/*
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 * DO NOT ALTER OR REMOVE COPYRIGHT NOTICES OR THIS FILE HEADER.
 *
 * This code is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
 * under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 2 only, as
 * published by the Free Software Foundation.
 *
 * This code is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
 * ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or
 * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU General Public License
 * version 2 for more details (a copy is included in the LICENSE file that
 * accompanied this code).
 *
 * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License version
 * 2 along with this work; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation,
 * Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA.
 *
 * Please contact Oracle, 500 Oracle Parkway, Redwood Shores, CA 94065 USA
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#include "precompiled.hpp"
#include "classfile/classLoaderDataGraph.hpp"
#include "gc/shared/cardTableRS.hpp"
#include "gc/shared/genCollectedHeap.hpp"
#include "gc/shared/genOopClosures.hpp"
#include "gc/shared/generation.hpp"
#include "gc/shared/space.inline.hpp"
#include "memory/allocation.inline.hpp"
#include "memory/iterator.inline.hpp"
#include "oops/access.inline.hpp"
#include "oops/oop.inline.hpp"
#include "runtime/atomic.hpp"
#include "runtime/java.hpp"
#include "runtime/os.hpp"
#include "utilities/macros.hpp"

class HasAccumulatedModifiedOopsClosure : public CLDClosure {
  bool _found;
 public:
  HasAccumulatedModifiedOopsClosure() : _found(false) {}
  void do_cld(ClassLoaderData* cld) {
    if (_found) {
      return;
    }

    if (cld->has_accumulated_modified_oops()) {
      _found = true;
    }
  }
  bool found() {
    return _found;
  }
};

bool CLDRemSet::mod_union_is_clear() {
  HasAccumulatedModifiedOopsClosure closure;
  ClassLoaderDataGraph::cld_do(&closure);

  return !closure.found();
}


class ClearCLDModUnionClosure : public CLDClosure {
 public:
  void do_cld(ClassLoaderData* cld) {
    if (cld->has_accumulated_modified_oops()) {
      cld->clear_accumulated_modified_oops();
    }
  }
};

void CLDRemSet::clear_mod_union() {
  ClearCLDModUnionClosure closure;
  ClassLoaderDataGraph::cld_do(&closure);
}

CardTable::CardValue CardTableRS::find_unused_youngergenP_card_value() {
  for (CardValue v = youngergenP1_card;
       v < cur_youngergen_and_prev_nonclean_card;
       v++) {
    bool seen = false;
    for (int g = 0; g < _regions_to_iterate; g++) {
      if (_last_cur_val_in_gen[g] == v) {
        seen = true;
        break;
      }
    }
    if (!seen) {
      return v;
    }
  }
  ShouldNotReachHere();
  return 0;
}

void CardTableRS::prepare_for_younger_refs_iterate(bool parallel) {
  // Parallel or sequential, we must always set the prev to equal the
  // last one written.
  if (parallel) {
    // Find a parallel value to be used next.
    jbyte next_val = find_unused_youngergenP_card_value();
    set_cur_youngergen_card_val(next_val);

  } else {
    // In an sequential traversal we will always write youngergen, so that
    // the inline barrier is  correct.
    set_cur_youngergen_card_val(youngergen_card);
  }
}

void CardTableRS::younger_refs_iterate(Generation* g,
                                       OopsInGenClosure* blk,
                                       uint n_threads) {
  // The indexing in this array is slightly odd. We want to access
  // the old generation record here, which is at index 2.
  _last_cur_val_in_gen[2] = cur_youngergen_card_val();
  g->younger_refs_iterate(blk, n_threads);
}

inline bool ClearNoncleanCardWrapper::clear_card(CardValue* entry) {
  if (_is_par) {
    return clear_card_parallel(entry);
  } else {
    return clear_card_serial(entry);
  }
}

inline bool ClearNoncleanCardWrapper::clear_card_parallel(CardValue* entry) {
  while (true) {
    // In the parallel case, we may have to do this several times.
    CardValue entry_val = *entry;
    assert(entry_val != CardTableRS::clean_card_val(),
           "We shouldn't be looking at clean cards, and this should "
           "be the only place they get cleaned.");
    if (CardTableRS::card_is_dirty_wrt_gen_iter(entry_val)
        || _ct->is_prev_youngergen_card_val(entry_val)) {
      CardValue res =
        Atomic::cmpxchg(entry, entry_val, CardTableRS::clean_card_val());
      if (res == entry_val) {
        break;
      } else {
        assert(res == CardTableRS::cur_youngergen_and_prev_nonclean_card,
               "The CAS above should only fail if another thread did "
               "a GC write barrier.");
      }
    } else if (entry_val ==
               CardTableRS::cur_youngergen_and_prev_nonclean_card) {
      // Parallelism shouldn't matter in this case.  Only the thread
      // assigned to scan the card should change this value.
      *entry = _ct->cur_youngergen_card_val();
      break;
    } else {
      assert(entry_val == _ct->cur_youngergen_card_val(),
             "Should be the only possibility.");
      // In this case, the card was clean before, and become
      // cur_youngergen only because of processing of a promoted object.
      // We don't have to look at the card.
      return false;
    }
  }
  return true;
}


inline bool ClearNoncleanCardWrapper::clear_card_serial(CardValue* entry) {
  CardValue entry_val = *entry;
  assert(entry_val != CardTableRS::clean_card_val(),
         "We shouldn't be looking at clean cards, and this should "
         "be the only place they get cleaned.");
  assert(entry_val != CardTableRS::cur_youngergen_and_prev_nonclean_card,
         "This should be possible in the sequential case.");
  *entry = CardTableRS::clean_card_val();
  return true;
}

ClearNoncleanCardWrapper::ClearNoncleanCardWrapper(
  DirtyCardToOopClosure* dirty_card_closure, CardTableRS* ct, bool is_par) :
    _dirty_card_closure(dirty_card_closure), _ct(ct), _is_par(is_par) {
}

bool ClearNoncleanCardWrapper::is_word_aligned(CardTable::CardValue* entry) {
  return (((intptr_t)entry) & (BytesPerWord-1)) == 0;
}

// The regions are visited in *decreasing* address order.
// This order aids with imprecise card marking, where a dirty
// card may cause scanning, and summarization marking, of objects
// that extend onto subsequent cards.
void ClearNoncleanCardWrapper::do_MemRegion(MemRegion mr) {
  assert(mr.word_size() > 0, "Error");
  assert(_ct->is_aligned(mr.start()), "mr.start() should be card aligned");
  // mr.end() may not necessarily be card aligned.
  CardValue* cur_entry = _ct->byte_for(mr.last());
  const CardValue* limit = _ct->byte_for(mr.start());
  HeapWord* end_of_non_clean = mr.end();
  HeapWord* start_of_non_clean = end_of_non_clean;
  while (cur_entry >= limit) {
    HeapWord* cur_hw = _ct->addr_for(cur_entry);
    if ((*cur_entry != CardTableRS::clean_card_val()) && clear_card(cur_entry)) {
      // Continue the dirty range by opening the
      // dirty window one card to the left.
      start_of_non_clean = cur_hw;
    } else {
      // We hit a "clean" card; process any non-empty
      // "dirty" range accumulated so far.
      if (start_of_non_clean < end_of_non_clean) {
        const MemRegion mrd(start_of_non_clean, end_of_non_clean);
        _dirty_card_closure->do_MemRegion(mrd);
      }

      // fast forward through potential continuous whole-word range of clean cards beginning at a word-boundary
      if (is_word_aligned(cur_entry)) {
        CardValue* cur_row = cur_entry - BytesPerWord;
        while (cur_row >= limit && *((intptr_t*)cur_row) ==  CardTableRS::clean_card_row_val()) {
          cur_row -= BytesPerWord;
        }
        cur_entry = cur_row + BytesPerWord;
        cur_hw = _ct->addr_for(cur_entry);
      }

      // Reset the dirty window, while continuing to look
      // for the next dirty card that will start a
      // new dirty window.
      end_of_non_clean = cur_hw;
      start_of_non_clean = cur_hw;
    }
    // Note that "cur_entry" leads "start_of_non_clean" in
    // its leftward excursion after this point
    // in the loop and, when we hit the left end of "mr",
    // will point off of the left end of the card-table
    // for "mr".
    cur_entry--;
  }
  // If the first card of "mr" was dirty, we will have
  // been left with a dirty window, co-initial with "mr",
  // which we now process.
  if (start_of_non_clean < end_of_non_clean) {
    const MemRegion mrd(start_of_non_clean, end_of_non_clean);
    _dirty_card_closure->do_MemRegion(mrd);
  }
}

// clean (by dirty->clean before) ==> cur_younger_gen
// dirty                          ==> cur_youngergen_and_prev_nonclean_card
// precleaned                     ==> cur_youngergen_and_prev_nonclean_card
// prev-younger-gen               ==> cur_youngergen_and_prev_nonclean_card
// cur-younger-gen                ==> cur_younger_gen
// cur_youngergen_and_prev_nonclean_card ==> no change.
void CardTableRS::write_ref_field_gc_par(void* field, oop new_val) {
  volatile CardValue* entry = byte_for(field);
  do {
    CardValue entry_val = *entry;
    // We put this first because it's probably the most common case.
    if (entry_val == clean_card_val()) {
      // No threat of contention with cleaning threads.
      *entry = cur_youngergen_card_val();
      return;
    } else if (card_is_dirty_wrt_gen_iter(entry_val)
               || is_prev_youngergen_card_val(entry_val)) {
      // Mark it as both cur and prev youngergen; card cleaning thread will
      // eventually remove the previous stuff.
      CardValue new_val = cur_youngergen_and_prev_nonclean_card;
      CardValue res = Atomic::cmpxchg(entry, entry_val, new_val);
      // Did the CAS succeed?
      if (res == entry_val) return;
      // Otherwise, retry, to see the new value.
      continue;
    } else {
      assert(entry_val == cur_youngergen_and_prev_nonclean_card
             || entry_val == cur_youngergen_card_val(),
             "should be only possibilities.");
      return;
    }
  } while (true);
}

void CardTableRS::younger_refs_in_space_iterate(Space* sp,
                                                OopsInGenClosure* cl,
                                                uint n_threads) {
  verify_used_region_at_save_marks(sp);

  const MemRegion urasm = sp->used_region_at_save_marks();
  non_clean_card_iterate_possibly_parallel(sp, urasm, cl, this, n_threads);
}

#ifdef ASSERT
void CardTableRS::verify_used_region_at_save_marks(Space* sp) const {
  MemRegion ur    = sp->used_region();
  MemRegion urasm = sp->used_region_at_save_marks();

  assert(ur.contains(urasm),
         "Did you forget to call save_marks()? "
         "[" PTR_FORMAT ", " PTR_FORMAT ") is not contained in "
         "[" PTR_FORMAT ", " PTR_FORMAT ")",
         p2i(urasm.start()), p2i(urasm.end()), p2i(ur.start()), p2i(ur.end()));
}
#endif

void CardTableRS::clear_into_younger(Generation* old_gen) {
  assert(GenCollectedHeap::heap()->is_old_gen(old_gen),
         "Should only be called for the old generation");
  // The card tables for the youngest gen need never be cleared.
  // There's a bit of subtlety in the clear() and invalidate()
  // methods that we exploit here and in invalidate_or_clear()
  // below to avoid missing cards at the fringes. If clear() or
  // invalidate() are changed in the future, this code should
  // be revisited. 20040107.ysr
  clear(old_gen->prev_used_region());
}

void CardTableRS::invalidate_or_clear(Generation* old_gen) {
  assert(GenCollectedHeap::heap()->is_old_gen(old_gen),
         "Should only be called for the old generation");
  // Invalidate the cards for the currently occupied part of
  // the old generation and clear the cards for the
  // unoccupied part of the generation (if any, making use
  // of that generation's prev_used_region to determine that
  // region). No need to do anything for the youngest
  // generation. Also see note#20040107.ysr above.
  MemRegion used_mr = old_gen->used_region();
  MemRegion to_be_cleared_mr = old_gen->prev_used_region().minus(used_mr);
  if (!to_be_cleared_mr.is_empty()) {
    clear(to_be_cleared_mr);
  }
  invalidate(used_mr);
}


class VerifyCleanCardClosure: public BasicOopIterateClosure {
private:
  HeapWord* _boundary;
  HeapWord* _begin;
  HeapWord* _end;
protected:
  template <class T> void do_oop_work(T* p) {
    HeapWord* jp = (HeapWord*)p;
    assert(jp >= _begin && jp < _end,
           "Error: jp " PTR_FORMAT " should be within "
           "[_begin, _end) = [" PTR_FORMAT "," PTR_FORMAT ")",
           p2i(jp), p2i(_begin), p2i(_end));
    oop obj = RawAccess<>::oop_load(p);
    guarantee(obj == NULL || (HeapWord*)obj >= _boundary,
              "pointer " PTR_FORMAT " at " PTR_FORMAT " on "
              "clean card crosses boundary" PTR_FORMAT,
              p2i(obj), p2i(jp), p2i(_boundary));
  }

public:
  VerifyCleanCardClosure(HeapWord* b, HeapWord* begin, HeapWord* end) :
    _boundary(b), _begin(begin), _end(end) {
    assert(b <= begin,
           "Error: boundary " PTR_FORMAT " should be at or below begin " PTR_FORMAT,
           p2i(b), p2i(begin));
    assert(begin <= end,
           "Error: begin " PTR_FORMAT " should be strictly below end " PTR_FORMAT,
           p2i(begin), p2i(end));
  }

  virtual void do_oop(oop* p)       { VerifyCleanCardClosure::do_oop_work(p); }
  virtual void do_oop(narrowOop* p) { VerifyCleanCardClosure::do_oop_work(p); }
};

class VerifyCTSpaceClosure: public SpaceClosure {
private:
  CardTableRS* _ct;
  HeapWord* _boundary;
public:
  VerifyCTSpaceClosure(CardTableRS* ct, HeapWord* boundary) :
    _ct(ct), _boundary(boundary) {}
  virtual void do_space(Space* s) { _ct->verify_space(s, _boundary); }
};

class VerifyCTGenClosure: public GenCollectedHeap::GenClosure {
  CardTableRS* _ct;
public:
  VerifyCTGenClosure(CardTableRS* ct) : _ct(ct) {}
  void do_generation(Generation* gen) {
    // Skip the youngest generation.
    if (GenCollectedHeap::heap()->is_young_gen(gen)) {
      return;
    }
    // Normally, we're interested in pointers to younger generations.
    VerifyCTSpaceClosure blk(_ct, gen->reserved().start());
    gen->space_iterate(&blk, true);
  }
};

void CardTableRS::verify_space(Space* s, HeapWord* gen_boundary) {
  // We don't need to do young-gen spaces.
  if (s->end() <= gen_boundary) return;
  MemRegion used = s->used_region();

  CardValue* cur_entry = byte_for(used.start());
  CardValue* limit = byte_after(used.last());
  while (cur_entry < limit) {
    if (*cur_entry == clean_card_val()) {
      CardValue* first_dirty = cur_entry+1;
      while (first_dirty < limit &&
             *first_dirty == clean_card_val()) {
        first_dirty++;
      }
      // If the first object is a regular object, and it has a
      // young-to-old field, that would mark the previous card.
      HeapWord* boundary = addr_for(cur_entry);
      HeapWord* end = (first_dirty >= limit) ? used.end() : addr_for(first_dirty);
      HeapWord* boundary_block = s->block_start(boundary);
      HeapWord* begin = boundary;             // Until proven otherwise.
      HeapWord* start_block = boundary_block; // Until proven otherwise.
      if (boundary_block < boundary) {
        if (s->block_is_obj(boundary_block) && s->obj_is_alive(boundary_block)) {
          oop boundary_obj = oop(boundary_block);
          if (!boundary_obj->is_objArray() &&
              !boundary_obj->is_typeArray()) {
            guarantee(cur_entry > byte_for(used.start()),
                      "else boundary would be boundary_block");
            if (*byte_for(boundary_block) != clean_card_val()) {
              begin = boundary_block + s->block_size(boundary_block);
              start_block = begin;
            }
          }
        }
      }
      // Now traverse objects until end.
      if (begin < end) {
        MemRegion mr(begin, end);
        VerifyCleanCardClosure verify_blk(gen_boundary, begin, end);
        for (HeapWord* cur = start_block; cur < end; cur += s->block_size(cur)) {
          if (s->block_is_obj(cur) && s->obj_is_alive(cur)) {
            oop(cur)->oop_iterate(&verify_blk, mr);
          }
        }
      }
      cur_entry = first_dirty;
    } else {
      // We'd normally expect that cur_youngergen_and_prev_nonclean_card
      // is a transient value, that cannot be in the card table
      // except during GC, and thus assert that:
      // guarantee(*cur_entry != cur_youngergen_and_prev_nonclean_card,
      //        "Illegal CT value");
      // That however, need not hold, as will become clear in the
      // following...

      // We'd normally expect that if we are in the parallel case,
      // we can't have left a prev value (which would be different
      // from the current value) in the card table, and so we'd like to
      // assert that:
      // guarantee(cur_youngergen_card_val() == youngergen_card
      //           || !is_prev_youngergen_card_val(*cur_entry),
      //           "Illegal CT value");
      // That, however, may not hold occasionally, because of
      // CMS or MSC in the old gen. To wit, consider the
      // following two simple illustrative scenarios:
      // (a) CMS: Consider the case where a large object L
      //     spanning several cards is allocated in the old
      //     gen, and has a young gen reference stored in it, dirtying
      //     some interior cards. A young collection scans the card,
      //     finds a young ref and installs a youngergenP_n value.
      //     L then goes dead. Now a CMS collection starts,
      //     finds L dead and sweeps it up. Assume that L is
      //     abutting _unallocated_blk, so _unallocated_blk is
      //     adjusted down to (below) L. Assume further that
      //     no young collection intervenes during this CMS cycle.
      //     The next young gen cycle will not get to look at this
      //     youngergenP_n card since it lies in the unoccupied
      //     part of the space.
      //     Some young collections later the blocks on this
      //     card can be re-allocated either due to direct allocation
      //     or due to absorbing promotions. At this time, the
      //     before-gc verification will fail the above assert.
      // (b) MSC: In this case, an object L with a young reference
      //     is on a card that (therefore) holds a youngergen_n value.
      //     Suppose also that L lies towards the end of the used
      //     the used space before GC. An MSC collection
      //     occurs that compacts to such an extent that this
      //     card is no longer in the occupied part of the space.
      //     Since current code in MSC does not always clear cards
      //     in the unused part of old gen, this stale youngergen_n
      //     value is left behind and can later be covered by
      //     an object when promotion or direct allocation
      //     re-allocates that part of the heap.
      //
      // Fortunately, the presence of such stale card values is
      // "only" a minor annoyance in that subsequent young collections
      // might needlessly scan such cards, but would still never corrupt
      // the heap as a result. However, it's likely not to be a significant
      // performance inhibitor in practice. For instance,
      // some recent measurements with unoccupied cards eagerly cleared
      // out to maintain this invariant, showed next to no
      // change in young collection times; of course one can construct
      // degenerate examples where the cost can be significant.)
      // Note, in particular, that if the "stale" card is modified
      // after re-allocation, it would be dirty, not "stale". Thus,
      // we can never have a younger ref in such a card and it is
      // safe not to scan that card in any collection. [As we see
      // below, we do some unnecessary scanning
      // in some cases in the current parallel scanning algorithm.]
      //
      // The main point below is that the parallel card scanning code
      // deals correctly with these stale card values. There are two main
      // cases to consider where we have a stale "young gen" value and a
      // "derivative" case to consider, where we have a stale
      // "cur_younger_gen_and_prev_non_clean" value, as will become
      // apparent in the case analysis below.
      // o Case 1. If the stale value corresponds to a younger_gen_n
      //   value other than the cur_younger_gen value then the code
      //   treats this as being tantamount to a prev_younger_gen
      //   card. This means that the card may be unnecessarily scanned.
      //   There are two sub-cases to consider:
      //   o Case 1a. Let us say that the card is in the occupied part
      //     of the generation at the time the collection begins. In
      //     that case the card will be either cleared when it is scanned
      //     for young pointers, or will be set to cur_younger_gen as a
      //     result of promotion. (We have elided the normal case where
      //     the scanning thread and the promoting thread interleave
      //     possibly resulting in a transient
      //     cur_younger_gen_and_prev_non_clean value before settling
      //     to cur_younger_gen. [End Case 1a.]
      //   o Case 1b. Consider now the case when the card is in the unoccupied
      //     part of the space which becomes occupied because of promotions
      //     into it during the current young GC. In this case the card
      //     will never be scanned for young references. The current
      //     code will set the card value to either
      //     cur_younger_gen_and_prev_non_clean or leave
      //     it with its stale value -- because the promotions didn't
      //     result in any younger refs on that card. Of these two
      //     cases, the latter will be covered in Case 1a during
      //     a subsequent scan. To deal with the former case, we need
      //     to further consider how we deal with a stale value of
      //     cur_younger_gen_and_prev_non_clean in our case analysis
      //     below. This we do in Case 3 below. [End Case 1b]
      //   [End Case 1]
      // o Case 2. If the stale value corresponds to cur_younger_gen being
      //   a value not necessarily written by a current promotion, the
      //   card will not be scanned by the younger refs scanning code.
      //   (This is OK since as we argued above such cards cannot contain
      //   any younger refs.) The result is that this value will be
      //   treated as a prev_younger_gen value in a subsequent collection,
      //   which is addressed in Case 1 above. [End Case 2]
      // o Case 3. We here consider the "derivative" case from Case 1b. above
      //   because of which we may find a stale
      //   cur_younger_gen_and_prev_non_clean card value in the table.
      //   Once again, as in Case 1, we consider two subcases, depending
      //   on whether the card lies in the occupied or unoccupied part
      //   of the space at the start of the young collection.
      //   o Case 3a. Let us say the card is in the occupied part of
      //     the old gen at the start of the young collection. In that
      //     case, the card will be scanned by the younger refs scanning
      //     code which will set it to cur_younger_gen. In a subsequent
      //     scan, the card will be considered again and get its final
      //     correct value. [End Case 3a]
      //   o Case 3b. Now consider the case where the card is in the
      //     unoccupied part of the old gen, and is occupied as a result
      //     of promotions during thus young gc. In that case,
      //     the card will not be scanned for younger refs. The presence
      //     of newly promoted objects on the card will then result in
      //     its keeping the value cur_younger_gen_and_prev_non_clean
      //     value, which we have dealt with in Case 3 here. [End Case 3b]
      //   [End Case 3]
      //
      // (Please refer to the code in the helper class
      // ClearNonCleanCardWrapper and in CardTable for details.)
      //
      // The informal arguments above can be tightened into a formal
      // correctness proof and it behooves us to write up such a proof,
      // or to use model checking to prove that there are no lingering
      // concerns.
      //
      // Clearly because of Case 3b one cannot bound the time for
      // which a card will retain what we have called a "stale" value.
      // However, one can obtain a Loose upper bound on the redundant
      // work as a result of such stale values. Note first that any
      // time a stale card lies in the occupied part of the space at
      // the start of the collection, it is scanned by younger refs
      // code and we can define a rank function on card values that
      // declines when this is so. Note also that when a card does not
      // lie in the occupied part of the space at the beginning of a
      // young collection, its rank can either decline or stay unchanged.
      // In this case, no extra work is done in terms of redundant
      // younger refs scanning of that card.
      // Then, the case analysis above reveals that, in the worst case,
      // any such stale card will be scanned unnecessarily at most twice.
      //
      // It is nonetheless advisable to try and get rid of some of this
      // redundant work in a subsequent (low priority) re-design of
      // the card-scanning code, if only to simplify the underlying
      // state machine analysis/proof. ysr 1/28/2002. XXX
      cur_entry++;
    }
  }
}

void CardTableRS::verify() {
  // At present, we only know how to verify the card table RS for
  // generational heaps.
  VerifyCTGenClosure blk(this);
  GenCollectedHeap::heap()->generation_iterate(&blk, false);
  CardTable::verify();
}

CardTableRS::CardTableRS(MemRegion whole_heap, bool scanned_concurrently) :
  CardTable(whole_heap, scanned_concurrently),
  _cur_youngergen_card_val(youngergenP1_card),
  // LNC functionality
  _lowest_non_clean(NULL),
  _lowest_non_clean_chunk_size(NULL),
  _lowest_non_clean_base_chunk_index(NULL),
  _last_LNC_resizing_collection(NULL)
{
  // max_gens is really GenCollectedHeap::heap()->gen_policy()->number_of_generations()
  // (which is always 2, young & old), but GenCollectedHeap has not been initialized yet.
  uint max_gens = 2;
  _last_cur_val_in_gen = NEW_C_HEAP_ARRAY3(CardValue, max_gens + 1,
                         mtGC, CURRENT_PC, AllocFailStrategy::RETURN_NULL);
  if (_last_cur_val_in_gen == NULL) {
    vm_exit_during_initialization("Could not create last_cur_val_in_gen array.");
  }
  for (uint i = 0; i < max_gens + 1; i++) {
    _last_cur_val_in_gen[i] = clean_card_val();
  }
}

CardTableRS::~CardTableRS() {
  FREE_C_HEAP_ARRAY(CardValue, _last_cur_val_in_gen);
  FREE_C_HEAP_ARRAY(CardArr, _lowest_non_clean);
  FREE_C_HEAP_ARRAY(size_t, _lowest_non_clean_chunk_size);
  FREE_C_HEAP_ARRAY(uintptr_t, _lowest_non_clean_base_chunk_index);
  FREE_C_HEAP_ARRAY(int, _last_LNC_resizing_collection);
}

void CardTableRS::initialize() {
  CardTable::initialize();
  _lowest_non_clean =
    NEW_C_HEAP_ARRAY(CardArr, _max_covered_regions, mtGC);
  _lowest_non_clean_chunk_size =
    NEW_C_HEAP_ARRAY(size_t, _max_covered_regions, mtGC);
  _lowest_non_clean_base_chunk_index =
    NEW_C_HEAP_ARRAY(uintptr_t, _max_covered_regions, mtGC);
  _last_LNC_resizing_collection =
    NEW_C_HEAP_ARRAY(int, _max_covered_regions, mtGC);

  for (int i = 0; i < _max_covered_regions; i++) {
    _lowest_non_clean[i] = NULL;
    _lowest_non_clean_chunk_size[i] = 0;
    _last_LNC_resizing_collection[i] = -1;
  }
}

bool CardTableRS::card_will_be_scanned(CardValue cv) {
  return card_is_dirty_wrt_gen_iter(cv) || is_prev_nonclean_card_val(cv);
}

bool CardTableRS::card_may_have_been_dirty(CardValue cv) {
  return
    cv != clean_card &&
    (card_is_dirty_wrt_gen_iter(cv) ||
     CardTableRS::youngergen_may_have_been_dirty(cv));
}

void CardTableRS::non_clean_card_iterate_possibly_parallel(
  Space* sp,
  MemRegion mr,
  OopsInGenClosure* cl,
  CardTableRS* ct,
  uint n_threads)
{
  if (!mr.is_empty()) {
    if (n_threads > 0) {
      non_clean_card_iterate_parallel_work(sp, mr, cl, ct, n_threads);
    } else {
      // clear_cl finds contiguous dirty ranges of cards to process and clear.

      // This is the single-threaded version used by DefNew.
      const bool parallel = false;

      DirtyCardToOopClosure* dcto_cl = sp->new_dcto_cl(cl, precision(), cl->gen_boundary(), parallel);
      ClearNoncleanCardWrapper clear_cl(dcto_cl, ct, parallel);

      clear_cl.do_MemRegion(mr);
    }
  }
}

void CardTableRS::non_clean_card_iterate_parallel_work(Space* sp, MemRegion mr,
                                                       OopsInGenClosure* cl, CardTableRS* ct,
                                                       uint n_threads) {
  fatal("Parallel gc not supported here.");
}

bool CardTableRS::is_in_young(oop obj) const {
  return GenCollectedHeap::heap()->is_in_young(obj);
}