8157522: Performance improvements to CompletableFuture
authordl
Fri, 15 Jul 2016 13:59:58 -0700
changeset 39724 d935d42f6d93
parent 39723 9aa34e4a0469
child 39725 9548f8d846e9
8157522: Performance improvements to CompletableFuture Reviewed-by: martin, psandoz, rriggs, plevart, dfuchs
jdk/src/java.base/share/classes/java/util/concurrent/CompletableFuture.java
jdk/test/java/util/concurrent/tck/CompletableFutureTest.java
--- a/jdk/src/java.base/share/classes/java/util/concurrent/CompletableFuture.java	Fri Jul 15 13:55:51 2016 -0700
+++ b/jdk/src/java.base/share/classes/java/util/concurrent/CompletableFuture.java	Fri Jul 15 13:59:58 2016 -0700
@@ -35,6 +35,8 @@
 
 package java.util.concurrent;
 
+import java.lang.invoke.MethodHandles;
+import java.lang.invoke.VarHandle;
 import java.util.concurrent.locks.LockSupport;
 import java.util.function.BiConsumer;
 import java.util.function.BiFunction;
@@ -149,26 +151,29 @@
      * applies across normal vs exceptional outcomes, sync vs async
      * actions, binary triggers, and various forms of completions.
      *
-     * Non-nullness of field result (set via CAS) indicates done.  An
-     * AltResult is used to box null as a result, as well as to hold
-     * exceptions.  Using a single field makes completion simple to
-     * detect and trigger.  Encoding and decoding is straightforward
-     * but adds to the sprawl of trapping and associating exceptions
-     * with targets.  Minor simplifications rely on (static) NIL (to
-     * box null results) being the only AltResult with a null
-     * exception field, so we don't usually need explicit comparisons.
-     * Even though some of the generics casts are unchecked (see
-     * SuppressWarnings annotations), they are placed to be
-     * appropriate even if checked.
+     * Non-nullness of volatile field "result" indicates done.  It may
+     * be set directly if known to be thread-confined, else via CAS.
+     * An AltResult is used to box null as a result, as well as to
+     * hold exceptions.  Using a single field makes completion simple
+     * to detect and trigger.  Result encoding and decoding is
+     * straightforward but tedious and adds to the sprawl of trapping
+     * and associating exceptions with targets.  Minor simplifications
+     * rely on (static) NIL (to box null results) being the only
+     * AltResult with a null exception field, so we don't usually need
+     * explicit comparisons.  Even though some of the generics casts
+     * are unchecked (see SuppressWarnings annotations), they are
+     * placed to be appropriate even if checked.
      *
      * Dependent actions are represented by Completion objects linked
      * as Treiber stacks headed by field "stack". There are Completion
-     * classes for each kind of action, grouped into single-input
-     * (UniCompletion), two-input (BiCompletion), projected
-     * (BiCompletions using either (not both) of two inputs), shared
-     * (CoCompletion, used by the second of two sources), zero-input
-     * source actions, and Signallers that unblock waiters. Class
-     * Completion extends ForkJoinTask to enable async execution
+     * classes for each kind of action, grouped into:
+     * - single-input (UniCompletion),
+     * - two-input (BiCompletion),
+     * - projected (BiCompletions using exactly one of two inputs),
+     * - shared (CoCompletion, used by the second of two sources),
+     * - zero-input source actions,
+     * - Signallers that unblock waiters.
+     * Class Completion extends ForkJoinTask to enable async execution
      * (adding no space overhead because we exploit its "tag" methods
      * to maintain claims). It is also declared as Runnable to allow
      * usage with arbitrary executors.
@@ -184,7 +189,7 @@
      *   encounter layers of adapters in common usages.
      *
      * * Boolean CompletableFuture method x(...) (for example
-     *   uniApply) takes all of the arguments needed to check that an
+     *   biApply) takes all of the arguments needed to check that an
      *   action is triggerable, and then either runs the action or
      *   arranges its async execution by executing its Completion
      *   argument, if present. The method returns true if known to be
@@ -194,24 +199,29 @@
      *   method with its held arguments, and on success cleans up.
      *   The mode argument allows tryFire to be called twice (SYNC,
      *   then ASYNC); the first to screen and trap exceptions while
-     *   arranging to execute, and the second when called from a
-     *   task. (A few classes are not used async so take slightly
-     *   different forms.)  The claim() callback suppresses function
-     *   invocation if already claimed by another thread.
+     *   arranging to execute, and the second when called from a task.
+     *   (A few classes are not used async so take slightly different
+     *   forms.)  The claim() callback suppresses function invocation
+     *   if already claimed by another thread.
+     *
+     * * Some classes (for example UniApply) have separate handling
+     *   code for when known to be thread-confined ("now" methods) and
+     *   for when shared (in tryFire), for efficiency.
      *
      * * CompletableFuture method xStage(...) is called from a public
-     *   stage method of CompletableFuture x. It screens user
+     *   stage method of CompletableFuture f. It screens user
      *   arguments and invokes and/or creates the stage object.  If
-     *   not async and x is already complete, the action is run
-     *   immediately.  Otherwise a Completion c is created, pushed to
-     *   x's stack (unless done), and started or triggered via
-     *   c.tryFire.  This also covers races possible if x completes
-     *   while pushing.  Classes with two inputs (for example BiApply)
-     *   deal with races across both while pushing actions.  The
-     *   second completion is a CoCompletion pointing to the first,
-     *   shared so that at most one performs the action.  The
-     *   multiple-arity methods allOf and anyOf do this pairwise to
-     *   form trees of completions.
+     *   not async and already triggerable, the action is run
+     *   immediately.  Otherwise a Completion c is created, and
+     *   submitted to the executor if triggerable, or pushed onto f's
+     *   stack if not.  Completion actions are started via c.tryFire.
+     *   We recheck after pushing to a source future's stack to cover
+     *   possible races if the source completes while pushing.
+     *   Classes with two inputs (for example BiApply) deal with races
+     *   across both while pushing actions.  The second completion is
+     *   a CoCompletion pointing to the first, shared so that at most
+     *   one performs the action.  The multiple-arity methods allOf
+     *   and anyOf do this pairwise to form trees of completions.
      *
      * Note that the generic type parameters of methods vary according
      * to whether "this" is a source, dependent, or completion.
@@ -236,29 +246,30 @@
      * pointing back to its sources. So we null out fields as soon as
      * possible.  The screening checks needed anyway harmlessly ignore
      * null arguments that may have been obtained during races with
-     * threads nulling out fields.  We also try to unlink fired
-     * Completions from stacks that might never be popped (see method
-     * postFire).  Completion fields need not be declared as final or
-     * volatile because they are only visible to other threads upon
-     * safe publication.
+     * threads nulling out fields.  We also try to unlink non-isLive
+     * (fired or cancelled) Completions from stacks that might
+     * otherwise never be popped: Method cleanStack always unlinks non
+     * isLive completions from the head of stack; others may
+     * occasionally remain if racing with other cancellations or
+     * removals.
+     *
+     * Completion fields need not be declared as final or volatile
+     * because they are only visible to other threads upon safe
+     * publication.
      */
 
     volatile Object result;       // Either the result or boxed AltResult
     volatile Completion stack;    // Top of Treiber stack of dependent actions
 
     final boolean internalComplete(Object r) { // CAS from null to r
-        return U.compareAndSwapObject(this, RESULT, null, r);
-    }
-
-    final boolean casStack(Completion cmp, Completion val) {
-        return U.compareAndSwapObject(this, STACK, cmp, val);
+        return RESULT.compareAndSet(this, null, r);
     }
 
     /** Returns true if successfully pushed c onto stack. */
     final boolean tryPushStack(Completion c) {
         Completion h = stack;
-        lazySetNext(c, h);
-        return U.compareAndSwapObject(this, STACK, h, c);
+        NEXT.set(c, h);         // CAS piggyback
+        return STACK.compareAndSet(this, h, c);
     }
 
     /** Unconditionally pushes c onto stack, retrying if necessary. */
@@ -278,8 +289,7 @@
 
     /** Completes with the null value, unless already completed. */
     final boolean completeNull() {
-        return U.compareAndSwapObject(this, RESULT, null,
-                                      NIL);
+        return RESULT.compareAndSet(this, null, NIL);
     }
 
     /** Returns the encoding of the given non-exceptional value. */
@@ -289,8 +299,7 @@
 
     /** Completes with a non-exceptional result, unless already completed. */
     final boolean completeValue(T t) {
-        return U.compareAndSwapObject(this, RESULT, null,
-                                      (t == null) ? NIL : t);
+        return RESULT.compareAndSet(this, null, (t == null) ? NIL : t);
     }
 
     /**
@@ -304,8 +313,7 @@
 
     /** Completes with an exceptional result, unless already completed. */
     final boolean completeThrowable(Throwable x) {
-        return U.compareAndSwapObject(this, RESULT, null,
-                                      encodeThrowable(x));
+        return RESULT.compareAndSet(this, null, encodeThrowable(x));
     }
 
     /**
@@ -332,8 +340,7 @@
      * existing CompletionException.
      */
     final boolean completeThrowable(Throwable x, Object r) {
-        return U.compareAndSwapObject(this, RESULT, null,
-                                      encodeThrowable(x, r));
+        return RESULT.compareAndSet(this, null, encodeThrowable(x, r));
     }
 
     /**
@@ -351,10 +358,11 @@
      */
     static Object encodeRelay(Object r) {
         Throwable x;
-        return (((r instanceof AltResult) &&
-                 (x = ((AltResult)r).ex) != null &&
-                 !(x instanceof CompletionException)) ?
-                new AltResult(new CompletionException(x)) : r);
+        if (r instanceof AltResult
+            && (x = ((AltResult)r).ex) != null
+            && !(x instanceof CompletionException))
+            r = new AltResult(new CompletionException(x));
+        return r;
     }
 
     /**
@@ -362,14 +370,13 @@
      * If exceptional, r is first coerced to a CompletionException.
      */
     final boolean completeRelay(Object r) {
-        return U.compareAndSwapObject(this, RESULT, null,
-                                      encodeRelay(r));
+        return RESULT.compareAndSet(this, null, encodeRelay(r));
     }
 
     /**
      * Reports result using Future.get conventions.
      */
-    private static <T> T reportGet(Object r)
+    private static Object reportGet(Object r)
         throws InterruptedException, ExecutionException {
         if (r == null) // by convention below, null means interrupted
             throw new InterruptedException();
@@ -384,14 +391,13 @@
                 x = cause;
             throw new ExecutionException(x);
         }
-        @SuppressWarnings("unchecked") T t = (T) r;
-        return t;
+        return r;
     }
 
     /**
      * Decodes outcome to return result or throw unchecked exception.
      */
-    private static <T> T reportJoin(Object r) {
+    private static Object reportJoin(Object r) {
         if (r instanceof AltResult) {
             Throwable x;
             if ((x = ((AltResult)r).ex) == null)
@@ -402,8 +408,7 @@
                 throw (CompletionException)x;
             throw new CompletionException(x);
         }
-        @SuppressWarnings("unchecked") T t = (T) r;
-        return t;
+        return r;
     }
 
     /* ------------- Async task preliminaries -------------- */
@@ -449,12 +454,6 @@
     static final int ASYNC  =  1;
     static final int NESTED = -1;
 
-    /**
-     * Spins before blocking in waitingGet
-     */
-    static final int SPINS = (Runtime.getRuntime().availableProcessors() > 1 ?
-                              1 << 8 : 0);
-
     /* ------------- Base Completion classes and operations -------------- */
 
     @SuppressWarnings("serial")
@@ -479,10 +478,6 @@
         public final void setRawResult(Void v) {}
     }
 
-    static void lazySetNext(Completion c, Completion next) {
-        U.putObjectRelease(c, NEXT, next);
-    }
-
     /**
      * Pops and tries to trigger all reachable dependents.  Call only
      * when known to be done.
@@ -497,40 +492,47 @@
         while ((h = f.stack) != null ||
                (f != this && (h = (f = this).stack) != null)) {
             CompletableFuture<?> d; Completion t;
-            if (f.casStack(h, t = h.next)) {
+            if (STACK.compareAndSet(f, h, t = h.next)) {
                 if (t != null) {
                     if (f != this) {
                         pushStack(h);
                         continue;
                     }
-                    h.next = null;    // detach
+                    NEXT.compareAndSet(h, t, null); // try to detach
                 }
                 f = (d = h.tryFire(NESTED)) == null ? this : d;
             }
         }
     }
 
-    /** Traverses stack and unlinks dead Completions. */
+    /** Traverses stack and unlinks one or more dead Completions, if found. */
     final void cleanStack() {
-        for (Completion p = null, q = stack; q != null;) {
+        Completion p = stack;
+        // ensure head of stack live
+        for (boolean unlinked = false;;) {
+            if (p == null)
+                return;
+            else if (p.isLive()) {
+                if (unlinked)
+                    return;
+                else
+                    break;
+            }
+            else if (STACK.weakCompareAndSetVolatile(this, p, (p = p.next)))
+                unlinked = true;
+            else
+                p = stack;
+        }
+        // try to unlink first non-live
+        for (Completion q = p.next; q != null;) {
             Completion s = q.next;
             if (q.isLive()) {
                 p = q;
                 q = s;
-            }
-            else if (p == null) {
-                casStack(q, s);
-                q = stack;
-            }
-            else {
-                p.next = s;
-                if (p.isLive())
-                    q = s;
-                else {
-                    p = null;  // restart
-                    q = stack;
-                }
-            }
+            } else if (NEXT.weakCompareAndSetVolatile(p, q, s))
+                break;
+            else
+                q = p.next;
         }
     }
 
@@ -568,11 +570,20 @@
         final boolean isLive() { return dep != null; }
     }
 
-    /** Pushes the given completion (if it exists) unless done. */
-    final void push(UniCompletion<?,?> c) {
+    /**
+     * Pushes the given completion unless it completes while trying.
+     * Caller should first check that result is null.
+     */
+    final void unipush(Completion c) {
         if (c != null) {
-            while (result == null && !tryPushStack(c))
-                lazySetNext(c, null); // clear on failure
+            while (!tryPushStack(c)) {
+                if (result != null) {
+                    NEXT.set(c, null);
+                    break;
+                }
+            }
+            if (result != null)
+                c.tryFire(SYNC);
         }
     }
 
@@ -583,9 +594,10 @@
      */
     final CompletableFuture<T> postFire(CompletableFuture<?> a, int mode) {
         if (a != null && a.stack != null) {
-            if (a.result == null)
+            Object r;
+            if ((r = a.result) == null)
                 a.cleanStack();
-            else if (mode >= 0)
+            if (mode >= 0 && (r != null || a.result != null))
                 a.postComplete();
         }
         if (result != null && stack != null) {
@@ -607,48 +619,65 @@
         }
         final CompletableFuture<V> tryFire(int mode) {
             CompletableFuture<V> d; CompletableFuture<T> a;
-            if ((d = dep) == null ||
-                !d.uniApply(a = src, fn, mode > 0 ? null : this))
+            Object r; Throwable x; Function<? super T,? extends V> f;
+            if ((d = dep) == null || (f = fn) == null
+                || (a = src) == null || (r = a.result) == null)
                 return null;
+            tryComplete: if (d.result == null) {
+                if (r instanceof AltResult) {
+                    if ((x = ((AltResult)r).ex) != null) {
+                        d.completeThrowable(x, r);
+                        break tryComplete;
+                    }
+                    r = null;
+                }
+                try {
+                    if (mode <= 0 && !claim())
+                        return null;
+                    else {
+                        @SuppressWarnings("unchecked") T t = (T) r;
+                        d.completeValue(f.apply(t));
+                    }
+                } catch (Throwable ex) {
+                    d.completeThrowable(ex);
+                }
+            }
             dep = null; src = null; fn = null;
             return d.postFire(a, mode);
         }
     }
 
-    final <S> boolean uniApply(CompletableFuture<S> a,
-                               Function<? super S,? extends T> f,
-                               UniApply<S,T> c) {
-        Object r; Throwable x;
-        if (a == null || (r = a.result) == null || f == null)
-            return false;
-        tryComplete: if (result == null) {
-            if (r instanceof AltResult) {
-                if ((x = ((AltResult)r).ex) != null) {
-                    completeThrowable(x, r);
-                    break tryComplete;
-                }
-                r = null;
-            }
-            try {
-                if (c != null && !c.claim())
-                    return false;
-                @SuppressWarnings("unchecked") S s = (S) r;
-                completeValue(f.apply(s));
-            } catch (Throwable ex) {
-                completeThrowable(ex);
-            }
-        }
-        return true;
-    }
-
     private <V> CompletableFuture<V> uniApplyStage(
         Executor e, Function<? super T,? extends V> f) {
         if (f == null) throw new NullPointerException();
+        Object r;
+        if ((r = result) != null)
+            return uniApplyNow(r, e, f);
         CompletableFuture<V> d = newIncompleteFuture();
-        if (e != null || !d.uniApply(this, f, null)) {
-            UniApply<T,V> c = new UniApply<T,V>(e, d, this, f);
-            push(c);
-            c.tryFire(SYNC);
+        unipush(new UniApply<T,V>(e, d, this, f));
+        return d;
+    }
+
+    private <V> CompletableFuture<V> uniApplyNow(
+        Object r, Executor e, Function<? super T,? extends V> f) {
+        Throwable x;
+        CompletableFuture<V> d = newIncompleteFuture();
+        if (r instanceof AltResult) {
+            if ((x = ((AltResult)r).ex) != null) {
+                d.result = encodeThrowable(x, r);
+                return d;
+            }
+            r = null;
+        }
+        try {
+            if (e != null) {
+                e.execute(new UniApply<T,V>(null, d, this, f));
+            } else {
+                @SuppressWarnings("unchecked") T t = (T) r;
+                d.result = d.encodeValue(f.apply(t));
+            }
+        } catch (Throwable ex) {
+            d.result = encodeThrowable(ex);
         }
         return d;
     }
@@ -662,48 +691,67 @@
         }
         final CompletableFuture<Void> tryFire(int mode) {
             CompletableFuture<Void> d; CompletableFuture<T> a;
-            if ((d = dep) == null ||
-                !d.uniAccept(a = src, fn, mode > 0 ? null : this))
+            Object r; Throwable x; Consumer<? super T> f;
+            if ((d = dep) == null || (f = fn) == null
+                || (a = src) == null || (r = a.result) == null)
                 return null;
+            tryComplete: if (d.result == null) {
+                if (r instanceof AltResult) {
+                    if ((x = ((AltResult)r).ex) != null) {
+                        d.completeThrowable(x, r);
+                        break tryComplete;
+                    }
+                    r = null;
+                }
+                try {
+                    if (mode <= 0 && !claim())
+                        return null;
+                    else {
+                        @SuppressWarnings("unchecked") T t = (T) r;
+                        f.accept(t);
+                        d.completeNull();
+                    }
+                } catch (Throwable ex) {
+                    d.completeThrowable(ex);
+                }
+            }
             dep = null; src = null; fn = null;
             return d.postFire(a, mode);
         }
     }
 
-    final <S> boolean uniAccept(CompletableFuture<S> a,
-                                Consumer<? super S> f, UniAccept<S> c) {
-        Object r; Throwable x;
-        if (a == null || (r = a.result) == null || f == null)
-            return false;
-        tryComplete: if (result == null) {
-            if (r instanceof AltResult) {
-                if ((x = ((AltResult)r).ex) != null) {
-                    completeThrowable(x, r);
-                    break tryComplete;
-                }
-                r = null;
-            }
-            try {
-                if (c != null && !c.claim())
-                    return false;
-                @SuppressWarnings("unchecked") S s = (S) r;
-                f.accept(s);
-                completeNull();
-            } catch (Throwable ex) {
-                completeThrowable(ex);
-            }
-        }
-        return true;
-    }
-
     private CompletableFuture<Void> uniAcceptStage(Executor e,
                                                    Consumer<? super T> f) {
         if (f == null) throw new NullPointerException();
+        Object r;
+        if ((r = result) != null)
+            return uniAcceptNow(r, e, f);
         CompletableFuture<Void> d = newIncompleteFuture();
-        if (e != null || !d.uniAccept(this, f, null)) {
-            UniAccept<T> c = new UniAccept<T>(e, d, this, f);
-            push(c);
-            c.tryFire(SYNC);
+        unipush(new UniAccept<T>(e, d, this, f));
+        return d;
+    }
+
+    private CompletableFuture<Void> uniAcceptNow(
+        Object r, Executor e, Consumer<? super T> f) {
+        Throwable x;
+        CompletableFuture<Void> d = newIncompleteFuture();
+        if (r instanceof AltResult) {
+            if ((x = ((AltResult)r).ex) != null) {
+                d.result = encodeThrowable(x, r);
+                return d;
+            }
+            r = null;
+        }
+        try {
+            if (e != null) {
+                e.execute(new UniAccept<T>(null, d, this, f));
+            } else {
+                @SuppressWarnings("unchecked") T t = (T) r;
+                f.accept(t);
+                d.result = NIL;
+            }
+        } catch (Throwable ex) {
+            d.result = encodeThrowable(ex);
         }
         return d;
     }
@@ -717,42 +765,56 @@
         }
         final CompletableFuture<Void> tryFire(int mode) {
             CompletableFuture<Void> d; CompletableFuture<T> a;
-            if ((d = dep) == null ||
-                !d.uniRun(a = src, fn, mode > 0 ? null : this))
+            Object r; Throwable x; Runnable f;
+            if ((d = dep) == null || (f = fn) == null
+                || (a = src) == null || (r = a.result) == null)
                 return null;
+            if (d.result == null) {
+                if (r instanceof AltResult && (x = ((AltResult)r).ex) != null)
+                    d.completeThrowable(x, r);
+                else
+                    try {
+                        if (mode <= 0 && !claim())
+                            return null;
+                        else {
+                            f.run();
+                            d.completeNull();
+                        }
+                    } catch (Throwable ex) {
+                        d.completeThrowable(ex);
+                    }
+            }
             dep = null; src = null; fn = null;
             return d.postFire(a, mode);
         }
     }
 
-    final boolean uniRun(CompletableFuture<?> a, Runnable f, UniRun<?> c) {
-        Object r; Throwable x;
-        if (a == null || (r = a.result) == null || f == null)
-            return false;
-        if (result == null) {
-            if (r instanceof AltResult && (x = ((AltResult)r).ex) != null)
-                completeThrowable(x, r);
-            else
-                try {
-                    if (c != null && !c.claim())
-                        return false;
-                    f.run();
-                    completeNull();
-                } catch (Throwable ex) {
-                    completeThrowable(ex);
-                }
-        }
-        return true;
+    private CompletableFuture<Void> uniRunStage(Executor e, Runnable f) {
+        if (f == null) throw new NullPointerException();
+        Object r;
+        if ((r = result) != null)
+            return uniRunNow(r, e, f);
+        CompletableFuture<Void> d = newIncompleteFuture();
+        unipush(new UniRun<T>(e, d, this, f));
+        return d;
     }
 
-    private CompletableFuture<Void> uniRunStage(Executor e, Runnable f) {
-        if (f == null) throw new NullPointerException();
+    private CompletableFuture<Void> uniRunNow(Object r, Executor e, Runnable f) {
+        Throwable x;
         CompletableFuture<Void> d = newIncompleteFuture();
-        if (e != null || !d.uniRun(this, f, null)) {
-            UniRun<T> c = new UniRun<T>(e, d, this, f);
-            push(c);
-            c.tryFire(SYNC);
-        }
+        if (r instanceof AltResult && (x = ((AltResult)r).ex) != null)
+            d.result = encodeThrowable(x, r);
+        else
+            try {
+                if (e != null) {
+                    e.execute(new UniRun<T>(null, d, this, f));
+                } else {
+                    f.run();
+                    d.result = NIL;
+                }
+            } catch (Throwable ex) {
+                d.result = encodeThrowable(ex);
+            }
         return d;
     }
 
@@ -766,20 +828,20 @@
         }
         final CompletableFuture<T> tryFire(int mode) {
             CompletableFuture<T> d; CompletableFuture<T> a;
-            if ((d = dep) == null ||
-                !d.uniWhenComplete(a = src, fn, mode > 0 ? null : this))
+            Object r; BiConsumer<? super T, ? super Throwable> f;
+            if ((d = dep) == null || (f = fn) == null
+                || (a = src) == null || (r = a.result) == null
+                || !d.uniWhenComplete(r, f, mode > 0 ? null : this))
                 return null;
             dep = null; src = null; fn = null;
             return d.postFire(a, mode);
         }
     }
 
-    final boolean uniWhenComplete(CompletableFuture<T> a,
+    final boolean uniWhenComplete(Object r,
                                   BiConsumer<? super T,? super Throwable> f,
                                   UniWhenComplete<T> c) {
-        Object r; T t; Throwable x = null;
-        if (a == null || (r = a.result) == null || f == null)
-            return false;
+        T t; Throwable x = null;
         if (result == null) {
             try {
                 if (c != null && !c.claim())
@@ -811,10 +873,17 @@
         Executor e, BiConsumer<? super T, ? super Throwable> f) {
         if (f == null) throw new NullPointerException();
         CompletableFuture<T> d = newIncompleteFuture();
-        if (e != null || !d.uniWhenComplete(this, f, null)) {
-            UniWhenComplete<T> c = new UniWhenComplete<T>(e, d, this, f);
-            push(c);
-            c.tryFire(SYNC);
+        Object r;
+        if ((r = result) == null)
+            unipush(new UniWhenComplete<T>(e, d, this, f));
+        else if (e == null)
+            d.uniWhenComplete(r, f, null);
+        else {
+            try {
+                e.execute(new UniWhenComplete<T>(null, d, this, f));
+            } catch (Throwable ex) {
+                d.result = encodeThrowable(ex);
+            }
         }
         return d;
     }
@@ -829,20 +898,20 @@
         }
         final CompletableFuture<V> tryFire(int mode) {
             CompletableFuture<V> d; CompletableFuture<T> a;
-            if ((d = dep) == null ||
-                !d.uniHandle(a = src, fn, mode > 0 ? null : this))
+            Object r; BiFunction<? super T, Throwable, ? extends V> f;
+            if ((d = dep) == null || (f = fn) == null
+                || (a = src) == null || (r = a.result) == null
+                || !d.uniHandle(r, f, mode > 0 ? null : this))
                 return null;
             dep = null; src = null; fn = null;
             return d.postFire(a, mode);
         }
     }
 
-    final <S> boolean uniHandle(CompletableFuture<S> a,
+    final <S> boolean uniHandle(Object r,
                                 BiFunction<? super S, Throwable, ? extends T> f,
                                 UniHandle<S,T> c) {
-        Object r; S s; Throwable x;
-        if (a == null || (r = a.result) == null || f == null)
-            return false;
+        S s; Throwable x;
         if (result == null) {
             try {
                 if (c != null && !c.claim())
@@ -867,10 +936,17 @@
         Executor e, BiFunction<? super T, Throwable, ? extends V> f) {
         if (f == null) throw new NullPointerException();
         CompletableFuture<V> d = newIncompleteFuture();
-        if (e != null || !d.uniHandle(this, f, null)) {
-            UniHandle<T,V> c = new UniHandle<T,V>(e, d, this, f);
-            push(c);
-            c.tryFire(SYNC);
+        Object r;
+        if ((r = result) == null)
+            unipush(new UniHandle<T,V>(e, d, this, f));
+        else if (e == null)
+            d.uniHandle(r, f, null);
+        else {
+            try {
+                e.execute(new UniHandle<T,V>(null, d, this, f));
+            } catch (Throwable ex) {
+                d.result = encodeThrowable(ex);
+            }
         }
         return d;
     }
@@ -885,19 +961,20 @@
         final CompletableFuture<T> tryFire(int mode) { // never ASYNC
             // assert mode != ASYNC;
             CompletableFuture<T> d; CompletableFuture<T> a;
-            if ((d = dep) == null || !d.uniExceptionally(a = src, fn, this))
+            Object r; Function<? super Throwable, ? extends T> f;
+            if ((d = dep) == null || (f = fn) == null
+                || (a = src) == null || (r = a.result) == null
+                || !d.uniExceptionally(r, f, this))
                 return null;
             dep = null; src = null; fn = null;
             return d.postFire(a, mode);
         }
     }
 
-    final boolean uniExceptionally(CompletableFuture<T> a,
+    final boolean uniExceptionally(Object r,
                                    Function<? super Throwable, ? extends T> f,
                                    UniExceptionally<T> c) {
-        Object r; Throwable x;
-        if (a == null || (r = a.result) == null || f == null)
-            return false;
+        Throwable x;
         if (result == null) {
             try {
                 if (r instanceof AltResult && (x = ((AltResult)r).ex) != null) {
@@ -917,47 +994,38 @@
         Function<Throwable, ? extends T> f) {
         if (f == null) throw new NullPointerException();
         CompletableFuture<T> d = newIncompleteFuture();
-        if (!d.uniExceptionally(this, f, null)) {
-            UniExceptionally<T> c = new UniExceptionally<T>(d, this, f);
-            push(c);
-            c.tryFire(SYNC);
-        }
+        Object r;
+        if ((r = result) == null)
+            unipush(new UniExceptionally<T>(d, this, f));
+        else
+            d.uniExceptionally(r, f, null);
         return d;
     }
 
     @SuppressWarnings("serial")
-    static final class UniRelay<T> extends UniCompletion<T,T> { // for Compose
+    static final class UniRelay<T> extends UniCompletion<T,T> {
         UniRelay(CompletableFuture<T> dep, CompletableFuture<T> src) {
             super(null, dep, src);
         }
         final CompletableFuture<T> tryFire(int mode) {
-            CompletableFuture<T> d; CompletableFuture<T> a;
-            if ((d = dep) == null || !d.uniRelay(a = src))
+            CompletableFuture<T> d; CompletableFuture<T> a; Object r;
+            if ((d = dep) == null
+                || (a = src) == null || (r = a.result) == null)
                 return null;
+            if (d.result == null)
+                d.completeRelay(r);
             src = null; dep = null;
             return d.postFire(a, mode);
         }
     }
 
-    final boolean uniRelay(CompletableFuture<T> a) {
-        Object r;
-        if (a == null || (r = a.result) == null)
-            return false;
-        if (result == null) // no need to claim
-            completeRelay(r);
-        return true;
-    }
-
     private CompletableFuture<T> uniCopyStage() {
         Object r;
         CompletableFuture<T> d = newIncompleteFuture();
         if ((r = result) != null)
-            d.completeRelay(r);
-        else {
-            UniRelay<T> c = new UniRelay<T>(d, this);
-            push(c);
-            c.tryFire(SYNC);
-        }
+            d.result = encodeRelay(r);
+        else
+            unipush(new UniRelay<T>(d, this));
         return d;
     }
 
@@ -966,9 +1034,7 @@
         if ((r = result) != null)
             return new MinimalStage<T>(encodeRelay(r));
         MinimalStage<T> d = new MinimalStage<T>();
-        UniRelay<T> c = new UniRelay<T>(d, this);
-        push(c);
-        c.tryFire(SYNC);
+        unipush(new UniRelay<T>(d, this));
         return d;
     }
 
@@ -982,54 +1048,48 @@
         }
         final CompletableFuture<V> tryFire(int mode) {
             CompletableFuture<V> d; CompletableFuture<T> a;
-            if ((d = dep) == null ||
-                !d.uniCompose(a = src, fn, mode > 0 ? null : this))
+            Function<? super T, ? extends CompletionStage<V>> f;
+            Object r; Throwable x;
+            if ((d = dep) == null || (f = fn) == null
+                || (a = src) == null || (r = a.result) == null)
                 return null;
+            tryComplete: if (d.result == null) {
+                if (r instanceof AltResult) {
+                    if ((x = ((AltResult)r).ex) != null) {
+                        d.completeThrowable(x, r);
+                        break tryComplete;
+                    }
+                    r = null;
+                }
+                try {
+                    if (mode <= 0 && !claim())
+                        return null;
+                    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked") T t = (T) r;
+                    CompletableFuture<V> g = f.apply(t).toCompletableFuture();
+                    if ((r = g.result) != null)
+                        d.completeRelay(r);
+                    else {
+                        g.unipush(new UniRelay<V>(d, g));
+                        if (d.result == null)
+                            return null;
+                    }
+                } catch (Throwable ex) {
+                    d.completeThrowable(ex);
+                }
+            }
             dep = null; src = null; fn = null;
             return d.postFire(a, mode);
         }
     }
 
-    final <S> boolean uniCompose(
-        CompletableFuture<S> a,
-        Function<? super S, ? extends CompletionStage<T>> f,
-        UniCompose<S,T> c) {
-        Object r; Throwable x;
-        if (a == null || (r = a.result) == null || f == null)
-            return false;
-        tryComplete: if (result == null) {
-            if (r instanceof AltResult) {
-                if ((x = ((AltResult)r).ex) != null) {
-                    completeThrowable(x, r);
-                    break tryComplete;
-                }
-                r = null;
-            }
-            try {
-                if (c != null && !c.claim())
-                    return false;
-                @SuppressWarnings("unchecked") S s = (S) r;
-                CompletableFuture<T> g = f.apply(s).toCompletableFuture();
-                if (g.result == null || !uniRelay(g)) {
-                    UniRelay<T> copy = new UniRelay<T>(this, g);
-                    g.push(copy);
-                    copy.tryFire(SYNC);
-                    if (result == null)
-                        return false;
-                }
-            } catch (Throwable ex) {
-                completeThrowable(ex);
-            }
-        }
-        return true;
-    }
-
     private <V> CompletableFuture<V> uniComposeStage(
         Executor e, Function<? super T, ? extends CompletionStage<V>> f) {
         if (f == null) throw new NullPointerException();
+        CompletableFuture<V> d = newIncompleteFuture();
         Object r, s; Throwable x;
-        CompletableFuture<V> d = newIncompleteFuture();
-        if (e == null && (r = result) != null) {
+        if ((r = result) == null)
+            unipush(new UniCompose<T,V>(e, d, this, f));
+        else if (e == null) {
             if (r instanceof AltResult) {
                 if ((x = ((AltResult)r).ex) != null) {
                     d.result = encodeThrowable(x, r);
@@ -1041,21 +1101,20 @@
                 @SuppressWarnings("unchecked") T t = (T) r;
                 CompletableFuture<V> g = f.apply(t).toCompletableFuture();
                 if ((s = g.result) != null)
-                    d.completeRelay(s);
+                    d.result = encodeRelay(s);
                 else {
-                    UniRelay<V> c = new UniRelay<V>(d, g);
-                    g.push(c);
-                    c.tryFire(SYNC);
+                    g.unipush(new UniRelay<V>(d, g));
                 }
-                return d;
             } catch (Throwable ex) {
                 d.result = encodeThrowable(ex);
-                return d;
             }
         }
-        UniCompose<T,V> c = new UniCompose<T,V>(e, d, this, f);
-        push(c);
-        c.tryFire(SYNC);
+        else
+            try {
+                e.execute(new UniCompose<T,V>(null, d, this, f));
+            } catch (Throwable ex) {
+                d.result = encodeThrowable(ex);
+            }
         return d;
     }
 
@@ -1085,21 +1144,28 @@
         }
         final boolean isLive() {
             BiCompletion<?,?,?> c;
-            return (c = base) != null && c.dep != null;
+            return (c = base) != null
+                // && c.isLive()
+                && c.dep != null;
         }
     }
 
-    /** Pushes completion to this and b unless both done. */
+    /**
+     * Pushes completion to this and b unless both done.
+     * Caller should first check that either result or b.result is null.
+     */
     final void bipush(CompletableFuture<?> b, BiCompletion<?,?,?> c) {
         if (c != null) {
-            Object r;
-            while ((r = result) == null && !tryPushStack(c))
-                lazySetNext(c, null); // clear on failure
-            if (b != null && b != this && b.result == null) {
-                Completion q = (r != null) ? c : new CoCompletion(c);
-                while (b.result == null && !b.tryPushStack(q))
-                    lazySetNext(q, null); // clear on failure
+            while (result == null) {
+                if (tryPushStack(c)) {
+                    if (b.result == null)
+                        b.unipush(new CoCompletion(c));
+                    else if (result != null)
+                        c.tryFire(SYNC);
+                    return;
+                }
             }
+            b.unipush(c);
         }
     }
 
@@ -1107,9 +1173,10 @@
     final CompletableFuture<T> postFire(CompletableFuture<?> a,
                                         CompletableFuture<?> b, int mode) {
         if (b != null && b.stack != null) { // clean second source
-            if (b.result == null)
+            Object r;
+            if ((r = b.result) == null)
                 b.cleanStack();
-            else if (mode >= 0)
+            if (mode >= 0 && (r != null || b.result != null))
                 b.postComplete();
         }
         return postFire(a, mode);
@@ -1127,22 +1194,21 @@
             CompletableFuture<V> d;
             CompletableFuture<T> a;
             CompletableFuture<U> b;
-            if ((d = dep) == null ||
-                !d.biApply(a = src, b = snd, fn, mode > 0 ? null : this))
+            Object r, s; BiFunction<? super T,? super U,? extends V> f;
+            if ((d = dep) == null || (f = fn) == null
+                || (a = src) == null || (r = a.result) == null
+                || (b = snd) == null || (s = b.result) == null
+                || !d.biApply(r, s, f, mode > 0 ? null : this))
                 return null;
             dep = null; src = null; snd = null; fn = null;
             return d.postFire(a, b, mode);
         }
     }
 
-    final <R,S> boolean biApply(CompletableFuture<R> a,
-                                CompletableFuture<S> b,
+    final <R,S> boolean biApply(Object r, Object s,
                                 BiFunction<? super R,? super S,? extends T> f,
                                 BiApply<R,S,T> c) {
-        Object r, s; Throwable x;
-        if (a == null || (r = a.result) == null ||
-            b == null || (s = b.result) == null || f == null)
-            return false;
+        Throwable x;
         tryComplete: if (result == null) {
             if (r instanceof AltResult) {
                 if ((x = ((AltResult)r).ex) != null) {
@@ -1174,15 +1240,20 @@
     private <U,V> CompletableFuture<V> biApplyStage(
         Executor e, CompletionStage<U> o,
         BiFunction<? super T,? super U,? extends V> f) {
-        CompletableFuture<U> b;
+        CompletableFuture<U> b; Object r, s;
         if (f == null || (b = o.toCompletableFuture()) == null)
             throw new NullPointerException();
         CompletableFuture<V> d = newIncompleteFuture();
-        if (e != null || !d.biApply(this, b, f, null)) {
-            BiApply<T,U,V> c = new BiApply<T,U,V>(e, d, this, b, f);
-            bipush(b, c);
-            c.tryFire(SYNC);
-        }
+        if ((r = result) == null || (s = b.result) == null)
+            bipush(b, new BiApply<T,U,V>(e, d, this, b, f));
+        else if (e == null)
+            d.biApply(r, s, f, null);
+        else
+            try {
+                e.execute(new BiApply<T,U,V>(null, d, this, b, f));
+            } catch (Throwable ex) {
+                d.result = encodeThrowable(ex);
+            }
         return d;
     }
 
@@ -1198,22 +1269,21 @@
             CompletableFuture<Void> d;
             CompletableFuture<T> a;
             CompletableFuture<U> b;
-            if ((d = dep) == null ||
-                !d.biAccept(a = src, b = snd, fn, mode > 0 ? null : this))
+            Object r, s; BiConsumer<? super T,? super U> f;
+            if ((d = dep) == null || (f = fn) == null
+                || (a = src) == null || (r = a.result) == null
+                || (b = snd) == null || (s = b.result) == null
+                || !d.biAccept(r, s, f, mode > 0 ? null : this))
                 return null;
             dep = null; src = null; snd = null; fn = null;
             return d.postFire(a, b, mode);
         }
     }
 
-    final <R,S> boolean biAccept(CompletableFuture<R> a,
-                                 CompletableFuture<S> b,
+    final <R,S> boolean biAccept(Object r, Object s,
                                  BiConsumer<? super R,? super S> f,
                                  BiAccept<R,S> c) {
-        Object r, s; Throwable x;
-        if (a == null || (r = a.result) == null ||
-            b == null || (s = b.result) == null || f == null)
-            return false;
+        Throwable x;
         tryComplete: if (result == null) {
             if (r instanceof AltResult) {
                 if ((x = ((AltResult)r).ex) != null) {
@@ -1246,15 +1316,20 @@
     private <U> CompletableFuture<Void> biAcceptStage(
         Executor e, CompletionStage<U> o,
         BiConsumer<? super T,? super U> f) {
-        CompletableFuture<U> b;
+        CompletableFuture<U> b; Object r, s;
         if (f == null || (b = o.toCompletableFuture()) == null)
             throw new NullPointerException();
         CompletableFuture<Void> d = newIncompleteFuture();
-        if (e != null || !d.biAccept(this, b, f, null)) {
-            BiAccept<T,U> c = new BiAccept<T,U>(e, d, this, b, f);
-            bipush(b, c);
-            c.tryFire(SYNC);
-        }
+        if ((r = result) == null || (s = b.result) == null)
+            bipush(b, new BiAccept<T,U>(e, d, this, b, f));
+        else if (e == null)
+            d.biAccept(r, s, f, null);
+        else
+            try {
+                e.execute(new BiAccept<T,U>(null, d, this, b, f));
+            } catch (Throwable ex) {
+                d.result = encodeThrowable(ex);
+            }
         return d;
     }
 
@@ -1262,8 +1337,7 @@
     static final class BiRun<T,U> extends BiCompletion<T,U,Void> {
         Runnable fn;
         BiRun(Executor executor, CompletableFuture<Void> dep,
-              CompletableFuture<T> src,
-              CompletableFuture<U> snd,
+              CompletableFuture<T> src, CompletableFuture<U> snd,
               Runnable fn) {
             super(executor, dep, src, snd); this.fn = fn;
         }
@@ -1271,25 +1345,25 @@
             CompletableFuture<Void> d;
             CompletableFuture<T> a;
             CompletableFuture<U> b;
-            if ((d = dep) == null ||
-                !d.biRun(a = src, b = snd, fn, mode > 0 ? null : this))
+            Object r, s; Runnable f;
+            if ((d = dep) == null || (f = fn) == null
+                || (a = src) == null || (r = a.result) == null
+                || (b = snd) == null || (s = b.result) == null
+                || !d.biRun(r, s, f, mode > 0 ? null : this))
                 return null;
             dep = null; src = null; snd = null; fn = null;
             return d.postFire(a, b, mode);
         }
     }
 
-    final boolean biRun(CompletableFuture<?> a, CompletableFuture<?> b,
-                        Runnable f, BiRun<?,?> c) {
-        Object r, s; Throwable x;
-        if (a == null || (r = a.result) == null ||
-            b == null || (s = b.result) == null || f == null)
-            return false;
+    final boolean biRun(Object r, Object s, Runnable f, BiRun<?,?> c) {
+        Throwable x; Object z;
         if (result == null) {
-            if (r instanceof AltResult && (x = ((AltResult)r).ex) != null)
-                completeThrowable(x, r);
-            else if (s instanceof AltResult && (x = ((AltResult)s).ex) != null)
-                completeThrowable(x, s);
+            if ((r instanceof AltResult
+                 && (x = ((AltResult)(z = r)).ex) != null) ||
+                (s instanceof AltResult
+                 && (x = ((AltResult)(z = s)).ex) != null))
+                completeThrowable(x, z);
             else
                 try {
                     if (c != null && !c.claim())
@@ -1305,52 +1379,52 @@
 
     private CompletableFuture<Void> biRunStage(Executor e, CompletionStage<?> o,
                                                Runnable f) {
-        CompletableFuture<?> b;
+        CompletableFuture<?> b; Object r, s;
         if (f == null || (b = o.toCompletableFuture()) == null)
             throw new NullPointerException();
         CompletableFuture<Void> d = newIncompleteFuture();
-        if (e != null || !d.biRun(this, b, f, null)) {
-            BiRun<T,?> c = new BiRun<>(e, d, this, b, f);
-            bipush(b, c);
-            c.tryFire(SYNC);
-        }
+        if ((r = result) == null || (s = b.result) == null)
+            bipush(b, new BiRun<>(e, d, this, b, f));
+        else if (e == null)
+            d.biRun(r, s, f, null);
+        else
+            try {
+                e.execute(new BiRun<>(null, d, this, b, f));
+            } catch (Throwable ex) {
+                d.result = encodeThrowable(ex);
+            }
         return d;
     }
 
     @SuppressWarnings("serial")
     static final class BiRelay<T,U> extends BiCompletion<T,U,Void> { // for And
         BiRelay(CompletableFuture<Void> dep,
-                CompletableFuture<T> src,
-                CompletableFuture<U> snd) {
+                CompletableFuture<T> src, CompletableFuture<U> snd) {
             super(null, dep, src, snd);
         }
         final CompletableFuture<Void> tryFire(int mode) {
             CompletableFuture<Void> d;
             CompletableFuture<T> a;
             CompletableFuture<U> b;
-            if ((d = dep) == null || !d.biRelay(a = src, b = snd))
+            Object r, s, z; Throwable x;
+            if ((d = dep) == null
+                || (a = src) == null || (r = a.result) == null
+                || (b = snd) == null || (s = b.result) == null)
                 return null;
+            if (d.result == null) {
+                if ((r instanceof AltResult
+                     && (x = ((AltResult)(z = r)).ex) != null) ||
+                    (s instanceof AltResult
+                     && (x = ((AltResult)(z = s)).ex) != null))
+                    d.completeThrowable(x, z);
+                else
+                    d.completeNull();
+            }
             src = null; snd = null; dep = null;
             return d.postFire(a, b, mode);
         }
     }
 
-    boolean biRelay(CompletableFuture<?> a, CompletableFuture<?> b) {
-        Object r, s; Throwable x;
-        if (a == null || (r = a.result) == null ||
-            b == null || (s = b.result) == null)
-            return false;
-        if (result == null) {
-            if (r instanceof AltResult && (x = ((AltResult)r).ex) != null)
-                completeThrowable(x, r);
-            else if (s instanceof AltResult && (x = ((AltResult)s).ex) != null)
-                completeThrowable(x, s);
-            else
-                completeNull();
-        }
-        return true;
-    }
-
     /** Recursively constructs a tree of completions. */
     static CompletableFuture<Void> andTree(CompletableFuture<?>[] cfs,
                                            int lo, int hi) {
@@ -1358,39 +1432,44 @@
         if (lo > hi) // empty
             d.result = NIL;
         else {
-            CompletableFuture<?> a, b;
+            CompletableFuture<?> a, b; Object r, s, z; Throwable x;
             int mid = (lo + hi) >>> 1;
             if ((a = (lo == mid ? cfs[lo] :
                       andTree(cfs, lo, mid))) == null ||
                 (b = (lo == hi ? a : (hi == mid+1) ? cfs[hi] :
                       andTree(cfs, mid+1, hi))) == null)
                 throw new NullPointerException();
-            if (!d.biRelay(a, b)) {
-                BiRelay<?,?> c = new BiRelay<>(d, a, b);
-                a.bipush(b, c);
-                c.tryFire(SYNC);
-            }
+            if ((r = a.result) == null || (s = b.result) == null)
+                a.bipush(b, new BiRelay<>(d, a, b));
+            else if ((r instanceof AltResult
+                      && (x = ((AltResult)(z = r)).ex) != null) ||
+                     (s instanceof AltResult
+                      && (x = ((AltResult)(z = s)).ex) != null))
+                d.result = encodeThrowable(x, z);
+            else
+                d.result = NIL;
         }
         return d;
     }
 
     /* ------------- Projected (Ored) BiCompletions -------------- */
 
-    /** Pushes completion to this and b unless either done. */
+    /**
+     * Pushes completion to this and b unless either done.
+     * Caller should first check that result and b.result are both null.
+     */
     final void orpush(CompletableFuture<?> b, BiCompletion<?,?,?> c) {
         if (c != null) {
-            while ((b == null || b.result == null) && result == null) {
-                if (tryPushStack(c)) {
-                    if (b != null && b != this && b.result == null) {
-                        Completion q = new CoCompletion(c);
-                        while (result == null && b.result == null &&
-                               !b.tryPushStack(q))
-                            lazySetNext(q, null); // clear on failure
-                    }
+            while (!tryPushStack(c)) {
+                if (result != null) {
+                    NEXT.set(c, null);
                     break;
                 }
-                lazySetNext(c, null); // clear on failure
             }
+            if (result != null)
+                c.tryFire(SYNC);
+            else
+                b.unipush(new CoCompletion(c));
         }
     }
 
@@ -1398,8 +1477,7 @@
     static final class OrApply<T,U extends T,V> extends BiCompletion<T,U,V> {
         Function<? super T,? extends V> fn;
         OrApply(Executor executor, CompletableFuture<V> dep,
-                CompletableFuture<T> src,
-                CompletableFuture<U> snd,
+                CompletableFuture<T> src, CompletableFuture<U> snd,
                 Function<? super T,? extends V> fn) {
             super(executor, dep, src, snd); this.fn = fn;
         }
@@ -1407,54 +1485,46 @@
             CompletableFuture<V> d;
             CompletableFuture<T> a;
             CompletableFuture<U> b;
-            if ((d = dep) == null ||
-                !d.orApply(a = src, b = snd, fn, mode > 0 ? null : this))
+            Object r; Throwable x; Function<? super T,? extends V> f;
+            if ((d = dep) == null || (f = fn) == null
+                || (a = src) == null || (b = snd) == null
+                || ((r = a.result) == null && (r = b.result) == null))
                 return null;
+            tryComplete: if (d.result == null) {
+                try {
+                    if (mode <= 0 && !claim())
+                        return null;
+                    if (r instanceof AltResult) {
+                        if ((x = ((AltResult)r).ex) != null) {
+                            d.completeThrowable(x, r);
+                            break tryComplete;
+                        }
+                        r = null;
+                    }
+                    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked") T t = (T) r;
+                    d.completeValue(f.apply(t));
+                } catch (Throwable ex) {
+                    d.completeThrowable(ex);
+                }
+            }
             dep = null; src = null; snd = null; fn = null;
             return d.postFire(a, b, mode);
         }
     }
 
-    final <R,S extends R> boolean orApply(CompletableFuture<R> a,
-                                          CompletableFuture<S> b,
-                                          Function<? super R, ? extends T> f,
-                                          OrApply<R,S,T> c) {
-        Object r; Throwable x;
-        if (a == null || b == null ||
-            ((r = a.result) == null && (r = b.result) == null) || f == null)
-            return false;
-        tryComplete: if (result == null) {
-            try {
-                if (c != null && !c.claim())
-                    return false;
-                if (r instanceof AltResult) {
-                    if ((x = ((AltResult)r).ex) != null) {
-                        completeThrowable(x, r);
-                        break tryComplete;
-                    }
-                    r = null;
-                }
-                @SuppressWarnings("unchecked") R rr = (R) r;
-                completeValue(f.apply(rr));
-            } catch (Throwable ex) {
-                completeThrowable(ex);
-            }
-        }
-        return true;
-    }
-
     private <U extends T,V> CompletableFuture<V> orApplyStage(
-        Executor e, CompletionStage<U> o,
-        Function<? super T, ? extends V> f) {
+        Executor e, CompletionStage<U> o, Function<? super T, ? extends V> f) {
         CompletableFuture<U> b;
         if (f == null || (b = o.toCompletableFuture()) == null)
             throw new NullPointerException();
+
+        Object r; CompletableFuture<? extends T> z;
+        if ((r = (z = this).result) != null ||
+            (r = (z = b).result) != null)
+            return z.uniApplyNow(r, e, f);
+
         CompletableFuture<V> d = newIncompleteFuture();
-        if (e != null || !d.orApply(this, b, f, null)) {
-            OrApply<T,U,V> c = new OrApply<T,U,V>(e, d, this, b, f);
-            orpush(b, c);
-            c.tryFire(SYNC);
-        }
+        orpush(b, new OrApply<T,U,V>(e, d, this, b, f));
         return d;
     }
 
@@ -1462,8 +1532,7 @@
     static final class OrAccept<T,U extends T> extends BiCompletion<T,U,Void> {
         Consumer<? super T> fn;
         OrAccept(Executor executor, CompletableFuture<Void> dep,
-                 CompletableFuture<T> src,
-                 CompletableFuture<U> snd,
+                 CompletableFuture<T> src, CompletableFuture<U> snd,
                  Consumer<? super T> fn) {
             super(executor, dep, src, snd); this.fn = fn;
         }
@@ -1471,54 +1540,47 @@
             CompletableFuture<Void> d;
             CompletableFuture<T> a;
             CompletableFuture<U> b;
-            if ((d = dep) == null ||
-                !d.orAccept(a = src, b = snd, fn, mode > 0 ? null : this))
+            Object r; Throwable x; Consumer<? super T> f;
+            if ((d = dep) == null || (f = fn) == null
+                || (a = src) == null || (b = snd) == null
+                || ((r = a.result) == null && (r = b.result) == null))
                 return null;
+            tryComplete: if (d.result == null) {
+                try {
+                    if (mode <= 0 && !claim())
+                        return null;
+                    if (r instanceof AltResult) {
+                        if ((x = ((AltResult)r).ex) != null) {
+                            d.completeThrowable(x, r);
+                            break tryComplete;
+                        }
+                        r = null;
+                    }
+                    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked") T t = (T) r;
+                    f.accept(t);
+                    d.completeNull();
+                } catch (Throwable ex) {
+                    d.completeThrowable(ex);
+                }
+            }
             dep = null; src = null; snd = null; fn = null;
             return d.postFire(a, b, mode);
         }
     }
 
-    final <R,S extends R> boolean orAccept(CompletableFuture<R> a,
-                                           CompletableFuture<S> b,
-                                           Consumer<? super R> f,
-                                           OrAccept<R,S> c) {
-        Object r; Throwable x;
-        if (a == null || b == null ||
-            ((r = a.result) == null && (r = b.result) == null) || f == null)
-            return false;
-        tryComplete: if (result == null) {
-            try {
-                if (c != null && !c.claim())
-                    return false;
-                if (r instanceof AltResult) {
-                    if ((x = ((AltResult)r).ex) != null) {
-                        completeThrowable(x, r);
-                        break tryComplete;
-                    }
-                    r = null;
-                }
-                @SuppressWarnings("unchecked") R rr = (R) r;
-                f.accept(rr);
-                completeNull();
-            } catch (Throwable ex) {
-                completeThrowable(ex);
-            }
-        }
-        return true;
-    }
-
     private <U extends T> CompletableFuture<Void> orAcceptStage(
         Executor e, CompletionStage<U> o, Consumer<? super T> f) {
         CompletableFuture<U> b;
         if (f == null || (b = o.toCompletableFuture()) == null)
             throw new NullPointerException();
+
+        Object r; CompletableFuture<? extends T> z;
+        if ((r = (z = this).result) != null ||
+            (r = (z = b).result) != null)
+            return z.uniAcceptNow(r, e, f);
+
         CompletableFuture<Void> d = newIncompleteFuture();
-        if (e != null || !d.orAccept(this, b, f, null)) {
-            OrAccept<T,U> c = new OrAccept<T,U>(e, d, this, b, f);
-            orpush(b, c);
-            c.tryFire(SYNC);
-        }
+        orpush(b, new OrAccept<T,U>(e, d, this, b, f));
         return d;
     }
 
@@ -1526,8 +1588,7 @@
     static final class OrRun<T,U> extends BiCompletion<T,U,Void> {
         Runnable fn;
         OrRun(Executor executor, CompletableFuture<Void> dep,
-              CompletableFuture<T> src,
-              CompletableFuture<U> snd,
+              CompletableFuture<T> src, CompletableFuture<U> snd,
               Runnable fn) {
             super(executor, dep, src, snd); this.fn = fn;
         }
@@ -1535,95 +1596,84 @@
             CompletableFuture<Void> d;
             CompletableFuture<T> a;
             CompletableFuture<U> b;
-            if ((d = dep) == null ||
-                !d.orRun(a = src, b = snd, fn, mode > 0 ? null : this))
+            Object r; Throwable x; Runnable f;
+            if ((d = dep) == null || (f = fn) == null
+                || (a = src) == null || (b = snd) == null
+                || ((r = a.result) == null && (r = b.result) == null))
                 return null;
+            if (d.result == null) {
+                try {
+                    if (mode <= 0 && !claim())
+                        return null;
+                    else if (r instanceof AltResult
+                        && (x = ((AltResult)r).ex) != null)
+                        d.completeThrowable(x, r);
+                    else {
+                        f.run();
+                        d.completeNull();
+                    }
+                } catch (Throwable ex) {
+                    d.completeThrowable(ex);
+                }
+            }
             dep = null; src = null; snd = null; fn = null;
             return d.postFire(a, b, mode);
         }
     }
 
-    final boolean orRun(CompletableFuture<?> a, CompletableFuture<?> b,
-                        Runnable f, OrRun<?,?> c) {
-        Object r; Throwable x;
-        if (a == null || b == null ||
-            ((r = a.result) == null && (r = b.result) == null) || f == null)
-            return false;
-        if (result == null) {
-            try {
-                if (c != null && !c.claim())
-                    return false;
-                if (r instanceof AltResult && (x = ((AltResult)r).ex) != null)
-                    completeThrowable(x, r);
-                else {
-                    f.run();
-                    completeNull();
-                }
-            } catch (Throwable ex) {
-                completeThrowable(ex);
-            }
-        }
-        return true;
-    }
-
     private CompletableFuture<Void> orRunStage(Executor e, CompletionStage<?> o,
                                                Runnable f) {
         CompletableFuture<?> b;
         if (f == null || (b = o.toCompletableFuture()) == null)
             throw new NullPointerException();
+
+        Object r; CompletableFuture<?> z;
+        if ((r = (z = this).result) != null ||
+            (r = (z = b).result) != null)
+            return z.uniRunNow(r, e, f);
+
         CompletableFuture<Void> d = newIncompleteFuture();
-        if (e != null || !d.orRun(this, b, f, null)) {
-            OrRun<T,?> c = new OrRun<>(e, d, this, b, f);
-            orpush(b, c);
-            c.tryFire(SYNC);
-        }
+        orpush(b, new OrRun<>(e, d, this, b, f));
         return d;
     }
 
     @SuppressWarnings("serial")
     static final class OrRelay<T,U> extends BiCompletion<T,U,Object> { // for Or
-        OrRelay(CompletableFuture<Object> dep, CompletableFuture<T> src,
-                CompletableFuture<U> snd) {
+        OrRelay(CompletableFuture<Object> dep,
+                CompletableFuture<T> src, CompletableFuture<U> snd) {
             super(null, dep, src, snd);
         }
         final CompletableFuture<Object> tryFire(int mode) {
             CompletableFuture<Object> d;
             CompletableFuture<T> a;
             CompletableFuture<U> b;
-            if ((d = dep) == null || !d.orRelay(a = src, b = snd))
+            Object r;
+            if ((d = dep) == null
+                || (a = src) == null || (b = snd) == null
+                || ((r = a.result) == null && (r = b.result) == null))
                 return null;
+            d.completeRelay(r);
             src = null; snd = null; dep = null;
             return d.postFire(a, b, mode);
         }
     }
 
-    final boolean orRelay(CompletableFuture<?> a, CompletableFuture<?> b) {
-        Object r;
-        if (a == null || b == null ||
-            ((r = a.result) == null && (r = b.result) == null))
-            return false;
-        if (result == null)
-            completeRelay(r);
-        return true;
-    }
-
     /** Recursively constructs a tree of completions. */
     static CompletableFuture<Object> orTree(CompletableFuture<?>[] cfs,
                                             int lo, int hi) {
         CompletableFuture<Object> d = new CompletableFuture<Object>();
         if (lo <= hi) {
-            CompletableFuture<?> a, b;
+            CompletableFuture<?> a, b; Object r;
             int mid = (lo + hi) >>> 1;
             if ((a = (lo == mid ? cfs[lo] :
                       orTree(cfs, lo, mid))) == null ||
                 (b = (lo == hi ? a : (hi == mid+1) ? cfs[hi] :
                       orTree(cfs, mid+1, hi))) == null)
                 throw new NullPointerException();
-            if (!d.orRelay(a, b)) {
-                OrRelay<?,?> c = new OrRelay<>(d, a, b);
-                a.orpush(b, c);
-                c.tryFire(SYNC);
-            }
+            if ((r = a.result) != null && (r = b.result) != null)
+                d.result = encodeRelay(r);
+            else
+                a.orpush(b, new OrRelay<>(d, a, b));
         }
         return d;
     }
@@ -1640,7 +1690,7 @@
 
         public final Void getRawResult() { return null; }
         public final void setRawResult(Void v) {}
-        public final boolean exec() { run(); return true; }
+        public final boolean exec() { run(); return false; }
 
         public void run() {
             CompletableFuture<T> d; Supplier<? extends T> f;
@@ -1676,7 +1726,7 @@
 
         public final Void getRawResult() { return null; }
         public final void setRawResult(Void v) {}
-        public final boolean exec() { run(); return true; }
+        public final boolean exec() { run(); return false; }
 
         public void run() {
             CompletableFuture<Void> d; Runnable f;
@@ -1760,15 +1810,13 @@
     private Object waitingGet(boolean interruptible) {
         Signaller q = null;
         boolean queued = false;
-        int spins = SPINS;
         Object r;
         while ((r = result) == null) {
-            if (spins > 0) {
-                if (ThreadLocalRandom.nextSecondarySeed() >= 0)
-                    --spins;
+            if (q == null) {
+                q = new Signaller(interruptible, 0L, 0L);
+                if (Thread.currentThread() instanceof ForkJoinWorkerThread)
+                    ForkJoinPool.helpAsyncBlocker(defaultExecutor(), q);
             }
-            else if (q == null)
-                q = new Signaller(interruptible, 0L, 0L);
             else if (!queued)
                 queued = tryPushStack(q);
             else {
@@ -1781,16 +1829,14 @@
                     break;
             }
         }
-        if (q != null) {
+        if (q != null && queued) {
             q.thread = null;
-            if (q.interrupted) {
-                if (interruptible)
-                    cleanStack();
-                else
-                    Thread.currentThread().interrupt();
-            }
+            if (!interruptible && q.interrupted)
+                Thread.currentThread().interrupt();
+            if (r == null)
+                cleanStack();
         }
-        if (r != null)
+        if (r != null || (r = result) != null)
             postComplete();
         return r;
     }
@@ -1808,9 +1854,12 @@
             Signaller q = null;
             boolean queued = false;
             Object r;
-            while ((r = result) == null) { // similar to untimed, without spins
-                if (q == null)
+            while ((r = result) == null) { // similar to untimed
+                if (q == null) {
                     q = new Signaller(true, nanos, deadline);
+                    if (Thread.currentThread() instanceof ForkJoinWorkerThread)
+                        ForkJoinPool.helpAsyncBlocker(defaultExecutor(), q);
+                }
                 else if (!queued)
                     queued = tryPushStack(q);
                 else if (q.nanos <= 0L)
@@ -1825,12 +1874,13 @@
                         break;
                 }
             }
-            if (q != null)
+            if (q != null && queued) {
                 q.thread = null;
-            if (r != null)
+                if (r == null)
+                    cleanStack();
+            }
+            if (r != null || (r = result) != null)
                 postComplete();
-            else
-                cleanStack();
             if (r != null || (q != null && q.interrupted))
                 return r;
         }
@@ -1942,9 +1992,12 @@
      * @throws InterruptedException if the current thread was interrupted
      * while waiting
      */
+    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
     public T get() throws InterruptedException, ExecutionException {
         Object r;
-        return reportGet((r = result) == null ? waitingGet(true) : r);
+        if ((r = result) == null)
+            r = waitingGet(true);
+        return (T) reportGet(r);
     }
 
     /**
@@ -1960,11 +2013,14 @@
      * while waiting
      * @throws TimeoutException if the wait timed out
      */
+    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
     public T get(long timeout, TimeUnit unit)
         throws InterruptedException, ExecutionException, TimeoutException {
+        long nanos = unit.toNanos(timeout);
         Object r;
-        long nanos = unit.toNanos(timeout);
-        return reportGet((r = result) == null ? timedGet(nanos) : r);
+        if ((r = result) == null)
+            r = timedGet(nanos);
+        return (T) reportGet(r);
     }
 
     /**
@@ -1981,9 +2037,12 @@
      * @throws CompletionException if this future completed
      * exceptionally or a completion computation threw an exception
      */
+    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
     public T join() {
         Object r;
-        return reportJoin((r = result) == null ? waitingGet(false) : r);
+        if ((r = result) == null)
+            r = waitingGet(false);
+        return (T) reportJoin(r);
     }
 
     /**
@@ -1996,9 +2055,10 @@
      * @throws CompletionException if this future completed
      * exceptionally or a completion computation threw an exception
      */
+    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
     public T getNow(T valueIfAbsent) {
         Object r;
-        return ((r = result) == null) ? valueIfAbsent : reportJoin(r);
+        return ((r = result) == null) ? valueIfAbsent : (T) reportJoin(r);
     }
 
     /**
@@ -2775,19 +2835,16 @@
             throw new UnsupportedOperationException(); }
     }
 
-    // Unsafe mechanics
-    private static final jdk.internal.misc.Unsafe U = jdk.internal.misc.Unsafe.getUnsafe();
-    private static final long RESULT;
-    private static final long STACK;
-    private static final long NEXT;
+    // VarHandle mechanics
+    private static final VarHandle RESULT;
+    private static final VarHandle STACK;
+    private static final VarHandle NEXT;
     static {
         try {
-            RESULT = U.objectFieldOffset
-                (CompletableFuture.class.getDeclaredField("result"));
-            STACK = U.objectFieldOffset
-                (CompletableFuture.class.getDeclaredField("stack"));
-            NEXT = U.objectFieldOffset
-                (Completion.class.getDeclaredField("next"));
+            MethodHandles.Lookup l = MethodHandles.lookup();
+            RESULT = l.findVarHandle(CompletableFuture.class, "result", Object.class);
+            STACK = l.findVarHandle(CompletableFuture.class, "stack", Completion.class);
+            NEXT = l.findVarHandle(Completion.class, "next", Completion.class);
         } catch (ReflectiveOperationException e) {
             throw new Error(e);
         }
--- a/jdk/test/java/util/concurrent/tck/CompletableFutureTest.java	Fri Jul 15 13:55:51 2016 -0700
+++ b/jdk/test/java/util/concurrent/tck/CompletableFutureTest.java	Fri Jul 15 13:59:58 2016 -0700
@@ -57,6 +57,7 @@
 import java.util.concurrent.Executor;
 import java.util.concurrent.ForkJoinPool;
 import java.util.concurrent.ForkJoinTask;
+import java.util.concurrent.RejectedExecutionException;
 import java.util.concurrent.TimeoutException;
 import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
 import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicInteger;
@@ -486,62 +487,68 @@
     class FailingSupplier extends CheckedAction
         implements Supplier<Integer>
     {
-        FailingSupplier(ExecutionMode m) { super(m); }
+        final CFException ex;
+        FailingSupplier(ExecutionMode m) { super(m); ex = new CFException(); }
         public Integer get() {
             invoked();
-            throw new CFException();
+            throw ex;
         }
     }
 
     class FailingConsumer extends CheckedIntegerAction
         implements Consumer<Integer>
     {
-        FailingConsumer(ExecutionMode m) { super(m); }
+        final CFException ex;
+        FailingConsumer(ExecutionMode m) { super(m); ex = new CFException(); }
         public void accept(Integer x) {
             invoked();
             value = x;
-            throw new CFException();
+            throw ex;
         }
     }
 
     class FailingBiConsumer extends CheckedIntegerAction
         implements BiConsumer<Integer, Integer>
     {
-        FailingBiConsumer(ExecutionMode m) { super(m); }
+        final CFException ex;
+        FailingBiConsumer(ExecutionMode m) { super(m); ex = new CFException(); }
         public void accept(Integer x, Integer y) {
             invoked();
             value = subtract(x, y);
-            throw new CFException();
+            throw ex;
         }
     }
 
     class FailingFunction extends CheckedIntegerAction
         implements Function<Integer, Integer>
     {
-        FailingFunction(ExecutionMode m) { super(m); }
+        final CFException ex;
+        FailingFunction(ExecutionMode m) { super(m); ex = new CFException(); }
         public Integer apply(Integer x) {
             invoked();
             value = x;
-            throw new CFException();
+            throw ex;
         }
     }
 
     class FailingBiFunction extends CheckedIntegerAction
         implements BiFunction<Integer, Integer, Integer>
     {
-        FailingBiFunction(ExecutionMode m) { super(m); }
+        final CFException ex;
+        FailingBiFunction(ExecutionMode m) { super(m); ex = new CFException(); }
         public Integer apply(Integer x, Integer y) {
             invoked();
             value = subtract(x, y);
-            throw new CFException();
+            throw ex;
         }
     }
 
     class FailingRunnable extends CheckedAction implements Runnable {
-        FailingRunnable(ExecutionMode m) { super(m); }
+        final CFException ex;
+        FailingRunnable(ExecutionMode m) { super(m); ex = new CFException(); }
         public void run() {
             invoked();
-            throw new CFException();
+            throw ex;
         }
     }
 
@@ -561,11 +568,21 @@
     class FailingCompletableFutureFunction extends CheckedIntegerAction
         implements Function<Integer, CompletableFuture<Integer>>
     {
-        FailingCompletableFutureFunction(ExecutionMode m) { super(m); }
+        final CFException ex;
+        FailingCompletableFutureFunction(ExecutionMode m) { super(m); ex = new CFException(); }
         public CompletableFuture<Integer> apply(Integer x) {
             invoked();
             value = x;
-            throw new CFException();
+            throw ex;
+        }
+    }
+
+    static class CountingRejectingExecutor implements Executor {
+        final RejectedExecutionException ex = new RejectedExecutionException();
+        final AtomicInteger count = new AtomicInteger(0);
+        public void execute(Runnable r) {
+            count.getAndIncrement();
+            throw ex;
         }
     }
 
@@ -1249,10 +1266,22 @@
     {
         final FailingRunnable r = new FailingRunnable(m);
         final CompletableFuture<Void> f = m.runAsync(r);
-        checkCompletedWithWrappedCFException(f);
+        checkCompletedWithWrappedException(f, r.ex);
         r.assertInvoked();
     }}
 
+    public void testRunAsync_rejectingExecutor() {
+        CountingRejectingExecutor e = new CountingRejectingExecutor();
+        try {
+            CompletableFuture.runAsync(() -> {}, e);
+            shouldThrow();
+        } catch (Throwable t) {
+            assertSame(e.ex, t);
+        }
+
+        assertEquals(1, e.count.get());
+    }
+
     /**
      * supplyAsync completes with result of supplier
      */
@@ -1283,10 +1312,22 @@
     {
         FailingSupplier r = new FailingSupplier(m);
         CompletableFuture<Integer> f = m.supplyAsync(r);
-        checkCompletedWithWrappedCFException(f);
+        checkCompletedWithWrappedException(f, r.ex);
         r.assertInvoked();
     }}
 
+    public void testSupplyAsync_rejectingExecutor() {
+        CountingRejectingExecutor e = new CountingRejectingExecutor();
+        try {
+            CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(() -> null, e);
+            shouldThrow();
+        } catch (Throwable t) {
+            assertSame(e.ex, t);
+        }
+
+        assertEquals(1, e.count.get());
+    }
+
     // seq completion methods
 
     /**
@@ -1405,12 +1446,12 @@
         final CompletableFuture<Void> h4 = m.runAfterBoth(f, f, rs[4]);
         final CompletableFuture<Void> h5 = m.runAfterEither(f, f, rs[5]);
 
-        checkCompletedWithWrappedCFException(h0);
-        checkCompletedWithWrappedCFException(h1);
-        checkCompletedWithWrappedCFException(h2);
-        checkCompletedWithWrappedCFException(h3);
-        checkCompletedWithWrappedCFException(h4);
-        checkCompletedWithWrappedCFException(h5);
+        checkCompletedWithWrappedException(h0, rs[0].ex);
+        checkCompletedWithWrappedException(h1, rs[1].ex);
+        checkCompletedWithWrappedException(h2, rs[2].ex);
+        checkCompletedWithWrappedException(h3, rs[3].ex);
+        checkCompletedWithWrappedException(h4, rs[4].ex);
+        checkCompletedWithWrappedException(h5, rs[5].ex);
         checkCompletedNormally(f, v1);
     }}
 
@@ -1509,10 +1550,10 @@
         final CompletableFuture<Integer> h2 = m.thenApply(f, rs[2]);
         final CompletableFuture<Integer> h3 = m.applyToEither(f, f, rs[3]);
 
-        checkCompletedWithWrappedCFException(h0);
-        checkCompletedWithWrappedCFException(h1);
-        checkCompletedWithWrappedCFException(h2);
-        checkCompletedWithWrappedCFException(h3);
+        checkCompletedWithWrappedException(h0, rs[0].ex);
+        checkCompletedWithWrappedException(h1, rs[1].ex);
+        checkCompletedWithWrappedException(h2, rs[2].ex);
+        checkCompletedWithWrappedException(h3, rs[3].ex);
         checkCompletedNormally(f, v1);
     }}
 
@@ -1611,10 +1652,10 @@
         final CompletableFuture<Void> h2 = m.thenAccept(f, rs[2]);
         final CompletableFuture<Void> h3 = m.acceptEither(f, f, rs[3]);
 
-        checkCompletedWithWrappedCFException(h0);
-        checkCompletedWithWrappedCFException(h1);
-        checkCompletedWithWrappedCFException(h2);
-        checkCompletedWithWrappedCFException(h3);
+        checkCompletedWithWrappedException(h0, rs[0].ex);
+        checkCompletedWithWrappedException(h1, rs[1].ex);
+        checkCompletedWithWrappedException(h2, rs[2].ex);
+        checkCompletedWithWrappedException(h3, rs[3].ex);
         checkCompletedNormally(f, v1);
     }}
 
@@ -1776,9 +1817,9 @@
         assertTrue(snd.complete(w2));
         final CompletableFuture<Integer> h3 = m.thenCombine(f, g, r3);
 
-        checkCompletedWithWrappedCFException(h1);
-        checkCompletedWithWrappedCFException(h2);
-        checkCompletedWithWrappedCFException(h3);
+        checkCompletedWithWrappedException(h1, r1.ex);
+        checkCompletedWithWrappedException(h2, r2.ex);
+        checkCompletedWithWrappedException(h3, r3.ex);
         r1.assertInvoked();
         r2.assertInvoked();
         r3.assertInvoked();
@@ -1940,9 +1981,9 @@
         assertTrue(snd.complete(w2));
         final CompletableFuture<Void> h3 = m.thenAcceptBoth(f, g, r3);
 
-        checkCompletedWithWrappedCFException(h1);
-        checkCompletedWithWrappedCFException(h2);
-        checkCompletedWithWrappedCFException(h3);
+        checkCompletedWithWrappedException(h1, r1.ex);
+        checkCompletedWithWrappedException(h2, r2.ex);
+        checkCompletedWithWrappedException(h3, r3.ex);
         r1.assertInvoked();
         r2.assertInvoked();
         r3.assertInvoked();
@@ -2104,9 +2145,9 @@
         assertTrue(snd.complete(w2));
         final CompletableFuture<Void> h3 = m.runAfterBoth(f, g, r3);
 
-        checkCompletedWithWrappedCFException(h1);
-        checkCompletedWithWrappedCFException(h2);
-        checkCompletedWithWrappedCFException(h3);
+        checkCompletedWithWrappedException(h1, r1.ex);
+        checkCompletedWithWrappedException(h2, r2.ex);
+        checkCompletedWithWrappedException(h3, r3.ex);
         r1.assertInvoked();
         r2.assertInvoked();
         r3.assertInvoked();
@@ -2396,10 +2437,10 @@
         f.complete(v1);
         final CompletableFuture<Integer> h2 = m.applyToEither(f, g, rs[2]);
         final CompletableFuture<Integer> h3 = m.applyToEither(g, f, rs[3]);
-        checkCompletedWithWrappedCFException(h0);
-        checkCompletedWithWrappedCFException(h1);
-        checkCompletedWithWrappedCFException(h2);
-        checkCompletedWithWrappedCFException(h3);
+        checkCompletedWithWrappedException(h0, rs[0].ex);
+        checkCompletedWithWrappedException(h1, rs[1].ex);
+        checkCompletedWithWrappedException(h2, rs[2].ex);
+        checkCompletedWithWrappedException(h3, rs[3].ex);
         for (int i = 0; i < 4; i++) rs[i].assertValue(v1);
 
         g.complete(v2);
@@ -2408,10 +2449,10 @@
         final CompletableFuture<Integer> h4 = m.applyToEither(f, g, rs[4]);
         final CompletableFuture<Integer> h5 = m.applyToEither(g, f, rs[5]);
 
-        checkCompletedWithWrappedCFException(h4);
+        checkCompletedWithWrappedException(h4, rs[4].ex);
         assertTrue(Objects.equals(v1, rs[4].value) ||
                    Objects.equals(v2, rs[4].value));
-        checkCompletedWithWrappedCFException(h5);
+        checkCompletedWithWrappedException(h5, rs[5].ex);
         assertTrue(Objects.equals(v1, rs[5].value) ||
                    Objects.equals(v2, rs[5].value));
 
@@ -2655,10 +2696,10 @@
         f.complete(v1);
         final CompletableFuture<Void> h2 = m.acceptEither(f, g, rs[2]);
         final CompletableFuture<Void> h3 = m.acceptEither(g, f, rs[3]);
-        checkCompletedWithWrappedCFException(h0);
-        checkCompletedWithWrappedCFException(h1);
-        checkCompletedWithWrappedCFException(h2);
-        checkCompletedWithWrappedCFException(h3);
+        checkCompletedWithWrappedException(h0, rs[0].ex);
+        checkCompletedWithWrappedException(h1, rs[1].ex);
+        checkCompletedWithWrappedException(h2, rs[2].ex);
+        checkCompletedWithWrappedException(h3, rs[3].ex);
         for (int i = 0; i < 4; i++) rs[i].assertValue(v1);
 
         g.complete(v2);
@@ -2667,10 +2708,10 @@
         final CompletableFuture<Void> h4 = m.acceptEither(f, g, rs[4]);
         final CompletableFuture<Void> h5 = m.acceptEither(g, f, rs[5]);
 
-        checkCompletedWithWrappedCFException(h4);
+        checkCompletedWithWrappedException(h4, rs[4].ex);
         assertTrue(Objects.equals(v1, rs[4].value) ||
                    Objects.equals(v2, rs[4].value));
-        checkCompletedWithWrappedCFException(h5);
+        checkCompletedWithWrappedException(h5, rs[5].ex);
         assertTrue(Objects.equals(v1, rs[5].value) ||
                    Objects.equals(v2, rs[5].value));
 
@@ -2686,6 +2727,7 @@
         for (ExecutionMode m : ExecutionMode.values())
         for (Integer v1 : new Integer[] { 1, null })
         for (Integer v2 : new Integer[] { 2, null })
+        for (boolean pushNop : new boolean[] { true, false })
     {
         final CompletableFuture<Integer> f = new CompletableFuture<>();
         final CompletableFuture<Integer> g = new CompletableFuture<>();
@@ -2698,6 +2740,10 @@
         checkIncomplete(h1);
         rs[0].assertNotInvoked();
         rs[1].assertNotInvoked();
+        if (pushNop) {          // ad hoc test of intra-completion interference
+            m.thenRun(f, () -> {});
+            m.thenRun(g, () -> {});
+        }
         f.complete(v1);
         checkCompletedNormally(h0, null);
         checkCompletedNormally(h1, null);
@@ -2910,16 +2956,16 @@
         assertTrue(f.complete(v1));
         final CompletableFuture<Void> h2 = m.runAfterEither(f, g, rs[2]);
         final CompletableFuture<Void> h3 = m.runAfterEither(g, f, rs[3]);
-        checkCompletedWithWrappedCFException(h0);
-        checkCompletedWithWrappedCFException(h1);
-        checkCompletedWithWrappedCFException(h2);
-        checkCompletedWithWrappedCFException(h3);
+        checkCompletedWithWrappedException(h0, rs[0].ex);
+        checkCompletedWithWrappedException(h1, rs[1].ex);
+        checkCompletedWithWrappedException(h2, rs[2].ex);
+        checkCompletedWithWrappedException(h3, rs[3].ex);
         for (int i = 0; i < 4; i++) rs[i].assertInvoked();
         assertTrue(g.complete(v2));
         final CompletableFuture<Void> h4 = m.runAfterEither(f, g, rs[4]);
         final CompletableFuture<Void> h5 = m.runAfterEither(g, f, rs[5]);
-        checkCompletedWithWrappedCFException(h4);
-        checkCompletedWithWrappedCFException(h5);
+        checkCompletedWithWrappedException(h4, rs[4].ex);
+        checkCompletedWithWrappedException(h5, rs[5].ex);
 
         checkCompletedNormally(f, v1);
         checkCompletedNormally(g, v2);
@@ -2980,7 +3026,7 @@
         final CompletableFuture<Integer> g = m.thenCompose(f, r);
         if (createIncomplete) assertTrue(f.complete(v1));
 
-        checkCompletedWithWrappedCFException(g);
+        checkCompletedWithWrappedException(g, r.ex);
         checkCompletedNormally(f, v1);
     }}
 
@@ -3089,7 +3135,7 @@
         }
     }
 
-    public void testAllOf_backwards() throws Exception {
+    public void testAllOf_normal_backwards() throws Exception {
         for (int k = 1; k < 10; k++) {
             CompletableFuture<Integer>[] fs
                 = (CompletableFuture<Integer>[]) new CompletableFuture[k];
@@ -3337,6 +3383,151 @@
     }
 
     /**
+     * Test submissions to an executor that rejects all tasks.
+     */
+    public void testRejectingExecutor() {
+        for (Integer v : new Integer[] { 1, null })
+    {
+        final CountingRejectingExecutor e = new CountingRejectingExecutor();
+
+        final CompletableFuture<Integer> complete = CompletableFuture.completedFuture(v);
+        final CompletableFuture<Integer> incomplete = new CompletableFuture<>();
+
+        List<CompletableFuture<?>> futures = new ArrayList<>();
+
+        List<CompletableFuture<Integer>> srcs = new ArrayList<>();
+        srcs.add(complete);
+        srcs.add(incomplete);
+
+        for (CompletableFuture<Integer> src : srcs) {
+            List<CompletableFuture<?>> fs = new ArrayList<>();
+            fs.add(src.thenRunAsync(() -> {}, e));
+            fs.add(src.thenAcceptAsync((z) -> {}, e));
+            fs.add(src.thenApplyAsync((z) -> z, e));
+
+            fs.add(src.thenCombineAsync(src, (x, y) -> x, e));
+            fs.add(src.thenAcceptBothAsync(src, (x, y) -> {}, e));
+            fs.add(src.runAfterBothAsync(src, () -> {}, e));
+
+            fs.add(src.applyToEitherAsync(src, (z) -> z, e));
+            fs.add(src.acceptEitherAsync(src, (z) -> {}, e));
+            fs.add(src.runAfterEitherAsync(src, () -> {}, e));
+
+            fs.add(src.thenComposeAsync((z) -> null, e));
+            fs.add(src.whenCompleteAsync((z, t) -> {}, e));
+            fs.add(src.handleAsync((z, t) -> null, e));
+
+            for (CompletableFuture<?> future : fs) {
+                if (src.isDone())
+                    checkCompletedWithWrappedException(future, e.ex);
+                else
+                    checkIncomplete(future);
+            }
+            futures.addAll(fs);
+        }
+
+        {
+            List<CompletableFuture<?>> fs = new ArrayList<>();
+
+            fs.add(complete.thenCombineAsync(incomplete, (x, y) -> x, e));
+            fs.add(incomplete.thenCombineAsync(complete, (x, y) -> x, e));
+
+            fs.add(complete.thenAcceptBothAsync(incomplete, (x, y) -> {}, e));
+            fs.add(incomplete.thenAcceptBothAsync(complete, (x, y) -> {}, e));
+
+            fs.add(complete.runAfterBothAsync(incomplete, () -> {}, e));
+            fs.add(incomplete.runAfterBothAsync(complete, () -> {}, e));
+
+            for (CompletableFuture<?> future : fs)
+                checkIncomplete(future);
+            futures.addAll(fs);
+        }
+
+        {
+            List<CompletableFuture<?>> fs = new ArrayList<>();
+
+            fs.add(complete.applyToEitherAsync(incomplete, (z) -> z, e));
+            fs.add(incomplete.applyToEitherAsync(complete, (z) -> z, e));
+
+            fs.add(complete.acceptEitherAsync(incomplete, (z) -> {}, e));
+            fs.add(incomplete.acceptEitherAsync(complete, (z) -> {}, e));
+
+            fs.add(complete.runAfterEitherAsync(incomplete, () -> {}, e));
+            fs.add(incomplete.runAfterEitherAsync(complete, () -> {}, e));
+
+            for (CompletableFuture<?> future : fs)
+                checkCompletedWithWrappedException(future, e.ex);
+            futures.addAll(fs);
+        }
+
+        incomplete.complete(v);
+
+        for (CompletableFuture<?> future : futures)
+            checkCompletedWithWrappedException(future, e.ex);
+
+        assertEquals(futures.size(), e.count.get());
+    }}
+
+    /**
+     * Test submissions to an executor that rejects all tasks, but
+     * should never be invoked because the dependent future is
+     * explicitly completed.
+     */
+    public void testRejectingExecutorNeverInvoked() {
+        for (Integer v : new Integer[] { 1, null })
+    {
+        final CountingRejectingExecutor e = new CountingRejectingExecutor();
+
+        final CompletableFuture<Integer> complete = CompletableFuture.completedFuture(v);
+        final CompletableFuture<Integer> incomplete = new CompletableFuture<>();
+
+        List<CompletableFuture<?>> futures = new ArrayList<>();
+
+        List<CompletableFuture<Integer>> srcs = new ArrayList<>();
+        srcs.add(complete);
+        srcs.add(incomplete);
+
+        List<CompletableFuture<?>> fs = new ArrayList<>();
+        fs.add(incomplete.thenRunAsync(() -> {}, e));
+        fs.add(incomplete.thenAcceptAsync((z) -> {}, e));
+        fs.add(incomplete.thenApplyAsync((z) -> z, e));
+
+        fs.add(incomplete.thenCombineAsync(incomplete, (x, y) -> x, e));
+        fs.add(incomplete.thenAcceptBothAsync(incomplete, (x, y) -> {}, e));
+        fs.add(incomplete.runAfterBothAsync(incomplete, () -> {}, e));
+
+        fs.add(incomplete.applyToEitherAsync(incomplete, (z) -> z, e));
+        fs.add(incomplete.acceptEitherAsync(incomplete, (z) -> {}, e));
+        fs.add(incomplete.runAfterEitherAsync(incomplete, () -> {}, e));
+
+        fs.add(incomplete.thenComposeAsync((z) -> null, e));
+        fs.add(incomplete.whenCompleteAsync((z, t) -> {}, e));
+        fs.add(incomplete.handleAsync((z, t) -> null, e));
+
+        fs.add(complete.thenCombineAsync(incomplete, (x, y) -> x, e));
+        fs.add(incomplete.thenCombineAsync(complete, (x, y) -> x, e));
+
+        fs.add(complete.thenAcceptBothAsync(incomplete, (x, y) -> {}, e));
+        fs.add(incomplete.thenAcceptBothAsync(complete, (x, y) -> {}, e));
+
+        fs.add(complete.runAfterBothAsync(incomplete, () -> {}, e));
+        fs.add(incomplete.runAfterBothAsync(complete, () -> {}, e));
+
+        for (CompletableFuture<?> future : fs)
+            checkIncomplete(future);
+
+        for (CompletableFuture<?> future : fs)
+            future.complete(null);
+
+        incomplete.complete(v);
+
+        for (CompletableFuture<?> future : fs)
+            checkCompletedNormally(future, null);
+
+        assertEquals(0, e.count.get());
+    }}
+
+    /**
      * toCompletableFuture returns this CompletableFuture.
      */
     public void testToCompletableFuture() {
@@ -3659,12 +3850,25 @@
     //--- tests of implementation details; not part of official tck ---
 
     Object resultOf(CompletableFuture<?> f) {
+        SecurityManager sm = System.getSecurityManager();
+        if (sm != null) {
+            try {
+                System.setSecurityManager(null);
+            } catch (SecurityException giveUp) {
+                return "Reflection not available";
+            }
+        }
+
         try {
             java.lang.reflect.Field resultField
                 = CompletableFuture.class.getDeclaredField("result");
             resultField.setAccessible(true);
             return resultField.get(f);
-        } catch (Throwable t) { throw new AssertionError(t); }
+        } catch (Throwable t) {
+            throw new AssertionError(t);
+        } finally {
+            if (sm != null) System.setSecurityManager(sm);
+        }
     }
 
     public void testExceptionPropagationReusesResultObject() {
@@ -3675,33 +3879,44 @@
         final CompletableFuture<Integer> v42 = CompletableFuture.completedFuture(42);
         final CompletableFuture<Integer> incomplete = new CompletableFuture<>();
 
+        final Runnable noopRunnable = new Noop(m);
+        final Consumer<Integer> noopConsumer = new NoopConsumer(m);
+        final Function<Integer, Integer> incFunction = new IncFunction(m);
+
         List<Function<CompletableFuture<Integer>, CompletableFuture<?>>> funs
             = new ArrayList<>();
 
-        funs.add((y) -> m.thenRun(y, new Noop(m)));
-        funs.add((y) -> m.thenAccept(y, new NoopConsumer(m)));
-        funs.add((y) -> m.thenApply(y, new IncFunction(m)));
-
-        funs.add((y) -> m.runAfterEither(y, incomplete, new Noop(m)));
-        funs.add((y) -> m.acceptEither(y, incomplete, new NoopConsumer(m)));
-        funs.add((y) -> m.applyToEither(y, incomplete, new IncFunction(m)));
-
-        funs.add((y) -> m.runAfterBoth(y, v42, new Noop(m)));
+        funs.add((y) -> m.thenRun(y, noopRunnable));
+        funs.add((y) -> m.thenAccept(y, noopConsumer));
+        funs.add((y) -> m.thenApply(y, incFunction));
+
+        funs.add((y) -> m.runAfterEither(y, incomplete, noopRunnable));
+        funs.add((y) -> m.acceptEither(y, incomplete, noopConsumer));
+        funs.add((y) -> m.applyToEither(y, incomplete, incFunction));
+
+        funs.add((y) -> m.runAfterBoth(y, v42, noopRunnable));
+        funs.add((y) -> m.runAfterBoth(v42, y, noopRunnable));
         funs.add((y) -> m.thenAcceptBoth(y, v42, new SubtractAction(m)));
+        funs.add((y) -> m.thenAcceptBoth(v42, y, new SubtractAction(m)));
         funs.add((y) -> m.thenCombine(y, v42, new SubtractFunction(m)));
+        funs.add((y) -> m.thenCombine(v42, y, new SubtractFunction(m)));
 
         funs.add((y) -> m.whenComplete(y, (Integer r, Throwable t) -> {}));
 
         funs.add((y) -> m.thenCompose(y, new CompletableFutureInc(m)));
 
-        funs.add((y) -> CompletableFuture.allOf(new CompletableFuture<?>[] {y, v42}));
-        funs.add((y) -> CompletableFuture.anyOf(new CompletableFuture<?>[] {y, incomplete}));
+        funs.add((y) -> CompletableFuture.allOf(y));
+        funs.add((y) -> CompletableFuture.allOf(y, v42));
+        funs.add((y) -> CompletableFuture.allOf(v42, y));
+        funs.add((y) -> CompletableFuture.anyOf(y));
+        funs.add((y) -> CompletableFuture.anyOf(y, incomplete));
+        funs.add((y) -> CompletableFuture.anyOf(incomplete, y));
 
         for (Function<CompletableFuture<Integer>, CompletableFuture<?>>
                  fun : funs) {
             CompletableFuture<Integer> f = new CompletableFuture<>();
             f.completeExceptionally(ex);
-            CompletableFuture<Integer> src = m.thenApply(f, new IncFunction(m));
+            CompletableFuture<Integer> src = m.thenApply(f, incFunction);
             checkCompletedWithWrappedException(src, ex);
             CompletableFuture<?> dep = fun.apply(src);
             checkCompletedWithWrappedException(dep, ex);
@@ -3711,7 +3926,7 @@
         for (Function<CompletableFuture<Integer>, CompletableFuture<?>>
                  fun : funs) {
             CompletableFuture<Integer> f = new CompletableFuture<>();
-            CompletableFuture<Integer> src = m.thenApply(f, new IncFunction(m));
+            CompletableFuture<Integer> src = m.thenApply(f, incFunction);
             CompletableFuture<?> dep = fun.apply(src);
             f.completeExceptionally(ex);
             checkCompletedWithWrappedException(src, ex);
@@ -3725,7 +3940,7 @@
             CompletableFuture<Integer> f = new CompletableFuture<>();
             f.cancel(mayInterruptIfRunning);
             checkCancelled(f);
-            CompletableFuture<Integer> src = m.thenApply(f, new IncFunction(m));
+            CompletableFuture<Integer> src = m.thenApply(f, incFunction);
             checkCompletedWithWrappedCancellationException(src);
             CompletableFuture<?> dep = fun.apply(src);
             checkCompletedWithWrappedCancellationException(dep);
@@ -3736,7 +3951,7 @@
         for (Function<CompletableFuture<Integer>, CompletableFuture<?>>
                  fun : funs) {
             CompletableFuture<Integer> f = new CompletableFuture<>();
-            CompletableFuture<Integer> src = m.thenApply(f, new IncFunction(m));
+            CompletableFuture<Integer> src = m.thenApply(f, incFunction);
             CompletableFuture<?> dep = fun.apply(src);
             f.cancel(mayInterruptIfRunning);
             checkCancelled(f);
@@ -3747,7 +3962,7 @@
     }}
 
     /**
-     * Minimal completion stages throw UOE for all non-CompletionStage methods
+     * Minimal completion stages throw UOE for most non-CompletionStage methods
      */
     public void testMinimalCompletionStage_minimality() {
         if (!testImplementationDetails) return;
@@ -3776,8 +3991,10 @@
             .filter((method) -> !permittedMethodSignatures.contains(toSignature.apply(method)))
             .collect(Collectors.toList());
 
-        CompletionStage<Integer> minimalStage =
-            new CompletableFuture<Integer>().minimalCompletionStage();
+        List<CompletionStage<Integer>> stages = new ArrayList<>();
+        stages.add(new CompletableFuture<Integer>().minimalCompletionStage());
+        stages.add(CompletableFuture.completedStage(1));
+        stages.add(CompletableFuture.failedStage(new CFException()));
 
         List<Method> bugs = new ArrayList<>();
         for (Method method : allMethods) {
@@ -3793,20 +4010,22 @@
                 else if (parameterTypes[i] == long.class)
                     args[i] = 0L;
             }
-            try {
-                method.invoke(minimalStage, args);
-                bugs.add(method);
+            for (CompletionStage<Integer> stage : stages) {
+                try {
+                    method.invoke(stage, args);
+                    bugs.add(method);
+                }
+                catch (java.lang.reflect.InvocationTargetException expected) {
+                    if (! (expected.getCause() instanceof UnsupportedOperationException)) {
+                        bugs.add(method);
+                        // expected.getCause().printStackTrace();
+                    }
+                }
+                catch (ReflectiveOperationException bad) { throw new Error(bad); }
             }
-            catch (java.lang.reflect.InvocationTargetException expected) {
-                if (! (expected.getCause() instanceof UnsupportedOperationException)) {
-                    bugs.add(method);
-                    // expected.getCause().printStackTrace();
-                }
-            }
-            catch (ReflectiveOperationException bad) { throw new Error(bad); }
         }
         if (!bugs.isEmpty())
-            throw new Error("Methods did not throw UOE: " + bugs.toString());
+            throw new Error("Methods did not throw UOE: " + bugs);
     }
 
     static class Monad {
@@ -3955,12 +4174,33 @@
                                  Monad.plus(godot, Monad.unit(5L)));
     }
 
+    /** Test long recursive chains of CompletableFutures with cascading completions */
+    public void testRecursiveChains() throws Throwable {
+        for (ExecutionMode m : ExecutionMode.values())
+        for (boolean addDeadEnds : new boolean[] { true, false })
+    {
+        final int val = 42;
+        final int n = expensiveTests ? 1_000 : 2;
+        CompletableFuture<Integer> head = new CompletableFuture<>();
+        CompletableFuture<Integer> tail = head;
+        for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
+            if (addDeadEnds) m.thenApply(tail, v -> v + 1);
+            tail = m.thenApply(tail, v -> v + 1);
+            if (addDeadEnds) m.applyToEither(tail, tail, v -> v + 1);
+            tail = m.applyToEither(tail, tail, v -> v + 1);
+            if (addDeadEnds) m.thenCombine(tail, tail, (v, w) -> v + 1);
+            tail = m.thenCombine(tail, tail, (v, w) -> v + 1);
+        }
+        head.complete(val);
+        assertEquals(val + 3 * n, (int) tail.join());
+    }}
+
     /**
      * A single CompletableFuture with many dependents.
      * A demo of scalability - runtime is O(n).
      */
     public void testManyDependents() throws Throwable {
-        final int n = 1_000;
+        final int n = expensiveTests ? 1_000_000 : 10;
         final CompletableFuture<Void> head = new CompletableFuture<>();
         final CompletableFuture<Void> complete = CompletableFuture.completedFuture((Void)null);
         final AtomicInteger count = new AtomicInteger(0);
@@ -3987,6 +4227,78 @@
         assertEquals(5 * 3 * n, count.get());
     }
 
+    /** ant -Dvmoptions=-Xmx8m -Djsr166.expensiveTests=true -Djsr166.tckTestClass=CompletableFutureTest tck */
+    public void testCoCompletionGarbageRetention() throws Throwable {
+        final int n = expensiveTests ? 1_000_000 : 10;
+        final CompletableFuture<Integer> incomplete = new CompletableFuture<>();
+        CompletableFuture<Integer> f;
+        for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
+            f = new CompletableFuture<>();
+            f.runAfterEither(incomplete, () -> {});
+            f.complete(null);
+
+            f = new CompletableFuture<>();
+            f.acceptEither(incomplete, (x) -> {});
+            f.complete(null);
+
+            f = new CompletableFuture<>();
+            f.applyToEither(incomplete, (x) -> x);
+            f.complete(null);
+
+            f = new CompletableFuture<>();
+            CompletableFuture.anyOf(new CompletableFuture<?>[] { f, incomplete });
+            f.complete(null);
+        }
+
+        for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
+            f = new CompletableFuture<>();
+            incomplete.runAfterEither(f, () -> {});
+            f.complete(null);
+
+            f = new CompletableFuture<>();
+            incomplete.acceptEither(f, (x) -> {});
+            f.complete(null);
+
+            f = new CompletableFuture<>();
+            incomplete.applyToEither(f, (x) -> x);
+            f.complete(null);
+
+            f = new CompletableFuture<>();
+            CompletableFuture.anyOf(new CompletableFuture<?>[] { incomplete, f });
+            f.complete(null);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /*
+     * Tests below currently fail in stress mode due to memory retention.
+     * ant -Dvmoptions=-Xmx8m -Djsr166.expensiveTests=true -Djsr166.tckTestClass=CompletableFutureTest tck
+     */
+
+    /** Checks for garbage retention with anyOf. */
+    public void testAnyOfGarbageRetention() throws Throwable {
+        for (Integer v : new Integer[] { 1, null })
+    {
+        final int n = expensiveTests ? 100_000 : 10;
+        CompletableFuture<Integer>[] fs
+            = (CompletableFuture<Integer>[]) new CompletableFuture<?>[100];
+        for (int i = 0; i < fs.length; i++)
+            fs[i] = new CompletableFuture<>();
+        fs[fs.length - 1].complete(v);
+        for (int i = 0; i < n; i++)
+            checkCompletedNormally(CompletableFuture.anyOf(fs), v);
+    }}
+
+    /** Checks for garbage retention with allOf. */
+    public void testCancelledAllOfGarbageRetention() throws Throwable {
+        final int n = expensiveTests ? 100_000 : 10;
+        CompletableFuture<Integer>[] fs
+            = (CompletableFuture<Integer>[]) new CompletableFuture<?>[100];
+        for (int i = 0; i < fs.length; i++)
+            fs[i] = new CompletableFuture<>();
+        for (int i = 0; i < n; i++)
+            assertTrue(CompletableFuture.allOf(fs).cancel(false));
+    }
+
 //     static <U> U join(CompletionStage<U> stage) {
 //         CompletableFuture<U> f = new CompletableFuture<>();
 //         stage.whenComplete((v, ex) -> {