQL_MODE=ANSI_QUOTES;
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Charset=utf8]]></m:pre>
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		<p>
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			See that we have compiled the ODBC driver in our home directory
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			and even without installing it anywhere and registering it in the <code>/etc/odbcinst.ini</code> file,
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			we can simply refer to the <code>.so</code> file from our <code>~/.odbc.ini</code>.
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		</p>
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		<p>
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			If we set <code>Server=localhost</code>, the client-server communication does not go through TCP/IP
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			but rather through the unix domain socket specified in the <code>Socket</code> field.
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			If we set <code>Server=127.0.0.1</code> or some remote IP address or domain name, the communication goes through TCP/IP on given port.
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		</p>
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		<p>
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			The <code>SET SQL_MODE=ANSI_QUOTES;</code> init statement is important,
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			because it tells MySQL server that it should support standard SQL "quoted" identifiers
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			instead of that `weird` MySQL style.
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			We use the standard SQL while creating the tables.
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		</p>
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		<p>
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			There are many other parameters, quite well 
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			<a href="https://dev.mysql.com/doc/connector-odbc/en/connector-odbc-configuration-connection-parameters.html">documented</a>.
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		</p>
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		<p>
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			Now we can use MySQL as the <i>SQL engine</i> for transformations in our pipelines
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			and we can also access existing MySQL databases,
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			load data to and from them
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			or call functions and procedures installed on the server. 
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		</p>
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	</text>
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</stránka>