8170484: Miscellaneous changes imported from jsr166 CVS 2016-12
Reviewed-by: martin, smarks, psandoz
/*
* DO NOT ALTER OR REMOVE COPYRIGHT NOTICES OR THIS FILE HEADER.
*
* This code is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
* under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 2 only, as
* published by the Free Software Foundation. Oracle designates this
* particular file as subject to the "Classpath" exception as provided
* by Oracle in the LICENSE file that accompanied this code.
*
* This code is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
* ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or
* FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License
* version 2 for more details (a copy is included in the LICENSE file that
* accompanied this code).
*
* You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License version
* 2 along with this work; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation,
* Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA.
*
* Please contact Oracle, 500 Oracle Parkway, Redwood Shores, CA 94065 USA
* or visit www.oracle.com if you need additional information or have any
* questions.
*/
/*
* This file is available under and governed by the GNU General Public
* License version 2 only, as published by the Free Software Foundation.
* However, the following notice accompanied the original version of this
* file:
*
* Written by Doug Lea with assistance from members of JCP JSR-166
* Expert Group and released to the public domain, as explained at
* http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/
*/
package java.util.concurrent;
import java.lang.invoke.MethodHandles;
import java.lang.invoke.VarHandle;
import java.util.AbstractQueue;
import java.util.Arrays;
import java.util.Collection;
import java.util.Iterator;
import java.util.NoSuchElementException;
import java.util.Queue;
import java.util.Spliterator;
import java.util.Spliterators;
import java.util.concurrent.locks.LockSupport;
import java.util.function.Consumer;
/**
* An unbounded {@link TransferQueue} based on linked nodes.
* This queue orders elements FIFO (first-in-first-out) with respect
* to any given producer. The <em>head</em> of the queue is that
* element that has been on the queue the longest time for some
* producer. The <em>tail</em> of the queue is that element that has
* been on the queue the shortest time for some producer.
*
* <p>Beware that, unlike in most collections, the {@code size} method
* is <em>NOT</em> a constant-time operation. Because of the
* asynchronous nature of these queues, determining the current number
* of elements requires a traversal of the elements, and so may report
* inaccurate results if this collection is modified during traversal.
* Additionally, the bulk operations {@code addAll},
* {@code removeAll}, {@code retainAll}, {@code containsAll},
* and {@code toArray} are <em>not</em> guaranteed
* to be performed atomically. For example, an iterator operating
* concurrently with an {@code addAll} operation might view only some
* of the added elements.
*
* <p>This class and its iterator implement all of the
* <em>optional</em> methods of the {@link Collection} and {@link
* Iterator} interfaces.
*
* <p>Memory consistency effects: As with other concurrent
* collections, actions in a thread prior to placing an object into a
* {@code LinkedTransferQueue}
* <a href="package-summary.html#MemoryVisibility"><i>happen-before</i></a>
* actions subsequent to the access or removal of that element from
* the {@code LinkedTransferQueue} in another thread.
*
* <p>This class is a member of the
* <a href="{@docRoot}/../technotes/guides/collections/index.html">
* Java Collections Framework</a>.
*
* @since 1.7
* @author Doug Lea
* @param <E> the type of elements held in this queue
*/
public class LinkedTransferQueue<E> extends AbstractQueue<E>
implements TransferQueue<E>, java.io.Serializable {
private static final long serialVersionUID = -3223113410248163686L;
/*
* *** Overview of Dual Queues with Slack ***
*
* Dual Queues, introduced by Scherer and Scott
* (http://www.cs.rochester.edu/~scott/papers/2004_DISC_dual_DS.pdf)
* are (linked) queues in which nodes may represent either data or
* requests. When a thread tries to enqueue a data node, but
* encounters a request node, it instead "matches" and removes it;
* and vice versa for enqueuing requests. Blocking Dual Queues
* arrange that threads enqueuing unmatched requests block until
* other threads provide the match. Dual Synchronous Queues (see
* Scherer, Lea, & Scott
* http://www.cs.rochester.edu/u/scott/papers/2009_Scherer_CACM_SSQ.pdf)
* additionally arrange that threads enqueuing unmatched data also
* block. Dual Transfer Queues support all of these modes, as
* dictated by callers.
*
* A FIFO dual queue may be implemented using a variation of the
* Michael & Scott (M&S) lock-free queue algorithm
* (http://www.cs.rochester.edu/~scott/papers/1996_PODC_queues.pdf).
* It maintains two pointer fields, "head", pointing to a
* (matched) node that in turn points to the first actual
* (unmatched) queue node (or null if empty); and "tail" that
* points to the last node on the queue (or again null if
* empty). For example, here is a possible queue with four data
* elements:
*
* head tail
* | |
* v v
* M -> U -> U -> U -> U
*
* The M&S queue algorithm is known to be prone to scalability and
* overhead limitations when maintaining (via CAS) these head and
* tail pointers. This has led to the development of
* contention-reducing variants such as elimination arrays (see
* Moir et al http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1074013) and
* optimistic back pointers (see Ladan-Mozes & Shavit
* http://people.csail.mit.edu/edya/publications/OptimisticFIFOQueue-journal.pdf).
* However, the nature of dual queues enables a simpler tactic for
* improving M&S-style implementations when dual-ness is needed.
*
* In a dual queue, each node must atomically maintain its match
* status. While there are other possible variants, we implement
* this here as: for a data-mode node, matching entails CASing an
* "item" field from a non-null data value to null upon match, and
* vice-versa for request nodes, CASing from null to a data
* value. (Note that the linearization properties of this style of
* queue are easy to verify -- elements are made available by
* linking, and unavailable by matching.) Compared to plain M&S
* queues, this property of dual queues requires one additional
* successful atomic operation per enq/deq pair. But it also
* enables lower cost variants of queue maintenance mechanics. (A
* variation of this idea applies even for non-dual queues that
* support deletion of interior elements, such as
* j.u.c.ConcurrentLinkedQueue.)
*
* Once a node is matched, its match status can never again
* change. We may thus arrange that the linked list of them
* contain a prefix of zero or more matched nodes, followed by a
* suffix of zero or more unmatched nodes. (Note that we allow
* both the prefix and suffix to be zero length, which in turn
* means that we do not use a dummy header.) If we were not
* concerned with either time or space efficiency, we could
* correctly perform enqueue and dequeue operations by traversing
* from a pointer to the initial node; CASing the item of the
* first unmatched node on match and CASing the next field of the
* trailing node on appends. (Plus some special-casing when
* initially empty). While this would be a terrible idea in
* itself, it does have the benefit of not requiring ANY atomic
* updates on head/tail fields.
*
* We introduce here an approach that lies between the extremes of
* never versus always updating queue (head and tail) pointers.
* This offers a tradeoff between sometimes requiring extra
* traversal steps to locate the first and/or last unmatched
* nodes, versus the reduced overhead and contention of fewer
* updates to queue pointers. For example, a possible snapshot of
* a queue is:
*
* head tail
* | |
* v v
* M -> M -> U -> U -> U -> U
*
* The best value for this "slack" (the targeted maximum distance
* between the value of "head" and the first unmatched node, and
* similarly for "tail") is an empirical matter. We have found
* that using very small constants in the range of 1-3 work best
* over a range of platforms. Larger values introduce increasing
* costs of cache misses and risks of long traversal chains, while
* smaller values increase CAS contention and overhead.
*
* Dual queues with slack differ from plain M&S dual queues by
* virtue of only sometimes updating head or tail pointers when
* matching, appending, or even traversing nodes; in order to
* maintain a targeted slack. The idea of "sometimes" may be
* operationalized in several ways. The simplest is to use a
* per-operation counter incremented on each traversal step, and
* to try (via CAS) to update the associated queue pointer
* whenever the count exceeds a threshold. Another, that requires
* more overhead, is to use random number generators to update
* with a given probability per traversal step.
*
* In any strategy along these lines, because CASes updating
* fields may fail, the actual slack may exceed targeted
* slack. However, they may be retried at any time to maintain
* targets. Even when using very small slack values, this
* approach works well for dual queues because it allows all
* operations up to the point of matching or appending an item
* (hence potentially allowing progress by another thread) to be
* read-only, thus not introducing any further contention. As
* described below, we implement this by performing slack
* maintenance retries only after these points.
*
* As an accompaniment to such techniques, traversal overhead can
* be further reduced without increasing contention of head
* pointer updates: Threads may sometimes shortcut the "next" link
* path from the current "head" node to be closer to the currently
* known first unmatched node, and similarly for tail. Again, this
* may be triggered with using thresholds or randomization.
*
* These ideas must be further extended to avoid unbounded amounts
* of costly-to-reclaim garbage caused by the sequential "next"
* links of nodes starting at old forgotten head nodes: As first
* described in detail by Boehm
* (http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?doid=503272.503282), if a GC
* delays noticing that any arbitrarily old node has become
* garbage, all newer dead nodes will also be unreclaimed.
* (Similar issues arise in non-GC environments.) To cope with
* this in our implementation, upon CASing to advance the head
* pointer, we set the "next" link of the previous head to point
* only to itself; thus limiting the length of connected dead lists.
* (We also take similar care to wipe out possibly garbage
* retaining values held in other Node fields.) However, doing so
* adds some further complexity to traversal: If any "next"
* pointer links to itself, it indicates that the current thread
* has lagged behind a head-update, and so the traversal must
* continue from the "head". Traversals trying to find the
* current tail starting from "tail" may also encounter
* self-links, in which case they also continue at "head".
*
* It is tempting in slack-based scheme to not even use CAS for
* updates (similarly to Ladan-Mozes & Shavit). However, this
* cannot be done for head updates under the above link-forgetting
* mechanics because an update may leave head at a detached node.
* And while direct writes are possible for tail updates, they
* increase the risk of long retraversals, and hence long garbage
* chains, which can be much more costly than is worthwhile
* considering that the cost difference of performing a CAS vs
* write is smaller when they are not triggered on each operation
* (especially considering that writes and CASes equally require
* additional GC bookkeeping ("write barriers") that are sometimes
* more costly than the writes themselves because of contention).
*
* *** Overview of implementation ***
*
* We use a threshold-based approach to updates, with a slack
* threshold of two -- that is, we update head/tail when the
* current pointer appears to be two or more steps away from the
* first/last node. The slack value is hard-wired: a path greater
* than one is naturally implemented by checking equality of
* traversal pointers except when the list has only one element,
* in which case we keep slack threshold at one. Avoiding tracking
* explicit counts across method calls slightly simplifies an
* already-messy implementation. Using randomization would
* probably work better if there were a low-quality dirt-cheap
* per-thread one available, but even ThreadLocalRandom is too
* heavy for these purposes.
*
* With such a small slack threshold value, it is not worthwhile
* to augment this with path short-circuiting (i.e., unsplicing
* interior nodes) except in the case of cancellation/removal (see
* below).
*
* We allow both the head and tail fields to be null before any
* nodes are enqueued; initializing upon first append. This
* simplifies some other logic, as well as providing more
* efficient explicit control paths instead of letting JVMs insert
* implicit NullPointerExceptions when they are null. While not
* currently fully implemented, we also leave open the possibility
* of re-nulling these fields when empty (which is complicated to
* arrange, for little benefit.)
*
* All enqueue/dequeue operations are handled by the single method
* "xfer" with parameters indicating whether to act as some form
* of offer, put, poll, take, or transfer (each possibly with
* timeout). The relative complexity of using one monolithic
* method outweighs the code bulk and maintenance problems of
* using separate methods for each case.
*
* Operation consists of up to three phases. The first is
* implemented within method xfer, the second in tryAppend, and
* the third in method awaitMatch.
*
* 1. Try to match an existing node
*
* Starting at head, skip already-matched nodes until finding
* an unmatched node of opposite mode, if one exists, in which
* case matching it and returning, also if necessary updating
* head to one past the matched node (or the node itself if the
* list has no other unmatched nodes). If the CAS misses, then
* a loop retries advancing head by two steps until either
* success or the slack is at most two. By requiring that each
* attempt advances head by two (if applicable), we ensure that
* the slack does not grow without bound. Traversals also check
* if the initial head is now off-list, in which case they
* start at the new head.
*
* If no candidates are found and the call was untimed
* poll/offer, (argument "how" is NOW) return.
*
* 2. Try to append a new node (method tryAppend)
*
* Starting at current tail pointer, find the actual last node
* and try to append a new node (or if head was null, establish
* the first node). Nodes can be appended only if their
* predecessors are either already matched or are of the same
* mode. If we detect otherwise, then a new node with opposite
* mode must have been appended during traversal, so we must
* restart at phase 1. The traversal and update steps are
* otherwise similar to phase 1: Retrying upon CAS misses and
* checking for staleness. In particular, if a self-link is
* encountered, then we can safely jump to a node on the list
* by continuing the traversal at current head.
*
* On successful append, if the call was ASYNC, return.
*
* 3. Await match or cancellation (method awaitMatch)
*
* Wait for another thread to match node; instead cancelling if
* the current thread was interrupted or the wait timed out. On
* multiprocessors, we use front-of-queue spinning: If a node
* appears to be the first unmatched node in the queue, it
* spins a bit before blocking. In either case, before blocking
* it tries to unsplice any nodes between the current "head"
* and the first unmatched node.
*
* Front-of-queue spinning vastly improves performance of
* heavily contended queues. And so long as it is relatively
* brief and "quiet", spinning does not much impact performance
* of less-contended queues. During spins threads check their
* interrupt status and generate a thread-local random number
* to decide to occasionally perform a Thread.yield. While
* yield has underdefined specs, we assume that it might help,
* and will not hurt, in limiting impact of spinning on busy
* systems. We also use smaller (1/2) spins for nodes that are
* not known to be front but whose predecessors have not
* blocked -- these "chained" spins avoid artifacts of
* front-of-queue rules which otherwise lead to alternating
* nodes spinning vs blocking. Further, front threads that
* represent phase changes (from data to request node or vice
* versa) compared to their predecessors receive additional
* chained spins, reflecting longer paths typically required to
* unblock threads during phase changes.
*
*
* ** Unlinking removed interior nodes **
*
* In addition to minimizing garbage retention via self-linking
* described above, we also unlink removed interior nodes. These
* may arise due to timed out or interrupted waits, or calls to
* remove(x) or Iterator.remove. Normally, given a node that was
* at one time known to be the predecessor of some node s that is
* to be removed, we can unsplice s by CASing the next field of
* its predecessor if it still points to s (otherwise s must
* already have been removed or is now offlist). But there are two
* situations in which we cannot guarantee to make node s
* unreachable in this way: (1) If s is the trailing node of list
* (i.e., with null next), then it is pinned as the target node
* for appends, so can only be removed later after other nodes are
* appended. (2) We cannot necessarily unlink s given a
* predecessor node that is matched (including the case of being
* cancelled): the predecessor may already be unspliced, in which
* case some previous reachable node may still point to s.
* (For further explanation see Herlihy & Shavit "The Art of
* Multiprocessor Programming" chapter 9). Although, in both
* cases, we can rule out the need for further action if either s
* or its predecessor are (or can be made to be) at, or fall off
* from, the head of list.
*
* Without taking these into account, it would be possible for an
* unbounded number of supposedly removed nodes to remain
* reachable. Situations leading to such buildup are uncommon but
* can occur in practice; for example when a series of short timed
* calls to poll repeatedly time out but never otherwise fall off
* the list because of an untimed call to take at the front of the
* queue.
*
* When these cases arise, rather than always retraversing the
* entire list to find an actual predecessor to unlink (which
* won't help for case (1) anyway), we record a conservative
* estimate of possible unsplice failures (in "sweepVotes").
* We trigger a full sweep when the estimate exceeds a threshold
* ("SWEEP_THRESHOLD") indicating the maximum number of estimated
* removal failures to tolerate before sweeping through, unlinking
* cancelled nodes that were not unlinked upon initial removal.
* We perform sweeps by the thread hitting threshold (rather than
* background threads or by spreading work to other threads)
* because in the main contexts in which removal occurs, the
* caller is already timed-out, cancelled, or performing a
* potentially O(n) operation (e.g. remove(x)), none of which are
* time-critical enough to warrant the overhead that alternatives
* would impose on other threads.
*
* Because the sweepVotes estimate is conservative, and because
* nodes become unlinked "naturally" as they fall off the head of
* the queue, and because we allow votes to accumulate even while
* sweeps are in progress, there are typically significantly fewer
* such nodes than estimated. Choice of a threshold value
* balances the likelihood of wasted effort and contention, versus
* providing a worst-case bound on retention of interior nodes in
* quiescent queues. The value defined below was chosen
* empirically to balance these under various timeout scenarios.
*
* Note that we cannot self-link unlinked interior nodes during
* sweeps. However, the associated garbage chains terminate when
* some successor ultimately falls off the head of the list and is
* self-linked.
*/
/** True if on multiprocessor */
private static final boolean MP =
Runtime.getRuntime().availableProcessors() > 1;
/**
* The number of times to spin (with randomly interspersed calls
* to Thread.yield) on multiprocessor before blocking when a node
* is apparently the first waiter in the queue. See above for
* explanation. Must be a power of two. The value is empirically
* derived -- it works pretty well across a variety of processors,
* numbers of CPUs, and OSes.
*/
private static final int FRONT_SPINS = 1 << 7;
/**
* The number of times to spin before blocking when a node is
* preceded by another node that is apparently spinning. Also
* serves as an increment to FRONT_SPINS on phase changes, and as
* base average frequency for yielding during spins. Must be a
* power of two.
*/
private static final int CHAINED_SPINS = FRONT_SPINS >>> 1;
/**
* The maximum number of estimated removal failures (sweepVotes)
* to tolerate before sweeping through the queue unlinking
* cancelled nodes that were not unlinked upon initial
* removal. See above for explanation. The value must be at least
* two to avoid useless sweeps when removing trailing nodes.
*/
static final int SWEEP_THRESHOLD = 32;
/**
* Queue nodes. Uses Object, not E, for items to allow forgetting
* them after use. Relies heavily on VarHandles to minimize
* unnecessary ordering constraints: Writes that are intrinsically
* ordered wrt other accesses or CASes use simple relaxed forms.
*/
static final class Node {
final boolean isData; // false if this is a request node
volatile Object item; // initially non-null if isData; CASed to match
volatile Node next;
volatile Thread waiter; // null until waiting
// CAS methods for fields
final boolean casNext(Node cmp, Node val) {
return NEXT.compareAndSet(this, cmp, val);
}
final boolean casItem(Object cmp, Object val) {
// assert cmp == null || cmp.getClass() != Node.class;
return ITEM.compareAndSet(this, cmp, val);
}
/**
* Constructs a new node. Uses relaxed write because item can
* only be seen after publication via casNext.
*/
Node(Object item, boolean isData) {
ITEM.set(this, item); // relaxed write
this.isData = isData;
}
/**
* Links node to itself to avoid garbage retention. Called
* only after CASing head field, so uses relaxed write.
*/
final void forgetNext() {
NEXT.set(this, this);
}
/**
* Sets item to self and waiter to null, to avoid garbage
* retention after matching or cancelling. Uses relaxed writes
* because order is already constrained in the only calling
* contexts: item is forgotten only after volatile/atomic
* mechanics that extract items. Similarly, clearing waiter
* follows either CAS or return from park (if ever parked;
* else we don't care).
*/
final void forgetContents() {
ITEM.set(this, this);
WAITER.set(this, null);
}
/**
* Returns true if this node has been matched, including the
* case of artificial matches due to cancellation.
*/
final boolean isMatched() {
Object x = item;
return (x == this) || ((x == null) == isData);
}
/**
* Returns true if this is an unmatched request node.
*/
final boolean isUnmatchedRequest() {
return !isData && item == null;
}
/**
* Returns true if a node with the given mode cannot be
* appended to this node because this node is unmatched and
* has opposite data mode.
*/
final boolean cannotPrecede(boolean haveData) {
boolean d = isData;
Object x;
return d != haveData && (x = item) != this && (x != null) == d;
}
/**
* Tries to artificially match a data node -- used by remove.
*/
final boolean tryMatchData() {
// assert isData;
Object x = item;
if (x != null && x != this && casItem(x, null)) {
LockSupport.unpark(waiter);
return true;
}
return false;
}
private static final long serialVersionUID = -3375979862319811754L;
// VarHandle mechanics
private static final VarHandle ITEM;
private static final VarHandle NEXT;
private static final VarHandle WAITER;
static {
try {
MethodHandles.Lookup l = MethodHandles.lookup();
ITEM = l.findVarHandle(Node.class, "item", Object.class);
NEXT = l.findVarHandle(Node.class, "next", Node.class);
WAITER = l.findVarHandle(Node.class, "waiter", Thread.class);
} catch (ReflectiveOperationException e) {
throw new Error(e);
}
}
}
/** head of the queue; null until first enqueue */
transient volatile Node head;
/** tail of the queue; null until first append */
private transient volatile Node tail;
/** The number of apparent failures to unsplice removed nodes */
private transient volatile int sweepVotes;
// CAS methods for fields
private boolean casTail(Node cmp, Node val) {
return TAIL.compareAndSet(this, cmp, val);
}
private boolean casHead(Node cmp, Node val) {
return HEAD.compareAndSet(this, cmp, val);
}
private boolean casSweepVotes(int cmp, int val) {
return SWEEPVOTES.compareAndSet(this, cmp, val);
}
/*
* Possible values for "how" argument in xfer method.
*/
private static final int NOW = 0; // for untimed poll, tryTransfer
private static final int ASYNC = 1; // for offer, put, add
private static final int SYNC = 2; // for transfer, take
private static final int TIMED = 3; // for timed poll, tryTransfer
/**
* Implements all queuing methods. See above for explanation.
*
* @param e the item or null for take
* @param haveData true if this is a put, else a take
* @param how NOW, ASYNC, SYNC, or TIMED
* @param nanos timeout in nanosecs, used only if mode is TIMED
* @return an item if matched, else e
* @throws NullPointerException if haveData mode but e is null
*/
private E xfer(E e, boolean haveData, int how, long nanos) {
if (haveData && (e == null))
throw new NullPointerException();
Node s = null; // the node to append, if needed
retry:
for (;;) { // restart on append race
for (Node h = head, p = h; p != null;) { // find & match first node
boolean isData = p.isData;
Object item = p.item;
if (item != p && (item != null) == isData) { // unmatched
if (isData == haveData) // can't match
break;
if (p.casItem(item, e)) { // match
for (Node q = p; q != h;) {
Node n = q.next; // update by 2 unless singleton
if (head == h && casHead(h, n == null ? q : n)) {
h.forgetNext();
break;
} // advance and retry
if ((h = head) == null ||
(q = h.next) == null || !q.isMatched())
break; // unless slack < 2
}
LockSupport.unpark(p.waiter);
@SuppressWarnings("unchecked") E itemE = (E) item;
return itemE;
}
}
Node n = p.next;
p = (p != n) ? n : (h = head); // Use head if p offlist
}
if (how != NOW) { // No matches available
if (s == null)
s = new Node(e, haveData);
Node pred = tryAppend(s, haveData);
if (pred == null)
continue retry; // lost race vs opposite mode
if (how != ASYNC)
return awaitMatch(s, pred, e, (how == TIMED), nanos);
}
return e; // not waiting
}
}
/**
* Tries to append node s as tail.
*
* @param s the node to append
* @param haveData true if appending in data mode
* @return null on failure due to losing race with append in
* different mode, else s's predecessor, or s itself if no
* predecessor
*/
private Node tryAppend(Node s, boolean haveData) {
for (Node t = tail, p = t;;) { // move p to last node and append
Node n, u; // temps for reads of next & tail
if (p == null && (p = head) == null) {
if (casHead(null, s))
return s; // initialize
}
else if (p.cannotPrecede(haveData))
return null; // lost race vs opposite mode
else if ((n = p.next) != null) // not last; keep traversing
p = p != t && t != (u = tail) ? (t = u) : // stale tail
(p != n) ? n : null; // restart if off list
else if (!p.casNext(null, s))
p = p.next; // re-read on CAS failure
else {
if (p != t) { // update if slack now >= 2
while ((tail != t || !casTail(t, s)) &&
(t = tail) != null &&
(s = t.next) != null && // advance and retry
(s = s.next) != null && s != t);
}
return p;
}
}
}
/**
* Spins/yields/blocks until node s is matched or caller gives up.
*
* @param s the waiting node
* @param pred the predecessor of s, or s itself if it has no
* predecessor, or null if unknown (the null case does not occur
* in any current calls but may in possible future extensions)
* @param e the comparison value for checking match
* @param timed if true, wait only until timeout elapses
* @param nanos timeout in nanosecs, used only if timed is true
* @return matched item, or e if unmatched on interrupt or timeout
*/
private E awaitMatch(Node s, Node pred, E e, boolean timed, long nanos) {
final long deadline = timed ? System.nanoTime() + nanos : 0L;
Thread w = Thread.currentThread();
int spins = -1; // initialized after first item and cancel checks
ThreadLocalRandom randomYields = null; // bound if needed
for (;;) {
Object item = s.item;
if (item != e) { // matched
// assert item != s;
s.forgetContents(); // avoid garbage
@SuppressWarnings("unchecked") E itemE = (E) item;
return itemE;
}
else if (w.isInterrupted() || (timed && nanos <= 0L)) {
unsplice(pred, s); // try to unlink and cancel
if (s.casItem(e, s)) // return normally if lost CAS
return e;
}
else if (spins < 0) { // establish spins at/near front
if ((spins = spinsFor(pred, s.isData)) > 0)
randomYields = ThreadLocalRandom.current();
}
else if (spins > 0) { // spin
--spins;
if (randomYields.nextInt(CHAINED_SPINS) == 0)
Thread.yield(); // occasionally yield
}
else if (s.waiter == null) {
s.waiter = w; // request unpark then recheck
}
else if (timed) {
nanos = deadline - System.nanoTime();
if (nanos > 0L)
LockSupport.parkNanos(this, nanos);
}
else {
LockSupport.park(this);
}
}
}
/**
* Returns spin/yield value for a node with given predecessor and
* data mode. See above for explanation.
*/
private static int spinsFor(Node pred, boolean haveData) {
if (MP && pred != null) {
if (pred.isData != haveData) // phase change
return FRONT_SPINS + CHAINED_SPINS;
if (pred.isMatched()) // probably at front
return FRONT_SPINS;
if (pred.waiter == null) // pred apparently spinning
return CHAINED_SPINS;
}
return 0;
}
/* -------------- Traversal methods -------------- */
/**
* Returns the successor of p, or the head node if p.next has been
* linked to self, which will only be true if traversing with a
* stale pointer that is now off the list.
*/
final Node succ(Node p) {
Node next = p.next;
return (p == next) ? head : next;
}
/**
* Returns the first unmatched data node, or null if none.
* Callers must recheck if the returned node's item field is null
* or self-linked before using.
*/
final Node firstDataNode() {
restartFromHead: for (;;) {
for (Node p = head; p != null;) {
Object item = p.item;
if (p.isData) {
if (item != null && item != p)
return p;
}
else if (item == null)
break;
if (p == (p = p.next))
continue restartFromHead;
}
return null;
}
}
/**
* Traverses and counts unmatched nodes of the given mode.
* Used by methods size and getWaitingConsumerCount.
*/
private int countOfMode(boolean data) {
restartFromHead: for (;;) {
int count = 0;
for (Node p = head; p != null;) {
if (!p.isMatched()) {
if (p.isData != data)
return 0;
if (++count == Integer.MAX_VALUE)
break; // @see Collection.size()
}
if (p == (p = p.next))
continue restartFromHead;
}
return count;
}
}
public String toString() {
String[] a = null;
restartFromHead: for (;;) {
int charLength = 0;
int size = 0;
for (Node p = head; p != null;) {
Object item = p.item;
if (p.isData) {
if (item != null && item != p) {
if (a == null)
a = new String[4];
else if (size == a.length)
a = Arrays.copyOf(a, 2 * size);
String s = item.toString();
a[size++] = s;
charLength += s.length();
}
} else if (item == null)
break;
if (p == (p = p.next))
continue restartFromHead;
}
if (size == 0)
return "[]";
return Helpers.toString(a, size, charLength);
}
}
private Object[] toArrayInternal(Object[] a) {
Object[] x = a;
restartFromHead: for (;;) {
int size = 0;
for (Node p = head; p != null;) {
Object item = p.item;
if (p.isData) {
if (item != null && item != p) {
if (x == null)
x = new Object[4];
else if (size == x.length)
x = Arrays.copyOf(x, 2 * (size + 4));
x[size++] = item;
}
} else if (item == null)
break;
if (p == (p = p.next))
continue restartFromHead;
}
if (x == null)
return new Object[0];
else if (a != null && size <= a.length) {
if (a != x)
System.arraycopy(x, 0, a, 0, size);
if (size < a.length)
a[size] = null;
return a;
}
return (size == x.length) ? x : Arrays.copyOf(x, size);
}
}
/**
* Returns an array containing all of the elements in this queue, in
* proper sequence.
*
* <p>The returned array will be "safe" in that no references to it are
* maintained by this queue. (In other words, this method must allocate
* a new array). The caller is thus free to modify the returned array.
*
* <p>This method acts as bridge between array-based and collection-based
* APIs.
*
* @return an array containing all of the elements in this queue
*/
public Object[] toArray() {
return toArrayInternal(null);
}
/**
* Returns an array containing all of the elements in this queue, in
* proper sequence; the runtime type of the returned array is that of
* the specified array. If the queue fits in the specified array, it
* is returned therein. Otherwise, a new array is allocated with the
* runtime type of the specified array and the size of this queue.
*
* <p>If this queue fits in the specified array with room to spare
* (i.e., the array has more elements than this queue), the element in
* the array immediately following the end of the queue is set to
* {@code null}.
*
* <p>Like the {@link #toArray()} method, this method acts as bridge between
* array-based and collection-based APIs. Further, this method allows
* precise control over the runtime type of the output array, and may,
* under certain circumstances, be used to save allocation costs.
*
* <p>Suppose {@code x} is a queue known to contain only strings.
* The following code can be used to dump the queue into a newly
* allocated array of {@code String}:
*
* <pre> {@code String[] y = x.toArray(new String[0]);}</pre>
*
* Note that {@code toArray(new Object[0])} is identical in function to
* {@code toArray()}.
*
* @param a the array into which the elements of the queue are to
* be stored, if it is big enough; otherwise, a new array of the
* same runtime type is allocated for this purpose
* @return an array containing all of the elements in this queue
* @throws ArrayStoreException if the runtime type of the specified array
* is not a supertype of the runtime type of every element in
* this queue
* @throws NullPointerException if the specified array is null
*/
@SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
public <T> T[] toArray(T[] a) {
if (a == null) throw new NullPointerException();
return (T[]) toArrayInternal(a);
}
final class Itr implements Iterator<E> {
private Node nextNode; // next node to return item for
private E nextItem; // the corresponding item
private Node lastRet; // last returned node, to support remove
private Node lastPred; // predecessor to unlink lastRet
/**
* Moves to next node after prev, or first node if prev null.
*/
private void advance(Node prev) {
/*
* To track and avoid buildup of deleted nodes in the face
* of calls to both Queue.remove and Itr.remove, we must
* include variants of unsplice and sweep upon each
* advance: Upon Itr.remove, we may need to catch up links
* from lastPred, and upon other removes, we might need to
* skip ahead from stale nodes and unsplice deleted ones
* found while advancing.
*/
Node r, b; // reset lastPred upon possible deletion of lastRet
if ((r = lastRet) != null && !r.isMatched())
lastPred = r; // next lastPred is old lastRet
else if ((b = lastPred) == null || b.isMatched())
lastPred = null; // at start of list
else {
Node s, n; // help with removal of lastPred.next
while ((s = b.next) != null &&
s != b && s.isMatched() &&
(n = s.next) != null && n != s)
b.casNext(s, n);
}
this.lastRet = prev;
for (Node p = prev, s, n;;) {
s = (p == null) ? head : p.next;
if (s == null)
break;
else if (s == p) {
p = null;
continue;
}
Object item = s.item;
if (s.isData) {
if (item != null && item != s) {
@SuppressWarnings("unchecked") E itemE = (E) item;
nextItem = itemE;
nextNode = s;
return;
}
}
else if (item == null)
break;
// assert s.isMatched();
if (p == null)
p = s;
else if ((n = s.next) == null)
break;
else if (s == n)
p = null;
else
p.casNext(s, n);
}
nextNode = null;
nextItem = null;
}
Itr() {
advance(null);
}
public final boolean hasNext() {
return nextNode != null;
}
public final E next() {
Node p = nextNode;
if (p == null) throw new NoSuchElementException();
E e = nextItem;
advance(p);
return e;
}
public final void remove() {
final Node lastRet = this.lastRet;
if (lastRet == null)
throw new IllegalStateException();
this.lastRet = null;
if (lastRet.tryMatchData())
unsplice(lastPred, lastRet);
}
}
/** A customized variant of Spliterators.IteratorSpliterator */
final class LTQSpliterator<E> implements Spliterator<E> {
static final int MAX_BATCH = 1 << 25; // max batch array size;
Node current; // current node; null until initialized
int batch; // batch size for splits
boolean exhausted; // true when no more nodes
LTQSpliterator() {}
public Spliterator<E> trySplit() {
Node p;
int b = batch;
int n = (b <= 0) ? 1 : (b >= MAX_BATCH) ? MAX_BATCH : b + 1;
if (!exhausted &&
((p = current) != null || (p = firstDataNode()) != null) &&
p.next != null) {
Object[] a = new Object[n];
int i = 0;
do {
Object e = p.item;
if (e != p && (a[i] = e) != null)
++i;
if (p == (p = p.next))
p = firstDataNode();
} while (p != null && i < n && p.isData);
if ((current = p) == null)
exhausted = true;
if (i > 0) {
batch = i;
return Spliterators.spliterator
(a, 0, i, (Spliterator.ORDERED |
Spliterator.NONNULL |
Spliterator.CONCURRENT));
}
}
return null;
}
@SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
public void forEachRemaining(Consumer<? super E> action) {
Node p;
if (action == null) throw new NullPointerException();
if (!exhausted &&
((p = current) != null || (p = firstDataNode()) != null)) {
exhausted = true;
do {
Object e = p.item;
if (e != null && e != p)
action.accept((E)e);
if (p == (p = p.next))
p = firstDataNode();
} while (p != null && p.isData);
}
}
@SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
public boolean tryAdvance(Consumer<? super E> action) {
Node p;
if (action == null) throw new NullPointerException();
if (!exhausted &&
((p = current) != null || (p = firstDataNode()) != null)) {
Object e;
do {
if ((e = p.item) == p)
e = null;
if (p == (p = p.next))
p = firstDataNode();
} while (e == null && p != null && p.isData);
if ((current = p) == null)
exhausted = true;
if (e != null) {
action.accept((E)e);
return true;
}
}
return false;
}
public long estimateSize() { return Long.MAX_VALUE; }
public int characteristics() {
return Spliterator.ORDERED | Spliterator.NONNULL |
Spliterator.CONCURRENT;
}
}
/**
* Returns a {@link Spliterator} over the elements in this queue.
*
* <p>The returned spliterator is
* <a href="package-summary.html#Weakly"><i>weakly consistent</i></a>.
*
* <p>The {@code Spliterator} reports {@link Spliterator#CONCURRENT},
* {@link Spliterator#ORDERED}, and {@link Spliterator#NONNULL}.
*
* @implNote
* The {@code Spliterator} implements {@code trySplit} to permit limited
* parallelism.
*
* @return a {@code Spliterator} over the elements in this queue
* @since 1.8
*/
public Spliterator<E> spliterator() {
return new LTQSpliterator<E>();
}
/* -------------- Removal methods -------------- */
/**
* Unsplices (now or later) the given deleted/cancelled node with
* the given predecessor.
*
* @param pred a node that was at one time known to be the
* predecessor of s, or null or s itself if s is/was at head
* @param s the node to be unspliced
*/
final void unsplice(Node pred, Node s) {
s.waiter = null; // disable signals
/*
* See above for rationale. Briefly: if pred still points to
* s, try to unlink s. If s cannot be unlinked, because it is
* trailing node or pred might be unlinked, and neither pred
* nor s are head or offlist, add to sweepVotes, and if enough
* votes have accumulated, sweep.
*/
if (pred != null && pred != s && pred.next == s) {
Node n = s.next;
if (n == null ||
(n != s && pred.casNext(s, n) && pred.isMatched())) {
for (;;) { // check if at, or could be, head
Node h = head;
if (h == pred || h == s || h == null)
return; // at head or list empty
if (!h.isMatched())
break;
Node hn = h.next;
if (hn == null)
return; // now empty
if (hn != h && casHead(h, hn))
h.forgetNext(); // advance head
}
if (pred.next != pred && s.next != s) { // recheck if offlist
for (;;) { // sweep now if enough votes
int v = sweepVotes;
if (v < SWEEP_THRESHOLD) {
if (casSweepVotes(v, v + 1))
break;
}
else if (casSweepVotes(v, 0)) {
sweep();
break;
}
}
}
}
}
}
/**
* Unlinks matched (typically cancelled) nodes encountered in a
* traversal from head.
*/
private void sweep() {
for (Node p = head, s, n; p != null && (s = p.next) != null; ) {
if (!s.isMatched())
// Unmatched nodes are never self-linked
p = s;
else if ((n = s.next) == null) // trailing node is pinned
break;
else if (s == n) // stale
// No need to also check for p == s, since that implies s == n
p = head;
else
p.casNext(s, n);
}
}
/**
* Main implementation of remove(Object)
*/
private boolean findAndRemove(Object e) {
if (e != null) {
for (Node pred = null, p = head; p != null; ) {
Object item = p.item;
if (p.isData) {
if (item != null && item != p && e.equals(item) &&
p.tryMatchData()) {
unsplice(pred, p);
return true;
}
}
else if (item == null)
break;
pred = p;
if ((p = p.next) == pred) { // stale
pred = null;
p = head;
}
}
}
return false;
}
/**
* Creates an initially empty {@code LinkedTransferQueue}.
*/
public LinkedTransferQueue() {
}
/**
* Creates a {@code LinkedTransferQueue}
* initially containing the elements of the given collection,
* added in traversal order of the collection's iterator.
*
* @param c the collection of elements to initially contain
* @throws NullPointerException if the specified collection or any
* of its elements are null
*/
public LinkedTransferQueue(Collection<? extends E> c) {
this();
addAll(c);
}
/**
* Inserts the specified element at the tail of this queue.
* As the queue is unbounded, this method will never block.
*
* @throws NullPointerException if the specified element is null
*/
public void put(E e) {
xfer(e, true, ASYNC, 0);
}
/**
* Inserts the specified element at the tail of this queue.
* As the queue is unbounded, this method will never block or
* return {@code false}.
*
* @return {@code true} (as specified by
* {@link java.util.concurrent.BlockingQueue#offer(Object,long,TimeUnit)
* BlockingQueue.offer})
* @throws NullPointerException if the specified element is null
*/
public boolean offer(E e, long timeout, TimeUnit unit) {
xfer(e, true, ASYNC, 0);
return true;
}
/**
* Inserts the specified element at the tail of this queue.
* As the queue is unbounded, this method will never return {@code false}.
*
* @return {@code true} (as specified by {@link Queue#offer})
* @throws NullPointerException if the specified element is null
*/
public boolean offer(E e) {
xfer(e, true, ASYNC, 0);
return true;
}
/**
* Inserts the specified element at the tail of this queue.
* As the queue is unbounded, this method will never throw
* {@link IllegalStateException} or return {@code false}.
*
* @return {@code true} (as specified by {@link Collection#add})
* @throws NullPointerException if the specified element is null
*/
public boolean add(E e) {
xfer(e, true, ASYNC, 0);
return true;
}
/**
* Transfers the element to a waiting consumer immediately, if possible.
*
* <p>More precisely, transfers the specified element immediately
* if there exists a consumer already waiting to receive it (in
* {@link #take} or timed {@link #poll(long,TimeUnit) poll}),
* otherwise returning {@code false} without enqueuing the element.
*
* @throws NullPointerException if the specified element is null
*/
public boolean tryTransfer(E e) {
return xfer(e, true, NOW, 0) == null;
}
/**
* Transfers the element to a consumer, waiting if necessary to do so.
*
* <p>More precisely, transfers the specified element immediately
* if there exists a consumer already waiting to receive it (in
* {@link #take} or timed {@link #poll(long,TimeUnit) poll}),
* else inserts the specified element at the tail of this queue
* and waits until the element is received by a consumer.
*
* @throws NullPointerException if the specified element is null
*/
public void transfer(E e) throws InterruptedException {
if (xfer(e, true, SYNC, 0) != null) {
Thread.interrupted(); // failure possible only due to interrupt
throw new InterruptedException();
}
}
/**
* Transfers the element to a consumer if it is possible to do so
* before the timeout elapses.
*
* <p>More precisely, transfers the specified element immediately
* if there exists a consumer already waiting to receive it (in
* {@link #take} or timed {@link #poll(long,TimeUnit) poll}),
* else inserts the specified element at the tail of this queue
* and waits until the element is received by a consumer,
* returning {@code false} if the specified wait time elapses
* before the element can be transferred.
*
* @throws NullPointerException if the specified element is null
*/
public boolean tryTransfer(E e, long timeout, TimeUnit unit)
throws InterruptedException {
if (xfer(e, true, TIMED, unit.toNanos(timeout)) == null)
return true;
if (!Thread.interrupted())
return false;
throw new InterruptedException();
}
public E take() throws InterruptedException {
E e = xfer(null, false, SYNC, 0);
if (e != null)
return e;
Thread.interrupted();
throw new InterruptedException();
}
public E poll(long timeout, TimeUnit unit) throws InterruptedException {
E e = xfer(null, false, TIMED, unit.toNanos(timeout));
if (e != null || !Thread.interrupted())
return e;
throw new InterruptedException();
}
public E poll() {
return xfer(null, false, NOW, 0);
}
/**
* @throws NullPointerException {@inheritDoc}
* @throws IllegalArgumentException {@inheritDoc}
*/
public int drainTo(Collection<? super E> c) {
if (c == null)
throw new NullPointerException();
if (c == this)
throw new IllegalArgumentException();
int n = 0;
for (E e; (e = poll()) != null;) {
c.add(e);
++n;
}
return n;
}
/**
* @throws NullPointerException {@inheritDoc}
* @throws IllegalArgumentException {@inheritDoc}
*/
public int drainTo(Collection<? super E> c, int maxElements) {
if (c == null)
throw new NullPointerException();
if (c == this)
throw new IllegalArgumentException();
int n = 0;
for (E e; n < maxElements && (e = poll()) != null;) {
c.add(e);
++n;
}
return n;
}
/**
* Returns an iterator over the elements in this queue in proper sequence.
* The elements will be returned in order from first (head) to last (tail).
*
* <p>The returned iterator is
* <a href="package-summary.html#Weakly"><i>weakly consistent</i></a>.
*
* @return an iterator over the elements in this queue in proper sequence
*/
public Iterator<E> iterator() {
return new Itr();
}
public E peek() {
restartFromHead: for (;;) {
for (Node p = head; p != null;) {
Object item = p.item;
if (p.isData) {
if (item != null && item != p) {
@SuppressWarnings("unchecked") E e = (E) item;
return e;
}
}
else if (item == null)
break;
if (p == (p = p.next))
continue restartFromHead;
}
return null;
}
}
/**
* Returns {@code true} if this queue contains no elements.
*
* @return {@code true} if this queue contains no elements
*/
public boolean isEmpty() {
return firstDataNode() == null;
}
public boolean hasWaitingConsumer() {
restartFromHead: for (;;) {
for (Node p = head; p != null;) {
Object item = p.item;
if (p.isData) {
if (item != null && item != p)
break;
}
else if (item == null)
return true;
if (p == (p = p.next))
continue restartFromHead;
}
return false;
}
}
/**
* Returns the number of elements in this queue. If this queue
* contains more than {@code Integer.MAX_VALUE} elements, returns
* {@code Integer.MAX_VALUE}.
*
* <p>Beware that, unlike in most collections, this method is
* <em>NOT</em> a constant-time operation. Because of the
* asynchronous nature of these queues, determining the current
* number of elements requires an O(n) traversal.
*
* @return the number of elements in this queue
*/
public int size() {
return countOfMode(true);
}
public int getWaitingConsumerCount() {
return countOfMode(false);
}
/**
* Removes a single instance of the specified element from this queue,
* if it is present. More formally, removes an element {@code e} such
* that {@code o.equals(e)}, if this queue contains one or more such
* elements.
* Returns {@code true} if this queue contained the specified element
* (or equivalently, if this queue changed as a result of the call).
*
* @param o element to be removed from this queue, if present
* @return {@code true} if this queue changed as a result of the call
*/
public boolean remove(Object o) {
return findAndRemove(o);
}
/**
* Returns {@code true} if this queue contains the specified element.
* More formally, returns {@code true} if and only if this queue contains
* at least one element {@code e} such that {@code o.equals(e)}.
*
* @param o object to be checked for containment in this queue
* @return {@code true} if this queue contains the specified element
*/
public boolean contains(Object o) {
if (o != null) {
for (Node p = head; p != null; p = succ(p)) {
Object item = p.item;
if (p.isData) {
if (item != null && item != p && o.equals(item))
return true;
}
else if (item == null)
break;
}
}
return false;
}
/**
* Always returns {@code Integer.MAX_VALUE} because a
* {@code LinkedTransferQueue} is not capacity constrained.
*
* @return {@code Integer.MAX_VALUE} (as specified by
* {@link java.util.concurrent.BlockingQueue#remainingCapacity()
* BlockingQueue.remainingCapacity})
*/
public int remainingCapacity() {
return Integer.MAX_VALUE;
}
/**
* Saves this queue to a stream (that is, serializes it).
*
* @param s the stream
* @throws java.io.IOException if an I/O error occurs
* @serialData All of the elements (each an {@code E}) in
* the proper order, followed by a null
*/
private void writeObject(java.io.ObjectOutputStream s)
throws java.io.IOException {
s.defaultWriteObject();
for (E e : this)
s.writeObject(e);
// Use trailing null as sentinel
s.writeObject(null);
}
/**
* Reconstitutes this queue from a stream (that is, deserializes it).
* @param s the stream
* @throws ClassNotFoundException if the class of a serialized object
* could not be found
* @throws java.io.IOException if an I/O error occurs
*/
private void readObject(java.io.ObjectInputStream s)
throws java.io.IOException, ClassNotFoundException {
s.defaultReadObject();
for (;;) {
@SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
E item = (E) s.readObject();
if (item == null)
break;
else
offer(item);
}
}
// VarHandle mechanics
private static final VarHandle HEAD;
private static final VarHandle TAIL;
private static final VarHandle SWEEPVOTES;
static {
try {
MethodHandles.Lookup l = MethodHandles.lookup();
HEAD = l.findVarHandle(LinkedTransferQueue.class, "head",
Node.class);
TAIL = l.findVarHandle(LinkedTransferQueue.class, "tail",
Node.class);
SWEEPVOTES = l.findVarHandle(LinkedTransferQueue.class, "sweepVotes",
int.class);
} catch (ReflectiveOperationException e) {
throw new Error(e);
}
// Reduce the risk of rare disastrous classloading in first call to
// LockSupport.park: https://bugs.openjdk.java.net/browse/JDK-8074773
Class<?> ensureLoaded = LockSupport.class;
}
}