#+
−
# DO NOT ALTER OR REMOVE COPYRIGHT NOTICES OR THIS FILE HEADER.+
−
#+
−
# This code is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it+
−
# under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 2 only, as+
−
# published by the Free Software Foundation.  Oracle designates this+
−
# particular file as subject to the "Classpath" exception as provided+
−
# by Oracle in the LICENSE file that accompanied this code.+
−
#+
−
# This code is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT+
−
# ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or+
−
# FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU General Public License+
−
# version 2 for more details (a copy is included in the LICENSE file that+
−
# accompanied this code).+
−
#+
−
# You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License version+
−
# 2 along with this work; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation,+
−
# Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA.+
−
#+
−
# Please contact Oracle, 500 Oracle Parkway, Redwood Shores, CA 94065 USA+
−
# or visit www.oracle.com if you need additional information or have any+
−
# questions.+
−
#+
−
# This file is in the public domain, so clarified as of+
−
# 2009-05-17 by Arthur David Olson.+
−
+
−
# This file also includes Pacific islands.+
−
+
−
# Notes are at the end of this file+
−
+
−
###############################################################################+
−
+
−
# Australia+
−
+
−
# Please see the notes below for the controversy about "EST" versus "AEST" etc.+
−
+
−
# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S+
−
Rule	Aus	1917	only	-	Jan	 1	0:01	1:00	D+
−
Rule	Aus	1917	only	-	Mar	25	2:00	0	S+
−
Rule	Aus	1942	only	-	Jan	 1	2:00	1:00	D+
−
Rule	Aus	1942	only	-	Mar	29	2:00	0	S+
−
Rule	Aus	1942	only	-	Sep	27	2:00	1:00	D+
−
Rule	Aus	1943	1944	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00	0	S+
−
Rule	Aus	1943	only	-	Oct	 3	2:00	1:00	D+
−
# Go with Whitman and the Australian National Standards Commission, which+
−
# says W Australia didn't use DST in 1943/1944.  Ignore Whitman's claim that+
−
# 1944/1945 was just like 1943/1944.+
−
+
−
# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]+
−
# Northern Territory+
−
Zone Australia/Darwin	 8:43:20 -	LMT	1895 Feb+
−
			 9:00	-	ACST	1899 May+
−
			 9:30	Aus	AC%sT+
−
# Western Australia+
−
#+
−
# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S+
−
Rule	AW	1974	only	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	D+
−
Rule	AW	1975	only	-	Mar	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	S+
−
Rule	AW	1983	only	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	D+
−
Rule	AW	1984	only	-	Mar	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	S+
−
Rule	AW	1991	only	-	Nov	17	2:00s	1:00	D+
−
Rule	AW	1992	only	-	Mar	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	S+
−
Rule	AW	2006	only	-	Dec	 3	2:00s	1:00	D+
−
Rule	AW	2007	2009	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00s	0	S+
−
Rule	AW	2007	2008	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	D+
−
Zone Australia/Perth	 7:43:24 -	LMT	1895 Dec+
−
			 8:00	Aus	AW%sT	1943 Jul+
−
			 8:00	AW	AW%sT+
−
Zone Australia/Eucla	 8:35:28 -	LMT	1895 Dec+
−
			 8:45	Aus +0845/+0945	1943 Jul+
−
			 8:45	AW  +0845/+0945+
−
+
−
# Queensland+
−
#+
−
# From Alex Livingston (1996-11-01):+
−
# I have heard or read more than once that some resort islands off the coast+
−
# of Queensland chose to keep observing daylight-saving time even after+
−
# Queensland ceased to.+
−
#+
−
# From Paul Eggert (1996-11-22):+
−
# IATA SSIM (1993-02/1994-09) say that the Holiday Islands (Hayman, Lindeman,+
−
# Hamilton) observed DST for two years after the rest of Queensland stopped.+
−
# Hamilton is the largest, but there is also a Hamilton in Victoria,+
−
# so use Lindeman.+
−
#+
−
# From J William Piggott (2016-02-20):+
−
# There is no location named Holiday Islands in Queensland Australia; holiday+
−
# islands is a colloquial term used globally.  Hayman and Lindeman are at the+
−
# north and south extremes of the Whitsunday Islands archipelago, and+
−
# Hamilton is in between; it is reasonable to believe that this time zone+
−
# applies to all of the Whitsundays.+
−
# http://www.australia.gov.au/about-australia/australian-story/austn-islands+
−
#+
−
# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S+
−
Rule	AQ	1971	only	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	D+
−
Rule	AQ	1972	only	-	Feb	lastSun	2:00s	0	S+
−
Rule	AQ	1989	1991	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	D+
−
Rule	AQ	1990	1992	-	Mar	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	S+
−
Rule	Holiday	1992	1993	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	D+
−
Rule	Holiday	1993	1994	-	Mar	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	S+
−
Zone Australia/Brisbane	10:12:08 -	LMT	1895+
−
			10:00	Aus	AE%sT	1971+
−
			10:00	AQ	AE%sT+
−
Zone Australia/Lindeman  9:55:56 -	LMT	1895+
−
			10:00	Aus	AE%sT	1971+
−
			10:00	AQ	AE%sT	1992 Jul+
−
			10:00	Holiday	AE%sT+
−
+
−
# South Australia+
−
# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S+
−
Rule	AS	1971	1985	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	D+
−
Rule	AS	1986	only	-	Oct	19	2:00s	1:00	D+
−
Rule	AS	1987	2007	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	D+
−
Rule	AS	1972	only	-	Feb	27	2:00s	0	S+
−
Rule	AS	1973	1985	-	Mar	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	S+
−
Rule	AS	1986	1990	-	Mar	Sun>=15	2:00s	0	S+
−
Rule	AS	1991	only	-	Mar	3	2:00s	0	S+
−
Rule	AS	1992	only	-	Mar	22	2:00s	0	S+
−
Rule	AS	1993	only	-	Mar	7	2:00s	0	S+
−
Rule	AS	1994	only	-	Mar	20	2:00s	0	S+
−
Rule	AS	1995	2005	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00s	0	S+
−
Rule	AS	2006	only	-	Apr	2	2:00s	0	S+
−
Rule	AS	2007	only	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00s	0	S+
−
Rule	AS	2008	max	-	Apr	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	S+
−
Rule	AS	2008	max	-	Oct	Sun>=1	2:00s	1:00	D+
−
# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]+
−
Zone Australia/Adelaide	9:14:20 -	LMT	1895 Feb+
−
			9:00	-	ACST	1899 May+
−
			9:30	Aus	AC%sT	1971+
−
			9:30	AS	AC%sT+
−
+
−
# Tasmania+
−
#+
−
# From Paul Eggert (2005-08-16):+
−
# http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/dst_times.shtml+
−
# says King Island didn't observe DST from WWII until late 1971.+
−
#+
−
# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S+
−
Rule	AT	1967	only	-	Oct	Sun>=1	2:00s	1:00	D+
−
Rule	AT	1968	only	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00s	0	S+
−
Rule	AT	1968	1985	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	D+
−
Rule	AT	1969	1971	-	Mar	Sun>=8	2:00s	0	S+
−
Rule	AT	1972	only	-	Feb	lastSun	2:00s	0	S+
−
Rule	AT	1973	1981	-	Mar	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	S+
−
Rule	AT	1982	1983	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00s	0	S+
−
Rule	AT	1984	1986	-	Mar	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	S+
−
Rule	AT	1986	only	-	Oct	Sun>=15	2:00s	1:00	D+
−
Rule	AT	1987	1990	-	Mar	Sun>=15	2:00s	0	S+
−
Rule	AT	1987	only	-	Oct	Sun>=22	2:00s	1:00	D+
−
Rule	AT	1988	1990	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	D+
−
Rule	AT	1991	1999	-	Oct	Sun>=1	2:00s	1:00	D+
−
Rule	AT	1991	2005	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00s	0	S+
−
Rule	AT	2000	only	-	Aug	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	D+
−
Rule	AT	2001	max	-	Oct	Sun>=1	2:00s	1:00	D+
−
Rule	AT	2006	only	-	Apr	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	S+
−
Rule	AT	2007	only	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00s	0	S+
−
Rule	AT	2008	max	-	Apr	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	S+
−
# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]+
−
Zone Australia/Hobart	9:49:16	-	LMT	1895 Sep+
−
			10:00	-	AEST	1916 Oct  1  2:00+
−
			10:00	1:00	AEDT	1917 Feb+
−
			10:00	Aus	AE%sT	1967+
−
			10:00	AT	AE%sT+
−
Zone Australia/Currie	9:35:28	-	LMT	1895 Sep+
−
			10:00	-	AEST	1916 Oct  1  2:00+
−
			10:00	1:00	AEDT	1917 Feb+
−
			10:00	Aus	AE%sT	1971 Jul+
−
			10:00	AT	AE%sT+
−
+
−
# Victoria+
−
# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S+
−
Rule	AV	1971	1985	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	D+
−
Rule	AV	1972	only	-	Feb	lastSun	2:00s	0	S+
−
Rule	AV	1973	1985	-	Mar	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	S+
−
Rule	AV	1986	1990	-	Mar	Sun>=15	2:00s	0	S+
−
Rule	AV	1986	1987	-	Oct	Sun>=15	2:00s	1:00	D+
−
Rule	AV	1988	1999	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	D+
−
Rule	AV	1991	1994	-	Mar	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	S+
−
Rule	AV	1995	2005	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00s	0	S+
−
Rule	AV	2000	only	-	Aug	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	D+
−
Rule	AV	2001	2007	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	D+
−
Rule	AV	2006	only	-	Apr	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	S+
−
Rule	AV	2007	only	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00s	0	S+
−
Rule	AV	2008	max	-	Apr	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	S+
−
Rule	AV	2008	max	-	Oct	Sun>=1	2:00s	1:00	D+
−
# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]+
−
Zone Australia/Melbourne 9:39:52 -	LMT	1895 Feb+
−
			10:00	Aus	AE%sT	1971+
−
			10:00	AV	AE%sT+
−
+
−
# New South Wales+
−
# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S+
−
Rule	AN	1971	1985	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	D+
−
Rule	AN	1972	only	-	Feb	27	2:00s	0	S+
−
Rule	AN	1973	1981	-	Mar	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	S+
−
Rule	AN	1982	only	-	Apr	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	S+
−
Rule	AN	1983	1985	-	Mar	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	S+
−
Rule	AN	1986	1989	-	Mar	Sun>=15	2:00s	0	S+
−
Rule	AN	1986	only	-	Oct	19	2:00s	1:00	D+
−
Rule	AN	1987	1999	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	D+
−
Rule	AN	1990	1995	-	Mar	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	S+
−
Rule	AN	1996	2005	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00s	0	S+
−
Rule	AN	2000	only	-	Aug	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	D+
−
Rule	AN	2001	2007	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	D+
−
Rule	AN	2006	only	-	Apr	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	S+
−
Rule	AN	2007	only	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00s	0	S+
−
Rule	AN	2008	max	-	Apr	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	S+
−
Rule	AN	2008	max	-	Oct	Sun>=1	2:00s	1:00	D+
−
# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]+
−
Zone Australia/Sydney	10:04:52 -	LMT	1895 Feb+
−
			10:00	Aus	AE%sT	1971+
−
			10:00	AN	AE%sT+
−
Zone Australia/Broken_Hill 9:25:48 -	LMT	1895 Feb+
−
			10:00	-	AEST	1896 Aug 23+
−
			9:00	-	ACST	1899 May+
−
			9:30	Aus	AC%sT	1971+
−
			9:30	AN	AC%sT	2000+
−
			9:30	AS	AC%sT+
−
+
−
# Lord Howe Island+
−
# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S+
−
Rule	LH	1981	1984	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	1:00	-+
−
Rule	LH	1982	1985	-	Mar	Sun>=1	2:00	0	-+
−
Rule	LH	1985	only	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	0:30	-+
−
Rule	LH	1986	1989	-	Mar	Sun>=15	2:00	0	-+
−
Rule	LH	1986	only	-	Oct	19	2:00	0:30	-+
−
Rule	LH	1987	1999	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	0:30	-+
−
Rule	LH	1990	1995	-	Mar	Sun>=1	2:00	0	-+
−
Rule	LH	1996	2005	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00	0	-+
−
Rule	LH	2000	only	-	Aug	lastSun	2:00	0:30	-+
−
Rule	LH	2001	2007	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	0:30	-+
−
Rule	LH	2006	only	-	Apr	Sun>=1	2:00	0	-+
−
Rule	LH	2007	only	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00	0	-+
−
Rule	LH	2008	max	-	Apr	Sun>=1	2:00	0	-+
−
Rule	LH	2008	max	-	Oct	Sun>=1	2:00	0:30	-+
−
Zone Australia/Lord_Howe 10:36:20 -	LMT	1895 Feb+
−
			10:00	-	AEST	1981 Mar+
−
			10:30	LH	+1030/+1130 1985 Jul+
−
			10:30	LH	+1030/+11+
−
+
−
# Australian miscellany+
−
#+
−
# Ashmore Is, Cartier+
−
# no indigenous inhabitants; only seasonal caretakers+
−
# no times are set+
−
#+
−
# Coral Sea Is+
−
# no indigenous inhabitants; only meteorologists+
−
# no times are set+
−
#+
−
# Macquarie+
−
# Permanent occupation (scientific station) 1911-1915 and since 25 March 1948;+
−
# sealing and penguin oil station operated Nov 1899 to Apr 1919.  See the+
−
# Tasmania Parks & Wildlife Service history of sealing at Macquarie Island+
−
# http://www.parks.tas.gov.au/index.aspx?base=1828+
−
# http://www.parks.tas.gov.au/index.aspx?base=1831+
−
# Guess that it was like Australia/Hobart while inhabited before 2010.+
−
#+
−
# From Steffen Thorsen (2010-03-10):+
−
# We got these changes from the Australian Antarctic Division:+
−
# - Macquarie Island will stay on UTC+11 for winter and therefore not+
−
# switch back from daylight savings time when other parts of Australia do+
−
# on 4 April.+
−
#+
−
# From Arthur David Olson (2013-05-23):+
−
# The 1919 transition is overspecified below so pre-2013 zics+
−
# will produce a binary file with an [A]EST-type as the first 32-bit type;+
−
# this is required for correct handling of times before 1916 by+
−
# pre-2013 versions of localtime.+
−
Zone Antarctica/Macquarie 0	-	-00	1899 Nov+
−
			10:00	-	AEST	1916 Oct  1  2:00+
−
			10:00	1:00	AEDT	1917 Feb+
−
			10:00	Aus	AE%sT	1919 Apr  1  0:00s+
−
			0	-	-00	1948 Mar 25+
−
			10:00	Aus	AE%sT	1967+
−
			10:00	AT	AE%sT	2010 Apr  4  3:00+
−
			11:00	-	+11+
−
+
−
# Christmas+
−
# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]+
−
Zone Indian/Christmas	7:02:52 -	LMT	1895 Feb+
−
			7:00	-	+07+
−
+
−
# Cocos (Keeling) Is+
−
# These islands were ruled by the Ross family from about 1830 to 1978.+
−
# We don't know when standard time was introduced; for now, we guess 1900.+
−
# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]+
−
Zone	Indian/Cocos	6:27:40	-	LMT	1900+
−
			6:30	-	+0630+
−
+
−
+
−
# Fiji+
−
+
−
# Milne gives 11:55:44 for Suva.+
−
+
−
# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2009-11-10):+
−
# According to Fiji Broadcasting Corporation,  Fiji plans to re-introduce DST+
−
# from November 29th 2009  to April 25th 2010.+
−
#+
−
# "Daylight savings to commence this month"+
−
# http://www.radiofiji.com.fj/fullstory.php?id=23719+
−
# http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_fiji01.html+
−
+
−
# From Steffen Thorsen (2009-11-10):+
−
# The Fiji Government has posted some more details about the approved+
−
# amendments:+
−
# http://www.fiji.gov.fj/publish/page_16198.shtml+
−
+
−
# From Steffen Thorsen (2010-03-03):+
−
# The Cabinet in Fiji has decided to end DST about a month early, on+
−
# 2010-03-28 at 03:00.+
−
# The plan is to observe DST again, from 2010-10-24 to sometime in March+
−
# 2011 (last Sunday a good guess?).+
−
#+
−
# Official source:+
−
# http://www.fiji.gov.fj/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1096:3310-cabinet-approves-change-in-daylight-savings-dates&catid=49:cabinet-releases&Itemid=166+
−
#+
−
# A bit more background info here:+
−
# https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/fiji-dst-ends-march-2010.html+
−
+
−
# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2010-10-24):+
−
# According to Radio Fiji and Fiji Times online, Fiji will end DST 3+
−
# weeks earlier than expected - on March 6, 2011, not March 27, 2011...+
−
# Here is confirmation from Government of the Republic of the Fiji Islands,+
−
# Ministry of Information (fiji.gov.fj) web site:+
−
# http://www.fiji.gov.fj/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=2608:daylight-savings&catid=71:press-releases&Itemid=155+
−
# http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_fiji04.html+
−
+
−
# From Steffen Thorsen (2011-10-03):+
−
# Now the dates have been confirmed, and at least our start date+
−
# assumption was correct (end date was one week wrong).+
−
#+
−
# http://www.fiji.gov.fj/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=4966:daylight-saving-starts-in-fiji&catid=71:press-releases&Itemid=155+
−
# which says+
−
# Members of the public are reminded to change their time to one hour in+
−
# advance at 2am to 3am on October 23, 2011 and one hour back at 3am to+
−
# 2am on February 26 next year.+
−
+
−
# From Ken Rylander (2011-10-24)+
−
# Another change to the Fiji DST end date. In the TZ database the end date for+
−
# Fiji DST 2012, is currently Feb 26. This has been changed to Jan 22.+
−
#+
−
# http://www.fiji.gov.fj/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=5017:amendments-to-daylight-savings&catid=71:press-releases&Itemid=155+
−
# states:+
−
#+
−
# The end of daylight saving scheduled initially for the 26th of February 2012+
−
# has been brought forward to the 22nd of January 2012.+
−
# The commencement of daylight saving will remain unchanged and start+
−
# on the  23rd of October, 2011.+
−
+
−
# From the Fiji Government Online Portal (2012-08-21) via Steffen Thorsen:+
−
# The Minister for Labour, Industrial Relations and Employment Mr Jone Usamate+
−
# today confirmed that Fiji will start daylight savings at 2 am on Sunday 21st+
−
# October 2012 and end at 3 am on Sunday 20th January 2013.+
−
# http://www.fiji.gov.fj/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=6702&catid=71&Itemid=155+
−
+
−
# From the Fijian Government Media Center (2013-08-30) via David Wheeler:+
−
# Fiji will start daylight savings on Sunday 27th October, 2013 ...+
−
# move clocks forward by one hour from 2am+
−
# http://www.fiji.gov.fj/Media-Center/Press-Releases/DAYLIGHT-SAVING-STARTS-ON-SUNDAY,-27th-OCTOBER-201.aspx+
−
+
−
# From Steffen Thorsen (2013-01-10):+
−
# Fiji will end DST on 2014-01-19 02:00:+
−
# http://www.fiji.gov.fj/Media-Center/Press-Releases/DAYLIGHT-SAVINGS-TO-END-THIS-MONTH-%281%29.aspx+
−
+
−
# From Ken Rylander (2014-10-20):+
−
# DST will start Nov. 2 this year.+
−
# http://www.fiji.gov.fj/Media-Center/Press-Releases/DAYLIGHT-SAVING-STARTS-ON-SUNDAY,-NOVEMBER-2ND.aspx+
−
+
−
# From a government order dated 2015-08-26 and published as Legal Notice No. 77+
−
# in the Government of Fiji Gazette Supplement No. 24 (2015-08-28),+
−
# via Ken Rylander (2015-09-02):+
−
# the daylight saving period is 1 hour in advance of the standard time+
−
# commencing at 2.00 am on Sunday 1st November, 2015 and ending at+
−
# 3.00 am on Sunday 17th January, 2016.+
−
+
−
# From Raymond Kumar (2016-10-04):+
−
# http://www.fiji.gov.fj/Media-Center/Press-Releases/DAYLIGHT-SAVING-STARTS-ON-6th-NOVEMBER,-2016.aspx+
−
# "Fiji's daylight savings will begin on Sunday, 6 November 2016, when+
−
# clocks go forward an hour at 2am to 3am....  Daylight Saving will+
−
# end at 3.00am on Sunday 15th January 2017."+
−
+
−
# From Paul Eggert (2017-08-21):+
−
# Dominic Fok writes (2017-08-20) that DST ends 2018-01-14, citing+
−
# Extraordinary Government of Fiji Gazette Supplement No. 21 (2017-08-27),+
−
# [Legal Notice No. 41] of an order of the previous day by J Usamate.+
−
# For now, guess DST from 02:00 the first Sunday in November to 03:00+
−
# the first Sunday on or after January 14.  Although ad hoc, it matches+
−
# transitions since late 2014 and seems more likely to match future+
−
# practice than guessing no DST.+
−
+
−
# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S+
−
Rule	Fiji	1998	1999	-	Nov	Sun>=1	2:00	1:00	-+
−
Rule	Fiji	1999	2000	-	Feb	lastSun	3:00	0	-+
−
Rule	Fiji	2009	only	-	Nov	29	2:00	1:00	-+
−
Rule	Fiji	2010	only	-	Mar	lastSun	3:00	0	-+
−
Rule	Fiji	2010	2013	-	Oct	Sun>=21	2:00	1:00	-+
−
Rule	Fiji	2011	only	-	Mar	Sun>=1	3:00	0	-+
−
Rule	Fiji	2012	2013	-	Jan	Sun>=18	3:00	0	-+
−
Rule	Fiji	2014	only	-	Jan	Sun>=18	2:00	0	-+
−
Rule	Fiji	2014	max	-	Nov	Sun>=1	2:00	1:00	-+
−
Rule	Fiji	2015	max	-	Jan	Sun>=14	3:00	0	-+
−
# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]+
−
Zone	Pacific/Fiji	11:55:44 -	LMT	1915 Oct 26 # Suva+
−
			12:00	Fiji	+12/+13+
−
+
−
# French Polynesia+
−
# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]+
−
Zone	Pacific/Gambier	 -8:59:48 -	LMT	1912 Oct # Rikitea+
−
			 -9:00	-	-09+
−
Zone	Pacific/Marquesas -9:18:00 -	LMT	1912 Oct+
−
			 -9:30	-	-0930+
−
Zone	Pacific/Tahiti	 -9:58:16 -	LMT	1912 Oct # Papeete+
−
			-10:00	-	-10+
−
# Clipperton (near North America) is administered from French Polynesia;+
−
# it is uninhabited.+
−
+
−
# Guam+
−
# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]+
−
Zone	Pacific/Guam	-14:21:00 -	LMT	1844 Dec 31+
−
			 9:39:00 -	LMT	1901        # Agana+
−
			10:00	-	GST	2000 Dec 23 # Guam+
−
			10:00	-	ChST	# Chamorro Standard Time+
−
Link Pacific/Guam Pacific/Saipan # N Mariana Is+
−
+
−
# Kiribati+
−
# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]+
−
Zone Pacific/Tarawa	 11:32:04 -	LMT	1901 # Bairiki+
−
			 12:00	-	+12+
−
Zone Pacific/Enderbury	-11:24:20 -	LMT	1901+
−
			-12:00	-	-12	1979 Oct+
−
			-11:00	-	-11	1994 Dec 31+
−
			 13:00	-	+13+
−
Zone Pacific/Kiritimati	-10:29:20 -	LMT	1901+
−
			-10:40	-	-1040	1979 Oct+
−
			-10:00	-	-10	1994 Dec 31+
−
			 14:00	-	+14+
−
+
−
# N Mariana Is+
−
# See Pacific/Guam.+
−
+
−
# Marshall Is+
−
# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]+
−
Zone Pacific/Majuro	11:24:48 -	LMT	1901+
−
			11:00	-	+11	1969 Oct+
−
			12:00	-	+12+
−
Zone Pacific/Kwajalein	11:09:20 -	LMT	1901+
−
			11:00	-	+11	1969 Oct+
−
			-12:00	-	-12	1993 Aug 20+
−
			12:00	-	+12+
−
+
−
# Micronesia+
−
# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]+
−
Zone Pacific/Chuuk	10:07:08 -	LMT	1901+
−
			10:00	-	+10+
−
Zone Pacific/Pohnpei	10:32:52 -	LMT	1901 # Kolonia+
−
			11:00	-	+11+
−
Zone Pacific/Kosrae	10:51:56 -	LMT	1901+
−
			11:00	-	+11	1969 Oct+
−
			12:00	-	+12	1999+
−
			11:00	-	+11+
−
+
−
# Nauru+
−
# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]+
−
Zone	Pacific/Nauru	11:07:40 -	LMT	1921 Jan 15 # Uaobe+
−
			11:30	-	+1130	1942 Mar 15+
−
			9:00	-	+09	1944 Aug 15+
−
			11:30	-	+1130	1979 May+
−
			12:00	-	+12+
−
+
−
# New Caledonia+
−
# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S+
−
Rule	NC	1977	1978	-	Dec	Sun>=1	0:00	1:00	-+
−
Rule	NC	1978	1979	-	Feb	27	0:00	0	-+
−
Rule	NC	1996	only	-	Dec	 1	2:00s	1:00	-+
−
# Shanks & Pottenger say the following was at 2:00; go with IATA.+
−
Rule	NC	1997	only	-	Mar	 2	2:00s	0	-+
−
# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]+
−
Zone	Pacific/Noumea	11:05:48 -	LMT	1912 Jan 13 # Nouméa+
−
			11:00	NC	+11/+12+
−
+
−
+
−
###############################################################################+
−
+
−
# New Zealand+
−
+
−
# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S+
−
Rule	NZ	1927	only	-	Nov	 6	2:00	1:00	S+
−
Rule	NZ	1928	only	-	Mar	 4	2:00	0	M+
−
Rule	NZ	1928	1933	-	Oct	Sun>=8	2:00	0:30	S+
−
Rule	NZ	1929	1933	-	Mar	Sun>=15	2:00	0	M+
−
Rule	NZ	1934	1940	-	Apr	lastSun	2:00	0	M+
−
Rule	NZ	1934	1940	-	Sep	lastSun	2:00	0:30	S+
−
Rule	NZ	1946	only	-	Jan	 1	0:00	0	S+
−
# Since 1957 Chatham has been 45 minutes ahead of NZ, but until 2018a+
−
# there was no documented single notation for the date and time of this+
−
# transition.  Duplicate the Rule lines for now, to give the 2018a change+
−
# time to percolate out.+
−
Rule	NZ	1974	only	-	Nov	Sun>=1	2:00s	1:00	D+
−
Rule	Chatham	1974	only	-	Nov	Sun>=1	2:45s	1:00	-+
−
Rule	NZ	1975	only	-	Feb	lastSun	2:00s	0	S+
−
Rule	Chatham	1975	only	-	Feb	lastSun	2:45s	0	-+
−
Rule	NZ	1975	1988	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	D+
−
Rule	Chatham	1975	1988	-	Oct	lastSun	2:45s	1:00	-+
−
Rule	NZ	1976	1989	-	Mar	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	S+
−
Rule	Chatham	1976	1989	-	Mar	Sun>=1	2:45s	0	-+
−
Rule	NZ	1989	only	-	Oct	Sun>=8	2:00s	1:00	D+
−
Rule	Chatham	1989	only	-	Oct	Sun>=8	2:45s	1:00	-+
−
Rule	NZ	1990	2006	-	Oct	Sun>=1	2:00s	1:00	D+
−
Rule	Chatham	1990	2006	-	Oct	Sun>=1	2:45s	1:00	-+
−
Rule	NZ	1990	2007	-	Mar	Sun>=15	2:00s	0	S+
−
Rule	Chatham	1990	2007	-	Mar	Sun>=15	2:45s	0	-+
−
Rule	NZ	2007	max	-	Sep	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	D+
−
Rule	Chatham	2007	max	-	Sep	lastSun	2:45s	1:00	-+
−
Rule	NZ	2008	max	-	Apr	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	S+
−
Rule	Chatham	2008	max	-	Apr	Sun>=1	2:45s	0	-+
−
# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]+
−
Zone Pacific/Auckland	11:39:04 -	LMT	1868 Nov  2+
−
			11:30	NZ	NZ%sT	1946 Jan  1+
−
			12:00	NZ	NZ%sT+
−
Zone Pacific/Chatham	12:13:48 -	LMT	1868 Nov  2+
−
			12:15	-	+1215	1946 Jan  1+
−
			12:45	Chatham	+1245/+1345+
−
+
−
Link Pacific/Auckland Antarctica/McMurdo+
−
+
−
# Auckland Is+
−
# uninhabited; Māori and Moriori, colonial settlers, pastoralists, sealers,+
−
# and scientific personnel have wintered+
−
+
−
# Campbell I+
−
# minor whaling stations operated 1909/1914+
−
# scientific station operated 1941/1995;+
−
# previously whalers, sealers, pastoralists, and scientific personnel wintered+
−
# was probably like Pacific/Auckland+
−
+
−
# Cook Is+
−
# From Shanks & Pottenger:+
−
# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S+
−
Rule	Cook	1978	only	-	Nov	12	0:00	0:30	-+
−
Rule	Cook	1979	1991	-	Mar	Sun>=1	0:00	0	-+
−
Rule	Cook	1979	1990	-	Oct	lastSun	0:00	0:30	-+
−
# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]+
−
Zone Pacific/Rarotonga	-10:39:04 -	LMT	1901        # Avarua+
−
			-10:30	-	-1030	1978 Nov 12+
−
			-10:00	Cook	-10/-0930+
−
+
−
###############################################################################+
−
+
−
+
−
# Niue+
−
# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]+
−
Zone	Pacific/Niue	-11:19:40 -	LMT	1901        # Alofi+
−
			-11:20	-	-1120	1951+
−
			-11:30	-	-1130	1978 Oct  1+
−
			-11:00	-	-11+
−
+
−
# Norfolk+
−
# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]+
−
Zone	Pacific/Norfolk	11:11:52 -	LMT	1901 # Kingston+
−
			11:12	-	+1112	1951+
−
			11:30	-	+1130	1974 Oct 27 02:00+
−
			11:30	1:00	+1230	1975 Mar  2 02:00+
−
			11:30	-	+1130	2015 Oct  4 02:00+
−
			11:00	-	+11+
−
+
−
# Palau (Belau)+
−
# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]+
−
Zone Pacific/Palau	8:57:56 -	LMT	1901 # Koror+
−
			9:00	-	+09+
−
+
−
# Papua New Guinea+
−
# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]+
−
Zone Pacific/Port_Moresby 9:48:40 -	LMT	1880+
−
			9:48:32	-	PMMT	1895 # Port Moresby Mean Time+
−
			10:00	-	+10+
−
#+
−
# From Paul Eggert (2014-10-13):+
−
# Base the Bougainville entry on the Arawa-Kieta region, which appears to have+
−
# the most people even though it was devastated in the Bougainville Civil War.+
−
#+
−
# Although Shanks gives 1942-03-15 / 1943-11-01 for UT +09, these dates+
−
# are apparently rough guesswork from the starts of military campaigns.+
−
# The World War II entries below are instead based on Arawa-Kieta.+
−
# The Japanese occupied Kieta in July 1942,+
−
# according to the Pacific War Online Encyclopedia+
−
# https://pwencycl.kgbudge.com/B/o/Bougainville.htm+
−
# and seem to have controlled it until their 1945-08-21 surrender.+
−
#+
−
# The Autonomous Region of Bougainville switched from UT +10 to +11+
−
# on 2014-12-28 at 02:00.  They call +11 "Bougainville Standard Time".+
−
# See:+
−
# http://www.bougainville24.com/bougainville-issues/bougainville-gets-own-timezone/+
−
#+
−
Zone Pacific/Bougainville 10:22:16 -	LMT	1880+
−
			 9:48:32 -	PMMT	1895+
−
			10:00	-	+10	1942 Jul+
−
			 9:00	-	+09	1945 Aug 21+
−
			10:00	-	+10	2014 Dec 28  2:00+
−
			11:00	-	+11+
−
+
−
# Pitcairn+
−
# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]+
−
Zone Pacific/Pitcairn	-8:40:20 -	LMT	1901        # Adamstown+
−
			-8:30	-	-0830	1998 Apr 27  0:00+
−
			-8:00	-	-08+
−
+
−
# American Samoa+
−
Zone Pacific/Pago_Pago	 12:37:12 -	LMT	1892 Jul  5+
−
			-11:22:48 -	LMT	1911+
−
			-11:00	-	SST	            # S=Samoa+
−
Link Pacific/Pago_Pago Pacific/Midway # in US minor outlying islands+
−
+
−
# Samoa (formerly and also known as Western Samoa)+
−
+
−
# From Steffen Thorsen (2009-10-16):+
−
# We have been in contact with the government of Samoa again, and received+
−
# the following info:+
−
#+
−
# "Cabinet has now approved Daylight Saving to be effected next year+
−
# commencing from the last Sunday of September 2010 and conclude first+
−
# Sunday of April 2011."+
−
#+
−
# Background info:+
−
# https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/samoa-dst-plan-2009.html+
−
#+
−
# Samoa's Daylight Saving Time Act 2009 is available here, but does not+
−
# contain any dates:+
−
# http://www.parliament.gov.ws/documents/acts/Daylight%20Saving%20Act%20%202009%20%28English%29%20-%20Final%207-7-091.pdf+
−
+
−
# From Laupue Raymond Hughes (2010-10-07):+
−
# Please see+
−
# http://www.mcil.gov.ws+
−
# the Ministry of Commerce, Industry and Labour (sideframe) "Last Sunday+
−
# September 2010 (26/09/10) - adjust clocks forward from 12:00 midnight+
−
# to 01:00am and First Sunday April 2011 (03/04/11) - adjust clocks+
−
# backwards from 1:00am to 12:00am"+
−
+
−
# From Laupue Raymond Hughes (2011-03-07):+
−
# [http://www.mcil.gov.ws/ftcd/daylight_saving_2011.pdf]+
−
#+
−
# ... when the standard time strikes the hour of four o'clock (4.00am+
−
# or 0400 Hours) on the 2nd April 2011, then all instruments used to+
−
# measure standard time are to be adjusted/changed to three o'clock+
−
# (3:00am or 0300Hrs).+
−
+
−
# From David Zülke (2011-05-09):+
−
# Subject: Samoa to move timezone from east to west of international date line+
−
#+
−
# http://www.morningstar.co.uk/uk/markets/newsfeeditem.aspx?id=138501958347963+
−
+
−
# From Paul Eggert (2014-06-27):+
−
# The International Date Line Act 2011+
−
# http://www.parliament.gov.ws/images/ACTS/International_Date_Line_Act__2011_-_Eng.pdf+
−
# changed Samoa from UT -11 to +13, effective "12 o'clock midnight, on+
−
# Thursday 29th December 2011".  The International Date Line was adjusted+
−
# accordingly.+
−
+
−
# From Laupue Raymond Hughes (2011-09-02):+
−
# http://www.mcil.gov.ws/mcil_publications.html+
−
#+
−
# here is the official website publication for Samoa DST and dateline change+
−
#+
−
# DST+
−
# Year  End      Time              Start        Time+
−
# 2011  - - -    - - -             24 September 3:00am to 4:00am+
−
# 2012  01 April 4:00am to 3:00am  - - -        - - -+
−
#+
−
# Dateline Change skip Friday 30th Dec 2011+
−
# Thursday 29th December 2011	23:59:59 Hours+
−
# Saturday 31st December 2011	00:00:00 Hours+
−
#+
−
# From Nicholas Pereira (2012-09-10):+
−
# Daylight Saving Time commences on Sunday 30th September 2012 and+
−
# ends on Sunday 7th of April 2013....+
−
# http://www.mcil.gov.ws/mcil_publications.html+
−
#+
−
# From Paul Eggert (2014-07-08):+
−
# That web page currently lists transitions for 2012/3 and 2013/4.+
−
# Assume the pattern instituted in 2012 will continue indefinitely.+
−
+
−
# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S+
−
Rule	WS	2010	only	-	Sep	lastSun	0:00	1	-+
−
Rule	WS	2011	only	-	Apr	Sat>=1	4:00	0	-+
−
Rule	WS	2011	only	-	Sep	lastSat	3:00	1	-+
−
Rule	WS	2012	max	-	Apr	Sun>=1	4:00	0	-+
−
Rule	WS	2012	max	-	Sep	lastSun	3:00	1	-+
−
# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]+
−
Zone Pacific/Apia	 12:33:04 -	LMT	1892 Jul  5+
−
			-11:26:56 -	LMT	1911+
−
			-11:30	-	-1130	1950+
−
			-11:00	WS	-11/-10	2011 Dec 29 24:00+
−
			 13:00	WS	+13/+14+
−
+
−
# Solomon Is+
−
# excludes Bougainville, for which see Papua New Guinea+
−
# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]+
−
Zone Pacific/Guadalcanal 10:39:48 -	LMT	1912 Oct # Honiara+
−
			11:00	-	+11+
−
+
−
# Tokelau+
−
#+
−
# From Gwillim Law (2011-12-29)+
−
# A correspondent informed me that Tokelau, like Samoa, will be skipping+
−
# December 31 this year ...+
−
#+
−
# From Steffen Thorsen (2012-07-25)+
−
# ... we double checked by calling hotels and offices based in Tokelau asking+
−
# about the time there, and they all told a time that agrees with UTC+13....+
−
# Shanks says UT-10 from 1901 [but] ... there is a good chance the change+
−
# actually was to UT-11 back then.+
−
#+
−
# From Paul Eggert (2012-07-25)+
−
# A Google Books snippet of Appendix to the Journals of the House of+
−
# Representatives of New Zealand, Session 1948,+
−
# <https://books.google.com/books?id=ZaVCAQAAIAAJ>, page 65, says Tokelau+
−
# was "11 hours slow on G.M.T."  Go with Thorsen and assume Shanks & Pottenger+
−
# are off by an hour starting in 1901.+
−
+
−
# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]+
−
Zone	Pacific/Fakaofo	-11:24:56 -	LMT	1901+
−
			-11:00	-	-11	2011 Dec 30+
−
			13:00	-	+13+
−
+
−
# Tonga+
−
# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S+
−
Rule	Tonga	1999	only	-	Oct	 7	2:00s	1:00	-+
−
Rule	Tonga	2000	only	-	Mar	19	2:00s	0	-+
−
Rule	Tonga	2000	2001	-	Nov	Sun>=1	2:00	1:00	-+
−
Rule	Tonga	2001	2002	-	Jan	lastSun	2:00	0	-+
−
Rule	Tonga	2016	only	-	Nov	Sun>=1	2:00	1:00	-+
−
Rule	Tonga	2017	only	-	Jan	Sun>=15	3:00	0	-+
−
# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]+
−
Zone Pacific/Tongatapu	12:19:20 -	LMT	1901+
−
			12:20	-	+1220	1941+
−
			13:00	-	+13	1999+
−
			13:00	Tonga	+13/+14+
−
+
−
# Tuvalu+
−
# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]+
−
Zone Pacific/Funafuti	11:56:52 -	LMT	1901+
−
			12:00	-	+12+
−
+
−
+
−
# US minor outlying islands+
−
+
−
# Howland, Baker+
−
# Howland was mined for guano by American companies 1857-1878 and British+
−
# 1886-1891; Baker was similar but exact dates are not known.+
−
# Inhabited by civilians 1935-1942; U.S. military bases 1943-1944;+
−
# uninhabited thereafter.+
−
# Howland observed Hawaii Standard Time (UT -10:30) in 1937;+
−
# see page 206 of Elgen M. Long and Marie K. Long,+
−
# Amelia Earhart: the Mystery Solved, Simon & Schuster (2000).+
−
# So most likely Howland and Baker observed Hawaii Time from 1935+
−
# until they were abandoned after the war.+
−
+
−
# Jarvis+
−
# Mined for guano by American companies 1857-1879 and British 1883?-1891?.+
−
# Inhabited by civilians 1935-1942; IGY scientific base 1957-1958;+
−
# uninhabited thereafter.+
−
# no information; was probably like Pacific/Kiritimati+
−
+
−
# Johnston+
−
#+
−
# From Paul Eggert (2017-02-10):+
−
# Sometimes Johnston kept Hawaii time, and sometimes it was an hour behind.+
−
# Details are uncertain.  We have no data for Johnston after 1970, so+
−
# treat it like Hawaii for now.  Since Johnston is now uninhabited,+
−
# its link to Pacific/Honolulu is in the 'backward' file.+
−
#+
−
# In his memoirs of June 6th to October 4, 1945+
−
# <http://www.315bw.org/Herb_Bach.htm> (2005), Herbert C. Bach writes,+
−
# "We started our letdown to Kwajalein Atoll and landed there at 5:00 AM+
−
# Johnston time, 1:30 AM Kwajalein time."  This was in June 1945, and+
−
# confirms that Johnston kept the same time as Honolulu in summer 1945.+
−
#+
−
# From Lyle McElhaney (2014-03-11):+
−
# [W]hen JI was being used for that [atomic bomb] testing, the time being used+
−
# was not Hawaiian time but rather the same time being used on the ships,+
−
# which had a GMT offset of -11 hours.  This apparently applied to at least the+
−
# time from Operation Newsreel (Hardtack I/Teak shot, 1958-08-01) to the last+
−
# Operation Fishbowl shot (Tightrope, 1962-11-04).... [See] Herman Hoerlin,+
−
# "The United States High-Altitude Test Experience: A Review Emphasizing the+
−
# Impact on the Environment", Los Alamos LA-6405, Oct 1976.+
−
# https://www.fas.org/sgp/othergov/doe/lanl/docs1/00322994.pdf+
−
# See the table on page 4 where he lists GMT and local times for the tests; a+
−
# footnote for the JI tests reads that local time is "JI time = Hawaii Time+
−
# Minus One Hour".+
−
+
−
# Kingman+
−
# uninhabited+
−
+
−
# Midway+
−
# See Pacific/Pago_Pago.+
−
+
−
# Palmyra+
−
# uninhabited since World War II; was probably like Pacific/Kiritimati+
−
+
−
# Wake+
−
# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]+
−
Zone	Pacific/Wake	11:06:28 -	LMT	1901+
−
			12:00	-	+12+
−
+
−
+
−
# Vanuatu+
−
# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S+
−
Rule	Vanuatu	1983	only	-	Sep	25	0:00	1:00	-+
−
Rule	Vanuatu	1984	1991	-	Mar	Sun>=23	0:00	0	-+
−
Rule	Vanuatu	1984	only	-	Oct	23	0:00	1:00	-+
−
Rule	Vanuatu	1985	1991	-	Sep	Sun>=23	0:00	1:00	-+
−
Rule	Vanuatu	1992	1993	-	Jan	Sun>=23	0:00	0	-+
−
Rule	Vanuatu	1992	only	-	Oct	Sun>=23	0:00	1:00	-+
−
# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]+
−
Zone	Pacific/Efate	11:13:16 -	LMT	1912 Jan 13 # Vila+
−
			11:00	Vanuatu	+11/+12+
−
+
−
# Wallis and Futuna+
−
# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]+
−
Zone	Pacific/Wallis	12:15:20 -	LMT	1901+
−
			12:00	-	+12+
−
+
−
###############################################################################+
−
+
−
# NOTES+
−
+
−
# This file is by no means authoritative; if you think you know better,+
−
# go ahead and edit the file (and please send any changes to+
−
# tz@iana.org for general use in the future).  For more, please see+
−
# the file CONTRIBUTING in the tz distribution.+
−
+
−
# From Paul Eggert (2017-02-10):+
−
#+
−
# Unless otherwise specified, the source for data through 1990 is:+
−
# Thomas G. Shanks and Rique Pottenger, The International Atlas (6th edition),+
−
# San Diego: ACS Publications, Inc. (2003).+
−
# Unfortunately this book contains many errors and cites no sources.+
−
#+
−
# Many years ago Gwillim Law wrote that a good source+
−
# for time zone data was the International Air Transport+
−
# Association's Standard Schedules Information Manual (IATA SSIM),+
−
# published semiannually.  Law sent in several helpful summaries+
−
# of the IATA's data after 1990.  Except where otherwise noted,+
−
# IATA SSIM is the source for entries after 1990.+
−
#+
−
# Another source occasionally used is Edward W. Whitman, World Time Differences,+
−
# Whitman Publishing Co, 2 Niagara Av, Ealing, London (undated), which+
−
# I found in the UCLA library.+
−
#+
−
# For data circa 1899, a common source is:+
−
# Milne J. Civil time. Geogr J. 1899 Feb;13(2):173-94.+
−
# https://www.jstor.org/stable/1774359+
−
#+
−
# A reliable and entertaining source about time zones is+
−
# Derek Howse, Greenwich time and longitude, Philip Wilson Publishers (1997).+
−
#+
−
# The following abbreviations are from other sources.+
−
# Corrections are welcome!+
−
#		std	dst+
−
#		LMT		Local Mean Time+
−
#	  8:00	AWST	AWDT	Western Australia+
−
#	  9:30	ACST	ACDT	Central Australia+
−
#	 10:00	AEST	AEDT	Eastern Australia+
−
#	 10:00	GST		Guam through 2000+
−
#	 10:00	ChST		Chamorro+
−
#	 11:30	NZMT	NZST	New Zealand through 1945+
−
#	 12:00	NZST	NZDT	New Zealand 1946-present+
−
#	-11:00	SST		Samoa+
−
#	-10:00	HST		Hawaii+
−
#+
−
# See the 'northamerica' file for Hawaii.+
−
# See the 'southamerica' file for Easter I and the Galápagos Is.+
−
+
−
###############################################################################+
−
+
−
# Australia+
−
+
−
# From Paul Eggert (2014-06-30):+
−
# Daylight saving time has long been controversial in Australia, pitting+
−
# region against region, rural against urban, and local against global.+
−
# For example, in her review of Graeme Davison's _The Unforgiving+
−
# Minute: how Australians learned to tell the time_ (1993), Perth native+
−
# Phillipa J Martyr wrote, "The section entitled 'Saving Daylight' was+
−
# very informative, but was (as can, sadly, only be expected from a+
−
# Melbourne-based study) replete with the usual chuckleheaded+
−
# Queenslanders and straw-chewing yokels from the West prattling fables+
−
# about fading curtains and crazed farm animals."+
−
# Electronic Journal of Australian and New Zealand History (1997-03-03)+
−
# http://www.jcu.edu.au/aff/history/reviews/davison.htm+
−
+
−
# From Paul Eggert (2005-12-08):+
−
# Implementation Dates of Daylight Saving Time within Australia+
−
# http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/dst_times.shtml+
−
# summarizes daylight saving issues in Australia.+
−
+
−
# From Arthur David Olson (2005-12-12):+
−
# Lawlink NSW:Daylight Saving in New South Wales+
−
# http://www.lawlink.nsw.gov.au/lawlink/Corporate/ll_agdinfo.nsf/pages/community_relations_daylight_saving+
−
# covers New South Wales in particular.+
−
+
−
# From John Mackin (1991-03-06):+
−
# We in Australia have _never_ referred to DST as 'daylight' time.+
−
# It is called 'summer' time.  Now by a happy coincidence, 'summer'+
−
# and 'standard' happen to start with the same letter; hence, the+
−
# abbreviation does _not_ change...+
−
# The legislation does not actually define abbreviations, at least+
−
# in this State, but the abbreviation is just commonly taken to be the+
−
# initials of the phrase, and the legislation here uniformly uses+
−
# the phrase 'summer time' and does not use the phrase 'daylight+
−
# time'.+
−
# Announcers on the Commonwealth radio network, the ABC (for Australian+
−
# Broadcasting Commission), use the phrases 'Eastern Standard Time'+
−
# or 'Eastern Summer Time'.  (Note, though, that as I say in the+
−
# current australasia file, there is really no such thing.)  Announcers+
−
# on its overseas service, Radio Australia, use the same phrases+
−
# prefixed by the word 'Australian' when referring to local times;+
−
# time announcements on that service, naturally enough, are made in UTC.+
−
+
−
# From Paul Eggert (2014-06-30):+
−
#+
−
# Inspired by Mackin's remarks quoted above, earlier versions of this+
−
# file used "EST" for both Eastern Standard Time and Eastern Summer+
−
# Time in Australia, and similarly for "CST", "CWST", and "WST".+
−
# However, these abbreviations were confusing and were not common+
−
# practice among Australians, and there were justifiable complaints+
−
# about them, so I attempted to survey current Australian usage.+
−
# For the tz database, the full English phrase is not that important;+
−
# what matters is the abbreviation.  It's difficult to survey the web+
−
# directly for abbreviation usage, as there are so many false hits for+
−
# strings like "EST" and "EDT", so I looked for pages that defined an+
−
# abbreviation for eastern or central DST in Australia, and got the+
−
# following numbers of unique hits for the listed Google queries:+
−
#+
−
#   10 "Eastern Daylight Time AEST" site:au [some are false hits]+
−
#   10 "Eastern Summer Time AEST" site:au+
−
#   10 "Summer Time AEDT" site:au+
−
#   13 "EDST Eastern Daylight Saving Time" site:au+
−
#   18 "Summer Time ESST" site:au+
−
#   28 "Eastern Daylight Saving Time EDST" site:au+
−
#   39 "EDT Eastern Daylight Time" site:au [some are false hits]+
−
#   53 "Eastern Daylight Time EDT" site:au [some are false hits]+
−
#   54 "AEDT Australian Eastern Daylight Time" site:au+
−
#  182 "Eastern Daylight Time AEDT" site:au+
−
#+
−
#   17 "Central Daylight Time CDT" site:au [some are false hits]+
−
#   46 "Central Daylight Time ACDT" site:au+
−
#+
−
# I tried several other variants (e.g., "Eastern Summer Time EST") but+
−
# they all returned fewer than 10 unique hits.  I also looked for pages+
−
# mentioning both "western standard time" and an abbreviation, since+
−
# there is no WST in the US to generate false hits, and found:+
−
#+
−
#  156 "western standard time" AWST site:au+
−
#  226 "western standard time" WST site:au+
−
#+
−
# I then surveyed the top ten newspapers in Australia by circulation as+
−
# listed in Wikipedia, using Google queries like "AEDT site:heraldsun.com.au"+
−
# and obtaining estimated counts from the initial page of search results.+
−
# All ten papers greatly preferred "AEDT" to "EDT".  The papers+
−
# surveyed were the Herald Sun, The Daily Telegraph, The Courier-Mail,+
−
# The Sydney Morning Herald, The West Australian, The Age, The Advertiser,+
−
# The Australian, The Financial Review, and The Herald (Newcastle).+
−
#+
−
# I also searched for historical usage, to see whether abbreviations+
−
# like "AEDT" are new.  A Trove search <http://trove.nla.gov.au/>+
−
# found only one newspaper (The Canberra Times) with a house style+
−
# dating back to the 1970s, I expect because other newspapers weren't+
−
# fully indexed.  The Canberra Times strongly preferred abbreviations+
−
# like "AEDT".  The first occurrence of "AEDT" was a World Weather+
−
# column (1971-11-17, page 24), and of "ACDT" was a Scoreboard column+
−
# (1993-01-24, p 16).  The style was the typical usage but was not+
−
# strictly enforced; for example, "Welcome to the twilight zones ..."+
−
# (1994-10-29, p 1) uses the abbreviations AEST/AEDT, CST/CDT, and+
−
# WST, and goes on to say, "The confusion and frustration some feel+
−
# about the lack of uniformity among Australia's six states and two+
−
# territories has prompted one group to form its very own political+
−
# party -- the Sydney-based Daylight Saving Extension Party."+
−
#+
−
# I also surveyed federal government sources.  They did not agree:+
−
#+
−
#   The Australian Government (2014-03-26)+
−
#   http://australia.gov.au/about-australia/our-country/time+
−
#   (This document was produced by the Department of Finance.)+
−
#   AEST ACST AWST AEDT ACDT+
−
#+
−
#   Bureau of Meteorology (2012-11-08)+
−
#   http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/daysavtm.shtml+
−
#   EST CST WST EDT CDT+
−
#+
−
#   Civil Aviation Safety Authority (undated)+
−
#   http://services.casa.gov.au/outnback/inc/pages/episode3/episode-3_time_zones.shtml+
−
#   EST CST WST (no abbreviations given for DST)+
−
#+
−
#   Geoscience Australia (2011-11-24)+
−
#   http://www.ga.gov.au/geodesy/astro/sunrise.jsp+
−
#   AEST ACST AWST AEDT ACDT+
−
#+
−
#   Parliamentary Library (2008-11-10)+
−
#   https://www.aph.gov.au/binaries/library/pubs/rp/2008-09/09rp14.pdf+
−
#   EST CST WST preferred for standard time; AEST AEDT ACST ACDT also used+
−
#+
−
#   The Transport Safety Bureau has an extensive series of accident reports,+
−
#   and investigators seem to use whatever abbreviation they like.+
−
#   Googling site:atsb.gov.au found the following number of unique hits:+
−
#   311 "ESuT", 195 "EDT", 26 "AEDT", 83 "CSuT", 46 "CDT".+
−
#   "_SuT" tended to appear in older reports, and "A_DT" tended to+
−
#   appear in reports of events with international implications.+
−
#+
−
# From the above it appears that there is a working consensus in+
−
# Australia to use trailing "DT" for daylight saving time; although+
−
# some sources use trailing "SST" or "ST" or "SuT" they are by far in+
−
# the minority.  The case for leading "A" is weaker, but since it+
−
# seems to be preferred in the overall web and is preferred in all+
−
# the leading newspaper websites and in many government departments,+
−
# it has a stronger case than omitting the leading "A".  The current+
−
# version of the database therefore uses abbreviations like "AEST" and+
−
# "AEDT" for Australian time zones.+
−
+
−
# From Paul Eggert (1995-12-19):+
−
# Shanks & Pottenger report 2:00 for all autumn changes in Australia and NZ.+
−
# Mark Prior writes that his newspaper+
−
# reports that NSW's fall 1995 change will occur at 2:00,+
−
# but Robert Elz says it's been 3:00 in Victoria since 1970+
−
# and perhaps the newspaper's '2:00' is referring to standard time.+
−
# For now we'll continue to assume 2:00s for changes since 1960.+
−
+
−
# From Eric Ulevik (1998-01-05):+
−
#+
−
# Here are some URLs to Australian time legislation. These URLs are stable,+
−
# and should probably be included in the data file. There are probably more+
−
# relevant entries in this database.+
−
#+
−
# NSW (including LHI and Broken Hill):+
−
# Standard Time Act 1987 (updated 1995-04-04)+
−
# https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/nsw/consol_act/sta1987137/index.html+
−
# ACT+
−
# Standard Time and Summer Time Act 1972+
−
# https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/act/consol_act/stasta1972279/index.html+
−
# SA+
−
# Standard Time Act, 1898+
−
# https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/sa/consol_act/sta1898137/index.html+
−
+
−
# From David Grosz (2005-06-13):+
−
# It was announced last week that Daylight Saving would be extended by+
−
# one week next year to allow for the 2006 Commonwealth Games.+
−
# Daylight Saving is now to end for next year only on the first Sunday+
−
# in April instead of the last Sunday in March.+
−
#+
−
# From Gwillim Law (2005-06-14):+
−
# I did some Googling and found that all of those states (and territory) plan+
−
# to extend DST together in 2006.+
−
# ACT: http://www.cmd.act.gov.au/mediareleases/fileread.cfm?file=86.txt+
−
# New South Wales: http://www.thecouriermail.news.com.au/common/story_page/0,5936,15538869%255E1702,00.html+
−
# South Australia: http://www.news.com.au/story/0,10117,15555031-1246,00.html+
−
# Tasmania: http://www.media.tas.gov.au/release.php?id=14772+
−
# Victoria: I wasn't able to find anything separate, but the other articles+
−
# allude to it.+
−
# But not Queensland+
−
# http://www.news.com.au/story/0,10117,15564030-1248,00.html+
−
+
−
# Northern Territory+
−
+
−
# From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):+
−
# # The NORTHERN TERRITORY..  [ Courtesy N.T. Dept of the Chief Minister ]+
−
# #					[ Nov 1990 ]+
−
# #	N.T. have never utilised any DST due to sub-tropical/tropical location.+
−
# ...+
−
# Zone        Australia/North         9:30    -       CST+
−
+
−
# From Bradley White (1991-03-04):+
−
# A recent excerpt from an Australian newspaper...+
−
# the Northern Territory do[es] not have daylight saving.+
−
+
−
# Western Australia+
−
+
−
# From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):+
−
# #  The state of WESTERN AUSTRALIA..  [ Courtesy W.A. dept Premier+Cabinet ]+
−
# #						[ Nov 1990 ]+
−
# #	W.A. suffers from a great deal of public and political opposition to+
−
# #	DST in principle. A bill is brought before parliament in most years, but+
−
# #	usually defeated either in the upper house, or in party caucus+
−
# #	before reaching parliament.+
−
# ...+
−
# Zone	Australia/West		8:00	AW	%sST+
−
# ...+
−
# Rule	AW	1974	only	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	1:00	D+
−
# Rule	AW	1975	only	-	Mar	Sun>=1	3:00	0	W+
−
# Rule	AW	1983	only	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	1:00	D+
−
# Rule	AW	1984	only	-	Mar	Sun>=1	3:00	0	W+
−
+
−
# From Bradley White (1991-03-04):+
−
# A recent excerpt from an Australian newspaper...+
−
# Western Australia...do[es] not have daylight saving.+
−
+
−
# From John D. Newman via Bradley White (1991-11-02):+
−
# Western Australia is still on "winter time". Some DH in Sydney+
−
# rang me at home a few days ago at 6.00am. (He had just arrived at+
−
# work at 9.00am.)+
−
# W.A. is switching to Summer Time on Nov 17th just to confuse+
−
# everybody again.+
−
+
−
# From Arthur David Olson (1992-03-08):+
−
# The 1992 ending date used in the rules is a best guess;+
−
# it matches what was used in the past.+
−
+
−
# The Australian Bureau of Meteorology FAQ+
−
# http://www.bom.gov.au/faq/faqgen.htm+
−
# (1999-09-27) writes that Giles Meteorological Station uses+
−
# South Australian time even though it's located in Western Australia.+
−
+
−
# Queensland+
−
+
−
# From Paul Eggert (2018-02-26):+
−
# I lack access to the following source for Queensland DST:+
−
# Pearce C. History of daylight saving time in Queensland.+
−
# Queensland Hist J. 2017 Aug;23(6):389-403+
−
# https://search.informit.com.au/documentSummary;dn=994682348436426;res=IELHSS+
−
+
−
# From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):+
−
# #   The state of QUEENSLAND.. [ Courtesy Qld. Dept Premier Econ&Trade Devel ]+
−
# #						[ Dec 1990 ]+
−
# ...+
−
# Zone	Australia/Queensland	10:00	AQ	%sST+
−
# ...+
−
# Rule	AQ	1971	only	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	1:00	D+
−
# Rule	AQ	1972	only	-	Feb	lastSun	3:00	0	E+
−
# Rule	AQ	1989	max	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	1:00	D+
−
# Rule	AQ	1990	max	-	Mar	Sun>=1	3:00	0	E+
−
+
−
# From Bradley White (1989-12-24):+
−
# "Australia/Queensland" now observes daylight time (i.e. from+
−
# October 1989).+
−
+
−
# From Bradley White (1991-03-04):+
−
# A recent excerpt from an Australian newspaper...+
−
# ...Queensland...[has] agreed to end daylight saving+
−
# at 3am tomorrow (March 3)...+
−
+
−
# From John Mackin (1991-03-06):+
−
# I can certainly confirm for my part that Daylight Saving in NSW did in fact+
−
# end on Sunday, 3 March.  I don't know at what hour, though.  (It surprised+
−
# me.)+
−
+
−
# From Bradley White (1992-03-08):+
−
# ...there was recently a referendum in Queensland which resulted+
−
# in the experimental daylight saving system being abandoned. So, ...+
−
# ...+
−
# Rule	QLD	1989	1991	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	1:00	D+
−
# Rule	QLD	1990	1992	-	Mar	Sun>=1	3:00	0	S+
−
# ...+
−
+
−
# From Arthur David Olson (1992-03-08):+
−
# The chosen rules the union of the 1971/1972 change and the 1989-1992 changes.+
−
+
−
# From Christopher Hunt (2006-11-21), after an advance warning+
−
# from Jesper Nørgaard Welen (2006-11-01):+
−
# WA are trialing DST for three years.+
−
# http://www.parliament.wa.gov.au/parliament/bills.nsf/9A1B183144403DA54825721200088DF1/$File/Bill175-1B.pdf+
−
+
−
# From Rives McDow (2002-04-09):+
−
# The most interesting region I have found consists of three towns on the+
−
# southern coast....  South Australia observes daylight saving time; Western+
−
# Australia does not.  The two states are one and a half hours apart.  The+
−
# residents decided to forget about this nonsense of changing the clock so+
−
# much and set the local time 20 hours and 45 minutes from the+
−
# international date line, or right in the middle of the time of South+
−
# Australia and Western Australia....+
−
#+
−
# From Paul Eggert (2002-04-09):+
−
# This is confirmed by the section entitled+
−
# "What's the deal with time zones???" in+
−
# http://www.earthsci.unimelb.edu.au/~awatkins/null.html+
−
#+
−
# From Alex Livingston (2006-12-07):+
−
# ... it was just on four years ago that I drove along the Eyre Highway,+
−
# which passes through eastern Western Australia close to the southern+
−
# coast of the continent.+
−
#+
−
# I paid particular attention to the time kept there. There can be no+
−
# dispute that UTC+08:45 was considered "the time" from the border+
−
# village just inside the border with South Australia to as far west+
−
# as just east of Caiguna. There can also be no dispute that Eucla is+
−
# the largest population centre in this zone....+
−
#+
−
# Now that Western Australia is observing daylight saving, the+
−
# question arose whether this part of the state would follow suit. I+
−
# just called the border village and confirmed that indeed they have,+
−
# meaning that they are now observing UTC+09:45.+
−
#+
−
# (2006-12-09):+
−
# I personally doubt that either experimentation with daylight saving+
−
# in WA or its introduction in SA had anything to do with the genesis+
−
# of this time zone.  My hunch is that it's been around since well+
−
# before 1975.  I remember seeing it noted on road maps decades ago.+
−
+
−
# From Paul Eggert (2006-12-15):+
−
# For lack of better info, assume the tradition dates back to the+
−
# introduction of standard time in 1895.+
−
+
−
+
−
# southeast Australia+
−
#+
−
# From Paul Eggert (2007-07-23):+
−
# Starting autumn 2008 Victoria, NSW, South Australia, Tasmania and the ACT+
−
# end DST the first Sunday in April and start DST the first Sunday in October.+
−
# http://www.theage.com.au/news/national/daylight-savings-to-span-six-months/2007/06/27/1182623966703.html+
−
+
−
+
−
# South Australia+
−
+
−
# From Bradley White (1991-03-04):+
−
# A recent excerpt from an Australian newspaper...+
−
# ...South Australia...[has] agreed to end daylight saving+
−
# at 3am tomorrow (March 3)...+
−
+
−
# From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):+
−
# #   The state of SOUTH AUSTRALIA....[ Courtesy of S.A. Dept of Labour ]+
−
# #						[ Nov 1990 ]+
−
# ...+
−
# Zone	Australia/South		9:30	AS	%sST+
−
# ...+
−
# Rule	 AS	1971	max	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	1:00	D+
−
# Rule	 AS	1972	1985	-	Mar	Sun>=1	3:00	0	C+
−
# Rule	 AS	1986	1990	-	Mar	Sun>=15	3:00	0	C+
−
# Rule	 AS	1991	max	-	Mar	Sun>=1	3:00	0	C+
−
+
−
# From Bradley White (1992-03-11):+
−
# Recent correspondence with a friend in Adelaide+
−
# contained the following exchange:  "Due to the Adelaide Festival,+
−
# South Australia delays setting back our clocks for a few weeks."+
−
+
−
# From Robert Elz (1992-03-13):+
−
# I heard that apparently (or at least, it appears that)+
−
# South Aus will have an extra 3 weeks daylight saving every even+
−
# numbered year (from 1990).  That's when the Adelaide Festival+
−
# is on...+
−
+
−
# From Robert Elz (1992-03-16, 00:57:07 +1000):+
−
# DST didn't end in Adelaide today (yesterday)....+
−
# But whether it's "4th Sunday" or "2nd last Sunday" I have no idea whatever...+
−
# (it's just as likely to be "the Sunday we pick for this year"...).+
−
+
−
# From Bradley White (1994-04-11):+
−
# If Sun, 15 March, 1992 was at +1030 as kre asserts, but yet Sun, 20 March,+
−
# 1994 was at +0930 as John Connolly's customer seems to assert, then I can+
−
# only conclude that the actual rule is more complicated....+
−
+
−
# From John Warburton (1994-10-07):+
−
# The new Daylight Savings dates for South Australia ...+
−
# was gazetted in the Government Hansard on Sep 26 1994....+
−
# start on last Sunday in October and end in last sunday in March.+
−
+
−
# From Paul Eggert (2007-07-23):+
−
# See "southeast Australia" above for 2008 and later.+
−
+
−
# Tasmania+
−
+
−
# The rules for 1967 through 1991 were reported by George Shepherd+
−
# via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):+
−
# #  The state of TASMANIA.. [Courtesy Tasmanian Dept of Premier + Cabinet ]+
−
# #					[ Nov 1990 ]+
−
+
−
# From Bill Hart via Guy Harris (1991-10-10):+
−
# Oh yes, the new daylight savings rules are uniquely tasmanian, we have+
−
# 6 weeks a year now when we are out of sync with the rest of Australia+
−
# (but nothing new about that).+
−
+
−
# From Alex Livingston (1999-10-04):+
−
# I heard on the ABC (Australian Broadcasting Corporation) radio news on the+
−
# (long) weekend that Tasmania, which usually goes its own way in this regard,+
−
# has decided to join with most of NSW, the ACT, and most of Victoria+
−
# (Australia) and start daylight saving on the last Sunday in August in 2000+
−
# instead of the first Sunday in October.+
−
+
−
# Sim Alam (2000-07-03) reported a legal citation for the 2000/2001 rules:+
−
# http://www.thelaw.tas.gov.au/fragview/42++1968+GS3A@EN+2000070300+
−
+
−
# From Paul Eggert (2007-07-23):+
−
# See "southeast Australia" above for 2008 and later.+
−
+
−
# Victoria+
−
+
−
# The rules for 1971 through 1991 were reported by George Shepherd+
−
# via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):+
−
# #   The state of VICTORIA.. [ Courtesy of Vic. Dept of Premier + Cabinet ]+
−
# #						[ Nov 1990 ]+
−
+
−
# From Scott Harrington (2001-08-29):+
−
# On KQED's "City Arts and Lectures" program last night I heard an+
−
# interesting story about daylight savings time.  Dr. John Heilbron was+
−
# discussing his book "The Sun in the Church: Cathedrals as Solar+
−
# Observatories"[1], and in particular the Shrine of Remembrance[2] located+
−
# in Melbourne, Australia.+
−
#+
−
# Apparently the shrine's main purpose is a beam of sunlight which+
−
# illuminates a special spot on the floor at the 11th hour of the 11th day+
−
# of the 11th month (Remembrance Day) every year in memory of Australia's+
−
# fallen WWI soldiers.  And if you go there on Nov. 11, at 11am local time,+
−
# you will indeed see the sunbeam illuminate the special spot at the+
−
# expected time.+
−
#+
−
# However, that is only because of some special mirror contraption that had+
−
# to be employed, since due to daylight savings time, the true solar time of+
−
# the remembrance moment occurs one hour later (or earlier?).  Perhaps+
−
# someone with more information on this jury-rig can tell us more.+
−
#+
−
# [1] http://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog/HEISUN.html+
−
# [2] http://www.shrine.org.au+
−
+
−
# From Paul Eggert (2007-07-23):+
−
# See "southeast Australia" above for 2008 and later.+
−
+
−
# New South Wales+
−
+
−
# From Arthur David Olson:+
−
# New South Wales and subjurisdictions have their own ideas of a fun time.+
−
# Based on law library research by John Mackin,+
−
# who notes:+
−
#	In Australia, time is not legislated federally, but rather by the+
−
#	individual states.  Thus, while such terms as "Eastern Standard Time"+
−
#	[I mean, of course, Australian EST, not any other kind] are in common+
−
#	use, _they have NO REAL MEANING_, as they are not defined in the+
−
#	legislation.  This is very important to understand.+
−
#	I have researched New South Wales time only...+
−
+
−
# From Eric Ulevik (1999-05-26):+
−
# DST will start in NSW on the last Sunday of August, rather than the usual+
−
# October in 2000.  See: Matthew Moore,+
−
# Two months more daylight saving, Sydney Morning Herald (1999-05-26).+
−
# http://www.smh.com.au/news/9905/26/pageone/pageone4.html+
−
+
−
# From Paul Eggert (1999-09-27):+
−
# See the following official NSW source:+
−
# Daylight Saving in New South Wales.+
−
# http://dir.gis.nsw.gov.au/cgi-bin/genobject/document/other/daylightsaving/tigGmZ+
−
#+
−
# Narrabri Shire (NSW) council has announced it will ignore the extension of+
−
# daylight saving next year.  See:+
−
# Narrabri Council to ignore daylight saving+
−
# http://abc.net.au/news/regionals/neweng/monthly/regeng-22jul1999-1.htm+
−
# (1999-07-22).  For now, we'll wait to see if this really happens.+
−
#+
−
# Victoria will follow NSW.  See:+
−
# Vic to extend daylight saving (1999-07-28)+
−
# http://abc.net.au/local/news/olympics/1999/07/item19990728112314_1.htm+
−
#+
−
# However, South Australia rejected the DST request.  See:+
−
# South Australia rejects Olympics daylight savings request (1999-07-19)+
−
# http://abc.net.au/news/olympics/1999/07/item19990719151754_1.htm+
−
#+
−
# Queensland also will not observe DST for the Olympics.  See:+
−
# Qld says no to daylight savings for Olympics+
−
# http://abc.net.au/news/olympics/1999/06/item19990601114608_1.htm+
−
# (1999-06-01), which quotes Queensland Premier Peter Beattie as saying+
−
# "Look you've got to remember in my family when this came up last time+
−
# I voted for it, my wife voted against it and she said to me it's all very+
−
# well for you, you don't have to worry about getting the children out of+
−
# bed, getting them to school, getting them to sleep at night.+
−
# I've been through all this argument domestically...my wife rules."+
−
#+
−
# Broken Hill will stick with South Australian time in 2000.  See:+
−
# Broken Hill to be behind the times (1999-07-21)+
−
# http://abc.net.au/news/regionals/brokenh/monthly/regbrok-21jul1999-6.htm+
−
+
−
# IATA SSIM (1998-09) says that the spring 2000 change for Australian+
−
# Capital Territory, New South Wales except Lord Howe Island and Broken+
−
# Hill, and Victoria will be August 27, presumably due to the Sydney Olympics.+
−
+
−
# From Eric Ulevik, referring to Sydney's Sun Herald (2000-08-13), page 29:+
−
# The Queensland Premier Peter Beattie is encouraging northern NSW+
−
# towns to use Queensland time.+
−
+
−
# From Paul Eggert (2007-07-23):+
−
# See "southeast Australia" above for 2008 and later.+
−
+
−
# Yancowinna+
−
+
−
# From John Mackin (1989-01-04):+
−
# 'Broken Hill' means the County of Yancowinna.+
−
+
−
# From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):+
−
# # YANCOWINNA..  [ Confirmation courtesy of Broken Hill Postmaster ]+
−
# #					[ Dec 1990 ]+
−
# ...+
−
# # Yancowinna uses Central Standard Time, despite [its] location on the+
−
# # New South Wales side of the S.A. border. Most business and social dealings+
−
# # are with CST zones, therefore CST is legislated by local government+
−
# # although the switch to Summer Time occurs in line with N.S.W. There have+
−
# # been years when this did not apply, but the historical data is not+
−
# # presently available.+
−
# Zone	Australia/Yancowinna	9:30	 AY	%sST+
−
# ...+
−
# Rule	 AY	1971	1985	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	1:00	D+
−
# Rule	 AY	1972	only	-	Feb	lastSun	3:00	0	C+
−
# [followed by other Rules]+
−
+
−
# Lord Howe Island+
−
+
−
# From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):+
−
# LHI...		[ Courtesy of Pauline Van Winsen ]+
−
#					[ Dec 1990 ]+
−
# Lord Howe Island is located off the New South Wales coast, and is half an+
−
# hour ahead of NSW time.+
−
+
−
# From James Lonergan, Secretary, Lord Howe Island Board (2000-01-27):+
−
# Lord Howe Island summer time in 2000/2001 will commence on the same+
−
# date as the rest of NSW (i.e. 2000-08-27).  For your information the+
−
# Lord Howe Island Board (controlling authority for the Island) is+
−
# seeking the community's views on various options for summer time+
−
# arrangements on the Island, e.g. advance clocks by 1 full hour+
−
# instead of only 30 minutes.  [Dependent] on the wishes of residents+
−
# the Board may approach the NSW government to change the existing+
−
# arrangements.  The starting date for summer time on the Island will+
−
# however always coincide with the rest of NSW.+
−
+
−
# From James Lonergan, Secretary, Lord Howe Island Board (2000-10-25):+
−
# Lord Howe Island advances clocks by 30 minutes during DST in NSW and retards+
−
# clocks by 30 minutes when DST finishes. Since DST was most recently+
−
# introduced in NSW, the "changeover" time on the Island has been 02:00 as+
−
# shown on clocks on LHI. I guess this means that for 30 minutes at the start+
−
# of DST, LHI is actually 1 hour ahead of the rest of NSW.+
−
+
−
# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):+
−
# For Lord Howe dates we use Shanks & Pottenger through 1989, and+
−
# Lonergan thereafter.  For times we use Lonergan.+
−
+
−
# From Paul Eggert (2007-07-23):+
−
# See "southeast Australia" above for 2008 and later.+
−
+
−
# From Steffen Thorsen (2009-04-28):+
−
# According to the official press release, South Australia's extended daylight+
−
# saving period will continue with the same rules as used during the 2008-2009+
−
# summer (southern hemisphere).+
−
#+
−
# From+
−
# http://www.safework.sa.gov.au/uploaded_files/DaylightDatesSet.pdf+
−
# The extended daylight saving period that South Australia has been trialling+
−
# for over the last year is now set to be ongoing.+
−
# Daylight saving will continue to start on the first Sunday in October each+
−
# year and finish on the first Sunday in April the following year.+
−
# Industrial Relations Minister, Paul Caica, says this provides South Australia+
−
# with a consistent half hour time difference with NSW, Victoria, Tasmania and+
−
# the ACT for all 52 weeks of the year...+
−
#+
−
# We have a wrap-up here:+
−
# https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/south-australia-extends-dst.html+
−
###############################################################################+
−
+
−
# New Zealand+
−
+
−
# From Mark Davies (1990-10-03):+
−
# the 1989/90 year was a trial of an extended "daylight saving" period.+
−
# This trial was deemed successful and the extended period adopted for+
−
# subsequent years (with the addition of a further week at the start).+
−
# source - phone call to Ministry of Internal Affairs Head Office.+
−
+
−
# From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):+
−
# # The Country of New Zealand   (Australia's east island -) Gee they hate that!+
−
# #				   or is Australia the west island of N.Z.+
−
# #	[ courtesy of Geoff Tribble.. Auckland N.Z. ]+
−
# #				[ Nov 1990 ]+
−
# ...+
−
# Rule	NZ      1974    1988	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	1:00	D+
−
# Rule	NZ	1989	max	-	Oct	Sun>=1	2:00	1:00	D+
−
# Rule	NZ      1975    1989	-	Mar	Sun>=1	3:00	0	S+
−
# Rule	NZ	1990	max	-	Mar	lastSun	3:00	0	S+
−
# ...+
−
# Zone	NZ			12:00	NZ		NZ%sT	# New Zealand+
−
# Zone	NZ-CHAT			12:45	-		NZ-CHAT # Chatham Island+
−
+
−
# From Arthur David Olson (1992-03-08):+
−
# The chosen rules use the Davies October 8 values for the start of DST in 1989+
−
# rather than the October 1 value.+
−
+
−
# From Paul Eggert (1995-12-19);+
−
# Shank & Pottenger report 2:00 for all autumn changes in Australia and NZ.+
−
# Robert Uzgalis writes that the New Zealand Daylight+
−
# Savings Time Order in Council dated 1990-06-18 specifies 2:00 standard+
−
# time on both the first Sunday in October and the third Sunday in March.+
−
# As with Australia, we'll assume the tradition is 2:00s, not 2:00.+
−
#+
−
# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):+
−
# The Department of Internal Affairs (DIA) maintains a brief history,+
−
# as does Carol Squires; see tz-link.html for the full references.+
−
# Use these sources in preference to Shanks & Pottenger.+
−
#+
−
# For Chatham, IATA SSIM (1991/1999) gives the NZ rules but with+
−
# transitions at 2:45 local standard time; this confirms that Chatham+
−
# is always exactly 45 minutes ahead of Auckland.+
−
+
−
# From Colin Sharples (2007-04-30):+
−
# DST will now start on the last Sunday in September, and end on the+
−
# first Sunday in April.  The changes take effect this year, meaning+
−
# that DST will begin on 2007-09-30 2008-04-06.+
−
# http://www.dia.govt.nz/diawebsite.nsf/wpg_URL/Services-Daylight-Saving-Daylight-saving-to-be-extended+
−
+
−
# From Paul Eggert (2014-07-14):+
−
# Chatham Island time was formally standardized on 1957-01-01 by+
−
# New Zealand's Standard Time Amendment Act 1956 (1956-10-26).+
−
# https://www.austlii.edu.au/nz/legis/hist_act/staa19561956n100244.pdf+
−
# According to Google Books snippet view, a speaker in the New Zealand+
−
# parliamentary debates in 1956 said "Clause 78 makes provision for standard+
−
# time in the Chatham Islands.  The time there is 45 minutes in advance of New+
−
# Zealand time.  I understand that is the time they keep locally, anyhow."+
−
# For now, assume this practice goes back to the introduction of standard time+
−
# in New Zealand, as this would make Chatham Islands time almost exactly match+
−
# LMT back when New Zealand was at UT +11:30; also, assume Chatham Islands did+
−
# not observe New Zealand's prewar DST.+
−
+
−
###############################################################################+
−
+
−
+
−
# Fiji+
−
+
−
# Howse writes (p 153) that in 1879 the British governor of Fiji+
−
# enacted an ordinance standardizing the islands on Antipodean Time+
−
# instead of the American system (which was one day behind).+
−
+
−
# From Rives McDow (1998-10-08):+
−
# Fiji will introduce DST effective 0200 local time, 1998-11-01+
−
# until 0300 local time 1999-02-28.  Each year the DST period will+
−
# be from the first Sunday in November until the last Sunday in February.+
−
+
−
# From Paul Eggert (2000-01-08):+
−
# IATA SSIM (1999-09) says DST ends 0100 local time.  Go with McDow.+
−
+
−
# From the BBC World Service in+
−
# http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/205226.stm (1998-10-31 16:03 UTC):+
−
# The Fijian government says the main reasons for the time change is to+
−
# improve productivity and reduce road accidents.... [T]he move is also+
−
# intended to boost Fiji's ability to attract tourists to witness the dawning+
−
# of the new millennium.+
−
+
−
# http://www.fiji.gov.fj/press/2000_09/2000_09_13-05.shtml (2000-09-13)+
−
# reports that Fiji has discontinued DST.+
−
+
−
+
−
# Kiribati+
−
+
−
# From Paul Eggert (1996-01-22):+
−
# Today's _Wall Street Journal_ (page 1) reports that Kiribati+
−
# "declared it the same day [throughout] the country as of Jan. 1, 1995"+
−
# as part of the competition to be first into the 21st century.+
−
+
−
# From Kerry Shetline (2018-02-03):+
−
# December 31 was the day that was skipped, so that the transition+
−
# would be from Friday December 30, 1994 to Sunday January 1, 1995.+
−
# From Paul Eggert (2018-02-04):+
−
# One source for this is page 202 of: Bartky IR. One Time Fits All:+
−
# The Campaigns for Global Uniformity (2007).+
−
+
−
# Kwajalein+
−
+
−
# In comp.risks 14.87 (26 August 1993), Peter Neumann writes:+
−
# I wonder what happened in Kwajalein, where there was NO Friday,+
−
# 1993-08-20.  Thursday night at midnight Kwajalein switched sides with+
−
# respect to the International Date Line, to rejoin its fellow islands,+
−
# going from 11:59 p.m. Thursday to 12:00 m. Saturday in a blink.+
−
+
−
+
−
# N Mariana Is, Guam+
−
+
−
# Howse writes (p 153) "The Spaniards, on the other hand, reached the+
−
# Philippines and the Ladrones from America," and implies that the Ladrones+
−
# (now called the Marianas) kept American date for quite some time.+
−
# For now, we assume the Ladrones switched at the same time as the Philippines;+
−
# see Asia/Manila.+
−
+
−
# US Public Law 106-564 (2000-12-23) made UT +10 the official standard time,+
−
# under the name "Chamorro Standard Time".  There is no official abbreviation,+
−
# but Congressman Robert A. Underwood, author of the bill that became law,+
−
# wrote in a press release (2000-12-27) that he will seek the use of "ChST".+
−
+
−
+
−
# Micronesia+
−
+
−
# Alan Eugene Davis writes (1996-03-16),+
−
# "I am certain, having lived there for the past decade, that 'Truk'+
−
# (now properly known as Chuuk) ... is in the time zone GMT+10."+
−
#+
−
# Shanks & Pottenger write that Truk switched from UT +10 to +11+
−
# on 1978-10-01; ignore this for now.+
−
+
−
# From Paul Eggert (1999-10-29):+
−
# The Federated States of Micronesia Visitors Board writes in+
−
# The Federated States of Micronesia - Visitor Information (1999-01-26)+
−
# http://www.fsmgov.org/info/clocks.html+
−
# that Truk and Yap are UT +10, and Ponape and Kosrae are +11.+
−
# We don't know when Kosrae switched from +12; assume January 1 for now.+
−
+
−
+
−
# Midway+
−
+
−
# From Charles T O'Connor, KMTH DJ (1956),+
−
# quoted in the KTMH section of the Radio Heritage Collection+
−
# <http://radiodx.com/spdxr/KMTH.htm> (2002-12-31):+
−
# For the past two months we've been on what is known as Daylight+
−
# Saving Time.  This time has put us on air at 5am in the morning,+
−
# your time down there in New Zealand.  Starting September 2, 1956+
−
# we'll again go back to Standard Time.  This'll mean that we'll go to+
−
# air at 6am your time.+
−
#+
−
# From Paul Eggert (2003-03-23):+
−
# We don't know the date of that quote, but we'll guess they+
−
# started DST on June 3.  Possibly DST was observed other years+
−
# in Midway, but we have no record of it.+
−
+
−
# Norfolk+
−
+
−
# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2015-09-23):+
−
# Norfolk Island will change ... from +1130 to +1100:+
−
# https://www.comlaw.gov.au/Details/F2015L01483/Explanatory%20Statement/Text+
−
# ... at 12.30 am (by legal time in New South Wales) on 4 October 2015.+
−
# http://www.norfolkisland.gov.nf/nia/MediaRelease/Media%20Release%20Norfolk%20Island%20Standard%20Time%20Change.pdf+
−
+
−
# From Paul Eggert (2015-09-23):+
−
# Transitions before 2015 are from timeanddate.com, which consulted+
−
# the Norfolk Island Museum and the Australian Bureau of Meteorology's+
−
# Norfolk Island station, and found no record of Norfolk observing DST+
−
# other than in 1974/5.  See:+
−
# https://www.timeanddate.com/time/australia/norfolk-island.html+
−
+
−
# Pitcairn+
−
+
−
# From Rives McDow (1999-11-08):+
−
# A Proclamation was signed by the Governor of Pitcairn on the 27th March 1998+
−
# with regard to Pitcairn Standard Time.  The Proclamation is as follows.+
−
#+
−
#	The local time for general purposes in the Islands shall be+
−
#	Co-ordinated Universal time minus 8 hours and shall be known+
−
#	as Pitcairn Standard Time.+
−
#+
−
# ... I have also seen Pitcairn listed as UTC minus 9 hours in several+
−
# references, and can only assume that this was an error in interpretation+
−
# somehow in light of this proclamation.+
−
+
−
# From Rives McDow (1999-11-09):+
−
# The Proclamation regarding Pitcairn time came into effect on 27 April 1998+
−
# ... at midnight.+
−
+
−
# From Howie Phelps (1999-11-10), who talked to a Pitcairner via shortwave:+
−
# Betty Christian told me yesterday that their local time is the same as+
−
# Pacific Standard Time. They used to be ½ hour different from us here in+
−
# Sacramento but it was changed a couple of years ago.+
−
+
−
+
−
# (Western) Samoa and American Samoa+
−
+
−
# Howse writes (p 153) that after the 1879 standardization on Antipodean+
−
# time by the British governor of Fiji, the King of Samoa decided to change+
−
# "the date in his kingdom from the Antipodean to the American system,+
−
# ordaining - by a masterpiece of diplomatic flattery - that+
−
# the Fourth of July should be celebrated twice in that year."+
−
# This happened in 1892, according to the Evening News (Sydney) of 1892-07-20.+
−
# https://www.staff.science.uu.nl/~gent0113/idl/idl.htm+
−
+
−
# Although Shanks & Pottenger says they both switched to UT -11:30+
−
# in 1911, and to -11 in 1950. many earlier sources give -11+
−
# for American Samoa, e.g., the US National Bureau of Standards+
−
# circular "Standard Time Throughout the World", 1932.+
−
# Assume American Samoa switched to -11 in 1911, not 1950,+
−
# and that after 1950 they agreed until (western) Samoa skipped a+
−
# day in 2011.  Assume also that the Samoas follow the US and New+
−
# Zealand's "ST"/"DT" style of daylight-saving abbreviations.+
−
+
−
+
−
# Tonga+
−
+
−
# From Paul Eggert (1996-01-22):+
−
# Today's _Wall Street Journal_ (p 1) reports that "Tonga has been plotting+
−
# to sneak ahead of [New Zealanders] by introducing daylight-saving time."+
−
# Since Kiribati has moved the Date Line it's not clear what Tonga will do.+
−
+
−
# Don Mundell writes in the 1997-02-20 Tonga Chronicle+
−
# How Tonga became 'The Land where Time Begins':+
−
# http://www.tongatapu.net.to/tonga/homeland/timebegins.htm+
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#+
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# Until 1941 Tonga maintained a standard time 50 minutes ahead of NZST+
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# 12 hours and 20 minutes ahead of GMT.  When New Zealand adjusted its+
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# standard time in 1940s, Tonga had the choice of subtracting from its+
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# local time to come on the same standard time as New Zealand or of+
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# advancing its time to maintain the differential of 13°+
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# (approximately 50 minutes ahead of New Zealand time).+
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#+
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# Because His Majesty King Tāufaʻāhau Tupou IV, then Crown Prince+
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# Tungī, preferred to ensure Tonga's title as the land where time+
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# begins, the Legislative Assembly approved the latter change.+
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#+
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# But some of the older, more conservative members from the outer+
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# islands objected. "If at midnight on Dec. 31, we move ahead 40+
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# minutes, as your Royal Highness wishes, what becomes of the 40+
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# minutes we have lost?"+
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#+
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# The Crown Prince, presented an unanswerable argument: "Remember that+
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# on the World Day of Prayer, you would be the first people on Earth+
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# to say your prayers in the morning."+
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+
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# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):+
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# Shanks & Pottenger say the transition was on 1968-10-01; go with Mundell.+
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+
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# From Eric Ulevik (1999-05-03):+
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# Tonga's director of tourism, who is also secretary of the National Millennium+
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# Committee, has a plan to get Tonga back in front.+
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# He has proposed a one-off move to tropical daylight saving for Tonga from+
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# October to March, which has won approval in principle from the Tongan+
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# Government.+
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+
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# From Steffen Thorsen (1999-09-09):+
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# * Tonga will introduce DST in November+
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#+
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# I was given this link by John Letts:+
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# http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/world/asia-pacific/newsid_424000/424764.stm+
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#+
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# I have not been able to find exact dates for the transition in November+
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# yet. By reading this article it seems like Fiji will be 14 hours ahead+
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# of UTC as well, but as far as I know Fiji will only be 13 hours ahead+
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# (12 + 1 hour DST).+
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+
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# From Arthur David Olson (1999-09-20):+
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# According to <http://www.tongaonline.com/news/sept1799.html>:+
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# "Daylight Savings Time will take effect on Oct. 2 through April 15, 2000+
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# and annually thereafter from the first Saturday in October through the+
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# third Saturday of April.  Under the system approved by Privy Council on+
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# Sept. 10, clocks must be turned ahead one hour on the opening day and+
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# set back an hour on the closing date."+
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# Alas, no indication of the time of day.+
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+
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# From Rives McDow (1999-10-06):+
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# Tonga started its Daylight Saving on Saturday morning October 2nd at 0200am.+
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# Daylight Saving ends on April 16 at 0300am which is Sunday morning.+
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+
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# From Steffen Thorsen (2000-10-31):+
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# Back in March I found a notice on the website http://www.tongaonline.com+
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# that Tonga changed back to standard time one month early, on March 19+
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# instead of the original reported date April 16. Unfortunately, the article+
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# is no longer available on the site, and I did not make a copy of the+
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# text, and I have forgotten to report it here.+
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# (Original URL was <http://www.tongaonline.com/news/march162000.htm>)+
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+
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# From Rives McDow (2000-12-01):+
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# Tonga is observing DST as of 2000-11-04 and will stop on 2001-01-27.+
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+
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# From Sione Moala-Mafi (2001-09-20) via Rives McDow:+
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# At 2:00am on the first Sunday of November, the standard time in the Kingdom+
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# shall be moved forward by one hour to 3:00am.  At 2:00am on the last Sunday+
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# of January the standard time in the Kingdom shall be moved backward by one+
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# hour to 1:00am.+
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+
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# From Pulu ʻAnau (2002-11-05):+
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# The law was for 3 years, supposedly to get renewed.  It wasn't.+
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+
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# From Pulu ʻAnau (2016-10-27):+
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# http://mic.gov.to/news-today/press-releases/6375-daylight-saving-set-to-run-from-6-november-2016-to-15-january-2017+
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# Cannot find anyone who knows the rules, has seen the duration or has seen+
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# the cabinet decision, but it appears we are following Fiji's rule set.+
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#+
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# From Tim Parenti (2016-10-26):+
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# Assume Tonga will observe DST from the first Sunday in November at 02:00+
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# through the third Sunday in January at 03:00, like Fiji, for now.+
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+
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# From David Wade (2017-10-18):+
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# In August government was disolved by the King.  The current prime minister+
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# continued in office in care taker mode.  It is easy to see that few+
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# decisions will be made until elections 16th November.+
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#+
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# From Paul Eggert (2017-10-18):+
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# For now, guess that DST is discontinued.  That's what the IATA is guessing.+
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+
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+
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# Wake+
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+
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# From Vernice Anderson, Personal Secretary to Philip Jessup,+
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# US Ambassador At Large (oral history interview, 1971-02-02):+
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#+
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# Saturday, the 14th [of October, 1950] - ...  The time was all the+
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# more confusing at that point, because we had crossed the+
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# International Date Line, thus getting two Sundays.  Furthermore, we+
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# discovered that Wake Island had two hours of daylight saving time+
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# making calculation of time in Washington difficult if not almost+
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# impossible.+
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#+
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# https://www.trumanlibrary.org/oralhist/andrsonv.htm+
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+
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# From Paul Eggert (2003-03-23):+
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# We have no other report of DST in Wake Island, so omit this info for now.+
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+
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###############################################################################+
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+
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# The International Date Line+
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+
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# From Gwillim Law (2000-01-03):+
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#+
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# The International Date Line is not defined by any international standard,+
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# convention, or treaty.  Mapmakers are free to draw it as they please.+
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# Reputable mapmakers will simply ensure that every point of land appears on+
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# the correct side of the IDL, according to the date legally observed there.+
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#+
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# When Kiribati adopted a uniform date in 1995, thereby moving the Phoenix and+
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# Line Islands to the west side of the IDL (or, if you prefer, moving the IDL+
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# to the east side of the Phoenix and Line Islands), I suppose that most+
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# mapmakers redrew the IDL following the boundary of Kiribati.  Even that line+
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# has a rather arbitrary nature.  The straight-line boundaries between Pacific+
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# island nations that are shown on many maps are based on an international+
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# convention, but are not legally binding national borders.... The date is+
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# governed by the IDL; therefore, even on the high seas, there may be some+
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# places as late as fourteen hours later than UTC.  And, since the IDL is not+
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# an international standard, there are some places on the high seas where the+
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# correct date is ambiguous.+
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+
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# From Wikipedia <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_zone> (2005-08-31):+
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# Before 1920, all ships kept local apparent time on the high seas by setting+
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# their clocks at night or at the morning sight so that, given the ship's+
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# speed and direction, it would be 12 o'clock when the Sun crossed the ship's+
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# meridian (12 o'clock = local apparent noon).  During 1917, at the+
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# Anglo-French Conference on Time-keeping at Sea, it was recommended that all+
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# ships, both military and civilian, should adopt hourly standard time zones+
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# on the high seas.  Whenever a ship was within the territorial waters of any+
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# nation it would use that nation's standard time.  The captain was permitted+
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# to change his ship's clocks at a time of his choice following his ship's+
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# entry into another zone time - he often chose midnight.  These zones were+
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# adopted by all major fleets between 1920 and 1925 but not by many+
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# independent merchant ships until World War II.+
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+
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# From Paul Eggert, using references suggested by Oscar van Vlijmen+
−
# (2005-03-20):+
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#+
−
# The American Practical Navigator (2002)+
−
# http://pollux.nss.nima.mil/pubs/pubs_j_apn_sections.html?rid=187+
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# talks only about the 180-degree meridian with respect to ships in+
−
# international waters; it ignores the international date line.+
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