src/jdk.compiler/share/classes/com/sun/tools/javac/jvm/ClassWriter.java
changeset 47216 71c04702a3d5
parent 42839 33f705c03879
child 48081 89829dd3cc54
--- /dev/null	Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
+++ b/src/jdk.compiler/share/classes/com/sun/tools/javac/jvm/ClassWriter.java	Tue Sep 12 19:03:39 2017 +0200
@@ -0,0 +1,1877 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 1999, 2016, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
+ * DO NOT ALTER OR REMOVE COPYRIGHT NOTICES OR THIS FILE HEADER.
+ *
+ * This code is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+ * under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 2 only, as
+ * published by the Free Software Foundation.  Oracle designates this
+ * particular file as subject to the "Classpath" exception as provided
+ * by Oracle in the LICENSE file that accompanied this code.
+ *
+ * This code is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
+ * ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU General Public License
+ * version 2 for more details (a copy is included in the LICENSE file that
+ * accompanied this code).
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License version
+ * 2 along with this work; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation,
+ * Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA.
+ *
+ * Please contact Oracle, 500 Oracle Parkway, Redwood Shores, CA 94065 USA
+ * or visit www.oracle.com if you need additional information or have any
+ * questions.
+ */
+
+package com.sun.tools.javac.jvm;
+
+import java.io.*;
+import java.util.LinkedHashMap;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.Set;
+import java.util.HashSet;
+import java.util.LinkedHashSet;
+
+import javax.tools.JavaFileManager;
+import javax.tools.FileObject;
+import javax.tools.JavaFileManager.Location;
+import javax.tools.JavaFileObject;
+
+import com.sun.tools.javac.code.*;
+import com.sun.tools.javac.code.Attribute.RetentionPolicy;
+import com.sun.tools.javac.code.Directive.*;
+import com.sun.tools.javac.code.Symbol.*;
+import com.sun.tools.javac.code.Type.*;
+import com.sun.tools.javac.code.Types.UniqueType;
+import com.sun.tools.javac.file.PathFileObject;
+import com.sun.tools.javac.jvm.Pool.DynamicMethod;
+import com.sun.tools.javac.jvm.Pool.Method;
+import com.sun.tools.javac.jvm.Pool.MethodHandle;
+import com.sun.tools.javac.jvm.Pool.Variable;
+import com.sun.tools.javac.main.Option;
+import com.sun.tools.javac.util.*;
+
+import static com.sun.tools.javac.code.Flags.*;
+import static com.sun.tools.javac.code.Kinds.Kind.*;
+import static com.sun.tools.javac.code.Scope.LookupKind.NON_RECURSIVE;
+import static com.sun.tools.javac.code.TypeTag.*;
+import static com.sun.tools.javac.main.Option.*;
+
+import static javax.tools.StandardLocation.CLASS_OUTPUT;
+
+/** This class provides operations to map an internal symbol table graph
+ *  rooted in a ClassSymbol into a classfile.
+ *
+ *  <p><b>This is NOT part of any supported API.
+ *  If you write code that depends on this, you do so at your own risk.
+ *  This code and its internal interfaces are subject to change or
+ *  deletion without notice.</b>
+ */
+public class ClassWriter extends ClassFile {
+    protected static final Context.Key<ClassWriter> classWriterKey = new Context.Key<>();
+
+    private final Options options;
+
+    /** Switch: verbose output.
+     */
+    private boolean verbose;
+
+    /** Switch: emit source file attribute.
+     */
+    private boolean emitSourceFile;
+
+    /** Switch: generate CharacterRangeTable attribute.
+     */
+    private boolean genCrt;
+
+    /** Switch: describe the generated stackmap.
+     */
+    private boolean debugstackmap;
+
+    /**
+     * Target class version.
+     */
+    private Target target;
+
+    /**
+     * Source language version.
+     */
+    private Source source;
+
+    /** Type utilities. */
+    private Types types;
+
+    /**
+     * If true, class files will be written in module-specific subdirectories
+     * of the CLASS_OUTPUT location.
+     */
+    public boolean multiModuleMode;
+
+    /** The initial sizes of the data and constant pool buffers.
+     *  Sizes are increased when buffers get full.
+     */
+    static final int DATA_BUF_SIZE = 0x0fff0;
+    static final int POOL_BUF_SIZE = 0x1fff0;
+
+    /** An output buffer for member info.
+     */
+    ByteBuffer databuf = new ByteBuffer(DATA_BUF_SIZE);
+
+    /** An output buffer for the constant pool.
+     */
+    ByteBuffer poolbuf = new ByteBuffer(POOL_BUF_SIZE);
+
+    /** The constant pool.
+     */
+    Pool pool;
+
+    /** The inner classes to be written, as a set.
+     */
+    Set<ClassSymbol> innerClasses;
+
+    /** The inner classes to be written, as a queue where
+     *  enclosing classes come first.
+     */
+    ListBuffer<ClassSymbol> innerClassesQueue;
+
+    /** The bootstrap methods to be written in the corresponding class attribute
+     *  (one for each invokedynamic)
+     */
+    Map<DynamicMethod.BootstrapMethodsKey, DynamicMethod.BootstrapMethodsValue> bootstrapMethods;
+
+    /** The log to use for verbose output.
+     */
+    private final Log log;
+
+    /** The name table. */
+    private final Names names;
+
+    /** Access to files. */
+    private final JavaFileManager fileManager;
+
+    /** Sole signature generator */
+    private final CWSignatureGenerator signatureGen;
+
+    /** The tags and constants used in compressed stackmap. */
+    static final int SAME_FRAME_SIZE = 64;
+    static final int SAME_LOCALS_1_STACK_ITEM_EXTENDED = 247;
+    static final int SAME_FRAME_EXTENDED = 251;
+    static final int FULL_FRAME = 255;
+    static final int MAX_LOCAL_LENGTH_DIFF = 4;
+
+    /** Get the ClassWriter instance for this context. */
+    public static ClassWriter instance(Context context) {
+        ClassWriter instance = context.get(classWriterKey);
+        if (instance == null)
+            instance = new ClassWriter(context);
+        return instance;
+    }
+
+    /** Construct a class writer, given an options table.
+     */
+    protected ClassWriter(Context context) {
+        context.put(classWriterKey, this);
+
+        log = Log.instance(context);
+        names = Names.instance(context);
+        options = Options.instance(context);
+        target = Target.instance(context);
+        source = Source.instance(context);
+        types = Types.instance(context);
+        fileManager = context.get(JavaFileManager.class);
+        signatureGen = new CWSignatureGenerator(types);
+
+        verbose        = options.isSet(VERBOSE);
+        genCrt         = options.isSet(XJCOV);
+        debugstackmap = options.isSet("debug.stackmap");
+
+        emitSourceFile = options.isUnset(G_CUSTOM) ||
+                            options.isSet(G_CUSTOM, "source");
+
+        String modifierFlags = options.get("debug.dumpmodifiers");
+        if (modifierFlags != null) {
+            dumpClassModifiers = modifierFlags.indexOf('c') != -1;
+            dumpFieldModifiers = modifierFlags.indexOf('f') != -1;
+            dumpInnerClassModifiers = modifierFlags.indexOf('i') != -1;
+            dumpMethodModifiers = modifierFlags.indexOf('m') != -1;
+        }
+    }
+
+/******************************************************************
+ * Diagnostics: dump generated class names and modifiers
+ ******************************************************************/
+
+    /** Value of option 'dumpmodifiers' is a string
+     *  indicating which modifiers should be dumped for debugging:
+     *    'c' -- classes
+     *    'f' -- fields
+     *    'i' -- innerclass attributes
+     *    'm' -- methods
+     *  For example, to dump everything:
+     *    javac -XDdumpmodifiers=cifm MyProg.java
+     */
+    private boolean dumpClassModifiers; // -XDdumpmodifiers=c
+    private boolean dumpFieldModifiers; // -XDdumpmodifiers=f
+    private boolean dumpInnerClassModifiers; // -XDdumpmodifiers=i
+    private boolean dumpMethodModifiers; // -XDdumpmodifiers=m
+
+
+    /** Return flags as a string, separated by " ".
+     */
+    public static String flagNames(long flags) {
+        StringBuilder sbuf = new StringBuilder();
+        int i = 0;
+        long f = flags & StandardFlags;
+        while (f != 0) {
+            if ((f & 1) != 0) {
+                sbuf.append(" ");
+                sbuf.append(flagName[i]);
+            }
+            f = f >> 1;
+            i++;
+        }
+        return sbuf.toString();
+    }
+    //where
+        private final static String[] flagName = {
+            "PUBLIC", "PRIVATE", "PROTECTED", "STATIC", "FINAL",
+            "SUPER", "VOLATILE", "TRANSIENT", "NATIVE", "INTERFACE",
+            "ABSTRACT", "STRICTFP"};
+
+/******************************************************************
+ * Output routines
+ ******************************************************************/
+
+    /** Write a character into given byte buffer;
+     *  byte buffer will not be grown.
+     */
+    void putChar(ByteBuffer buf, int op, int x) {
+        buf.elems[op  ] = (byte)((x >>  8) & 0xFF);
+        buf.elems[op+1] = (byte)((x      ) & 0xFF);
+    }
+
+    /** Write an integer into given byte buffer;
+     *  byte buffer will not be grown.
+     */
+    void putInt(ByteBuffer buf, int adr, int x) {
+        buf.elems[adr  ] = (byte)((x >> 24) & 0xFF);
+        buf.elems[adr+1] = (byte)((x >> 16) & 0xFF);
+        buf.elems[adr+2] = (byte)((x >>  8) & 0xFF);
+        buf.elems[adr+3] = (byte)((x      ) & 0xFF);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Signature Generation
+     */
+    private class CWSignatureGenerator extends Types.SignatureGenerator {
+
+        /**
+         * An output buffer for type signatures.
+         */
+        ByteBuffer sigbuf = new ByteBuffer();
+
+        CWSignatureGenerator(Types types) {
+            super(types);
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * Assemble signature of given type in string buffer.
+         * Check for uninitialized types before calling the general case.
+         */
+        @Override
+        public void assembleSig(Type type) {
+            switch (type.getTag()) {
+                case UNINITIALIZED_THIS:
+                case UNINITIALIZED_OBJECT:
+                    // we don't yet have a spec for uninitialized types in the
+                    // local variable table
+                    assembleSig(types.erasure(((UninitializedType)type).qtype));
+                    break;
+                default:
+                    super.assembleSig(type);
+            }
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        protected void append(char ch) {
+            sigbuf.appendByte(ch);
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        protected void append(byte[] ba) {
+            sigbuf.appendBytes(ba);
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        protected void append(Name name) {
+            sigbuf.appendName(name);
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        protected void classReference(ClassSymbol c) {
+            enterInner(c);
+        }
+
+        private void reset() {
+            sigbuf.reset();
+        }
+
+        private Name toName() {
+            return sigbuf.toName(names);
+        }
+
+        private boolean isEmpty() {
+            return sigbuf.length == 0;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Return signature of given type
+     */
+    Name typeSig(Type type) {
+        Assert.check(signatureGen.isEmpty());
+        //- System.out.println(" ? " + type);
+        signatureGen.assembleSig(type);
+        Name n = signatureGen.toName();
+        signatureGen.reset();
+        //- System.out.println("   " + n);
+        return n;
+    }
+
+    /** Given a type t, return the extended class name of its erasure in
+     *  external representation.
+     */
+    public Name xClassName(Type t) {
+        if (t.hasTag(CLASS)) {
+            return names.fromUtf(externalize(t.tsym.flatName()));
+        } else if (t.hasTag(ARRAY)) {
+            return typeSig(types.erasure(t));
+        } else {
+            throw new AssertionError("xClassName expects class or array type, got " + t);
+        }
+    }
+
+/******************************************************************
+ * Writing the Constant Pool
+ ******************************************************************/
+
+    /** Thrown when the constant pool is over full.
+     */
+    public static class PoolOverflow extends Exception {
+        private static final long serialVersionUID = 0;
+        public PoolOverflow() {}
+    }
+    public static class StringOverflow extends Exception {
+        private static final long serialVersionUID = 0;
+        public final String value;
+        public StringOverflow(String s) {
+            value = s;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /** Write constant pool to pool buffer.
+     *  Note: during writing, constant pool
+     *  might grow since some parts of constants still need to be entered.
+     */
+    void writePool(Pool pool) throws PoolOverflow, StringOverflow {
+        int poolCountIdx = poolbuf.length;
+        poolbuf.appendChar(0);
+        int i = 1;
+        while (i < pool.pp) {
+            Object value = pool.pool[i];
+            Assert.checkNonNull(value);
+            if (value instanceof Method || value instanceof Variable)
+                value = ((DelegatedSymbol)value).getUnderlyingSymbol();
+
+            if (value instanceof MethodSymbol) {
+                MethodSymbol m = (MethodSymbol)value;
+                if (!m.isDynamic()) {
+                    poolbuf.appendByte((m.owner.flags() & INTERFACE) != 0
+                              ? CONSTANT_InterfaceMethodref
+                              : CONSTANT_Methodref);
+                    poolbuf.appendChar(pool.put(m.owner));
+                    poolbuf.appendChar(pool.put(nameType(m)));
+                } else {
+                    //invokedynamic
+                    DynamicMethodSymbol dynSym = (DynamicMethodSymbol)m;
+                    MethodHandle handle = new MethodHandle(dynSym.bsmKind, dynSym.bsm, types);
+                    DynamicMethod.BootstrapMethodsKey key = new DynamicMethod.BootstrapMethodsKey(dynSym, types);
+
+                    // Figure out the index for existing BSM; create a new BSM if no key
+                    DynamicMethod.BootstrapMethodsValue val = bootstrapMethods.get(key);
+                    if (val == null) {
+                        int index = bootstrapMethods.size();
+                        val = new DynamicMethod.BootstrapMethodsValue(handle, index);
+                        bootstrapMethods.put(key, val);
+                    }
+
+                    //init cp entries
+                    pool.put(names.BootstrapMethods);
+                    pool.put(handle);
+                    for (Object staticArg : dynSym.staticArgs) {
+                        pool.put(staticArg);
+                    }
+                    poolbuf.appendByte(CONSTANT_InvokeDynamic);
+                    poolbuf.appendChar(val.index);
+                    poolbuf.appendChar(pool.put(nameType(dynSym)));
+                }
+            } else if (value instanceof VarSymbol) {
+                VarSymbol v = (VarSymbol)value;
+                poolbuf.appendByte(CONSTANT_Fieldref);
+                poolbuf.appendChar(pool.put(v.owner));
+                poolbuf.appendChar(pool.put(nameType(v)));
+            } else if (value instanceof Name) {
+                poolbuf.appendByte(CONSTANT_Utf8);
+                byte[] bs = ((Name)value).toUtf();
+                poolbuf.appendChar(bs.length);
+                poolbuf.appendBytes(bs, 0, bs.length);
+                if (bs.length > Pool.MAX_STRING_LENGTH)
+                    throw new StringOverflow(value.toString());
+            } else if (value instanceof ClassSymbol) {
+                ClassSymbol c = (ClassSymbol)value;
+                if (c.owner.kind == TYP) pool.put(c.owner);
+                poolbuf.appendByte(CONSTANT_Class);
+                if (c.type.hasTag(ARRAY)) {
+                    poolbuf.appendChar(pool.put(typeSig(c.type)));
+                } else {
+                    poolbuf.appendChar(pool.put(names.fromUtf(externalize(c.flatname))));
+                    enterInner(c);
+                }
+            } else if (value instanceof NameAndType) {
+                NameAndType nt = (NameAndType)value;
+                poolbuf.appendByte(CONSTANT_NameandType);
+                poolbuf.appendChar(pool.put(nt.name));
+                poolbuf.appendChar(pool.put(typeSig(nt.uniqueType.type)));
+            } else if (value instanceof Integer) {
+                poolbuf.appendByte(CONSTANT_Integer);
+                poolbuf.appendInt(((Integer)value).intValue());
+            } else if (value instanceof Long) {
+                poolbuf.appendByte(CONSTANT_Long);
+                poolbuf.appendLong(((Long)value).longValue());
+                i++;
+            } else if (value instanceof Float) {
+                poolbuf.appendByte(CONSTANT_Float);
+                poolbuf.appendFloat(((Float)value).floatValue());
+            } else if (value instanceof Double) {
+                poolbuf.appendByte(CONSTANT_Double);
+                poolbuf.appendDouble(((Double)value).doubleValue());
+                i++;
+            } else if (value instanceof String) {
+                poolbuf.appendByte(CONSTANT_String);
+                poolbuf.appendChar(pool.put(names.fromString((String)value)));
+            } else if (value instanceof UniqueType) {
+                Type type = ((UniqueType)value).type;
+                if (type.hasTag(METHOD)) {
+                    poolbuf.appendByte(CONSTANT_MethodType);
+                    poolbuf.appendChar(pool.put(typeSig((MethodType)type)));
+                } else {
+                    Assert.check(type.hasTag(ARRAY));
+                    poolbuf.appendByte(CONSTANT_Class);
+                    poolbuf.appendChar(pool.put(xClassName(type)));
+                }
+            } else if (value instanceof MethodHandle) {
+                MethodHandle ref = (MethodHandle)value;
+                poolbuf.appendByte(CONSTANT_MethodHandle);
+                poolbuf.appendByte(ref.refKind);
+                poolbuf.appendChar(pool.put(ref.refSym));
+            } else if (value instanceof ModuleSymbol) {
+                ModuleSymbol m = (ModuleSymbol)value;
+                poolbuf.appendByte(CONSTANT_Module);
+                poolbuf.appendChar(pool.put(m.name));
+            } else if (value instanceof PackageSymbol) {
+                PackageSymbol m = (PackageSymbol)value;
+                poolbuf.appendByte(CONSTANT_Package);
+                poolbuf.appendChar(pool.put(names.fromUtf(externalize(m.fullname))));
+            } else {
+                Assert.error("writePool " + value);
+            }
+            i++;
+        }
+        if (pool.pp > Pool.MAX_ENTRIES)
+            throw new PoolOverflow();
+        putChar(poolbuf, poolCountIdx, pool.pp);
+    }
+
+    /** Given a symbol, return its name-and-type.
+     */
+    NameAndType nameType(Symbol sym) {
+        return new NameAndType(sym.name, sym.externalType(types), types);
+        // the NameAndType is generated from a symbol reference, and the
+        // adjustment of adding an additional this$n parameter needs to be made.
+    }
+
+/******************************************************************
+ * Writing Attributes
+ ******************************************************************/
+
+    /** Write header for an attribute to data buffer and return
+     *  position past attribute length index.
+     */
+    int writeAttr(Name attrName) {
+        databuf.appendChar(pool.put(attrName));
+        databuf.appendInt(0);
+        return databuf.length;
+    }
+
+    /** Fill in attribute length.
+     */
+    void endAttr(int index) {
+        putInt(databuf, index - 4, databuf.length - index);
+    }
+
+    /** Leave space for attribute count and return index for
+     *  number of attributes field.
+     */
+    int beginAttrs() {
+        databuf.appendChar(0);
+        return databuf.length;
+    }
+
+    /** Fill in number of attributes.
+     */
+    void endAttrs(int index, int count) {
+        putChar(databuf, index - 2, count);
+    }
+
+    /** Write the EnclosingMethod attribute if needed.
+     *  Returns the number of attributes written (0 or 1).
+     */
+    int writeEnclosingMethodAttribute(ClassSymbol c) {
+        return writeEnclosingMethodAttribute(names.EnclosingMethod, c);
+    }
+
+    /** Write the EnclosingMethod attribute with a specified name.
+     *  Returns the number of attributes written (0 or 1).
+     */
+    protected int writeEnclosingMethodAttribute(Name attributeName, ClassSymbol c) {
+        if (c.owner.kind != MTH && // neither a local class
+            c.name != names.empty) // nor anonymous
+            return 0;
+
+        int alenIdx = writeAttr(attributeName);
+        ClassSymbol enclClass = c.owner.enclClass();
+        MethodSymbol enclMethod =
+            (c.owner.type == null // local to init block
+             || c.owner.kind != MTH) // or member init
+            ? null
+            : (MethodSymbol)c.owner;
+        databuf.appendChar(pool.put(enclClass));
+        databuf.appendChar(enclMethod == null ? 0 : pool.put(nameType(c.owner)));
+        endAttr(alenIdx);
+        return 1;
+    }
+
+    /** Write flag attributes; return number of attributes written.
+     */
+    int writeFlagAttrs(long flags) {
+        int acount = 0;
+        if ((flags & DEPRECATED) != 0) {
+            int alenIdx = writeAttr(names.Deprecated);
+            endAttr(alenIdx);
+            acount++;
+        }
+        return acount;
+    }
+
+    /** Write member (field or method) attributes;
+     *  return number of attributes written.
+     */
+    int writeMemberAttrs(Symbol sym) {
+        int acount = writeFlagAttrs(sym.flags());
+        long flags = sym.flags();
+        if ((flags & (SYNTHETIC | BRIDGE)) != SYNTHETIC &&
+            (flags & ANONCONSTR) == 0 &&
+            (!types.isSameType(sym.type, sym.erasure(types)) ||
+             signatureGen.hasTypeVar(sym.type.getThrownTypes()))) {
+            // note that a local class with captured variables
+            // will get a signature attribute
+            int alenIdx = writeAttr(names.Signature);
+            databuf.appendChar(pool.put(typeSig(sym.type)));
+            endAttr(alenIdx);
+            acount++;
+        }
+        acount += writeJavaAnnotations(sym.getRawAttributes());
+        acount += writeTypeAnnotations(sym.getRawTypeAttributes(), false);
+        return acount;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Write method parameter names attribute.
+     */
+    int writeMethodParametersAttr(MethodSymbol m) {
+        MethodType ty = m.externalType(types).asMethodType();
+        final int allparams = ty.argtypes.size();
+        if (m.params != null && allparams != 0) {
+            final int attrIndex = writeAttr(names.MethodParameters);
+            databuf.appendByte(allparams);
+            // Write extra parameters first
+            for (VarSymbol s : m.extraParams) {
+                final int flags =
+                    ((int) s.flags() & (FINAL | SYNTHETIC | MANDATED)) |
+                    ((int) m.flags() & SYNTHETIC);
+                databuf.appendChar(pool.put(s.name));
+                databuf.appendChar(flags);
+            }
+            // Now write the real parameters
+            for (VarSymbol s : m.params) {
+                final int flags =
+                    ((int) s.flags() & (FINAL | SYNTHETIC | MANDATED)) |
+                    ((int) m.flags() & SYNTHETIC);
+                databuf.appendChar(pool.put(s.name));
+                databuf.appendChar(flags);
+            }
+            // Now write the captured locals
+            for (VarSymbol s : m.capturedLocals) {
+                final int flags =
+                    ((int) s.flags() & (FINAL | SYNTHETIC | MANDATED)) |
+                    ((int) m.flags() & SYNTHETIC);
+                databuf.appendChar(pool.put(s.name));
+                databuf.appendChar(flags);
+            }
+            endAttr(attrIndex);
+            return 1;
+        } else
+            return 0;
+    }
+
+
+    private void writeParamAnnotations(List<VarSymbol> params,
+                                       RetentionPolicy retention) {
+        for (VarSymbol s : params) {
+            ListBuffer<Attribute.Compound> buf = new ListBuffer<>();
+            for (Attribute.Compound a : s.getRawAttributes())
+                if (types.getRetention(a) == retention)
+                    buf.append(a);
+            databuf.appendChar(buf.length());
+            for (Attribute.Compound a : buf)
+                writeCompoundAttribute(a);
+        }
+
+    }
+
+    private void writeParamAnnotations(MethodSymbol m,
+                                       RetentionPolicy retention) {
+        databuf.appendByte(m.params.length());
+        writeParamAnnotations(m.params, retention);
+    }
+
+    /** Write method parameter annotations;
+     *  return number of attributes written.
+     */
+    int writeParameterAttrs(MethodSymbol m) {
+        boolean hasVisible = false;
+        boolean hasInvisible = false;
+        if (m.params != null) {
+            for (VarSymbol s : m.params) {
+                for (Attribute.Compound a : s.getRawAttributes()) {
+                    switch (types.getRetention(a)) {
+                    case SOURCE: break;
+                    case CLASS: hasInvisible = true; break;
+                    case RUNTIME: hasVisible = true; break;
+                    default: // /* fail soft */ throw new AssertionError(vis);
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        int attrCount = 0;
+        if (hasVisible) {
+            int attrIndex = writeAttr(names.RuntimeVisibleParameterAnnotations);
+            writeParamAnnotations(m, RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME);
+            endAttr(attrIndex);
+            attrCount++;
+        }
+        if (hasInvisible) {
+            int attrIndex = writeAttr(names.RuntimeInvisibleParameterAnnotations);
+            writeParamAnnotations(m, RetentionPolicy.CLASS);
+            endAttr(attrIndex);
+            attrCount++;
+        }
+        return attrCount;
+    }
+
+/**********************************************************************
+ * Writing Java-language annotations (aka metadata, attributes)
+ **********************************************************************/
+
+    /** Write Java-language annotations; return number of JVM
+     *  attributes written (zero or one).
+     */
+    int writeJavaAnnotations(List<Attribute.Compound> attrs) {
+        if (attrs.isEmpty()) return 0;
+        ListBuffer<Attribute.Compound> visibles = new ListBuffer<>();
+        ListBuffer<Attribute.Compound> invisibles = new ListBuffer<>();
+        for (Attribute.Compound a : attrs) {
+            switch (types.getRetention(a)) {
+            case SOURCE: break;
+            case CLASS: invisibles.append(a); break;
+            case RUNTIME: visibles.append(a); break;
+            default: // /* fail soft */ throw new AssertionError(vis);
+            }
+        }
+
+        int attrCount = 0;
+        if (visibles.length() != 0) {
+            int attrIndex = writeAttr(names.RuntimeVisibleAnnotations);
+            databuf.appendChar(visibles.length());
+            for (Attribute.Compound a : visibles)
+                writeCompoundAttribute(a);
+            endAttr(attrIndex);
+            attrCount++;
+        }
+        if (invisibles.length() != 0) {
+            int attrIndex = writeAttr(names.RuntimeInvisibleAnnotations);
+            databuf.appendChar(invisibles.length());
+            for (Attribute.Compound a : invisibles)
+                writeCompoundAttribute(a);
+            endAttr(attrIndex);
+            attrCount++;
+        }
+        return attrCount;
+    }
+
+    int writeTypeAnnotations(List<Attribute.TypeCompound> typeAnnos, boolean inCode) {
+        if (typeAnnos.isEmpty()) return 0;
+
+        ListBuffer<Attribute.TypeCompound> visibles = new ListBuffer<>();
+        ListBuffer<Attribute.TypeCompound> invisibles = new ListBuffer<>();
+
+        for (Attribute.TypeCompound tc : typeAnnos) {
+            if (tc.hasUnknownPosition()) {
+                boolean fixed = tc.tryFixPosition();
+
+                // Could we fix it?
+                if (!fixed) {
+                    // This happens for nested types like @A Outer. @B Inner.
+                    // For method parameters we get the annotation twice! Once with
+                    // a valid position, once unknown.
+                    // TODO: find a cleaner solution.
+                    PrintWriter pw = log.getWriter(Log.WriterKind.ERROR);
+                    pw.println("ClassWriter: Position UNKNOWN in type annotation: " + tc);
+                    continue;
+                }
+            }
+
+            if (tc.position.type.isLocal() != inCode)
+                continue;
+            if (!tc.position.emitToClassfile())
+                continue;
+            switch (types.getRetention(tc)) {
+            case SOURCE: break;
+            case CLASS: invisibles.append(tc); break;
+            case RUNTIME: visibles.append(tc); break;
+            default: // /* fail soft */ throw new AssertionError(vis);
+            }
+        }
+
+        int attrCount = 0;
+        if (visibles.length() != 0) {
+            int attrIndex = writeAttr(names.RuntimeVisibleTypeAnnotations);
+            databuf.appendChar(visibles.length());
+            for (Attribute.TypeCompound p : visibles)
+                writeTypeAnnotation(p);
+            endAttr(attrIndex);
+            attrCount++;
+        }
+
+        if (invisibles.length() != 0) {
+            int attrIndex = writeAttr(names.RuntimeInvisibleTypeAnnotations);
+            databuf.appendChar(invisibles.length());
+            for (Attribute.TypeCompound p : invisibles)
+                writeTypeAnnotation(p);
+            endAttr(attrIndex);
+            attrCount++;
+        }
+
+        return attrCount;
+    }
+
+    /** A visitor to write an attribute including its leading
+     *  single-character marker.
+     */
+    class AttributeWriter implements Attribute.Visitor {
+        public void visitConstant(Attribute.Constant _value) {
+            Object value = _value.value;
+            switch (_value.type.getTag()) {
+            case BYTE:
+                databuf.appendByte('B');
+                break;
+            case CHAR:
+                databuf.appendByte('C');
+                break;
+            case SHORT:
+                databuf.appendByte('S');
+                break;
+            case INT:
+                databuf.appendByte('I');
+                break;
+            case LONG:
+                databuf.appendByte('J');
+                break;
+            case FLOAT:
+                databuf.appendByte('F');
+                break;
+            case DOUBLE:
+                databuf.appendByte('D');
+                break;
+            case BOOLEAN:
+                databuf.appendByte('Z');
+                break;
+            case CLASS:
+                Assert.check(value instanceof String);
+                databuf.appendByte('s');
+                value = names.fromString(value.toString()); // CONSTANT_Utf8
+                break;
+            default:
+                throw new AssertionError(_value.type);
+            }
+            databuf.appendChar(pool.put(value));
+        }
+        public void visitEnum(Attribute.Enum e) {
+            databuf.appendByte('e');
+            databuf.appendChar(pool.put(typeSig(e.value.type)));
+            databuf.appendChar(pool.put(e.value.name));
+        }
+        public void visitClass(Attribute.Class clazz) {
+            databuf.appendByte('c');
+            databuf.appendChar(pool.put(typeSig(types.erasure(clazz.classType))));
+        }
+        public void visitCompound(Attribute.Compound compound) {
+            databuf.appendByte('@');
+            writeCompoundAttribute(compound);
+        }
+        public void visitError(Attribute.Error x) {
+            throw new AssertionError(x);
+        }
+        public void visitArray(Attribute.Array array) {
+            databuf.appendByte('[');
+            databuf.appendChar(array.values.length);
+            for (Attribute a : array.values) {
+                a.accept(this);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    AttributeWriter awriter = new AttributeWriter();
+
+    /** Write a compound attribute excluding the '@' marker. */
+    void writeCompoundAttribute(Attribute.Compound c) {
+        databuf.appendChar(pool.put(typeSig(c.type)));
+        databuf.appendChar(c.values.length());
+        for (Pair<Symbol.MethodSymbol,Attribute> p : c.values) {
+            databuf.appendChar(pool.put(p.fst.name));
+            p.snd.accept(awriter);
+        }
+    }
+
+    void writeTypeAnnotation(Attribute.TypeCompound c) {
+        writePosition(c.position);
+        writeCompoundAttribute(c);
+    }
+
+    void writePosition(TypeAnnotationPosition p) {
+        databuf.appendByte(p.type.targetTypeValue()); // TargetType tag is a byte
+        switch (p.type) {
+        // instanceof
+        case INSTANCEOF:
+        // new expression
+        case NEW:
+        // constructor/method reference receiver
+        case CONSTRUCTOR_REFERENCE:
+        case METHOD_REFERENCE:
+            databuf.appendChar(p.offset);
+            break;
+        // local variable
+        case LOCAL_VARIABLE:
+        // resource variable
+        case RESOURCE_VARIABLE:
+            databuf.appendChar(p.lvarOffset.length);  // for table length
+            for (int i = 0; i < p.lvarOffset.length; ++i) {
+                databuf.appendChar(p.lvarOffset[i]);
+                databuf.appendChar(p.lvarLength[i]);
+                databuf.appendChar(p.lvarIndex[i]);
+            }
+            break;
+        // exception parameter
+        case EXCEPTION_PARAMETER:
+            databuf.appendChar(p.getExceptionIndex());
+            break;
+        // method receiver
+        case METHOD_RECEIVER:
+            // Do nothing
+            break;
+        // type parameter
+        case CLASS_TYPE_PARAMETER:
+        case METHOD_TYPE_PARAMETER:
+            databuf.appendByte(p.parameter_index);
+            break;
+        // type parameter bound
+        case CLASS_TYPE_PARAMETER_BOUND:
+        case METHOD_TYPE_PARAMETER_BOUND:
+            databuf.appendByte(p.parameter_index);
+            databuf.appendByte(p.bound_index);
+            break;
+        // class extends or implements clause
+        case CLASS_EXTENDS:
+            databuf.appendChar(p.type_index);
+            break;
+        // throws
+        case THROWS:
+            databuf.appendChar(p.type_index);
+            break;
+        // method parameter
+        case METHOD_FORMAL_PARAMETER:
+            databuf.appendByte(p.parameter_index);
+            break;
+        // type cast
+        case CAST:
+        // method/constructor/reference type argument
+        case CONSTRUCTOR_INVOCATION_TYPE_ARGUMENT:
+        case METHOD_INVOCATION_TYPE_ARGUMENT:
+        case CONSTRUCTOR_REFERENCE_TYPE_ARGUMENT:
+        case METHOD_REFERENCE_TYPE_ARGUMENT:
+            databuf.appendChar(p.offset);
+            databuf.appendByte(p.type_index);
+            break;
+        // We don't need to worry about these
+        case METHOD_RETURN:
+        case FIELD:
+            break;
+        case UNKNOWN:
+            throw new AssertionError("jvm.ClassWriter: UNKNOWN target type should never occur!");
+        default:
+            throw new AssertionError("jvm.ClassWriter: Unknown target type for position: " + p);
+        }
+
+        { // Append location data for generics/arrays.
+            databuf.appendByte(p.location.size());
+            java.util.List<Integer> loc = TypeAnnotationPosition.getBinaryFromTypePath(p.location);
+            for (int i : loc)
+                databuf.appendByte((byte)i);
+        }
+    }
+
+/**********************************************************************
+ * Writing module attributes
+ **********************************************************************/
+
+    /** Write the Module attribute if needed.
+     *  Returns the number of attributes written (0 or 1).
+     */
+    int writeModuleAttribute(ClassSymbol c) {
+        ModuleSymbol m = (ModuleSymbol) c.owner;
+
+        int alenIdx = writeAttr(names.Module);
+
+        databuf.appendChar(pool.put(m));
+        databuf.appendChar(ModuleFlags.value(m.flags)); // module_flags
+        databuf.appendChar(m.version != null ? pool.put(m.version) : 0);
+
+        ListBuffer<RequiresDirective> requires = new ListBuffer<>();
+        for (RequiresDirective r: m.requires) {
+            if (!r.flags.contains(RequiresFlag.EXTRA))
+                requires.add(r);
+        }
+        databuf.appendChar(requires.size());
+        for (RequiresDirective r: requires) {
+            databuf.appendChar(pool.put(r.module));
+            databuf.appendChar(RequiresFlag.value(r.flags));
+            databuf.appendChar(r.module.version != null ? pool.put(r.module.version) : 0);
+        }
+
+        List<ExportsDirective> exports = m.exports;
+        databuf.appendChar(exports.size());
+        for (ExportsDirective e: exports) {
+            databuf.appendChar(pool.put(e.packge));
+            databuf.appendChar(ExportsFlag.value(e.flags));
+            if (e.modules == null) {
+                databuf.appendChar(0);
+            } else {
+                databuf.appendChar(e.modules.size());
+                for (ModuleSymbol msym: e.modules) {
+                    databuf.appendChar(pool.put(msym));
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        List<OpensDirective> opens = m.opens;
+        databuf.appendChar(opens.size());
+        for (OpensDirective o: opens) {
+            databuf.appendChar(pool.put(o.packge));
+            databuf.appendChar(OpensFlag.value(o.flags));
+            if (o.modules == null) {
+                databuf.appendChar(0);
+            } else {
+                databuf.appendChar(o.modules.size());
+                for (ModuleSymbol msym: o.modules) {
+                    databuf.appendChar(pool.put(msym));
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        List<UsesDirective> uses = m.uses;
+        databuf.appendChar(uses.size());
+        for (UsesDirective s: uses) {
+            databuf.appendChar(pool.put(s.service));
+        }
+
+        // temporary fix to merge repeated provides clause for same service;
+        // eventually this should be disallowed when analyzing the module,
+        // so that each service type only appears once.
+        Map<ClassSymbol, Set<ClassSymbol>> mergedProvides = new LinkedHashMap<>();
+        for (ProvidesDirective p : m.provides) {
+            mergedProvides.computeIfAbsent(p.service, s -> new LinkedHashSet<>()).addAll(p.impls);
+        }
+        databuf.appendChar(mergedProvides.size());
+        mergedProvides.forEach((srvc, impls) -> {
+            databuf.appendChar(pool.put(srvc));
+            databuf.appendChar(impls.size());
+            impls.forEach(impl -> databuf.appendChar(pool.put(impl)));
+        });
+
+        endAttr(alenIdx);
+        return 1;
+    }
+
+/**********************************************************************
+ * Writing Objects
+ **********************************************************************/
+
+    /** Enter an inner class into the `innerClasses' set/queue.
+     */
+    void enterInner(ClassSymbol c) {
+        if (c.type.isCompound()) {
+            throw new AssertionError("Unexpected intersection type: " + c.type);
+        }
+        try {
+            c.complete();
+        } catch (CompletionFailure ex) {
+            System.err.println("error: " + c + ": " + ex.getMessage());
+            throw ex;
+        }
+        if (!c.type.hasTag(CLASS)) return; // arrays
+        if (pool != null && // pool might be null if called from xClassName
+            c.owner.enclClass() != null &&
+            (innerClasses == null || !innerClasses.contains(c))) {
+//          log.errWriter.println("enter inner " + c);//DEBUG
+            enterInner(c.owner.enclClass());
+            pool.put(c);
+            if (c.name != names.empty)
+                pool.put(c.name);
+            if (innerClasses == null) {
+                innerClasses = new HashSet<>();
+                innerClassesQueue = new ListBuffer<>();
+                pool.put(names.InnerClasses);
+            }
+            innerClasses.add(c);
+            innerClassesQueue.append(c);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /** Write "inner classes" attribute.
+     */
+    void writeInnerClasses() {
+        int alenIdx = writeAttr(names.InnerClasses);
+        databuf.appendChar(innerClassesQueue.length());
+        for (List<ClassSymbol> l = innerClassesQueue.toList();
+             l.nonEmpty();
+             l = l.tail) {
+            ClassSymbol inner = l.head;
+            inner.markAbstractIfNeeded(types);
+            char flags = (char) adjustFlags(inner.flags_field);
+            if ((flags & INTERFACE) != 0) flags |= ABSTRACT; // Interfaces are always ABSTRACT
+            flags &= ~STRICTFP; //inner classes should not have the strictfp flag set.
+            if (dumpInnerClassModifiers) {
+                PrintWriter pw = log.getWriter(Log.WriterKind.ERROR);
+                pw.println("INNERCLASS  " + inner.name);
+                pw.println("---" + flagNames(flags));
+            }
+            databuf.appendChar(pool.get(inner));
+            databuf.appendChar(
+                inner.owner.kind == TYP && !inner.name.isEmpty() ? pool.get(inner.owner) : 0);
+            databuf.appendChar(
+                !inner.name.isEmpty() ? pool.get(inner.name) : 0);
+            databuf.appendChar(flags);
+        }
+        endAttr(alenIdx);
+    }
+
+    /** Write "bootstrapMethods" attribute.
+     */
+    void writeBootstrapMethods() {
+        int alenIdx = writeAttr(names.BootstrapMethods);
+        databuf.appendChar(bootstrapMethods.size());
+        for (Map.Entry<DynamicMethod.BootstrapMethodsKey, DynamicMethod.BootstrapMethodsValue> entry : bootstrapMethods.entrySet()) {
+            DynamicMethod.BootstrapMethodsKey bsmKey = entry.getKey();
+            //write BSM handle
+            databuf.appendChar(pool.get(entry.getValue().mh));
+            Object[] uniqueArgs = bsmKey.getUniqueArgs();
+            //write static args length
+            databuf.appendChar(uniqueArgs.length);
+            //write static args array
+            for (Object o : uniqueArgs) {
+                databuf.appendChar(pool.get(o));
+            }
+        }
+        endAttr(alenIdx);
+    }
+
+    /** Write field symbol, entering all references into constant pool.
+     */
+    void writeField(VarSymbol v) {
+        int flags = adjustFlags(v.flags());
+        databuf.appendChar(flags);
+        if (dumpFieldModifiers) {
+            PrintWriter pw = log.getWriter(Log.WriterKind.ERROR);
+            pw.println("FIELD  " + v.name);
+            pw.println("---" + flagNames(v.flags()));
+        }
+        databuf.appendChar(pool.put(v.name));
+        databuf.appendChar(pool.put(typeSig(v.erasure(types))));
+        int acountIdx = beginAttrs();
+        int acount = 0;
+        if (v.getConstValue() != null) {
+            int alenIdx = writeAttr(names.ConstantValue);
+            databuf.appendChar(pool.put(v.getConstValue()));
+            endAttr(alenIdx);
+            acount++;
+        }
+        acount += writeMemberAttrs(v);
+        endAttrs(acountIdx, acount);
+    }
+
+    /** Write method symbol, entering all references into constant pool.
+     */
+    void writeMethod(MethodSymbol m) {
+        int flags = adjustFlags(m.flags());
+        databuf.appendChar(flags);
+        if (dumpMethodModifiers) {
+            PrintWriter pw = log.getWriter(Log.WriterKind.ERROR);
+            pw.println("METHOD  " + m.name);
+            pw.println("---" + flagNames(m.flags()));
+        }
+        databuf.appendChar(pool.put(m.name));
+        databuf.appendChar(pool.put(typeSig(m.externalType(types))));
+        int acountIdx = beginAttrs();
+        int acount = 0;
+        if (m.code != null) {
+            int alenIdx = writeAttr(names.Code);
+            writeCode(m.code);
+            m.code = null; // to conserve space
+            endAttr(alenIdx);
+            acount++;
+        }
+        List<Type> thrown = m.erasure(types).getThrownTypes();
+        if (thrown.nonEmpty()) {
+            int alenIdx = writeAttr(names.Exceptions);
+            databuf.appendChar(thrown.length());
+            for (List<Type> l = thrown; l.nonEmpty(); l = l.tail)
+                databuf.appendChar(pool.put(l.head.tsym));
+            endAttr(alenIdx);
+            acount++;
+        }
+        if (m.defaultValue != null) {
+            int alenIdx = writeAttr(names.AnnotationDefault);
+            m.defaultValue.accept(awriter);
+            endAttr(alenIdx);
+            acount++;
+        }
+        if (options.isSet(PARAMETERS)) {
+            if (!m.isLambdaMethod()) // Per JDK-8138729, do not emit parameters table for lambda bodies.
+                acount += writeMethodParametersAttr(m);
+        }
+        acount += writeMemberAttrs(m);
+        if (!m.isLambdaMethod())
+            acount += writeParameterAttrs(m);
+        endAttrs(acountIdx, acount);
+    }
+
+    /** Write code attribute of method.
+     */
+    void writeCode(Code code) {
+        databuf.appendChar(code.max_stack);
+        databuf.appendChar(code.max_locals);
+        databuf.appendInt(code.cp);
+        databuf.appendBytes(code.code, 0, code.cp);
+        databuf.appendChar(code.catchInfo.length());
+        for (List<char[]> l = code.catchInfo.toList();
+             l.nonEmpty();
+             l = l.tail) {
+            for (int i = 0; i < l.head.length; i++)
+                databuf.appendChar(l.head[i]);
+        }
+        int acountIdx = beginAttrs();
+        int acount = 0;
+
+        if (code.lineInfo.nonEmpty()) {
+            int alenIdx = writeAttr(names.LineNumberTable);
+            databuf.appendChar(code.lineInfo.length());
+            for (List<char[]> l = code.lineInfo.reverse();
+                 l.nonEmpty();
+                 l = l.tail)
+                for (int i = 0; i < l.head.length; i++)
+                    databuf.appendChar(l.head[i]);
+            endAttr(alenIdx);
+            acount++;
+        }
+
+        if (genCrt && (code.crt != null)) {
+            CRTable crt = code.crt;
+            int alenIdx = writeAttr(names.CharacterRangeTable);
+            int crtIdx = beginAttrs();
+            int crtEntries = crt.writeCRT(databuf, code.lineMap, log);
+            endAttrs(crtIdx, crtEntries);
+            endAttr(alenIdx);
+            acount++;
+        }
+
+        // counter for number of generic local variables
+        if (code.varDebugInfo && code.varBufferSize > 0) {
+            int nGenericVars = 0;
+            int alenIdx = writeAttr(names.LocalVariableTable);
+            databuf.appendChar(code.getLVTSize());
+            for (int i=0; i<code.varBufferSize; i++) {
+                Code.LocalVar var = code.varBuffer[i];
+
+                for (Code.LocalVar.Range r: var.aliveRanges) {
+                    // write variable info
+                    Assert.check(r.start_pc >= 0
+                            && r.start_pc <= code.cp);
+                    databuf.appendChar(r.start_pc);
+                    Assert.check(r.length > 0
+                            && (r.start_pc + r.length) <= code.cp);
+                    databuf.appendChar(r.length);
+                    VarSymbol sym = var.sym;
+                    databuf.appendChar(pool.put(sym.name));
+                    Type vartype = sym.erasure(types);
+                    databuf.appendChar(pool.put(typeSig(vartype)));
+                    databuf.appendChar(var.reg);
+                    if (needsLocalVariableTypeEntry(var.sym.type)) {
+                        nGenericVars++;
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            endAttr(alenIdx);
+            acount++;
+
+            if (nGenericVars > 0) {
+                alenIdx = writeAttr(names.LocalVariableTypeTable);
+                databuf.appendChar(nGenericVars);
+                int count = 0;
+
+                for (int i=0; i<code.varBufferSize; i++) {
+                    Code.LocalVar var = code.varBuffer[i];
+                    VarSymbol sym = var.sym;
+                    if (!needsLocalVariableTypeEntry(sym.type))
+                        continue;
+                    for (Code.LocalVar.Range r : var.aliveRanges) {
+                        // write variable info
+                        databuf.appendChar(r.start_pc);
+                        databuf.appendChar(r.length);
+                        databuf.appendChar(pool.put(sym.name));
+                        databuf.appendChar(pool.put(typeSig(sym.type)));
+                        databuf.appendChar(var.reg);
+                        count++;
+                    }
+                }
+                Assert.check(count == nGenericVars);
+                endAttr(alenIdx);
+                acount++;
+            }
+        }
+
+        if (code.stackMapBufferSize > 0) {
+            if (debugstackmap) System.out.println("Stack map for " + code.meth);
+            int alenIdx = writeAttr(code.stackMap.getAttributeName(names));
+            writeStackMap(code);
+            endAttr(alenIdx);
+            acount++;
+        }
+
+        acount += writeTypeAnnotations(code.meth.getRawTypeAttributes(), true);
+
+        endAttrs(acountIdx, acount);
+    }
+    //where
+    private boolean needsLocalVariableTypeEntry(Type t) {
+        //a local variable needs a type-entry if its type T is generic
+        //(i.e. |T| != T) and if it's not an intersection type (not supported
+        //in signature attribute grammar)
+        return (!types.isSameType(t, types.erasure(t)) &&
+                !t.isCompound());
+    }
+
+    void writeStackMap(Code code) {
+        int nframes = code.stackMapBufferSize;
+        if (debugstackmap) System.out.println(" nframes = " + nframes);
+        databuf.appendChar(nframes);
+
+        switch (code.stackMap) {
+        case CLDC:
+            for (int i=0; i<nframes; i++) {
+                if (debugstackmap) System.out.print("  " + i + ":");
+                Code.StackMapFrame frame = code.stackMapBuffer[i];
+
+                // output PC
+                if (debugstackmap) System.out.print(" pc=" + frame.pc);
+                databuf.appendChar(frame.pc);
+
+                // output locals
+                int localCount = 0;
+                for (int j=0; j<frame.locals.length;
+                     j += Code.width(frame.locals[j])) {
+                    localCount++;
+                }
+                if (debugstackmap) System.out.print(" nlocals=" +
+                                                    localCount);
+                databuf.appendChar(localCount);
+                for (int j=0; j<frame.locals.length;
+                     j += Code.width(frame.locals[j])) {
+                    if (debugstackmap) System.out.print(" local[" + j + "]=");
+                    writeStackMapType(frame.locals[j]);
+                }
+
+                // output stack
+                int stackCount = 0;
+                for (int j=0; j<frame.stack.length;
+                     j += Code.width(frame.stack[j])) {
+                    stackCount++;
+                }
+                if (debugstackmap) System.out.print(" nstack=" +
+                                                    stackCount);
+                databuf.appendChar(stackCount);
+                for (int j=0; j<frame.stack.length;
+                     j += Code.width(frame.stack[j])) {
+                    if (debugstackmap) System.out.print(" stack[" + j + "]=");
+                    writeStackMapType(frame.stack[j]);
+                }
+                if (debugstackmap) System.out.println();
+            }
+            break;
+        case JSR202: {
+            Assert.checkNull(code.stackMapBuffer);
+            for (int i=0; i<nframes; i++) {
+                if (debugstackmap) System.out.print("  " + i + ":");
+                StackMapTableFrame frame = code.stackMapTableBuffer[i];
+                frame.write(this);
+                if (debugstackmap) System.out.println();
+            }
+            break;
+        }
+        default:
+            throw new AssertionError("Unexpected stackmap format value");
+        }
+    }
+
+        //where
+        void writeStackMapType(Type t) {
+            if (t == null) {
+                if (debugstackmap) System.out.print("empty");
+                databuf.appendByte(0);
+            }
+            else switch(t.getTag()) {
+            case BYTE:
+            case CHAR:
+            case SHORT:
+            case INT:
+            case BOOLEAN:
+                if (debugstackmap) System.out.print("int");
+                databuf.appendByte(1);
+                break;
+            case FLOAT:
+                if (debugstackmap) System.out.print("float");
+                databuf.appendByte(2);
+                break;
+            case DOUBLE:
+                if (debugstackmap) System.out.print("double");
+                databuf.appendByte(3);
+                break;
+            case LONG:
+                if (debugstackmap) System.out.print("long");
+                databuf.appendByte(4);
+                break;
+            case BOT: // null
+                if (debugstackmap) System.out.print("null");
+                databuf.appendByte(5);
+                break;
+            case CLASS:
+            case ARRAY:
+                if (debugstackmap) System.out.print("object(" + t + ")");
+                databuf.appendByte(7);
+                databuf.appendChar(pool.put(t));
+                break;
+            case TYPEVAR:
+                if (debugstackmap) System.out.print("object(" + types.erasure(t).tsym + ")");
+                databuf.appendByte(7);
+                databuf.appendChar(pool.put(types.erasure(t).tsym));
+                break;
+            case UNINITIALIZED_THIS:
+                if (debugstackmap) System.out.print("uninit_this");
+                databuf.appendByte(6);
+                break;
+            case UNINITIALIZED_OBJECT:
+                { UninitializedType uninitType = (UninitializedType)t;
+                databuf.appendByte(8);
+                if (debugstackmap) System.out.print("uninit_object@" + uninitType.offset);
+                databuf.appendChar(uninitType.offset);
+                }
+                break;
+            default:
+                throw new AssertionError();
+            }
+        }
+
+    /** An entry in the JSR202 StackMapTable */
+    abstract static class StackMapTableFrame {
+        abstract int getFrameType();
+
+        void write(ClassWriter writer) {
+            int frameType = getFrameType();
+            writer.databuf.appendByte(frameType);
+            if (writer.debugstackmap) System.out.print(" frame_type=" + frameType);
+        }
+
+        static class SameFrame extends StackMapTableFrame {
+            final int offsetDelta;
+            SameFrame(int offsetDelta) {
+                this.offsetDelta = offsetDelta;
+            }
+            int getFrameType() {
+                return (offsetDelta < SAME_FRAME_SIZE) ? offsetDelta : SAME_FRAME_EXTENDED;
+            }
+            @Override
+            void write(ClassWriter writer) {
+                super.write(writer);
+                if (getFrameType() == SAME_FRAME_EXTENDED) {
+                    writer.databuf.appendChar(offsetDelta);
+                    if (writer.debugstackmap){
+                        System.out.print(" offset_delta=" + offsetDelta);
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        static class SameLocals1StackItemFrame extends StackMapTableFrame {
+            final int offsetDelta;
+            final Type stack;
+            SameLocals1StackItemFrame(int offsetDelta, Type stack) {
+                this.offsetDelta = offsetDelta;
+                this.stack = stack;
+            }
+            int getFrameType() {
+                return (offsetDelta < SAME_FRAME_SIZE) ?
+                       (SAME_FRAME_SIZE + offsetDelta) :
+                       SAME_LOCALS_1_STACK_ITEM_EXTENDED;
+            }
+            @Override
+            void write(ClassWriter writer) {
+                super.write(writer);
+                if (getFrameType() == SAME_LOCALS_1_STACK_ITEM_EXTENDED) {
+                    writer.databuf.appendChar(offsetDelta);
+                    if (writer.debugstackmap) {
+                        System.out.print(" offset_delta=" + offsetDelta);
+                    }
+                }
+                if (writer.debugstackmap) {
+                    System.out.print(" stack[" + 0 + "]=");
+                }
+                writer.writeStackMapType(stack);
+            }
+        }
+
+        static class ChopFrame extends StackMapTableFrame {
+            final int frameType;
+            final int offsetDelta;
+            ChopFrame(int frameType, int offsetDelta) {
+                this.frameType = frameType;
+                this.offsetDelta = offsetDelta;
+            }
+            int getFrameType() { return frameType; }
+            @Override
+            void write(ClassWriter writer) {
+                super.write(writer);
+                writer.databuf.appendChar(offsetDelta);
+                if (writer.debugstackmap) {
+                    System.out.print(" offset_delta=" + offsetDelta);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        static class AppendFrame extends StackMapTableFrame {
+            final int frameType;
+            final int offsetDelta;
+            final Type[] locals;
+            AppendFrame(int frameType, int offsetDelta, Type[] locals) {
+                this.frameType = frameType;
+                this.offsetDelta = offsetDelta;
+                this.locals = locals;
+            }
+            int getFrameType() { return frameType; }
+            @Override
+            void write(ClassWriter writer) {
+                super.write(writer);
+                writer.databuf.appendChar(offsetDelta);
+                if (writer.debugstackmap) {
+                    System.out.print(" offset_delta=" + offsetDelta);
+                }
+                for (int i=0; i<locals.length; i++) {
+                     if (writer.debugstackmap) System.out.print(" locals[" + i + "]=");
+                     writer.writeStackMapType(locals[i]);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        static class FullFrame extends StackMapTableFrame {
+            final int offsetDelta;
+            final Type[] locals;
+            final Type[] stack;
+            FullFrame(int offsetDelta, Type[] locals, Type[] stack) {
+                this.offsetDelta = offsetDelta;
+                this.locals = locals;
+                this.stack = stack;
+            }
+            int getFrameType() { return FULL_FRAME; }
+            @Override
+            void write(ClassWriter writer) {
+                super.write(writer);
+                writer.databuf.appendChar(offsetDelta);
+                writer.databuf.appendChar(locals.length);
+                if (writer.debugstackmap) {
+                    System.out.print(" offset_delta=" + offsetDelta);
+                    System.out.print(" nlocals=" + locals.length);
+                }
+                for (int i=0; i<locals.length; i++) {
+                    if (writer.debugstackmap) System.out.print(" locals[" + i + "]=");
+                    writer.writeStackMapType(locals[i]);
+                }
+
+                writer.databuf.appendChar(stack.length);
+                if (writer.debugstackmap) { System.out.print(" nstack=" + stack.length); }
+                for (int i=0; i<stack.length; i++) {
+                    if (writer.debugstackmap) System.out.print(" stack[" + i + "]=");
+                    writer.writeStackMapType(stack[i]);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+       /** Compare this frame with the previous frame and produce
+        *  an entry of compressed stack map frame. */
+        static StackMapTableFrame getInstance(Code.StackMapFrame this_frame,
+                                              int prev_pc,
+                                              Type[] prev_locals,
+                                              Types types) {
+            Type[] locals = this_frame.locals;
+            Type[] stack = this_frame.stack;
+            int offset_delta = this_frame.pc - prev_pc - 1;
+            if (stack.length == 1) {
+                if (locals.length == prev_locals.length
+                    && compare(prev_locals, locals, types) == 0) {
+                    return new SameLocals1StackItemFrame(offset_delta, stack[0]);
+                }
+            } else if (stack.length == 0) {
+                int diff_length = compare(prev_locals, locals, types);
+                if (diff_length == 0) {
+                    return new SameFrame(offset_delta);
+                } else if (-MAX_LOCAL_LENGTH_DIFF < diff_length && diff_length < 0) {
+                    // APPEND
+                    Type[] local_diff = new Type[-diff_length];
+                    for (int i=prev_locals.length, j=0; i<locals.length; i++,j++) {
+                        local_diff[j] = locals[i];
+                    }
+                    return new AppendFrame(SAME_FRAME_EXTENDED - diff_length,
+                                           offset_delta,
+                                           local_diff);
+                } else if (0 < diff_length && diff_length < MAX_LOCAL_LENGTH_DIFF) {
+                    // CHOP
+                    return new ChopFrame(SAME_FRAME_EXTENDED - diff_length,
+                                         offset_delta);
+                }
+            }
+            // FULL_FRAME
+            return new FullFrame(offset_delta, locals, stack);
+        }
+
+        static boolean isInt(Type t) {
+            return (t.getTag().isStrictSubRangeOf(INT)  || t.hasTag(BOOLEAN));
+        }
+
+        static boolean isSameType(Type t1, Type t2, Types types) {
+            if (t1 == null) { return t2 == null; }
+            if (t2 == null) { return false; }
+
+            if (isInt(t1) && isInt(t2)) { return true; }
+
+            if (t1.hasTag(UNINITIALIZED_THIS)) {
+                return t2.hasTag(UNINITIALIZED_THIS);
+            } else if (t1.hasTag(UNINITIALIZED_OBJECT)) {
+                if (t2.hasTag(UNINITIALIZED_OBJECT)) {
+                    return ((UninitializedType)t1).offset == ((UninitializedType)t2).offset;
+                } else {
+                    return false;
+                }
+            } else if (t2.hasTag(UNINITIALIZED_THIS) || t2.hasTag(UNINITIALIZED_OBJECT)) {
+                return false;
+            }
+
+            return types.isSameType(t1, t2);
+        }
+
+        static int compare(Type[] arr1, Type[] arr2, Types types) {
+            int diff_length = arr1.length - arr2.length;
+            if (diff_length > MAX_LOCAL_LENGTH_DIFF || diff_length < -MAX_LOCAL_LENGTH_DIFF) {
+                return Integer.MAX_VALUE;
+            }
+            int len = (diff_length > 0) ? arr2.length : arr1.length;
+            for (int i=0; i<len; i++) {
+                if (!isSameType(arr1[i], arr2[i], types)) {
+                    return Integer.MAX_VALUE;
+                }
+            }
+            return diff_length;
+        }
+    }
+
+    void writeFields(Scope s) {
+        // process them in reverse sibling order;
+        // i.e., process them in declaration order.
+        List<VarSymbol> vars = List.nil();
+        for (Symbol sym : s.getSymbols(NON_RECURSIVE)) {
+            if (sym.kind == VAR) vars = vars.prepend((VarSymbol)sym);
+        }
+        while (vars.nonEmpty()) {
+            writeField(vars.head);
+            vars = vars.tail;
+        }
+    }
+
+    void writeMethods(Scope s) {
+        List<MethodSymbol> methods = List.nil();
+        for (Symbol sym : s.getSymbols(NON_RECURSIVE)) {
+            if (sym.kind == MTH && (sym.flags() & HYPOTHETICAL) == 0)
+                methods = methods.prepend((MethodSymbol)sym);
+        }
+        while (methods.nonEmpty()) {
+            writeMethod(methods.head);
+            methods = methods.tail;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /** Emit a class file for a given class.
+     *  @param c      The class from which a class file is generated.
+     */
+    public JavaFileObject writeClass(ClassSymbol c)
+        throws IOException, PoolOverflow, StringOverflow
+    {
+        String name = (c.owner.kind == MDL ? c.name : c.flatname).toString();
+        Location outLocn;
+        if (multiModuleMode) {
+            ModuleSymbol msym = c.owner.kind == MDL ? (ModuleSymbol) c.owner : c.packge().modle;
+            outLocn = fileManager.getLocationForModule(CLASS_OUTPUT, msym.name.toString());
+        } else {
+            outLocn = CLASS_OUTPUT;
+        }
+        JavaFileObject outFile
+            = fileManager.getJavaFileForOutput(outLocn,
+                                               name,
+                                               JavaFileObject.Kind.CLASS,
+                                               c.sourcefile);
+        OutputStream out = outFile.openOutputStream();
+        try {
+            writeClassFile(out, c);
+            if (verbose)
+                log.printVerbose("wrote.file", outFile);
+            out.close();
+            out = null;
+        } finally {
+            if (out != null) {
+                // if we are propagating an exception, delete the file
+                out.close();
+                outFile.delete();
+                outFile = null;
+            }
+        }
+        return outFile; // may be null if write failed
+    }
+
+    /** Write class `c' to outstream `out'.
+     */
+    public void writeClassFile(OutputStream out, ClassSymbol c)
+        throws IOException, PoolOverflow, StringOverflow {
+        Assert.check((c.flags() & COMPOUND) == 0);
+        databuf.reset();
+        poolbuf.reset();
+        signatureGen.reset();
+        pool = c.pool;
+        innerClasses = null;
+        innerClassesQueue = null;
+        bootstrapMethods = new LinkedHashMap<>();
+
+        Type supertype = types.supertype(c.type);
+        List<Type> interfaces = types.interfaces(c.type);
+        List<Type> typarams = c.type.getTypeArguments();
+
+        int flags;
+        if (c.owner.kind == MDL) {
+            flags = ACC_MODULE;
+        } else {
+            flags = adjustFlags(c.flags() & ~DEFAULT);
+            if ((flags & PROTECTED) != 0) flags |= PUBLIC;
+            flags = flags & ClassFlags & ~STRICTFP;
+            if ((flags & INTERFACE) == 0) flags |= ACC_SUPER;
+        }
+
+        if (dumpClassModifiers) {
+            PrintWriter pw = log.getWriter(Log.WriterKind.ERROR);
+            pw.println();
+            pw.println("CLASSFILE  " + c.getQualifiedName());
+            pw.println("---" + flagNames(flags));
+        }
+        databuf.appendChar(flags);
+
+        if (c.owner.kind == MDL) {
+            PackageSymbol unnamed = ((ModuleSymbol) c.owner).unnamedPackage;
+            databuf.appendChar(pool.put(new ClassSymbol(0, names.module_info, unnamed)));
+        } else {
+            databuf.appendChar(pool.put(c));
+        }
+        databuf.appendChar(supertype.hasTag(CLASS) ? pool.put(supertype.tsym) : 0);
+        databuf.appendChar(interfaces.length());
+        for (List<Type> l = interfaces; l.nonEmpty(); l = l.tail)
+            databuf.appendChar(pool.put(l.head.tsym));
+        int fieldsCount = 0;
+        int methodsCount = 0;
+        for (Symbol sym : c.members().getSymbols(NON_RECURSIVE)) {
+            switch (sym.kind) {
+            case VAR: fieldsCount++; break;
+            case MTH: if ((sym.flags() & HYPOTHETICAL) == 0) methodsCount++;
+                      break;
+            case TYP: enterInner((ClassSymbol)sym); break;
+            default : Assert.error();
+            }
+        }
+
+        if (c.trans_local != null) {
+            for (ClassSymbol local : c.trans_local) {
+                enterInner(local);
+            }
+        }
+
+        databuf.appendChar(fieldsCount);
+        writeFields(c.members());
+        databuf.appendChar(methodsCount);
+        writeMethods(c.members());
+
+        int acountIdx = beginAttrs();
+        int acount = 0;
+
+        boolean sigReq =
+            typarams.length() != 0 || supertype.allparams().length() != 0;
+        for (List<Type> l = interfaces; !sigReq && l.nonEmpty(); l = l.tail)
+            sigReq = l.head.allparams().length() != 0;
+        if (sigReq) {
+            int alenIdx = writeAttr(names.Signature);
+            if (typarams.length() != 0) signatureGen.assembleParamsSig(typarams);
+            signatureGen.assembleSig(supertype);
+            for (List<Type> l = interfaces; l.nonEmpty(); l = l.tail)
+                signatureGen.assembleSig(l.head);
+            databuf.appendChar(pool.put(signatureGen.toName()));
+            signatureGen.reset();
+            endAttr(alenIdx);
+            acount++;
+        }
+
+        if (c.sourcefile != null && emitSourceFile) {
+            int alenIdx = writeAttr(names.SourceFile);
+            // WHM 6/29/1999: Strip file path prefix.  We do it here at
+            // the last possible moment because the sourcefile may be used
+            // elsewhere in error diagnostics. Fixes 4241573.
+            //databuf.appendChar(c.pool.put(c.sourcefile));
+            String simpleName = PathFileObject.getSimpleName(c.sourcefile);
+            databuf.appendChar(c.pool.put(names.fromString(simpleName)));
+            endAttr(alenIdx);
+            acount++;
+        }
+
+        if (genCrt) {
+            // Append SourceID attribute
+            int alenIdx = writeAttr(names.SourceID);
+            databuf.appendChar(c.pool.put(names.fromString(Long.toString(getLastModified(c.sourcefile)))));
+            endAttr(alenIdx);
+            acount++;
+            // Append CompilationID attribute
+            alenIdx = writeAttr(names.CompilationID);
+            databuf.appendChar(c.pool.put(names.fromString(Long.toString(System.currentTimeMillis()))));
+            endAttr(alenIdx);
+            acount++;
+        }
+
+        acount += writeFlagAttrs(c.flags());
+        acount += writeJavaAnnotations(c.getRawAttributes());
+        acount += writeTypeAnnotations(c.getRawTypeAttributes(), false);
+        acount += writeEnclosingMethodAttribute(c);
+        if (c.owner.kind == MDL) {
+            acount += writeModuleAttribute(c);
+            acount += writeFlagAttrs(c.owner.flags() & ~DEPRECATED);
+        }
+        acount += writeExtraClassAttributes(c);
+
+        poolbuf.appendInt(JAVA_MAGIC);
+
+        if (c.owner.kind == MDL) {
+            // temporarily overide to force use of v53 for module-info.class
+            poolbuf.appendChar(0);
+            poolbuf.appendChar(53);
+        } else {
+            poolbuf.appendChar(target.minorVersion);
+            poolbuf.appendChar(target.majorVersion);
+        }
+
+        writePool(c.pool);
+
+        if (innerClasses != null) {
+            writeInnerClasses();
+            acount++;
+        }
+
+        if (!bootstrapMethods.isEmpty()) {
+            writeBootstrapMethods();
+            acount++;
+        }
+
+        endAttrs(acountIdx, acount);
+
+        poolbuf.appendBytes(databuf.elems, 0, databuf.length);
+        out.write(poolbuf.elems, 0, poolbuf.length);
+
+        pool = c.pool = null; // to conserve space
+     }
+
+    /**Allows subclasses to write additional class attributes
+     *
+     * @return the number of attributes written
+     */
+    protected int writeExtraClassAttributes(ClassSymbol c) {
+        return 0;
+    }
+
+    int adjustFlags(final long flags) {
+        int result = (int)flags;
+
+        if ((flags & BRIDGE) != 0)
+            result |= ACC_BRIDGE;
+        if ((flags & VARARGS) != 0)
+            result |= ACC_VARARGS;
+        if ((flags & DEFAULT) != 0)
+            result &= ~ABSTRACT;
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    long getLastModified(FileObject filename) {
+        long mod = 0;
+        try {
+            mod = filename.getLastModified();
+        } catch (SecurityException e) {
+            throw new AssertionError("CRT: couldn't get source file modification date: " + e.getMessage());
+        }
+        return mod;
+    }
+}