src/java.base/share/classes/java/util/ImmutableCollections.java
changeset 47216 71c04702a3d5
parent 43068 df01087b2c43
child 47423 4fc2a4a29f3d
--- /dev/null	Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
+++ b/src/java.base/share/classes/java/util/ImmutableCollections.java	Tue Sep 12 19:03:39 2017 +0200
@@ -0,0 +1,964 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 2016, 2017, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
+ * DO NOT ALTER OR REMOVE COPYRIGHT NOTICES OR THIS FILE HEADER.
+ *
+ * This code is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+ * under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 2 only, as
+ * published by the Free Software Foundation.  Oracle designates this
+ * particular file as subject to the "Classpath" exception as provided
+ * by Oracle in the LICENSE file that accompanied this code.
+ *
+ * This code is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
+ * ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU General Public License
+ * version 2 for more details (a copy is included in the LICENSE file that
+ * accompanied this code).
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License version
+ * 2 along with this work; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation,
+ * Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA.
+ *
+ * Please contact Oracle, 500 Oracle Parkway, Redwood Shores, CA 94065 USA
+ * or visit www.oracle.com if you need additional information or have any
+ * questions.
+ */
+
+package java.util;
+
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.io.InvalidObjectException;
+import java.io.ObjectInputStream;
+import java.io.ObjectOutputStream;
+import java.io.ObjectStreamException;
+import java.io.Serializable;
+import java.util.function.BiFunction;
+import java.util.function.Function;
+import java.util.function.Predicate;
+import java.util.function.UnaryOperator;
+import jdk.internal.vm.annotation.Stable;
+
+/**
+ * Container class for immutable collections. Not part of the public API.
+ * Mainly for namespace management and shared infrastructure.
+ *
+ * Serial warnings are suppressed throughout because all implementation
+ * classes use a serial proxy and thus have no need to declare serialVersionUID.
+ */
+@SuppressWarnings("serial")
+class ImmutableCollections {
+    /**
+     * A "salt" value used for randomizing iteration order. This is initialized once
+     * and stays constant for the lifetime of the JVM. It need not be truly random, but
+     * it needs to vary sufficiently from one run to the next so that iteration order
+     * will vary between JVM runs.
+     */
+    static final int SALT;
+    static {
+        long nt = System.nanoTime();
+        SALT = (int)((nt >>> 32) ^ nt);
+    }
+
+    /** No instances. */
+    private ImmutableCollections() { }
+
+    /**
+     * The reciprocal of load factor. Given a number of elements
+     * to store, multiply by this factor to get the table size.
+     */
+    static final int EXPAND_FACTOR = 2;
+
+    static UnsupportedOperationException uoe() { return new UnsupportedOperationException(); }
+
+    // ---------- List Implementations ----------
+
+    abstract static class AbstractImmutableList<E> extends AbstractList<E>
+                                                implements RandomAccess, Serializable {
+        @Override public boolean add(E e) { throw uoe(); }
+        @Override public boolean addAll(Collection<? extends E> c) { throw uoe(); }
+        @Override public boolean addAll(int index, Collection<? extends E> c) { throw uoe(); }
+        @Override public void    clear() { throw uoe(); }
+        @Override public boolean remove(Object o) { throw uoe(); }
+        @Override public boolean removeAll(Collection<?> c) { throw uoe(); }
+        @Override public boolean removeIf(Predicate<? super E> filter) { throw uoe(); }
+        @Override public void    replaceAll(UnaryOperator<E> operator) { throw uoe(); }
+        @Override public boolean retainAll(Collection<?> c) { throw uoe(); }
+        @Override public void    sort(Comparator<? super E> c) { throw uoe(); }
+    }
+
+    static final class List0<E> extends AbstractImmutableList<E> {
+        private static final List0<?> INSTANCE = new List0<>();
+
+        @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
+        static <T> List0<T> instance() {
+            return (List0<T>) INSTANCE;
+        }
+
+        private List0() { }
+
+        @Override
+        public int size() {
+            return 0;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public E get(int index) {
+            Objects.checkIndex(index, 0); // always throws IndexOutOfBoundsException
+            return null;                  // but the compiler doesn't know this
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public Iterator<E> iterator() {
+            return Collections.emptyIterator();
+        }
+
+        private void readObject(ObjectInputStream in) throws IOException, ClassNotFoundException {
+            throw new InvalidObjectException("not serial proxy");
+        }
+
+        private Object writeReplace() {
+            return new CollSer(CollSer.IMM_LIST);
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public boolean contains(Object o) {
+            Objects.requireNonNull(o);
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public boolean containsAll(Collection<?> o) {
+            return o.isEmpty(); // implicit nullcheck of o
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public int hashCode() {
+            return 1;
+        }
+    }
+
+    static final class List1<E> extends AbstractImmutableList<E> {
+        @Stable
+        private final E e0;
+
+        List1(E e0) {
+            this.e0 = Objects.requireNonNull(e0);
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public int size() {
+            return 1;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public E get(int index) {
+            Objects.checkIndex(index, 1);
+            return e0;
+        }
+
+        private void readObject(ObjectInputStream in) throws IOException, ClassNotFoundException {
+            throw new InvalidObjectException("not serial proxy");
+        }
+
+        private Object writeReplace() {
+            return new CollSer(CollSer.IMM_LIST, e0);
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public boolean contains(Object o) {
+            return o.equals(e0); // implicit nullcheck of o
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public int hashCode() {
+            return 31 + e0.hashCode();
+        }
+    }
+
+    static final class List2<E> extends AbstractImmutableList<E> {
+        @Stable
+        private final E e0;
+        @Stable
+        private final E e1;
+
+        List2(E e0, E e1) {
+            this.e0 = Objects.requireNonNull(e0);
+            this.e1 = Objects.requireNonNull(e1);
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public int size() {
+            return 2;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public E get(int index) {
+            Objects.checkIndex(index, 2);
+            if (index == 0) {
+                return e0;
+            } else { // index == 1
+                return e1;
+            }
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public boolean contains(Object o) {
+            return o.equals(e0) || o.equals(e1); // implicit nullcheck of o
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public int hashCode() {
+            int hash = 31 + e0.hashCode();
+            return 31 * hash + e1.hashCode();
+        }
+
+        private void readObject(ObjectInputStream in) throws IOException, ClassNotFoundException {
+            throw new InvalidObjectException("not serial proxy");
+        }
+
+        private Object writeReplace() {
+            return new CollSer(CollSer.IMM_LIST, e0, e1);
+        }
+    }
+
+    static final class ListN<E> extends AbstractImmutableList<E> {
+        @Stable
+        private final E[] elements;
+
+        @SafeVarargs
+        ListN(E... input) {
+            // copy and check manually to avoid TOCTOU
+            @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
+            E[] tmp = (E[])new Object[input.length]; // implicit nullcheck of input
+            for (int i = 0; i < input.length; i++) {
+                tmp[i] = Objects.requireNonNull(input[i]);
+            }
+            this.elements = tmp;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public int size() {
+            return elements.length;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public E get(int index) {
+            Objects.checkIndex(index, elements.length);
+            return elements[index];
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public boolean contains(Object o) {
+            for (E e : elements) {
+                if (o.equals(e)) { // implicit nullcheck of o
+                    return true;
+                }
+            }
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public int hashCode() {
+            int hash = 1;
+            for (E e : elements) {
+                hash = 31 * hash + e.hashCode();
+            }
+            return hash;
+        }
+
+        private void readObject(ObjectInputStream in) throws IOException, ClassNotFoundException {
+            throw new InvalidObjectException("not serial proxy");
+        }
+
+        private Object writeReplace() {
+            return new CollSer(CollSer.IMM_LIST, elements);
+        }
+    }
+
+    // ---------- Set Implementations ----------
+
+    abstract static class AbstractImmutableSet<E> extends AbstractSet<E> implements Serializable {
+        @Override public boolean add(E e) { throw uoe(); }
+        @Override public boolean addAll(Collection<? extends E> c) { throw uoe(); }
+        @Override public void    clear() { throw uoe(); }
+        @Override public boolean remove(Object o) { throw uoe(); }
+        @Override public boolean removeAll(Collection<?> c) { throw uoe(); }
+        @Override public boolean removeIf(Predicate<? super E> filter) { throw uoe(); }
+        @Override public boolean retainAll(Collection<?> c) { throw uoe(); }
+    }
+
+    static final class Set0<E> extends AbstractImmutableSet<E> {
+        private static final Set0<?> INSTANCE = new Set0<>();
+
+        @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
+        static <T> Set0<T> instance() {
+            return (Set0<T>) INSTANCE;
+        }
+
+        private Set0() { }
+
+        @Override
+        public int size() {
+            return 0;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public boolean contains(Object o) {
+            Objects.requireNonNull(o);
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public boolean containsAll(Collection<?> o) {
+            return o.isEmpty(); // implicit nullcheck of o
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public Iterator<E> iterator() {
+            return Collections.emptyIterator();
+        }
+
+        private void readObject(ObjectInputStream in) throws IOException, ClassNotFoundException {
+            throw new InvalidObjectException("not serial proxy");
+        }
+
+        private Object writeReplace() {
+            return new CollSer(CollSer.IMM_SET);
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public int hashCode() {
+            return 0;
+        }
+    }
+
+    static final class Set1<E> extends AbstractImmutableSet<E> {
+        @Stable
+        private final E e0;
+
+        Set1(E e0) {
+            this.e0 = Objects.requireNonNull(e0);
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public int size() {
+            return 1;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public boolean contains(Object o) {
+            return o.equals(e0); // implicit nullcheck of o
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public Iterator<E> iterator() {
+            return Collections.singletonIterator(e0);
+        }
+
+        private void readObject(ObjectInputStream in) throws IOException, ClassNotFoundException {
+            throw new InvalidObjectException("not serial proxy");
+        }
+
+        private Object writeReplace() {
+            return new CollSer(CollSer.IMM_SET, e0);
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public int hashCode() {
+            return e0.hashCode();
+        }
+    }
+
+    static final class Set2<E> extends AbstractImmutableSet<E> {
+        @Stable
+        final E e0;
+        @Stable
+        final E e1;
+
+        Set2(E e0, E e1) {
+            if (e0.equals(Objects.requireNonNull(e1))) { // implicit nullcheck of e0
+                throw new IllegalArgumentException("duplicate element: " + e0);
+            }
+
+            if (SALT >= 0) {
+                this.e0 = e0;
+                this.e1 = e1;
+            } else {
+                this.e0 = e1;
+                this.e1 = e0;
+            }
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public int size() {
+            return 2;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public boolean contains(Object o) {
+            return o.equals(e0) || o.equals(e1); // implicit nullcheck of o
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public int hashCode() {
+            return e0.hashCode() + e1.hashCode();
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public Iterator<E> iterator() {
+            return new Iterator<E>() {
+                private int idx = 0;
+
+                @Override
+                public boolean hasNext() {
+                    return idx < 2;
+                }
+
+                @Override
+                public E next() {
+                    if (idx == 0) {
+                        idx = 1;
+                        return e0;
+                    } else if (idx == 1) {
+                        idx = 2;
+                        return e1;
+                    } else {
+                        throw new NoSuchElementException();
+                    }
+                }
+            };
+        }
+
+        private void readObject(ObjectInputStream in) throws IOException, ClassNotFoundException {
+            throw new InvalidObjectException("not serial proxy");
+        }
+
+        private Object writeReplace() {
+            return new CollSer(CollSer.IMM_SET, e0, e1);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * An array-based Set implementation. The element array must be strictly
+     * larger than the size (the number of contained elements) so that at
+     * least one null is always present.
+     * @param <E> the element type
+     */
+    static final class SetN<E> extends AbstractImmutableSet<E> {
+        @Stable
+        final E[] elements;
+        @Stable
+        final int size;
+
+        @SafeVarargs
+        @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
+        SetN(E... input) {
+            size = input.length; // implicit nullcheck of input
+
+            elements = (E[])new Object[EXPAND_FACTOR * input.length];
+            for (int i = 0; i < input.length; i++) {
+                E e = input[i];
+                int idx = probe(e); // implicit nullcheck of e
+                if (idx >= 0) {
+                    throw new IllegalArgumentException("duplicate element: " + e);
+                } else {
+                    elements[-(idx + 1)] = e;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public int size() {
+            return size;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public boolean contains(Object o) {
+            return probe(o) >= 0; // implicit nullcheck of o
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public Iterator<E> iterator() {
+            return new Iterator<E>() {
+                private int idx = 0;
+
+                @Override
+                public boolean hasNext() {
+                    while (idx < elements.length) {
+                        if (elements[idx] != null)
+                            return true;
+                        idx++;
+                    }
+                    return false;
+                }
+
+                @Override
+                public E next() {
+                    if (! hasNext()) {
+                        throw new NoSuchElementException();
+                    }
+                    return elements[idx++];
+                }
+            };
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public int hashCode() {
+            int h = 0;
+            for (E e : elements) {
+                if (e != null) {
+                    h += e.hashCode();
+                }
+            }
+            return h;
+        }
+
+        // returns index at which element is present; or if absent,
+        // (-i - 1) where i is location where element should be inserted.
+        // Callers are relying on this method to perform an implicit nullcheck
+        // of pe
+        private int probe(Object pe) {
+            int idx = Math.floorMod(pe.hashCode() ^ SALT, elements.length);
+            while (true) {
+                E ee = elements[idx];
+                if (ee == null) {
+                    return -idx - 1;
+                } else if (pe.equals(ee)) {
+                    return idx;
+                } else if (++idx == elements.length) {
+                    idx = 0;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        private void readObject(ObjectInputStream in) throws IOException, ClassNotFoundException {
+            throw new InvalidObjectException("not serial proxy");
+        }
+
+        private Object writeReplace() {
+            Object[] array = new Object[size];
+            int dest = 0;
+            for (Object o : elements) {
+                if (o != null) {
+                    array[dest++] = o;
+                }
+            }
+            return new CollSer(CollSer.IMM_SET, array);
+        }
+    }
+
+    // ---------- Map Implementations ----------
+
+    abstract static class AbstractImmutableMap<K,V> extends AbstractMap<K,V> implements Serializable {
+        @Override public void clear() { throw uoe(); }
+        @Override public V compute(K key, BiFunction<? super K,? super V,? extends V> rf) { throw uoe(); }
+        @Override public V computeIfAbsent(K key, Function<? super K,? extends V> mf) { throw uoe(); }
+        @Override public V computeIfPresent(K key, BiFunction<? super K,? super V,? extends V> rf) { throw uoe(); }
+        @Override public V merge(K key, V value, BiFunction<? super V,? super V,? extends V> rf) { throw uoe(); }
+        @Override public V put(K key, V value) { throw uoe(); }
+        @Override public void putAll(Map<? extends K,? extends V> m) { throw uoe(); }
+        @Override public V putIfAbsent(K key, V value) { throw uoe(); }
+        @Override public V remove(Object key) { throw uoe(); }
+        @Override public boolean remove(Object key, Object value) { throw uoe(); }
+        @Override public V replace(K key, V value) { throw uoe(); }
+        @Override public boolean replace(K key, V oldValue, V newValue) { throw uoe(); }
+        @Override public void replaceAll(BiFunction<? super K,? super V,? extends V> f) { throw uoe(); }
+    }
+
+    static final class Map0<K,V> extends AbstractImmutableMap<K,V> {
+        private static final Map0<?,?> INSTANCE = new Map0<>();
+
+        @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
+        static <K,V> Map0<K,V> instance() {
+            return (Map0<K,V>) INSTANCE;
+        }
+
+        private Map0() { }
+
+        @Override
+        public Set<Map.Entry<K,V>> entrySet() {
+            return Set.of();
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public boolean containsKey(Object o) {
+            Objects.requireNonNull(o);
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public boolean containsValue(Object o) {
+            Objects.requireNonNull(o);
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        private void readObject(ObjectInputStream in) throws IOException, ClassNotFoundException {
+            throw new InvalidObjectException("not serial proxy");
+        }
+
+        private Object writeReplace() {
+            return new CollSer(CollSer.IMM_MAP);
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public int hashCode() {
+            return 0;
+        }
+    }
+
+    static final class Map1<K,V> extends AbstractImmutableMap<K,V> {
+        @Stable
+        private final K k0;
+        @Stable
+        private final V v0;
+
+        Map1(K k0, V v0) {
+            this.k0 = Objects.requireNonNull(k0);
+            this.v0 = Objects.requireNonNull(v0);
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public Set<Map.Entry<K,V>> entrySet() {
+            return Set.of(new KeyValueHolder<>(k0, v0));
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public boolean containsKey(Object o) {
+            return o.equals(k0); // implicit nullcheck of o
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public boolean containsValue(Object o) {
+            return o.equals(v0); // implicit nullcheck of o
+        }
+
+        private void readObject(ObjectInputStream in) throws IOException, ClassNotFoundException {
+            throw new InvalidObjectException("not serial proxy");
+        }
+
+        private Object writeReplace() {
+            return new CollSer(CollSer.IMM_MAP, k0, v0);
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public int hashCode() {
+            return k0.hashCode() ^ v0.hashCode();
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * An array-based Map implementation. There is a single array "table" that
+     * contains keys and values interleaved: table[0] is kA, table[1] is vA,
+     * table[2] is kB, table[3] is vB, etc. The table size must be even. It must
+     * also be strictly larger than the size (the number of key-value pairs contained
+     * in the map) so that at least one null key is always present.
+     * @param <K> the key type
+     * @param <V> the value type
+     */
+    static final class MapN<K,V> extends AbstractImmutableMap<K,V> {
+        @Stable
+        final Object[] table; // pairs of key, value
+        @Stable
+        final int size; // number of pairs
+
+        MapN(Object... input) {
+            if ((input.length & 1) != 0) { // implicit nullcheck of input
+                throw new InternalError("length is odd");
+            }
+            size = input.length >> 1;
+
+            int len = EXPAND_FACTOR * input.length;
+            len = (len + 1) & ~1; // ensure table is even length
+            table = new Object[len];
+
+            for (int i = 0; i < input.length; i += 2) {
+                @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
+                    K k = Objects.requireNonNull((K)input[i]);
+                @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
+                    V v = Objects.requireNonNull((V)input[i+1]);
+                int idx = probe(k);
+                if (idx >= 0) {
+                    throw new IllegalArgumentException("duplicate key: " + k);
+                } else {
+                    int dest = -(idx + 1);
+                    table[dest] = k;
+                    table[dest+1] = v;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public boolean containsKey(Object o) {
+            return probe(o) >= 0; // implicit nullcheck of o
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public boolean containsValue(Object o) {
+            for (int i = 1; i < table.length; i += 2) {
+                Object v = table[i];
+                if (v != null && o.equals(v)) { // implicit nullcheck of o
+                    return true;
+                }
+            }
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public int hashCode() {
+            int hash = 0;
+            for (int i = 0; i < table.length; i += 2) {
+                Object k = table[i];
+                if (k != null) {
+                    hash += k.hashCode() ^ table[i + 1].hashCode();
+                }
+            }
+            return hash;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
+        public V get(Object o) {
+            int i = probe(o);
+            if (i >= 0) {
+                return (V)table[i+1];
+            } else {
+                return null;
+            }
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public int size() {
+            return size;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public Set<Map.Entry<K,V>> entrySet() {
+            return new AbstractSet<Map.Entry<K,V>>() {
+                @Override
+                public int size() {
+                    return MapN.this.size;
+                }
+
+                @Override
+                public Iterator<Map.Entry<K,V>> iterator() {
+                    return new Iterator<Map.Entry<K,V>>() {
+                        int idx = 0;
+
+                        @Override
+                        public boolean hasNext() {
+                            while (idx < table.length) {
+                                if (table[idx] != null)
+                                    return true;
+                                idx += 2;
+                            }
+                            return false;
+                        }
+
+                        @Override
+                        public Map.Entry<K,V> next() {
+                            if (hasNext()) {
+                                @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
+                                Map.Entry<K,V> e =
+                                    new KeyValueHolder<>((K)table[idx], (V)table[idx+1]);
+                                idx += 2;
+                                return e;
+                            } else {
+                                throw new NoSuchElementException();
+                            }
+                        }
+                    };
+                }
+            };
+        }
+
+        // returns index at which the probe key is present; or if absent,
+        // (-i - 1) where i is location where element should be inserted.
+        // Callers are relying on this method to perform an implicit nullcheck
+        // of pk.
+        private int probe(Object pk) {
+            int idx = Math.floorMod(pk.hashCode() ^ SALT, table.length >> 1) << 1;
+            while (true) {
+                @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
+                K ek = (K)table[idx];
+                if (ek == null) {
+                    return -idx - 1;
+                } else if (pk.equals(ek)) {
+                    return idx;
+                } else if ((idx += 2) == table.length) {
+                    idx = 0;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        private void readObject(ObjectInputStream in) throws IOException, ClassNotFoundException {
+            throw new InvalidObjectException("not serial proxy");
+        }
+
+        private Object writeReplace() {
+            Object[] array = new Object[2 * size];
+            int len = table.length;
+            int dest = 0;
+            for (int i = 0; i < len; i += 2) {
+                if (table[i] != null) {
+                    array[dest++] = table[i];
+                    array[dest++] = table[i+1];
+                }
+            }
+            return new CollSer(CollSer.IMM_MAP, array);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+// ---------- Serialization Proxy ----------
+
+/**
+ * A unified serialization proxy class for the immutable collections.
+ *
+ * @serial
+ * @since 9
+ */
+final class CollSer implements Serializable {
+    private static final long serialVersionUID = 6309168927139932177L;
+
+    static final int IMM_LIST = 1;
+    static final int IMM_SET = 2;
+    static final int IMM_MAP = 3;
+
+    /**
+     * Indicates the type of collection that is serialized.
+     * The low order 8 bits have the value 1 for an immutable
+     * {@code List}, 2 for an immutable {@code Set}, and 3 for
+     * an immutable {@code Map}. Any other value causes an
+     * {@link InvalidObjectException} to be thrown. The high
+     * order 24 bits are zero when an instance is serialized,
+     * and they are ignored when an instance is deserialized.
+     * They can thus be used by future implementations without
+     * causing compatibility issues.
+     *
+     * <p>The tag value also determines the interpretation of the
+     * transient {@code Object[] array} field.
+     * For {@code List} and {@code Set}, the array's length is the size
+     * of the collection, and the array contains the elements of the collection.
+     * Null elements are not allowed. For {@code Set}, duplicate elements
+     * are not allowed.
+     *
+     * <p>For {@code Map}, the array's length is twice the number of mappings
+     * present in the map. The array length is necessarily even.
+     * The array contains a succession of key and value pairs:
+     * {@code k1, v1, k2, v2, ..., kN, vN.} Nulls are not allowed,
+     * and duplicate keys are not allowed.
+     *
+     * @serial
+     * @since 9
+     */
+    private final int tag;
+
+    /**
+     * @serial
+     * @since 9
+     */
+    private transient Object[] array;
+
+    CollSer(int t, Object... a) {
+        tag = t;
+        array = a;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Reads objects from the stream and stores them
+     * in the transient {@code Object[] array} field.
+     *
+     * @serialData
+     * A nonnegative int, indicating the count of objects,
+     * followed by that many objects.
+     *
+     * @param ois the ObjectInputStream from which data is read
+     * @throws IOException if an I/O error occurs
+     * @throws ClassNotFoundException if a serialized class cannot be loaded
+     * @throws InvalidObjectException if the count is negative
+     * @since 9
+     */
+    private void readObject(ObjectInputStream ois) throws IOException, ClassNotFoundException {
+        ois.defaultReadObject();
+        int len = ois.readInt();
+
+        if (len < 0) {
+            throw new InvalidObjectException("negative length " + len);
+        }
+
+        Object[] a = new Object[len];
+        for (int i = 0; i < len; i++) {
+            a[i] = ois.readObject();
+        }
+
+        array = a;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Writes objects to the stream from
+     * the transient {@code Object[] array} field.
+     *
+     * @serialData
+     * A nonnegative int, indicating the count of objects,
+     * followed by that many objects.
+     *
+     * @param oos the ObjectOutputStream to which data is written
+     * @throws IOException if an I/O error occurs
+     * @since 9
+     */
+    private void writeObject(ObjectOutputStream oos) throws IOException {
+        oos.defaultWriteObject();
+        oos.writeInt(array.length);
+        for (int i = 0; i < array.length; i++) {
+            oos.writeObject(array[i]);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Creates and returns an immutable collection from this proxy class.
+     * The instance returned is created as if by calling one of the
+     * static factory methods for
+     * <a href="List.html#immutable">List</a>,
+     * <a href="Map.html#immutable">Map</a>, or
+     * <a href="Set.html#immutable">Set</a>.
+     * This proxy class is the serial form for all immutable collection instances,
+     * regardless of implementation type. This is necessary to ensure that the
+     * existence of any particular implementation type is kept out of the
+     * serialized form.
+     *
+     * @return a collection created from this proxy object
+     * @throws InvalidObjectException if the tag value is illegal or if an exception
+     *         is thrown during creation of the collection
+     * @throws ObjectStreamException if another serialization error has occurred
+     * @since 9
+     */
+    private Object readResolve() throws ObjectStreamException {
+        try {
+            if (array == null) {
+                throw new InvalidObjectException("null array");
+            }
+
+            // use low order 8 bits to indicate "kind"
+            // ignore high order 24 bits
+            switch (tag & 0xff) {
+                case IMM_LIST:
+                    return List.of(array);
+                case IMM_SET:
+                    return Set.of(array);
+                case IMM_MAP:
+                    if (array.length == 0) {
+                        return ImmutableCollections.Map0.instance();
+                    } else if (array.length == 2) {
+                        return new ImmutableCollections.Map1<>(array[0], array[1]);
+                    } else {
+                        return new ImmutableCollections.MapN<>(array);
+                    }
+                default:
+                    throw new InvalidObjectException(String.format("invalid flags 0x%x", tag));
+            }
+        } catch (NullPointerException|IllegalArgumentException ex) {
+            InvalidObjectException ioe = new InvalidObjectException("invalid object");
+            ioe.initCause(ex);
+            throw ioe;
+        }
+    }
+}