/*
* DO NOT ALTER OR REMOVE COPYRIGHT NOTICES OR THIS FILE HEADER.
*
* This code is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
* under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 2 only, as
* published by the Free Software Foundation. Oracle designates this
* particular file as subject to the "Classpath" exception as provided
* by Oracle in the LICENSE file that accompanied this code.
*
* This code is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
* ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or
* FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License
* version 2 for more details (a copy is included in the LICENSE file that
* accompanied this code).
*
* You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License version
* 2 along with this work; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation,
* Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA.
*
* Please contact Oracle, 500 Oracle Parkway, Redwood Shores, CA 94065 USA
* or visit www.oracle.com if you need additional information or have any
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*/
/*
* This file is available under and governed by the GNU General Public
* License version 2 only, as published by the Free Software Foundation.
* However, the following notice accompanied the original version of this
* file:
*
* Written by Doug Lea with assistance from members of JCP JSR-166
* Expert Group and released to the public domain, as explained at
* http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/
*/
package java.util.concurrent;
import java.util.concurrent.locks.*;
import java.util.*;
/**
* A bounded {@linkplain BlockingQueue blocking queue} backed by an
* array. This queue orders elements FIFO (first-in-first-out). The
* <em>head</em> of the queue is that element that has been on the
* queue the longest time. The <em>tail</em> of the queue is that
* element that has been on the queue the shortest time. New elements
* are inserted at the tail of the queue, and the queue retrieval
* operations obtain elements at the head of the queue.
*
* <p>This is a classic "bounded buffer", in which a
* fixed-sized array holds elements inserted by producers and
* extracted by consumers. Once created, the capacity cannot be
* changed. Attempts to {@code put} an element into a full queue
* will result in the operation blocking; attempts to {@code take} an
* element from an empty queue will similarly block.
*
* <p>This class supports an optional fairness policy for ordering
* waiting producer and consumer threads. By default, this ordering
* is not guaranteed. However, a queue constructed with fairness set
* to {@code true} grants threads access in FIFO order. Fairness
* generally decreases throughput but reduces variability and avoids
* starvation.
*
* <p>This class and its iterator implement all of the
* <em>optional</em> methods of the {@link Collection} and {@link
* Iterator} interfaces.
*
* <p>This class is a member of the
* <a href="{@docRoot}/../technotes/guides/collections/index.html">
* Java Collections Framework</a>.
*
* @since 1.5
* @author Doug Lea
* @param <E> the type of elements held in this collection
*/
public class ArrayBlockingQueue<E> extends AbstractQueue<E>
implements BlockingQueue<E>, java.io.Serializable {
/**
* Serialization ID. This class relies on default serialization
* even for the items array, which is default-serialized, even if
* it is empty. Otherwise it could not be declared final, which is
* necessary here.
*/
private static final long serialVersionUID = -817911632652898426L;
/** The queued items */
final Object[] items;
/** items index for next take, poll, peek or remove */
int takeIndex;
/** items index for next put, offer, or add */
int putIndex;
/** Number of elements in the queue */
int count;
/*
* Concurrency control uses the classic two-condition algorithm
* found in any textbook.
*/
/** Main lock guarding all access */
final ReentrantLock lock;
/** Condition for waiting takes */
private final Condition notEmpty;
/** Condition for waiting puts */
private final Condition notFull;
// Internal helper methods
/**
* Circularly increment i.
*/
final int inc(int i) {
return (++i == items.length) ? 0 : i;
}
/**
* Circularly decrement i.
*/
final int dec(int i) {
return ((i == 0) ? items.length : i) - 1;
}
@SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
static <E> E cast(Object item) {
return (E) item;
}
/**
* Returns item at index i.
*/
final E itemAt(int i) {
return this.<E>cast(items[i]);
}
/**
* Throws NullPointerException if argument is null.
*
* @param v the element
*/
private static void checkNotNull(Object v) {
if (v == null)
throw new NullPointerException();
}
/**
* Inserts element at current put position, advances, and signals.
* Call only when holding lock.
*/
private void insert(E x) {
items[putIndex] = x;
putIndex = inc(putIndex);
++count;
notEmpty.signal();
}
/**
* Extracts element at current take position, advances, and signals.
* Call only when holding lock.
*/
private E extract() {
final Object[] items = this.items;
E x = this.<E>cast(items[takeIndex]);
items[takeIndex] = null;
takeIndex = inc(takeIndex);
--count;
notFull.signal();
return x;
}
/**
* Deletes item at position i.
* Utility for remove and iterator.remove.
* Call only when holding lock.
*/
void removeAt(int i) {
final Object[] items = this.items;
// if removing front item, just advance
if (i == takeIndex) {
items[takeIndex] = null;
takeIndex = inc(takeIndex);
} else {
// slide over all others up through putIndex.
for (;;) {
int nexti = inc(i);
if (nexti != putIndex) {
items[i] = items[nexti];
i = nexti;
} else {
items[i] = null;
putIndex = i;
break;
}
}
}
--count;
notFull.signal();
}
/**
* Creates an {@code ArrayBlockingQueue} with the given (fixed)
* capacity and default access policy.
*
* @param capacity the capacity of this queue
* @throws IllegalArgumentException if {@code capacity < 1}
*/
public ArrayBlockingQueue(int capacity) {
this(capacity, false);
}
/**
* Creates an {@code ArrayBlockingQueue} with the given (fixed)
* capacity and the specified access policy.
*
* @param capacity the capacity of this queue
* @param fair if {@code true} then queue accesses for threads blocked
* on insertion or removal, are processed in FIFO order;
* if {@code false} the access order is unspecified.
* @throws IllegalArgumentException if {@code capacity < 1}
*/
public ArrayBlockingQueue(int capacity, boolean fair) {
if (capacity <= 0)
throw new IllegalArgumentException();
this.items = new Object[capacity];
lock = new ReentrantLock(fair);
notEmpty = lock.newCondition();
notFull = lock.newCondition();
}
/**
* Creates an {@code ArrayBlockingQueue} with the given (fixed)
* capacity, the specified access policy and initially containing the
* elements of the given collection,
* added in traversal order of the collection's iterator.
*
* @param capacity the capacity of this queue
* @param fair if {@code true} then queue accesses for threads blocked
* on insertion or removal, are processed in FIFO order;
* if {@code false} the access order is unspecified.
* @param c the collection of elements to initially contain
* @throws IllegalArgumentException if {@code capacity} is less than
* {@code c.size()}, or less than 1.
* @throws NullPointerException if the specified collection or any
* of its elements are null
*/
public ArrayBlockingQueue(int capacity, boolean fair,
Collection<? extends E> c) {
this(capacity, fair);
final ReentrantLock lock = this.lock;
lock.lock(); // Lock only for visibility, not mutual exclusion
try {
int i = 0;
try {
for (E e : c) {
checkNotNull(e);
items[i++] = e;
}
} catch (ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException ex) {
throw new IllegalArgumentException();
}
count = i;
putIndex = (i == capacity) ? 0 : i;
} finally {
lock.unlock();
}
}
/**
* Inserts the specified element at the tail of this queue if it is
* possible to do so immediately without exceeding the queue's capacity,
* returning {@code true} upon success and throwing an
* {@code IllegalStateException} if this queue is full.
*
* @param e the element to add
* @return {@code true} (as specified by {@link Collection#add})
* @throws IllegalStateException if this queue is full
* @throws NullPointerException if the specified element is null
*/
public boolean add(E e) {
return super.add(e);
}
/**
* Inserts the specified element at the tail of this queue if it is
* possible to do so immediately without exceeding the queue's capacity,
* returning {@code true} upon success and {@code false} if this queue
* is full. This method is generally preferable to method {@link #add},
* which can fail to insert an element only by throwing an exception.
*
* @throws NullPointerException if the specified element is null
*/
public boolean offer(E e) {
checkNotNull(e);
final ReentrantLock lock = this.lock;
lock.lock();
try {
if (count == items.length)
return false;
else {
insert(e);
return true;
}
} finally {
lock.unlock();
}
}
/**
* Inserts the specified element at the tail of this queue, waiting
* for space to become available if the queue is full.
*
* @throws InterruptedException {@inheritDoc}
* @throws NullPointerException {@inheritDoc}
*/
public void put(E e) throws InterruptedException {
checkNotNull(e);
final ReentrantLock lock = this.lock;
lock.lockInterruptibly();
try {
while (count == items.length)
notFull.await();
insert(e);
} finally {
lock.unlock();
}
}
/**
* Inserts the specified element at the tail of this queue, waiting
* up to the specified wait time for space to become available if
* the queue is full.
*
* @throws InterruptedException {@inheritDoc}
* @throws NullPointerException {@inheritDoc}
*/
public boolean offer(E e, long timeout, TimeUnit unit)
throws InterruptedException {
checkNotNull(e);
long nanos = unit.toNanos(timeout);
final ReentrantLock lock = this.lock;
lock.lockInterruptibly();
try {
while (count == items.length) {
if (nanos <= 0)
return false;
nanos = notFull.awaitNanos(nanos);
}
insert(e);
return true;
} finally {
lock.unlock();
}
}
public E poll() {
final ReentrantLock lock = this.lock;
lock.lock();
try {
return (count == 0) ? null : extract();
} finally {
lock.unlock();
}
}
public E take() throws InterruptedException {
final ReentrantLock lock = this.lock;
lock.lockInterruptibly();
try {
while (count == 0)
notEmpty.await();
return extract();
} finally {
lock.unlock();
}
}
public E poll(long timeout, TimeUnit unit) throws InterruptedException {
long nanos = unit.toNanos(timeout);
final ReentrantLock lock = this.lock;
lock.lockInterruptibly();
try {
while (count == 0) {
if (nanos <= 0)
return null;
nanos = notEmpty.awaitNanos(nanos);
}
return extract();
} finally {
lock.unlock();
}
}
public E peek() {
final ReentrantLock lock = this.lock;
lock.lock();
try {
return (count == 0) ? null : itemAt(takeIndex);
} finally {
lock.unlock();
}
}
// this doc comment is overridden to remove the reference to collections
// greater in size than Integer.MAX_VALUE
/**
* Returns the number of elements in this queue.
*
* @return the number of elements in this queue
*/
public int size() {
final ReentrantLock lock = this.lock;
lock.lock();
try {
return count;
} finally {
lock.unlock();
}
}
// this doc comment is a modified copy of the inherited doc comment,
// without the reference to unlimited queues.
/**
* Returns the number of additional elements that this queue can ideally
* (in the absence of memory or resource constraints) accept without
* blocking. This is always equal to the initial capacity of this queue
* less the current {@code size} of this queue.
*
* <p>Note that you <em>cannot</em> always tell if an attempt to insert
* an element will succeed by inspecting {@code remainingCapacity}
* because it may be the case that another thread is about to
* insert or remove an element.
*/
public int remainingCapacity() {
final ReentrantLock lock = this.lock;
lock.lock();
try {
return items.length - count;
} finally {
lock.unlock();
}
}
/**
* Removes a single instance of the specified element from this queue,
* if it is present. More formally, removes an element {@code e} such
* that {@code o.equals(e)}, if this queue contains one or more such
* elements.
* Returns {@code true} if this queue contained the specified element
* (or equivalently, if this queue changed as a result of the call).
*
* <p>Removal of interior elements in circular array based queues
* is an intrinsically slow and disruptive operation, so should
* be undertaken only in exceptional circumstances, ideally
* only when the queue is known not to be accessible by other
* threads.
*
* @param o element to be removed from this queue, if present
* @return {@code true} if this queue changed as a result of the call
*/
public boolean remove(Object o) {
if (o == null) return false;
final Object[] items = this.items;
final ReentrantLock lock = this.lock;
lock.lock();
try {
for (int i = takeIndex, k = count; k > 0; i = inc(i), k--) {
if (o.equals(items[i])) {
removeAt(i);
return true;
}
}
return false;
} finally {
lock.unlock();
}
}
/**
* Returns {@code true} if this queue contains the specified element.
* More formally, returns {@code true} if and only if this queue contains
* at least one element {@code e} such that {@code o.equals(e)}.
*
* @param o object to be checked for containment in this queue
* @return {@code true} if this queue contains the specified element
*/
public boolean contains(Object o) {
if (o == null) return false;
final Object[] items = this.items;
final ReentrantLock lock = this.lock;
lock.lock();
try {
for (int i = takeIndex, k = count; k > 0; i = inc(i), k--)
if (o.equals(items[i]))
return true;
return false;
} finally {
lock.unlock();
}
}
/**
* Returns an array containing all of the elements in this queue, in
* proper sequence.
*
* <p>The returned array will be "safe" in that no references to it are
* maintained by this queue. (In other words, this method must allocate
* a new array). The caller is thus free to modify the returned array.
*
* <p>This method acts as bridge between array-based and collection-based
* APIs.
*
* @return an array containing all of the elements in this queue
*/
public Object[] toArray() {
final Object[] items = this.items;
final ReentrantLock lock = this.lock;
lock.lock();
try {
final int count = this.count;
Object[] a = new Object[count];
for (int i = takeIndex, k = 0; k < count; i = inc(i), k++)
a[k] = items[i];
return a;
} finally {
lock.unlock();
}
}
/**
* Returns an array containing all of the elements in this queue, in
* proper sequence; the runtime type of the returned array is that of
* the specified array. If the queue fits in the specified array, it
* is returned therein. Otherwise, a new array is allocated with the
* runtime type of the specified array and the size of this queue.
*
* <p>If this queue fits in the specified array with room to spare
* (i.e., the array has more elements than this queue), the element in
* the array immediately following the end of the queue is set to
* {@code null}.
*
* <p>Like the {@link #toArray()} method, this method acts as bridge between
* array-based and collection-based APIs. Further, this method allows
* precise control over the runtime type of the output array, and may,
* under certain circumstances, be used to save allocation costs.
*
* <p>Suppose {@code x} is a queue known to contain only strings.
* The following code can be used to dump the queue into a newly
* allocated array of {@code String}:
*
* <pre>
* String[] y = x.toArray(new String[0]);</pre>
*
* Note that {@code toArray(new Object[0])} is identical in function to
* {@code toArray()}.
*
* @param a the array into which the elements of the queue are to
* be stored, if it is big enough; otherwise, a new array of the
* same runtime type is allocated for this purpose
* @return an array containing all of the elements in this queue
* @throws ArrayStoreException if the runtime type of the specified array
* is not a supertype of the runtime type of every element in
* this queue
* @throws NullPointerException if the specified array is null
*/
@SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
public <T> T[] toArray(T[] a) {
final Object[] items = this.items;
final ReentrantLock lock = this.lock;
lock.lock();
try {
final int count = this.count;
final int len = a.length;
if (len < count)
a = (T[])java.lang.reflect.Array.newInstance(
a.getClass().getComponentType(), count);
for (int i = takeIndex, k = 0; k < count; i = inc(i), k++)
a[k] = (T) items[i];
if (len > count)
a[count] = null;
return a;
} finally {
lock.unlock();
}
}
public String toString() {
final ReentrantLock lock = this.lock;
lock.lock();
try {
int k = count;
if (k == 0)
return "[]";
StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
sb.append('[');
for (int i = takeIndex; ; i = inc(i)) {
Object e = items[i];
sb.append(e == this ? "(this Collection)" : e);
if (--k == 0)
return sb.append(']').toString();
sb.append(',').append(' ');
}
} finally {
lock.unlock();
}
}
/**
* Atomically removes all of the elements from this queue.
* The queue will be empty after this call returns.
*/
public void clear() {
final Object[] items = this.items;
final ReentrantLock lock = this.lock;
lock.lock();
try {
for (int i = takeIndex, k = count; k > 0; i = inc(i), k--)
items[i] = null;
count = 0;
putIndex = 0;
takeIndex = 0;
notFull.signalAll();
} finally {
lock.unlock();
}
}
/**
* @throws UnsupportedOperationException {@inheritDoc}
* @throws ClassCastException {@inheritDoc}
* @throws NullPointerException {@inheritDoc}
* @throws IllegalArgumentException {@inheritDoc}
*/
public int drainTo(Collection<? super E> c) {
checkNotNull(c);
if (c == this)
throw new IllegalArgumentException();
final Object[] items = this.items;
final ReentrantLock lock = this.lock;
lock.lock();
try {
int i = takeIndex;
int n = 0;
int max = count;
while (n < max) {
c.add(this.<E>cast(items[i]));
items[i] = null;
i = inc(i);
++n;
}
if (n > 0) {
count = 0;
putIndex = 0;
takeIndex = 0;
notFull.signalAll();
}
return n;
} finally {
lock.unlock();
}
}
/**
* @throws UnsupportedOperationException {@inheritDoc}
* @throws ClassCastException {@inheritDoc}
* @throws NullPointerException {@inheritDoc}
* @throws IllegalArgumentException {@inheritDoc}
*/
public int drainTo(Collection<? super E> c, int maxElements) {
checkNotNull(c);
if (c == this)
throw new IllegalArgumentException();
if (maxElements <= 0)
return 0;
final Object[] items = this.items;
final ReentrantLock lock = this.lock;
lock.lock();
try {
int i = takeIndex;
int n = 0;
int max = (maxElements < count) ? maxElements : count;
while (n < max) {
c.add(this.<E>cast(items[i]));
items[i] = null;
i = inc(i);
++n;
}
if (n > 0) {
count -= n;
takeIndex = i;
notFull.signalAll();
}
return n;
} finally {
lock.unlock();
}
}
/**
* Returns an iterator over the elements in this queue in proper sequence.
* The elements will be returned in order from first (head) to last (tail).
*
* <p>The returned {@code Iterator} is a "weakly consistent" iterator that
* will never throw {@link java.util.ConcurrentModificationException
* ConcurrentModificationException},
* and guarantees to traverse elements as they existed upon
* construction of the iterator, and may (but is not guaranteed to)
* reflect any modifications subsequent to construction.
*
* @return an iterator over the elements in this queue in proper sequence
*/
public Iterator<E> iterator() {
return new Itr();
}
/**
* Iterator for ArrayBlockingQueue. To maintain weak consistency
* with respect to puts and takes, we (1) read ahead one slot, so
* as to not report hasNext true but then not have an element to
* return -- however we later recheck this slot to use the most
* current value; (2) ensure that each array slot is traversed at
* most once (by tracking "remaining" elements); (3) skip over
* null slots, which can occur if takes race ahead of iterators.
* However, for circular array-based queues, we cannot rely on any
* well established definition of what it means to be weakly
* consistent with respect to interior removes since these may
* require slot overwrites in the process of sliding elements to
* cover gaps. So we settle for resiliency, operating on
* established apparent nexts, which may miss some elements that
* have moved between calls to next.
*/
private class Itr implements Iterator<E> {
private int remaining; // Number of elements yet to be returned
private int nextIndex; // Index of element to be returned by next
private E nextItem; // Element to be returned by next call to next
private E lastItem; // Element returned by last call to next
private int lastRet; // Index of last element returned, or -1 if none
Itr() {
final ReentrantLock lock = ArrayBlockingQueue.this.lock;
lock.lock();
try {
lastRet = -1;
if ((remaining = count) > 0)
nextItem = itemAt(nextIndex = takeIndex);
} finally {
lock.unlock();
}
}
public boolean hasNext() {
return remaining > 0;
}
public E next() {
final ReentrantLock lock = ArrayBlockingQueue.this.lock;
lock.lock();
try {
if (remaining <= 0)
throw new NoSuchElementException();
lastRet = nextIndex;
E x = itemAt(nextIndex); // check for fresher value
if (x == null) {
x = nextItem; // we are forced to report old value
lastItem = null; // but ensure remove fails
}
else
lastItem = x;
while (--remaining > 0 && // skip over nulls
(nextItem = itemAt(nextIndex = inc(nextIndex))) == null)
;
return x;
} finally {
lock.unlock();
}
}
public void remove() {
final ReentrantLock lock = ArrayBlockingQueue.this.lock;
lock.lock();
try {
int i = lastRet;
if (i == -1)
throw new IllegalStateException();
lastRet = -1;
E x = lastItem;
lastItem = null;
// only remove if item still at index
if (x != null && x == items[i]) {
boolean removingHead = (i == takeIndex);
removeAt(i);
if (!removingHead)
nextIndex = dec(nextIndex);
}
} finally {
lock.unlock();
}
}
}
}