src/java.base/share/classes/java/lang/Class.java
changeset 47216 71c04702a3d5
parent 46884 b2c074043e74
child 48044 2919fa8f237c
--- /dev/null	Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
+++ b/src/java.base/share/classes/java/lang/Class.java	Tue Sep 12 19:03:39 2017 +0200
@@ -0,0 +1,3838 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 1994, 2017, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
+ * DO NOT ALTER OR REMOVE COPYRIGHT NOTICES OR THIS FILE HEADER.
+ *
+ * This code is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+ * under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 2 only, as
+ * published by the Free Software Foundation.  Oracle designates this
+ * particular file as subject to the "Classpath" exception as provided
+ * by Oracle in the LICENSE file that accompanied this code.
+ *
+ * This code is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
+ * ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU General Public License
+ * version 2 for more details (a copy is included in the LICENSE file that
+ * accompanied this code).
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License version
+ * 2 along with this work; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation,
+ * Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA.
+ *
+ * Please contact Oracle, 500 Oracle Parkway, Redwood Shores, CA 94065 USA
+ * or visit www.oracle.com if you need additional information or have any
+ * questions.
+ */
+
+package java.lang;
+
+import java.lang.annotation.Annotation;
+import java.lang.module.ModuleReader;
+import java.lang.ref.SoftReference;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.io.InputStream;
+import java.io.ObjectStreamField;
+import java.lang.reflect.AnnotatedElement;
+import java.lang.reflect.AnnotatedType;
+import java.lang.reflect.Array;
+import java.lang.reflect.Constructor;
+import java.lang.reflect.Executable;
+import java.lang.reflect.Field;
+import java.lang.reflect.GenericArrayType;
+import java.lang.reflect.GenericDeclaration;
+import java.lang.reflect.InvocationTargetException;
+import java.lang.reflect.Member;
+import java.lang.reflect.Method;
+import java.lang.reflect.Modifier;
+import java.lang.reflect.Proxy;
+import java.lang.reflect.Type;
+import java.lang.reflect.TypeVariable;
+import java.net.URL;
+import java.security.AccessController;
+import java.security.PrivilegedAction;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Arrays;
+import java.util.Collection;
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.HashSet;
+import java.util.LinkedHashMap;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.Objects;
+import java.util.Set;
+import java.util.StringJoiner;
+
+import jdk.internal.HotSpotIntrinsicCandidate;
+import jdk.internal.loader.BootLoader;
+import jdk.internal.loader.BuiltinClassLoader;
+import jdk.internal.misc.Unsafe;
+import jdk.internal.misc.VM;
+import jdk.internal.module.Resources;
+import jdk.internal.reflect.CallerSensitive;
+import jdk.internal.reflect.ConstantPool;
+import jdk.internal.reflect.Reflection;
+import jdk.internal.reflect.ReflectionFactory;
+import jdk.internal.vm.annotation.ForceInline;
+import sun.reflect.generics.factory.CoreReflectionFactory;
+import sun.reflect.generics.factory.GenericsFactory;
+import sun.reflect.generics.repository.ClassRepository;
+import sun.reflect.generics.repository.MethodRepository;
+import sun.reflect.generics.repository.ConstructorRepository;
+import sun.reflect.generics.scope.ClassScope;
+import sun.security.util.SecurityConstants;
+import sun.reflect.annotation.*;
+import sun.reflect.misc.ReflectUtil;
+
+/**
+ * Instances of the class {@code Class} represent classes and
+ * interfaces in a running Java application.  An enum is a kind of
+ * class and an annotation is a kind of interface.  Every array also
+ * belongs to a class that is reflected as a {@code Class} object
+ * that is shared by all arrays with the same element type and number
+ * of dimensions.  The primitive Java types ({@code boolean},
+ * {@code byte}, {@code char}, {@code short},
+ * {@code int}, {@code long}, {@code float}, and
+ * {@code double}), and the keyword {@code void} are also
+ * represented as {@code Class} objects.
+ *
+ * <p> {@code Class} has no public constructor. Instead {@code Class}
+ * objects are constructed automatically by the Java Virtual Machine as classes
+ * are loaded and by calls to the {@code defineClass} method in the class
+ * loader.
+ *
+ * <p> The following example uses a {@code Class} object to print the
+ * class name of an object:
+ *
+ * <blockquote><pre>
+ *     void printClassName(Object obj) {
+ *         System.out.println("The class of " + obj +
+ *                            " is " + obj.getClass().getName());
+ *     }
+ * </pre></blockquote>
+ *
+ * <p> It is also possible to get the {@code Class} object for a named
+ * type (or for void) using a class literal.  See Section 15.8.2 of
+ * <cite>The Java&trade; Language Specification</cite>.
+ * For example:
+ *
+ * <blockquote>
+ *     {@code System.out.println("The name of class Foo is: "+Foo.class.getName());}
+ * </blockquote>
+ *
+ * @param <T> the type of the class modeled by this {@code Class}
+ * object.  For example, the type of {@code String.class} is {@code
+ * Class<String>}.  Use {@code Class<?>} if the class being modeled is
+ * unknown.
+ *
+ * @author  unascribed
+ * @see     java.lang.ClassLoader#defineClass(byte[], int, int)
+ * @since   1.0
+ */
+public final class Class<T> implements java.io.Serializable,
+                              GenericDeclaration,
+                              Type,
+                              AnnotatedElement {
+    private static final int ANNOTATION= 0x00002000;
+    private static final int ENUM      = 0x00004000;
+    private static final int SYNTHETIC = 0x00001000;
+
+    private static native void registerNatives();
+    static {
+        registerNatives();
+    }
+
+    /*
+     * Private constructor. Only the Java Virtual Machine creates Class objects.
+     * This constructor is not used and prevents the default constructor being
+     * generated.
+     */
+    private Class(ClassLoader loader, Class<?> arrayComponentType) {
+        // Initialize final field for classLoader.  The initialization value of non-null
+        // prevents future JIT optimizations from assuming this final field is null.
+        classLoader = loader;
+        componentType = arrayComponentType;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Converts the object to a string. The string representation is the
+     * string "class" or "interface", followed by a space, and then by the
+     * fully qualified name of the class in the format returned by
+     * {@code getName}.  If this {@code Class} object represents a
+     * primitive type, this method returns the name of the primitive type.  If
+     * this {@code Class} object represents void this method returns
+     * "void". If this {@code Class} object represents an array type,
+     * this method returns "class " followed by {@code getName}.
+     *
+     * @return a string representation of this class object.
+     */
+    public String toString() {
+        return (isInterface() ? "interface " : (isPrimitive() ? "" : "class "))
+            + getName();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a string describing this {@code Class}, including
+     * information about modifiers and type parameters.
+     *
+     * The string is formatted as a list of type modifiers, if any,
+     * followed by the kind of type (empty string for primitive types
+     * and {@code class}, {@code enum}, {@code interface}, or
+     * <code>&#64;</code>{@code interface}, as appropriate), followed
+     * by the type's name, followed by an angle-bracketed
+     * comma-separated list of the type's type parameters, if any.
+     *
+     * A space is used to separate modifiers from one another and to
+     * separate any modifiers from the kind of type. The modifiers
+     * occur in canonical order. If there are no type parameters, the
+     * type parameter list is elided.
+     *
+     * For an array type, the string starts with the type name,
+     * followed by an angle-bracketed comma-separated list of the
+     * type's type parameters, if any, followed by a sequence of
+     * {@code []} characters, one set of brackets per dimension of
+     * the array.
+     *
+     * <p>Note that since information about the runtime representation
+     * of a type is being generated, modifiers not present on the
+     * originating source code or illegal on the originating source
+     * code may be present.
+     *
+     * @return a string describing this {@code Class}, including
+     * information about modifiers and type parameters
+     *
+     * @since 1.8
+     */
+    public String toGenericString() {
+        if (isPrimitive()) {
+            return toString();
+        } else {
+            StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
+            Class<?> component = this;
+            int arrayDepth = 0;
+
+            if (isArray()) {
+                do {
+                    arrayDepth++;
+                    component = component.getComponentType();
+                } while (component.isArray());
+                sb.append(component.getName());
+            } else {
+                // Class modifiers are a superset of interface modifiers
+                int modifiers = getModifiers() & Modifier.classModifiers();
+                if (modifiers != 0) {
+                    sb.append(Modifier.toString(modifiers));
+                    sb.append(' ');
+                }
+
+                if (isAnnotation()) {
+                    sb.append('@');
+                }
+                if (isInterface()) { // Note: all annotation types are interfaces
+                    sb.append("interface");
+                } else {
+                    if (isEnum())
+                        sb.append("enum");
+                    else
+                        sb.append("class");
+                }
+                sb.append(' ');
+                sb.append(getName());
+            }
+
+            TypeVariable<?>[] typeparms = component.getTypeParameters();
+            if (typeparms.length > 0) {
+                StringJoiner sj = new StringJoiner(",", "<", ">");
+                for(TypeVariable<?> typeparm: typeparms) {
+                    sj.add(typeparm.getTypeName());
+                }
+                sb.append(sj.toString());
+            }
+
+            for (int i = 0; i < arrayDepth; i++)
+                sb.append("[]");
+
+            return sb.toString();
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the {@code Class} object associated with the class or
+     * interface with the given string name.  Invoking this method is
+     * equivalent to:
+     *
+     * <blockquote>
+     *  {@code Class.forName(className, true, currentLoader)}
+     * </blockquote>
+     *
+     * where {@code currentLoader} denotes the defining class loader of
+     * the current class.
+     *
+     * <p> For example, the following code fragment returns the
+     * runtime {@code Class} descriptor for the class named
+     * {@code java.lang.Thread}:
+     *
+     * <blockquote>
+     *   {@code Class t = Class.forName("java.lang.Thread")}
+     * </blockquote>
+     * <p>
+     * A call to {@code forName("X")} causes the class named
+     * {@code X} to be initialized.
+     *
+     * @param      className   the fully qualified name of the desired class.
+     * @return     the {@code Class} object for the class with the
+     *             specified name.
+     * @exception LinkageError if the linkage fails
+     * @exception ExceptionInInitializerError if the initialization provoked
+     *            by this method fails
+     * @exception ClassNotFoundException if the class cannot be located
+     */
+    @CallerSensitive
+    public static Class<?> forName(String className)
+                throws ClassNotFoundException {
+        Class<?> caller = Reflection.getCallerClass();
+        return forName0(className, true, ClassLoader.getClassLoader(caller), caller);
+    }
+
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the {@code Class} object associated with the class or
+     * interface with the given string name, using the given class loader.
+     * Given the fully qualified name for a class or interface (in the same
+     * format returned by {@code getName}) this method attempts to
+     * locate, load, and link the class or interface.  The specified class
+     * loader is used to load the class or interface.  If the parameter
+     * {@code loader} is null, the class is loaded through the bootstrap
+     * class loader.  The class is initialized only if the
+     * {@code initialize} parameter is {@code true} and if it has
+     * not been initialized earlier.
+     *
+     * <p> If {@code name} denotes a primitive type or void, an attempt
+     * will be made to locate a user-defined class in the unnamed package whose
+     * name is {@code name}. Therefore, this method cannot be used to
+     * obtain any of the {@code Class} objects representing primitive
+     * types or void.
+     *
+     * <p> If {@code name} denotes an array class, the component type of
+     * the array class is loaded but not initialized.
+     *
+     * <p> For example, in an instance method the expression:
+     *
+     * <blockquote>
+     *  {@code Class.forName("Foo")}
+     * </blockquote>
+     *
+     * is equivalent to:
+     *
+     * <blockquote>
+     *  {@code Class.forName("Foo", true, this.getClass().getClassLoader())}
+     * </blockquote>
+     *
+     * Note that this method throws errors related to loading, linking or
+     * initializing as specified in Sections 12.2, 12.3 and 12.4 of <em>The
+     * Java Language Specification</em>.
+     * Note that this method does not check whether the requested class
+     * is accessible to its caller.
+     *
+     * @param name       fully qualified name of the desired class
+     * @param initialize if {@code true} the class will be initialized.
+     *                   See Section 12.4 of <em>The Java Language Specification</em>.
+     * @param loader     class loader from which the class must be loaded
+     * @return           class object representing the desired class
+     *
+     * @exception LinkageError if the linkage fails
+     * @exception ExceptionInInitializerError if the initialization provoked
+     *            by this method fails
+     * @exception ClassNotFoundException if the class cannot be located by
+     *            the specified class loader
+     * @exception SecurityException
+     *            if a security manager is present, and the {@code loader} is
+     *            {@code null}, and the caller's class loader is not
+     *            {@code null}, and the caller does not have the
+     *            {@link RuntimePermission}{@code ("getClassLoader")}
+     *
+     * @see       java.lang.Class#forName(String)
+     * @see       java.lang.ClassLoader
+     * @since     1.2
+     */
+    @CallerSensitive
+    public static Class<?> forName(String name, boolean initialize,
+                                   ClassLoader loader)
+        throws ClassNotFoundException
+    {
+        Class<?> caller = null;
+        SecurityManager sm = System.getSecurityManager();
+        if (sm != null) {
+            // Reflective call to get caller class is only needed if a security manager
+            // is present.  Avoid the overhead of making this call otherwise.
+            caller = Reflection.getCallerClass();
+            if (loader == null) {
+                ClassLoader ccl = ClassLoader.getClassLoader(caller);
+                if (ccl != null) {
+                    sm.checkPermission(
+                        SecurityConstants.GET_CLASSLOADER_PERMISSION);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        return forName0(name, initialize, loader, caller);
+    }
+
+    /** Called after security check for system loader access checks have been made. */
+    private static native Class<?> forName0(String name, boolean initialize,
+                                            ClassLoader loader,
+                                            Class<?> caller)
+        throws ClassNotFoundException;
+
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the {@code Class} with the given <a href="ClassLoader.html#name">
+     * binary name</a> in the given module.
+     *
+     * <p> This method attempts to locate, load, and link the class or interface.
+     * It does not run the class initializer.  If the class is not found, this
+     * method returns {@code null}. </p>
+     *
+     * <p> If the class loader of the given module defines other modules and
+     * the given name is a class defined in a different module, this method
+     * returns {@code null} after the class is loaded. </p>
+     *
+     * <p> This method does not check whether the requested class is
+     * accessible to its caller. </p>
+     *
+     * @apiNote
+     * This method returns {@code null} on failure rather than
+     * throwing a {@link ClassNotFoundException}, as is done by
+     * the {@link #forName(String, boolean, ClassLoader)} method.
+     * The security check is a stack-based permission check if the caller
+     * loads a class in another module.
+     *
+     * @param  module   A module
+     * @param  name     The <a href="ClassLoader.html#name">binary name</a>
+     *                  of the class
+     * @return {@code Class} object of the given name defined in the given module;
+     *         {@code null} if not found.
+     *
+     * @throws NullPointerException if the given module or name is {@code null}
+     *
+     * @throws LinkageError if the linkage fails
+     *
+     * @throws SecurityException
+     *         <ul>
+     *         <li> if the caller is not the specified module and
+     *         {@code RuntimePermission("getClassLoader")} permission is denied; or</li>
+     *         <li> access to the module content is denied. For example,
+     *         permission check will be performed when a class loader calls
+     *         {@link ModuleReader#open(String)} to read the bytes of a class file
+     *         in a module.</li>
+     *         </ul>
+     *
+     * @since 9
+     * @spec JPMS
+     */
+    @CallerSensitive
+    public static Class<?> forName(Module module, String name) {
+        Objects.requireNonNull(module);
+        Objects.requireNonNull(name);
+
+        ClassLoader cl;
+        SecurityManager sm = System.getSecurityManager();
+        if (sm != null) {
+            Class<?> caller = Reflection.getCallerClass();
+            if (caller != null && caller.getModule() != module) {
+                // if caller is null, Class.forName is the last java frame on the stack.
+                // java.base has all permissions
+                sm.checkPermission(SecurityConstants.GET_CLASSLOADER_PERMISSION);
+            }
+            PrivilegedAction<ClassLoader> pa = module::getClassLoader;
+            cl = AccessController.doPrivileged(pa);
+        } else {
+            cl = module.getClassLoader();
+        }
+
+        if (cl != null) {
+            return cl.loadClass(module, name);
+        } else {
+            return BootLoader.loadClass(module, name);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a new instance of the class represented by this {@code Class}
+     * object.  The class is instantiated as if by a {@code new}
+     * expression with an empty argument list.  The class is initialized if it
+     * has not already been initialized.
+     *
+     * @deprecated This method propagates any exception thrown by the
+     * nullary constructor, including a checked exception.  Use of
+     * this method effectively bypasses the compile-time exception
+     * checking that would otherwise be performed by the compiler.
+     * The {@link
+     * java.lang.reflect.Constructor#newInstance(java.lang.Object...)
+     * Constructor.newInstance} method avoids this problem by wrapping
+     * any exception thrown by the constructor in a (checked) {@link
+     * java.lang.reflect.InvocationTargetException}.
+     *
+     * <p>The call
+     *
+     * <pre>{@code
+     * clazz.newInstance()
+     * }</pre>
+     *
+     * can be replaced by
+     *
+     * <pre>{@code
+     * clazz.getDeclaredConstructor().newInstance()
+     * }</pre>
+     *
+     * The latter sequence of calls is inferred to be able to throw
+     * the additional exception types {@link
+     * InvocationTargetException} and {@link
+     * NoSuchMethodException}. Both of these exception types are
+     * subclasses of {@link ReflectiveOperationException}.
+     *
+     * @return  a newly allocated instance of the class represented by this
+     *          object.
+     * @throws  IllegalAccessException  if the class or its nullary
+     *          constructor is not accessible.
+     * @throws  InstantiationException
+     *          if this {@code Class} represents an abstract class,
+     *          an interface, an array class, a primitive type, or void;
+     *          or if the class has no nullary constructor;
+     *          or if the instantiation fails for some other reason.
+     * @throws  ExceptionInInitializerError if the initialization
+     *          provoked by this method fails.
+     * @throws  SecurityException
+     *          If a security manager, <i>s</i>, is present and
+     *          the caller's class loader is not the same as or an
+     *          ancestor of the class loader for the current class and
+     *          invocation of {@link SecurityManager#checkPackageAccess
+     *          s.checkPackageAccess()} denies access to the package
+     *          of this class.
+     */
+    @CallerSensitive
+    @Deprecated(since="9")
+    public T newInstance()
+        throws InstantiationException, IllegalAccessException
+    {
+        SecurityManager sm = System.getSecurityManager();
+        if (sm != null) {
+            checkMemberAccess(sm, Member.PUBLIC, Reflection.getCallerClass(), false);
+        }
+
+        // NOTE: the following code may not be strictly correct under
+        // the current Java memory model.
+
+        // Constructor lookup
+        if (cachedConstructor == null) {
+            if (this == Class.class) {
+                throw new IllegalAccessException(
+                    "Can not call newInstance() on the Class for java.lang.Class"
+                );
+            }
+            try {
+                Class<?>[] empty = {};
+                final Constructor<T> c = getReflectionFactory().copyConstructor(
+                    getConstructor0(empty, Member.DECLARED));
+                // Disable accessibility checks on the constructor
+                // since we have to do the security check here anyway
+                // (the stack depth is wrong for the Constructor's
+                // security check to work)
+                java.security.AccessController.doPrivileged(
+                    new java.security.PrivilegedAction<>() {
+                        public Void run() {
+                                c.setAccessible(true);
+                                return null;
+                            }
+                        });
+                cachedConstructor = c;
+            } catch (NoSuchMethodException e) {
+                throw (InstantiationException)
+                    new InstantiationException(getName()).initCause(e);
+            }
+        }
+        Constructor<T> tmpConstructor = cachedConstructor;
+        // Security check (same as in java.lang.reflect.Constructor)
+        Class<?> caller = Reflection.getCallerClass();
+        if (newInstanceCallerCache != caller) {
+            int modifiers = tmpConstructor.getModifiers();
+            Reflection.ensureMemberAccess(caller, this, this, modifiers);
+            newInstanceCallerCache = caller;
+        }
+        // Run constructor
+        try {
+            return tmpConstructor.newInstance((Object[])null);
+        } catch (InvocationTargetException e) {
+            Unsafe.getUnsafe().throwException(e.getTargetException());
+            // Not reached
+            return null;
+        }
+    }
+    private transient volatile Constructor<T> cachedConstructor;
+    private transient volatile Class<?>       newInstanceCallerCache;
+
+
+    /**
+     * Determines if the specified {@code Object} is assignment-compatible
+     * with the object represented by this {@code Class}.  This method is
+     * the dynamic equivalent of the Java language {@code instanceof}
+     * operator. The method returns {@code true} if the specified
+     * {@code Object} argument is non-null and can be cast to the
+     * reference type represented by this {@code Class} object without
+     * raising a {@code ClassCastException.} It returns {@code false}
+     * otherwise.
+     *
+     * <p> Specifically, if this {@code Class} object represents a
+     * declared class, this method returns {@code true} if the specified
+     * {@code Object} argument is an instance of the represented class (or
+     * of any of its subclasses); it returns {@code false} otherwise. If
+     * this {@code Class} object represents an array class, this method
+     * returns {@code true} if the specified {@code Object} argument
+     * can be converted to an object of the array class by an identity
+     * conversion or by a widening reference conversion; it returns
+     * {@code false} otherwise. If this {@code Class} object
+     * represents an interface, this method returns {@code true} if the
+     * class or any superclass of the specified {@code Object} argument
+     * implements this interface; it returns {@code false} otherwise. If
+     * this {@code Class} object represents a primitive type, this method
+     * returns {@code false}.
+     *
+     * @param   obj the object to check
+     * @return  true if {@code obj} is an instance of this class
+     *
+     * @since 1.1
+     */
+    @HotSpotIntrinsicCandidate
+    public native boolean isInstance(Object obj);
+
+
+    /**
+     * Determines if the class or interface represented by this
+     * {@code Class} object is either the same as, or is a superclass or
+     * superinterface of, the class or interface represented by the specified
+     * {@code Class} parameter. It returns {@code true} if so;
+     * otherwise it returns {@code false}. If this {@code Class}
+     * object represents a primitive type, this method returns
+     * {@code true} if the specified {@code Class} parameter is
+     * exactly this {@code Class} object; otherwise it returns
+     * {@code false}.
+     *
+     * <p> Specifically, this method tests whether the type represented by the
+     * specified {@code Class} parameter can be converted to the type
+     * represented by this {@code Class} object via an identity conversion
+     * or via a widening reference conversion. See <em>The Java Language
+     * Specification</em>, sections 5.1.1 and 5.1.4 , for details.
+     *
+     * @param cls the {@code Class} object to be checked
+     * @return the {@code boolean} value indicating whether objects of the
+     * type {@code cls} can be assigned to objects of this class
+     * @exception NullPointerException if the specified Class parameter is
+     *            null.
+     * @since 1.1
+     */
+    @HotSpotIntrinsicCandidate
+    public native boolean isAssignableFrom(Class<?> cls);
+
+
+    /**
+     * Determines if the specified {@code Class} object represents an
+     * interface type.
+     *
+     * @return  {@code true} if this object represents an interface;
+     *          {@code false} otherwise.
+     */
+    @HotSpotIntrinsicCandidate
+    public native boolean isInterface();
+
+
+    /**
+     * Determines if this {@code Class} object represents an array class.
+     *
+     * @return  {@code true} if this object represents an array class;
+     *          {@code false} otherwise.
+     * @since   1.1
+     */
+    @HotSpotIntrinsicCandidate
+    public native boolean isArray();
+
+
+    /**
+     * Determines if the specified {@code Class} object represents a
+     * primitive type.
+     *
+     * <p> There are nine predefined {@code Class} objects to represent
+     * the eight primitive types and void.  These are created by the Java
+     * Virtual Machine, and have the same names as the primitive types that
+     * they represent, namely {@code boolean}, {@code byte},
+     * {@code char}, {@code short}, {@code int},
+     * {@code long}, {@code float}, and {@code double}.
+     *
+     * <p> These objects may only be accessed via the following public static
+     * final variables, and are the only {@code Class} objects for which
+     * this method returns {@code true}.
+     *
+     * @return true if and only if this class represents a primitive type
+     *
+     * @see     java.lang.Boolean#TYPE
+     * @see     java.lang.Character#TYPE
+     * @see     java.lang.Byte#TYPE
+     * @see     java.lang.Short#TYPE
+     * @see     java.lang.Integer#TYPE
+     * @see     java.lang.Long#TYPE
+     * @see     java.lang.Float#TYPE
+     * @see     java.lang.Double#TYPE
+     * @see     java.lang.Void#TYPE
+     * @since 1.1
+     */
+    @HotSpotIntrinsicCandidate
+    public native boolean isPrimitive();
+
+    /**
+     * Returns true if this {@code Class} object represents an annotation
+     * type.  Note that if this method returns true, {@link #isInterface()}
+     * would also return true, as all annotation types are also interfaces.
+     *
+     * @return {@code true} if this class object represents an annotation
+     *      type; {@code false} otherwise
+     * @since 1.5
+     */
+    public boolean isAnnotation() {
+        return (getModifiers() & ANNOTATION) != 0;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns {@code true} if this class is a synthetic class;
+     * returns {@code false} otherwise.
+     * @return {@code true} if and only if this class is a synthetic class as
+     *         defined by the Java Language Specification.
+     * @jls 13.1 The Form of a Binary
+     * @since 1.5
+     */
+    public boolean isSynthetic() {
+        return (getModifiers() & SYNTHETIC) != 0;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the  name of the entity (class, interface, array class,
+     * primitive type, or void) represented by this {@code Class} object,
+     * as a {@code String}.
+     *
+     * <p> If this class object represents a reference type that is not an
+     * array type then the binary name of the class is returned, as specified
+     * by
+     * <cite>The Java&trade; Language Specification</cite>.
+     *
+     * <p> If this class object represents a primitive type or void, then the
+     * name returned is a {@code String} equal to the Java language
+     * keyword corresponding to the primitive type or void.
+     *
+     * <p> If this class object represents a class of arrays, then the internal
+     * form of the name consists of the name of the element type preceded by
+     * one or more '{@code [}' characters representing the depth of the array
+     * nesting.  The encoding of element type names is as follows:
+     *
+     * <blockquote><table class="striped">
+     * <caption style="display:none">Element types and encodings</caption>
+     * <thead>
+     * <tr><th scope="col"> Element Type <th scope="col"> Encoding
+     * </thead>
+     * <tbody style="text-align:left">
+     * <tr><th scope="row"> boolean      <td style="text-align:center"> Z
+     * <tr><th scope="row"> byte         <td style="text-align:center"> B
+     * <tr><th scope="row"> char         <td style="text-align:center"> C
+     * <tr><th scope="row"> class or interface
+     *                                   <td style="text-align:center"> L<i>classname</i>;
+     * <tr><th scope="row"> double       <td style="text-align:center"> D
+     * <tr><th scope="row"> float        <td style="text-align:center"> F
+     * <tr><th scope="row"> int          <td style="text-align:center"> I
+     * <tr><th scope="row"> long         <td style="text-align:center"> J
+     * <tr><th scope="row"> short        <td style="text-align:center"> S
+     * </tbody>
+     * </table></blockquote>
+     *
+     * <p> The class or interface name <i>classname</i> is the binary name of
+     * the class specified above.
+     *
+     * <p> Examples:
+     * <blockquote><pre>
+     * String.class.getName()
+     *     returns "java.lang.String"
+     * byte.class.getName()
+     *     returns "byte"
+     * (new Object[3]).getClass().getName()
+     *     returns "[Ljava.lang.Object;"
+     * (new int[3][4][5][6][7][8][9]).getClass().getName()
+     *     returns "[[[[[[[I"
+     * </pre></blockquote>
+     *
+     * @return  the name of the class or interface
+     *          represented by this object.
+     */
+    public String getName() {
+        String name = this.name;
+        if (name == null)
+            this.name = name = getName0();
+        return name;
+    }
+
+    // cache the name to reduce the number of calls into the VM
+    private transient String name;
+    private native String getName0();
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the class loader for the class.  Some implementations may use
+     * null to represent the bootstrap class loader. This method will return
+     * null in such implementations if this class was loaded by the bootstrap
+     * class loader.
+     *
+     * <p>If this object
+     * represents a primitive type or void, null is returned.
+     *
+     * @return  the class loader that loaded the class or interface
+     *          represented by this object.
+     * @throws  SecurityException
+     *          if a security manager is present, and the caller's class loader
+     *          is not {@code null} and is not the same as or an ancestor of the
+     *          class loader for the class whose class loader is requested,
+     *          and the caller does not have the
+     *          {@link RuntimePermission}{@code ("getClassLoader")}
+     * @see java.lang.ClassLoader
+     * @see SecurityManager#checkPermission
+     * @see java.lang.RuntimePermission
+     */
+    @CallerSensitive
+    @ForceInline // to ensure Reflection.getCallerClass optimization
+    public ClassLoader getClassLoader() {
+        ClassLoader cl = getClassLoader0();
+        if (cl == null)
+            return null;
+        SecurityManager sm = System.getSecurityManager();
+        if (sm != null) {
+            ClassLoader.checkClassLoaderPermission(cl, Reflection.getCallerClass());
+        }
+        return cl;
+    }
+
+    // Package-private to allow ClassLoader access
+    ClassLoader getClassLoader0() { return classLoader; }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the module that this class or interface is a member of.
+     *
+     * If this class represents an array type then this method returns the
+     * {@code Module} for the element type. If this class represents a
+     * primitive type or void, then the {@code Module} object for the
+     * {@code java.base} module is returned.
+     *
+     * If this class is in an unnamed module then the {@link
+     * ClassLoader#getUnnamedModule() unnamed} {@code Module} of the class
+     * loader for this class is returned.
+     *
+     * @return the module that this class or interface is a member of
+     *
+     * @since 9
+     * @spec JPMS
+     */
+    public Module getModule() {
+        return module;
+    }
+
+    // set by VM
+    private transient Module module;
+
+    // Initialized in JVM not by private constructor
+    // This field is filtered from reflection access, i.e. getDeclaredField
+    // will throw NoSuchFieldException
+    private final ClassLoader classLoader;
+
+    /**
+     * Returns an array of {@code TypeVariable} objects that represent the
+     * type variables declared by the generic declaration represented by this
+     * {@code GenericDeclaration} object, in declaration order.  Returns an
+     * array of length 0 if the underlying generic declaration declares no type
+     * variables.
+     *
+     * @return an array of {@code TypeVariable} objects that represent
+     *     the type variables declared by this generic declaration
+     * @throws java.lang.reflect.GenericSignatureFormatError if the generic
+     *     signature of this generic declaration does not conform to
+     *     the format specified in
+     *     <cite>The Java&trade; Virtual Machine Specification</cite>
+     * @since 1.5
+     */
+    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
+    public TypeVariable<Class<T>>[] getTypeParameters() {
+        ClassRepository info = getGenericInfo();
+        if (info != null)
+            return (TypeVariable<Class<T>>[])info.getTypeParameters();
+        else
+            return (TypeVariable<Class<T>>[])new TypeVariable<?>[0];
+    }
+
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the {@code Class} representing the direct superclass of the
+     * entity (class, interface, primitive type or void) represented by
+     * this {@code Class}.  If this {@code Class} represents either the
+     * {@code Object} class, an interface, a primitive type, or void, then
+     * null is returned.  If this object represents an array class then the
+     * {@code Class} object representing the {@code Object} class is
+     * returned.
+     *
+     * @return the direct superclass of the class represented by this object
+     */
+    @HotSpotIntrinsicCandidate
+    public native Class<? super T> getSuperclass();
+
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the {@code Type} representing the direct superclass of
+     * the entity (class, interface, primitive type or void) represented by
+     * this {@code Class}.
+     *
+     * <p>If the superclass is a parameterized type, the {@code Type}
+     * object returned must accurately reflect the actual type
+     * parameters used in the source code. The parameterized type
+     * representing the superclass is created if it had not been
+     * created before. See the declaration of {@link
+     * java.lang.reflect.ParameterizedType ParameterizedType} for the
+     * semantics of the creation process for parameterized types.  If
+     * this {@code Class} represents either the {@code Object}
+     * class, an interface, a primitive type, or void, then null is
+     * returned.  If this object represents an array class then the
+     * {@code Class} object representing the {@code Object} class is
+     * returned.
+     *
+     * @throws java.lang.reflect.GenericSignatureFormatError if the generic
+     *     class signature does not conform to the format specified in
+     *     <cite>The Java&trade; Virtual Machine Specification</cite>
+     * @throws TypeNotPresentException if the generic superclass
+     *     refers to a non-existent type declaration
+     * @throws java.lang.reflect.MalformedParameterizedTypeException if the
+     *     generic superclass refers to a parameterized type that cannot be
+     *     instantiated  for any reason
+     * @return the direct superclass of the class represented by this object
+     * @since 1.5
+     */
+    public Type getGenericSuperclass() {
+        ClassRepository info = getGenericInfo();
+        if (info == null) {
+            return getSuperclass();
+        }
+
+        // Historical irregularity:
+        // Generic signature marks interfaces with superclass = Object
+        // but this API returns null for interfaces
+        if (isInterface()) {
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        return info.getSuperclass();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Gets the package of this class.
+     *
+     * <p>If this class represents an array type, a primitive type or void,
+     * this method returns {@code null}.
+     *
+     * @return the package of this class.
+     * @revised 9
+     * @spec JPMS
+     */
+    public Package getPackage() {
+        if (isPrimitive() || isArray()) {
+            return null;
+        }
+        ClassLoader cl = getClassLoader0();
+        return cl != null ? cl.definePackage(this)
+                          : BootLoader.definePackage(this);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the fully qualified package name.
+     *
+     * <p> If this class is a top level class, then this method returns the fully
+     * qualified name of the package that the class is a member of, or the
+     * empty string if the class is in an unnamed package.
+     *
+     * <p> If this class is a member class, then this method is equivalent to
+     * invoking {@code getPackageName()} on the {@link #getEnclosingClass
+     * enclosing class}.
+     *
+     * <p> If this class is a {@link #isLocalClass local class} or an {@link
+     * #isAnonymousClass() anonymous class}, then this method is equivalent to
+     * invoking {@code getPackageName()} on the {@link #getDeclaringClass
+     * declaring class} of the {@link #getEnclosingMethod enclosing method} or
+     * {@link #getEnclosingConstructor enclosing constructor}.
+     *
+     * <p> If this class represents an array type then this method returns the
+     * package name of the element type. If this class represents a primitive
+     * type or void then the package name "{@code java.lang}" is returned.
+     *
+     * @return the fully qualified package name
+     *
+     * @since 9
+     * @spec JPMS
+     * @jls 6.7  Fully Qualified Names
+     */
+    public String getPackageName() {
+        String pn = this.packageName;
+        if (pn == null) {
+            Class<?> c = this;
+            while (c.isArray()) {
+                c = c.getComponentType();
+            }
+            if (c.isPrimitive()) {
+                pn = "java.lang";
+            } else {
+                String cn = c.getName();
+                int dot = cn.lastIndexOf('.');
+                pn = (dot != -1) ? cn.substring(0, dot).intern() : "";
+            }
+            this.packageName = pn;
+        }
+        return pn;
+    }
+
+    // cached package name
+    private transient String packageName;
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the interfaces directly implemented by the class or interface
+     * represented by this object.
+     *
+     * <p>If this object represents a class, the return value is an array
+     * containing objects representing all interfaces directly implemented by
+     * the class.  The order of the interface objects in the array corresponds
+     * to the order of the interface names in the {@code implements} clause of
+     * the declaration of the class represented by this object.  For example,
+     * given the declaration:
+     * <blockquote>
+     * {@code class Shimmer implements FloorWax, DessertTopping { ... }}
+     * </blockquote>
+     * suppose the value of {@code s} is an instance of
+     * {@code Shimmer}; the value of the expression:
+     * <blockquote>
+     * {@code s.getClass().getInterfaces()[0]}
+     * </blockquote>
+     * is the {@code Class} object that represents interface
+     * {@code FloorWax}; and the value of:
+     * <blockquote>
+     * {@code s.getClass().getInterfaces()[1]}
+     * </blockquote>
+     * is the {@code Class} object that represents interface
+     * {@code DessertTopping}.
+     *
+     * <p>If this object represents an interface, the array contains objects
+     * representing all interfaces directly extended by the interface.  The
+     * order of the interface objects in the array corresponds to the order of
+     * the interface names in the {@code extends} clause of the declaration of
+     * the interface represented by this object.
+     *
+     * <p>If this object represents a class or interface that implements no
+     * interfaces, the method returns an array of length 0.
+     *
+     * <p>If this object represents a primitive type or void, the method
+     * returns an array of length 0.
+     *
+     * <p>If this {@code Class} object represents an array type, the
+     * interfaces {@code Cloneable} and {@code java.io.Serializable} are
+     * returned in that order.
+     *
+     * @return an array of interfaces directly implemented by this class
+     */
+    public Class<?>[] getInterfaces() {
+        // defensively copy before handing over to user code
+        return getInterfaces(true);
+    }
+
+    private Class<?>[] getInterfaces(boolean cloneArray) {
+        ReflectionData<T> rd = reflectionData();
+        if (rd == null) {
+            // no cloning required
+            return getInterfaces0();
+        } else {
+            Class<?>[] interfaces = rd.interfaces;
+            if (interfaces == null) {
+                interfaces = getInterfaces0();
+                rd.interfaces = interfaces;
+            }
+            // defensively copy if requested
+            return cloneArray ? interfaces.clone() : interfaces;
+        }
+    }
+
+    private native Class<?>[] getInterfaces0();
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the {@code Type}s representing the interfaces
+     * directly implemented by the class or interface represented by
+     * this object.
+     *
+     * <p>If a superinterface is a parameterized type, the
+     * {@code Type} object returned for it must accurately reflect
+     * the actual type parameters used in the source code. The
+     * parameterized type representing each superinterface is created
+     * if it had not been created before. See the declaration of
+     * {@link java.lang.reflect.ParameterizedType ParameterizedType}
+     * for the semantics of the creation process for parameterized
+     * types.
+     *
+     * <p>If this object represents a class, the return value is an array
+     * containing objects representing all interfaces directly implemented by
+     * the class.  The order of the interface objects in the array corresponds
+     * to the order of the interface names in the {@code implements} clause of
+     * the declaration of the class represented by this object.
+     *
+     * <p>If this object represents an interface, the array contains objects
+     * representing all interfaces directly extended by the interface.  The
+     * order of the interface objects in the array corresponds to the order of
+     * the interface names in the {@code extends} clause of the declaration of
+     * the interface represented by this object.
+     *
+     * <p>If this object represents a class or interface that implements no
+     * interfaces, the method returns an array of length 0.
+     *
+     * <p>If this object represents a primitive type or void, the method
+     * returns an array of length 0.
+     *
+     * <p>If this {@code Class} object represents an array type, the
+     * interfaces {@code Cloneable} and {@code java.io.Serializable} are
+     * returned in that order.
+     *
+     * @throws java.lang.reflect.GenericSignatureFormatError
+     *     if the generic class signature does not conform to the format
+     *     specified in
+     *     <cite>The Java&trade; Virtual Machine Specification</cite>
+     * @throws TypeNotPresentException if any of the generic
+     *     superinterfaces refers to a non-existent type declaration
+     * @throws java.lang.reflect.MalformedParameterizedTypeException
+     *     if any of the generic superinterfaces refer to a parameterized
+     *     type that cannot be instantiated for any reason
+     * @return an array of interfaces directly implemented by this class
+     * @since 1.5
+     */
+    public Type[] getGenericInterfaces() {
+        ClassRepository info = getGenericInfo();
+        return (info == null) ?  getInterfaces() : info.getSuperInterfaces();
+    }
+
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the {@code Class} representing the component type of an
+     * array.  If this class does not represent an array class this method
+     * returns null.
+     *
+     * @return the {@code Class} representing the component type of this
+     * class if this class is an array
+     * @see     java.lang.reflect.Array
+     * @since 1.1
+     */
+    public Class<?> getComponentType() {
+        // Only return for array types. Storage may be reused for Class for instance types.
+        if (isArray()) {
+            return componentType;
+        } else {
+            return null;
+        }
+    }
+
+    private final Class<?> componentType;
+
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the Java language modifiers for this class or interface, encoded
+     * in an integer. The modifiers consist of the Java Virtual Machine's
+     * constants for {@code public}, {@code protected},
+     * {@code private}, {@code final}, {@code static},
+     * {@code abstract} and {@code interface}; they should be decoded
+     * using the methods of class {@code Modifier}.
+     *
+     * <p> If the underlying class is an array class, then its
+     * {@code public}, {@code private} and {@code protected}
+     * modifiers are the same as those of its component type.  If this
+     * {@code Class} represents a primitive type or void, its
+     * {@code public} modifier is always {@code true}, and its
+     * {@code protected} and {@code private} modifiers are always
+     * {@code false}. If this object represents an array class, a
+     * primitive type or void, then its {@code final} modifier is always
+     * {@code true} and its interface modifier is always
+     * {@code false}. The values of its other modifiers are not determined
+     * by this specification.
+     *
+     * <p> The modifier encodings are defined in <em>The Java Virtual Machine
+     * Specification</em>, table 4.1.
+     *
+     * @return the {@code int} representing the modifiers for this class
+     * @see     java.lang.reflect.Modifier
+     * @since 1.1
+     */
+    @HotSpotIntrinsicCandidate
+    public native int getModifiers();
+
+
+    /**
+     * Gets the signers of this class.
+     *
+     * @return  the signers of this class, or null if there are no signers.  In
+     *          particular, this method returns null if this object represents
+     *          a primitive type or void.
+     * @since   1.1
+     */
+    public native Object[] getSigners();
+
+
+    /**
+     * Set the signers of this class.
+     */
+    native void setSigners(Object[] signers);
+
+
+    /**
+     * If this {@code Class} object represents a local or anonymous
+     * class within a method, returns a {@link
+     * java.lang.reflect.Method Method} object representing the
+     * immediately enclosing method of the underlying class. Returns
+     * {@code null} otherwise.
+     *
+     * In particular, this method returns {@code null} if the underlying
+     * class is a local or anonymous class immediately enclosed by a type
+     * declaration, instance initializer or static initializer.
+     *
+     * @return the immediately enclosing method of the underlying class, if
+     *     that class is a local or anonymous class; otherwise {@code null}.
+     *
+     * @throws SecurityException
+     *         If a security manager, <i>s</i>, is present and any of the
+     *         following conditions is met:
+     *
+     *         <ul>
+     *
+     *         <li> the caller's class loader is not the same as the
+     *         class loader of the enclosing class and invocation of
+     *         {@link SecurityManager#checkPermission
+     *         s.checkPermission} method with
+     *         {@code RuntimePermission("accessDeclaredMembers")}
+     *         denies access to the methods within the enclosing class
+     *
+     *         <li> the caller's class loader is not the same as or an
+     *         ancestor of the class loader for the enclosing class and
+     *         invocation of {@link SecurityManager#checkPackageAccess
+     *         s.checkPackageAccess()} denies access to the package
+     *         of the enclosing class
+     *
+     *         </ul>
+     * @since 1.5
+     */
+    @CallerSensitive
+    public Method getEnclosingMethod() throws SecurityException {
+        EnclosingMethodInfo enclosingInfo = getEnclosingMethodInfo();
+
+        if (enclosingInfo == null)
+            return null;
+        else {
+            if (!enclosingInfo.isMethod())
+                return null;
+
+            MethodRepository typeInfo = MethodRepository.make(enclosingInfo.getDescriptor(),
+                                                              getFactory());
+            Class<?>   returnType       = toClass(typeInfo.getReturnType());
+            Type []    parameterTypes   = typeInfo.getParameterTypes();
+            Class<?>[] parameterClasses = new Class<?>[parameterTypes.length];
+
+            // Convert Types to Classes; returned types *should*
+            // be class objects since the methodDescriptor's used
+            // don't have generics information
+            for(int i = 0; i < parameterClasses.length; i++)
+                parameterClasses[i] = toClass(parameterTypes[i]);
+
+            // Perform access check
+            final Class<?> enclosingCandidate = enclosingInfo.getEnclosingClass();
+            SecurityManager sm = System.getSecurityManager();
+            if (sm != null) {
+                enclosingCandidate.checkMemberAccess(sm, Member.DECLARED,
+                                                     Reflection.getCallerClass(), true);
+            }
+            Method[] candidates = enclosingCandidate.privateGetDeclaredMethods(false);
+
+            /*
+             * Loop over all declared methods; match method name,
+             * number of and type of parameters, *and* return
+             * type.  Matching return type is also necessary
+             * because of covariant returns, etc.
+             */
+            ReflectionFactory fact = getReflectionFactory();
+            for (Method m : candidates) {
+                if (m.getName().equals(enclosingInfo.getName()) &&
+                    arrayContentsEq(parameterClasses,
+                                    fact.getExecutableSharedParameterTypes(m))) {
+                    // finally, check return type
+                    if (m.getReturnType().equals(returnType)) {
+                        return fact.copyMethod(m);
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+
+            throw new InternalError("Enclosing method not found");
+        }
+    }
+
+    private native Object[] getEnclosingMethod0();
+
+    private EnclosingMethodInfo getEnclosingMethodInfo() {
+        Object[] enclosingInfo = getEnclosingMethod0();
+        if (enclosingInfo == null)
+            return null;
+        else {
+            return new EnclosingMethodInfo(enclosingInfo);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static final class EnclosingMethodInfo {
+        private final Class<?> enclosingClass;
+        private final String name;
+        private final String descriptor;
+
+        static void validate(Object[] enclosingInfo) {
+            if (enclosingInfo.length != 3)
+                throw new InternalError("Malformed enclosing method information");
+            try {
+                // The array is expected to have three elements:
+
+                // the immediately enclosing class
+                Class<?> enclosingClass = (Class<?>)enclosingInfo[0];
+                assert(enclosingClass != null);
+
+                // the immediately enclosing method or constructor's
+                // name (can be null).
+                String name = (String)enclosingInfo[1];
+
+                // the immediately enclosing method or constructor's
+                // descriptor (null iff name is).
+                String descriptor = (String)enclosingInfo[2];
+                assert((name != null && descriptor != null) || name == descriptor);
+            } catch (ClassCastException cce) {
+                throw new InternalError("Invalid type in enclosing method information", cce);
+            }
+        }
+
+        EnclosingMethodInfo(Object[] enclosingInfo) {
+            validate(enclosingInfo);
+            this.enclosingClass = (Class<?>)enclosingInfo[0];
+            this.name = (String)enclosingInfo[1];
+            this.descriptor = (String)enclosingInfo[2];
+        }
+
+        boolean isPartial() {
+            return enclosingClass == null || name == null || descriptor == null;
+        }
+
+        boolean isConstructor() { return !isPartial() && "<init>".equals(name); }
+
+        boolean isMethod() { return !isPartial() && !isConstructor() && !"<clinit>".equals(name); }
+
+        Class<?> getEnclosingClass() { return enclosingClass; }
+
+        String getName() { return name; }
+
+        String getDescriptor() { return descriptor; }
+
+    }
+
+    private static Class<?> toClass(Type o) {
+        if (o instanceof GenericArrayType)
+            return Array.newInstance(toClass(((GenericArrayType)o).getGenericComponentType()),
+                                     0)
+                .getClass();
+        return (Class<?>)o;
+     }
+
+    /**
+     * If this {@code Class} object represents a local or anonymous
+     * class within a constructor, returns a {@link
+     * java.lang.reflect.Constructor Constructor} object representing
+     * the immediately enclosing constructor of the underlying
+     * class. Returns {@code null} otherwise.  In particular, this
+     * method returns {@code null} if the underlying class is a local
+     * or anonymous class immediately enclosed by a type declaration,
+     * instance initializer or static initializer.
+     *
+     * @return the immediately enclosing constructor of the underlying class, if
+     *     that class is a local or anonymous class; otherwise {@code null}.
+     * @throws SecurityException
+     *         If a security manager, <i>s</i>, is present and any of the
+     *         following conditions is met:
+     *
+     *         <ul>
+     *
+     *         <li> the caller's class loader is not the same as the
+     *         class loader of the enclosing class and invocation of
+     *         {@link SecurityManager#checkPermission
+     *         s.checkPermission} method with
+     *         {@code RuntimePermission("accessDeclaredMembers")}
+     *         denies access to the constructors within the enclosing class
+     *
+     *         <li> the caller's class loader is not the same as or an
+     *         ancestor of the class loader for the enclosing class and
+     *         invocation of {@link SecurityManager#checkPackageAccess
+     *         s.checkPackageAccess()} denies access to the package
+     *         of the enclosing class
+     *
+     *         </ul>
+     * @since 1.5
+     */
+    @CallerSensitive
+    public Constructor<?> getEnclosingConstructor() throws SecurityException {
+        EnclosingMethodInfo enclosingInfo = getEnclosingMethodInfo();
+
+        if (enclosingInfo == null)
+            return null;
+        else {
+            if (!enclosingInfo.isConstructor())
+                return null;
+
+            ConstructorRepository typeInfo = ConstructorRepository.make(enclosingInfo.getDescriptor(),
+                                                                        getFactory());
+            Type []    parameterTypes   = typeInfo.getParameterTypes();
+            Class<?>[] parameterClasses = new Class<?>[parameterTypes.length];
+
+            // Convert Types to Classes; returned types *should*
+            // be class objects since the methodDescriptor's used
+            // don't have generics information
+            for(int i = 0; i < parameterClasses.length; i++)
+                parameterClasses[i] = toClass(parameterTypes[i]);
+
+            // Perform access check
+            final Class<?> enclosingCandidate = enclosingInfo.getEnclosingClass();
+            SecurityManager sm = System.getSecurityManager();
+            if (sm != null) {
+                enclosingCandidate.checkMemberAccess(sm, Member.DECLARED,
+                                                     Reflection.getCallerClass(), true);
+            }
+
+            Constructor<?>[] candidates = enclosingCandidate
+                    .privateGetDeclaredConstructors(false);
+            /*
+             * Loop over all declared constructors; match number
+             * of and type of parameters.
+             */
+            ReflectionFactory fact = getReflectionFactory();
+            for (Constructor<?> c : candidates) {
+                if (arrayContentsEq(parameterClasses,
+                                    fact.getExecutableSharedParameterTypes(c))) {
+                    return fact.copyConstructor(c);
+                }
+            }
+
+            throw new InternalError("Enclosing constructor not found");
+        }
+    }
+
+
+    /**
+     * If the class or interface represented by this {@code Class} object
+     * is a member of another class, returns the {@code Class} object
+     * representing the class in which it was declared.  This method returns
+     * null if this class or interface is not a member of any other class.  If
+     * this {@code Class} object represents an array class, a primitive
+     * type, or void,then this method returns null.
+     *
+     * @return the declaring class for this class
+     * @throws SecurityException
+     *         If a security manager, <i>s</i>, is present and the caller's
+     *         class loader is not the same as or an ancestor of the class
+     *         loader for the declaring class and invocation of {@link
+     *         SecurityManager#checkPackageAccess s.checkPackageAccess()}
+     *         denies access to the package of the declaring class
+     * @since 1.1
+     */
+    @CallerSensitive
+    public Class<?> getDeclaringClass() throws SecurityException {
+        final Class<?> candidate = getDeclaringClass0();
+
+        if (candidate != null) {
+            SecurityManager sm = System.getSecurityManager();
+            if (sm != null) {
+                candidate.checkPackageAccess(sm,
+                    ClassLoader.getClassLoader(Reflection.getCallerClass()), true);
+            }
+        }
+        return candidate;
+    }
+
+    private native Class<?> getDeclaringClass0();
+
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the immediately enclosing class of the underlying
+     * class.  If the underlying class is a top level class this
+     * method returns {@code null}.
+     * @return the immediately enclosing class of the underlying class
+     * @exception  SecurityException
+     *             If a security manager, <i>s</i>, is present and the caller's
+     *             class loader is not the same as or an ancestor of the class
+     *             loader for the enclosing class and invocation of {@link
+     *             SecurityManager#checkPackageAccess s.checkPackageAccess()}
+     *             denies access to the package of the enclosing class
+     * @since 1.5
+     */
+    @CallerSensitive
+    public Class<?> getEnclosingClass() throws SecurityException {
+        // There are five kinds of classes (or interfaces):
+        // a) Top level classes
+        // b) Nested classes (static member classes)
+        // c) Inner classes (non-static member classes)
+        // d) Local classes (named classes declared within a method)
+        // e) Anonymous classes
+
+
+        // JVM Spec 4.7.7: A class must have an EnclosingMethod
+        // attribute if and only if it is a local class or an
+        // anonymous class.
+        EnclosingMethodInfo enclosingInfo = getEnclosingMethodInfo();
+        Class<?> enclosingCandidate;
+
+        if (enclosingInfo == null) {
+            // This is a top level or a nested class or an inner class (a, b, or c)
+            enclosingCandidate = getDeclaringClass0();
+        } else {
+            Class<?> enclosingClass = enclosingInfo.getEnclosingClass();
+            // This is a local class or an anonymous class (d or e)
+            if (enclosingClass == this || enclosingClass == null)
+                throw new InternalError("Malformed enclosing method information");
+            else
+                enclosingCandidate = enclosingClass;
+        }
+
+        if (enclosingCandidate != null) {
+            SecurityManager sm = System.getSecurityManager();
+            if (sm != null) {
+                enclosingCandidate.checkPackageAccess(sm,
+                    ClassLoader.getClassLoader(Reflection.getCallerClass()), true);
+            }
+        }
+        return enclosingCandidate;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the simple name of the underlying class as given in the
+     * source code. Returns an empty string if the underlying class is
+     * anonymous.
+     *
+     * <p>The simple name of an array is the simple name of the
+     * component type with "[]" appended.  In particular the simple
+     * name of an array whose component type is anonymous is "[]".
+     *
+     * @return the simple name of the underlying class
+     * @since 1.5
+     */
+    public String getSimpleName() {
+        if (isArray())
+            return getComponentType().getSimpleName()+"[]";
+
+        String simpleName = getSimpleBinaryName();
+        if (simpleName == null) { // top level class
+            simpleName = getName();
+            return simpleName.substring(simpleName.lastIndexOf('.')+1); // strip the package name
+        }
+        return simpleName;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Return an informative string for the name of this type.
+     *
+     * @return an informative string for the name of this type
+     * @since 1.8
+     */
+    public String getTypeName() {
+        if (isArray()) {
+            try {
+                Class<?> cl = this;
+                int dimensions = 0;
+                while (cl.isArray()) {
+                    dimensions++;
+                    cl = cl.getComponentType();
+                }
+                StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
+                sb.append(cl.getName());
+                for (int i = 0; i < dimensions; i++) {
+                    sb.append("[]");
+                }
+                return sb.toString();
+            } catch (Throwable e) { /*FALLTHRU*/ }
+        }
+        return getName();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the canonical name of the underlying class as
+     * defined by the Java Language Specification.  Returns null if
+     * the underlying class does not have a canonical name (i.e., if
+     * it is a local or anonymous class or an array whose component
+     * type does not have a canonical name).
+     * @return the canonical name of the underlying class if it exists, and
+     * {@code null} otherwise.
+     * @since 1.5
+     */
+    public String getCanonicalName() {
+        if (isArray()) {
+            String canonicalName = getComponentType().getCanonicalName();
+            if (canonicalName != null)
+                return canonicalName + "[]";
+            else
+                return null;
+        }
+        if (isLocalOrAnonymousClass())
+            return null;
+        Class<?> enclosingClass = getEnclosingClass();
+        if (enclosingClass == null) { // top level class
+            return getName();
+        } else {
+            String enclosingName = enclosingClass.getCanonicalName();
+            if (enclosingName == null)
+                return null;
+            return enclosingName + "." + getSimpleName();
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns {@code true} if and only if the underlying class
+     * is an anonymous class.
+     *
+     * @return {@code true} if and only if this class is an anonymous class.
+     * @since 1.5
+     */
+    public boolean isAnonymousClass() {
+        return !isArray() && isLocalOrAnonymousClass() &&
+                getSimpleBinaryName0() == null;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns {@code true} if and only if the underlying class
+     * is a local class.
+     *
+     * @return {@code true} if and only if this class is a local class.
+     * @since 1.5
+     */
+    public boolean isLocalClass() {
+        return isLocalOrAnonymousClass() &&
+                (isArray() || getSimpleBinaryName0() != null);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns {@code true} if and only if the underlying class
+     * is a member class.
+     *
+     * @return {@code true} if and only if this class is a member class.
+     * @since 1.5
+     */
+    public boolean isMemberClass() {
+        return !isLocalOrAnonymousClass() && getDeclaringClass0() != null;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the "simple binary name" of the underlying class, i.e.,
+     * the binary name without the leading enclosing class name.
+     * Returns {@code null} if the underlying class is a top level
+     * class.
+     */
+    private String getSimpleBinaryName() {
+        if (isTopLevelClass())
+            return null;
+        String name = getSimpleBinaryName0();
+        if (name == null) // anonymous class
+            return "";
+        return name;
+    }
+
+    private native String getSimpleBinaryName0();
+
+    /**
+     * Returns {@code true} if this is a top level class.  Returns {@code false}
+     * otherwise.
+     */
+    private boolean isTopLevelClass() {
+        return !isLocalOrAnonymousClass() && getDeclaringClass0() == null;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns {@code true} if this is a local class or an anonymous
+     * class.  Returns {@code false} otherwise.
+     */
+    private boolean isLocalOrAnonymousClass() {
+        // JVM Spec 4.7.7: A class must have an EnclosingMethod
+        // attribute if and only if it is a local class or an
+        // anonymous class.
+        return hasEnclosingMethodInfo();
+    }
+
+    private boolean hasEnclosingMethodInfo() {
+        Object[] enclosingInfo = getEnclosingMethod0();
+        if (enclosingInfo != null) {
+            EnclosingMethodInfo.validate(enclosingInfo);
+            return true;
+        }
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns an array containing {@code Class} objects representing all
+     * the public classes and interfaces that are members of the class
+     * represented by this {@code Class} object.  This includes public
+     * class and interface members inherited from superclasses and public class
+     * and interface members declared by the class.  This method returns an
+     * array of length 0 if this {@code Class} object has no public member
+     * classes or interfaces.  This method also returns an array of length 0 if
+     * this {@code Class} object represents a primitive type, an array
+     * class, or void.
+     *
+     * @return the array of {@code Class} objects representing the public
+     *         members of this class
+     * @throws SecurityException
+     *         If a security manager, <i>s</i>, is present and
+     *         the caller's class loader is not the same as or an
+     *         ancestor of the class loader for the current class and
+     *         invocation of {@link SecurityManager#checkPackageAccess
+     *         s.checkPackageAccess()} denies access to the package
+     *         of this class.
+     *
+     * @since 1.1
+     */
+    @CallerSensitive
+    public Class<?>[] getClasses() {
+        SecurityManager sm = System.getSecurityManager();
+        if (sm != null) {
+            checkMemberAccess(sm, Member.PUBLIC, Reflection.getCallerClass(), false);
+        }
+
+        // Privileged so this implementation can look at DECLARED classes,
+        // something the caller might not have privilege to do.  The code here
+        // is allowed to look at DECLARED classes because (1) it does not hand
+        // out anything other than public members and (2) public member access
+        // has already been ok'd by the SecurityManager.
+
+        return java.security.AccessController.doPrivileged(
+            new java.security.PrivilegedAction<>() {
+                public Class<?>[] run() {
+                    List<Class<?>> list = new ArrayList<>();
+                    Class<?> currentClass = Class.this;
+                    while (currentClass != null) {
+                        for (Class<?> m : currentClass.getDeclaredClasses()) {
+                            if (Modifier.isPublic(m.getModifiers())) {
+                                list.add(m);
+                            }
+                        }
+                        currentClass = currentClass.getSuperclass();
+                    }
+                    return list.toArray(new Class<?>[0]);
+                }
+            });
+    }
+
+
+    /**
+     * Returns an array containing {@code Field} objects reflecting all
+     * the accessible public fields of the class or interface represented by
+     * this {@code Class} object.
+     *
+     * <p> If this {@code Class} object represents a class or interface with
+     * no accessible public fields, then this method returns an array of length
+     * 0.
+     *
+     * <p> If this {@code Class} object represents a class, then this method
+     * returns the public fields of the class and of all its superclasses and
+     * superinterfaces.
+     *
+     * <p> If this {@code Class} object represents an interface, then this
+     * method returns the fields of the interface and of all its
+     * superinterfaces.
+     *
+     * <p> If this {@code Class} object represents an array type, a primitive
+     * type, or void, then this method returns an array of length 0.
+     *
+     * <p> The elements in the returned array are not sorted and are not in any
+     * particular order.
+     *
+     * @return the array of {@code Field} objects representing the
+     *         public fields
+     * @throws SecurityException
+     *         If a security manager, <i>s</i>, is present and
+     *         the caller's class loader is not the same as or an
+     *         ancestor of the class loader for the current class and
+     *         invocation of {@link SecurityManager#checkPackageAccess
+     *         s.checkPackageAccess()} denies access to the package
+     *         of this class.
+     *
+     * @since 1.1
+     * @jls 8.2 Class Members
+     * @jls 8.3 Field Declarations
+     */
+    @CallerSensitive
+    public Field[] getFields() throws SecurityException {
+        SecurityManager sm = System.getSecurityManager();
+        if (sm != null) {
+            checkMemberAccess(sm, Member.PUBLIC, Reflection.getCallerClass(), true);
+        }
+        return copyFields(privateGetPublicFields(null));
+    }
+
+
+    /**
+     * Returns an array containing {@code Method} objects reflecting all the
+     * public methods of the class or interface represented by this {@code
+     * Class} object, including those declared by the class or interface and
+     * those inherited from superclasses and superinterfaces.
+     *
+     * <p> If this {@code Class} object represents an array type, then the
+     * returned array has a {@code Method} object for each of the public
+     * methods inherited by the array type from {@code Object}. It does not
+     * contain a {@code Method} object for {@code clone()}.
+     *
+     * <p> If this {@code Class} object represents an interface then the
+     * returned array does not contain any implicitly declared methods from
+     * {@code Object}. Therefore, if no methods are explicitly declared in
+     * this interface or any of its superinterfaces then the returned array
+     * has length 0. (Note that a {@code Class} object which represents a class
+     * always has public methods, inherited from {@code Object}.)
+     *
+     * <p> The returned array never contains methods with names "{@code <init>}"
+     * or "{@code <clinit>}".
+     *
+     * <p> The elements in the returned array are not sorted and are not in any
+     * particular order.
+     *
+     * <p> Generally, the result is computed as with the following 4 step algorithm.
+     * Let C be the class or interface represented by this {@code Class} object:
+     * <ol>
+     * <li> A union of methods is composed of:
+     *   <ol type="a">
+     *   <li> C's declared public instance and static methods as returned by
+     *        {@link #getDeclaredMethods()} and filtered to include only public
+     *        methods.</li>
+     *   <li> If C is a class other than {@code Object}, then include the result
+     *        of invoking this algorithm recursively on the superclass of C.</li>
+     *   <li> Include the results of invoking this algorithm recursively on all
+     *        direct superinterfaces of C, but include only instance methods.</li>
+     *   </ol></li>
+     * <li> Union from step 1 is partitioned into subsets of methods with same
+     *      signature (name, parameter types) and return type.</li>
+     * <li> Within each such subset only the most specific methods are selected.
+     *      Let method M be a method from a set of methods with same signature
+     *      and return type. M is most specific if there is no such method
+     *      N != M from the same set, such that N is more specific than M.
+     *      N is more specific than M if:
+     *   <ol type="a">
+     *   <li> N is declared by a class and M is declared by an interface; or</li>
+     *   <li> N and M are both declared by classes or both by interfaces and
+     *        N's declaring type is the same as or a subtype of M's declaring type
+     *        (clearly, if M's and N's declaring types are the same type, then
+     *        M and N are the same method).</li>
+     *   </ol></li>
+     * <li> The result of this algorithm is the union of all selected methods from
+     *      step 3.</li>
+     * </ol>
+     *
+     * @apiNote There may be more than one method with a particular name
+     * and parameter types in a class because while the Java language forbids a
+     * class to declare multiple methods with the same signature but different
+     * return types, the Java virtual machine does not.  This
+     * increased flexibility in the virtual machine can be used to
+     * implement various language features.  For example, covariant
+     * returns can be implemented with {@linkplain
+     * java.lang.reflect.Method#isBridge bridge methods}; the bridge
+     * method and the overriding method would have the same
+     * signature but different return types.
+     *
+     * @return the array of {@code Method} objects representing the
+     *         public methods of this class
+     * @throws SecurityException
+     *         If a security manager, <i>s</i>, is present and
+     *         the caller's class loader is not the same as or an
+     *         ancestor of the class loader for the current class and
+     *         invocation of {@link SecurityManager#checkPackageAccess
+     *         s.checkPackageAccess()} denies access to the package
+     *         of this class.
+     *
+     * @jls 8.2 Class Members
+     * @jls 8.4 Method Declarations
+     * @since 1.1
+     */
+    @CallerSensitive
+    public Method[] getMethods() throws SecurityException {
+        SecurityManager sm = System.getSecurityManager();
+        if (sm != null) {
+            checkMemberAccess(sm, Member.PUBLIC, Reflection.getCallerClass(), true);
+        }
+        return copyMethods(privateGetPublicMethods());
+    }
+
+
+    /**
+     * Returns an array containing {@code Constructor} objects reflecting
+     * all the public constructors of the class represented by this
+     * {@code Class} object.  An array of length 0 is returned if the
+     * class has no public constructors, or if the class is an array class, or
+     * if the class reflects a primitive type or void.
+     *
+     * Note that while this method returns an array of {@code
+     * Constructor<T>} objects (that is an array of constructors from
+     * this class), the return type of this method is {@code
+     * Constructor<?>[]} and <em>not</em> {@code Constructor<T>[]} as
+     * might be expected.  This less informative return type is
+     * necessary since after being returned from this method, the
+     * array could be modified to hold {@code Constructor} objects for
+     * different classes, which would violate the type guarantees of
+     * {@code Constructor<T>[]}.
+     *
+     * @return the array of {@code Constructor} objects representing the
+     *         public constructors of this class
+     * @throws SecurityException
+     *         If a security manager, <i>s</i>, is present and
+     *         the caller's class loader is not the same as or an
+     *         ancestor of the class loader for the current class and
+     *         invocation of {@link SecurityManager#checkPackageAccess
+     *         s.checkPackageAccess()} denies access to the package
+     *         of this class.
+     *
+     * @since 1.1
+     */
+    @CallerSensitive
+    public Constructor<?>[] getConstructors() throws SecurityException {
+        SecurityManager sm = System.getSecurityManager();
+        if (sm != null) {
+            checkMemberAccess(sm, Member.PUBLIC, Reflection.getCallerClass(), true);
+        }
+        return copyConstructors(privateGetDeclaredConstructors(true));
+    }
+
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a {@code Field} object that reflects the specified public member
+     * field of the class or interface represented by this {@code Class}
+     * object. The {@code name} parameter is a {@code String} specifying the
+     * simple name of the desired field.
+     *
+     * <p> The field to be reflected is determined by the algorithm that
+     * follows.  Let C be the class or interface represented by this object:
+     *
+     * <OL>
+     * <LI> If C declares a public field with the name specified, that is the
+     *      field to be reflected.</LI>
+     * <LI> If no field was found in step 1 above, this algorithm is applied
+     *      recursively to each direct superinterface of C. The direct
+     *      superinterfaces are searched in the order they were declared.</LI>
+     * <LI> If no field was found in steps 1 and 2 above, and C has a
+     *      superclass S, then this algorithm is invoked recursively upon S.
+     *      If C has no superclass, then a {@code NoSuchFieldException}
+     *      is thrown.</LI>
+     * </OL>
+     *
+     * <p> If this {@code Class} object represents an array type, then this
+     * method does not find the {@code length} field of the array type.
+     *
+     * @param name the field name
+     * @return the {@code Field} object of this class specified by
+     *         {@code name}
+     * @throws NoSuchFieldException if a field with the specified name is
+     *         not found.
+     * @throws NullPointerException if {@code name} is {@code null}
+     * @throws SecurityException
+     *         If a security manager, <i>s</i>, is present and
+     *         the caller's class loader is not the same as or an
+     *         ancestor of the class loader for the current class and
+     *         invocation of {@link SecurityManager#checkPackageAccess
+     *         s.checkPackageAccess()} denies access to the package
+     *         of this class.
+     *
+     * @since 1.1
+     * @jls 8.2 Class Members
+     * @jls 8.3 Field Declarations
+     */
+    @CallerSensitive
+    public Field getField(String name)
+        throws NoSuchFieldException, SecurityException {
+        Objects.requireNonNull(name);
+        SecurityManager sm = System.getSecurityManager();
+        if (sm != null) {
+            checkMemberAccess(sm, Member.PUBLIC, Reflection.getCallerClass(), true);
+        }
+        Field field = getField0(name);
+        if (field == null) {
+            throw new NoSuchFieldException(name);
+        }
+        return getReflectionFactory().copyField(field);
+    }
+
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a {@code Method} object that reflects the specified public
+     * member method of the class or interface represented by this
+     * {@code Class} object. The {@code name} parameter is a
+     * {@code String} specifying the simple name of the desired method. The
+     * {@code parameterTypes} parameter is an array of {@code Class}
+     * objects that identify the method's formal parameter types, in declared
+     * order. If {@code parameterTypes} is {@code null}, it is
+     * treated as if it were an empty array.
+     *
+     * <p> If this {@code Class} object represents an array type, then this
+     * method finds any public method inherited by the array type from
+     * {@code Object} except method {@code clone()}.
+     *
+     * <p> If this {@code Class} object represents an interface then this
+     * method does not find any implicitly declared method from
+     * {@code Object}. Therefore, if no methods are explicitly declared in
+     * this interface or any of its superinterfaces, then this method does not
+     * find any method.
+     *
+     * <p> This method does not find any method with name "{@code <init>}" or
+     * "{@code <clinit>}".
+     *
+     * <p> Generally, the method to be reflected is determined by the 4 step
+     * algorithm that follows.
+     * Let C be the class or interface represented by this {@code Class} object:
+     * <ol>
+     * <li> A union of methods is composed of:
+     *   <ol type="a">
+     *   <li> C's declared public instance and static methods as returned by
+     *        {@link #getDeclaredMethods()} and filtered to include only public
+     *        methods that match given {@code name} and {@code parameterTypes}</li>
+     *   <li> If C is a class other than {@code Object}, then include the result
+     *        of invoking this algorithm recursively on the superclass of C.</li>
+     *   <li> Include the results of invoking this algorithm recursively on all
+     *        direct superinterfaces of C, but include only instance methods.</li>
+     *   </ol></li>
+     * <li> This union is partitioned into subsets of methods with same
+     *      return type (the selection of methods from step 1 also guarantees that
+     *      they have the same method name and parameter types).</li>
+     * <li> Within each such subset only the most specific methods are selected.
+     *      Let method M be a method from a set of methods with same VM
+     *      signature (return type, name, parameter types).
+     *      M is most specific if there is no such method N != M from the same
+     *      set, such that N is more specific than M. N is more specific than M
+     *      if:
+     *   <ol type="a">
+     *   <li> N is declared by a class and M is declared by an interface; or</li>
+     *   <li> N and M are both declared by classes or both by interfaces and
+     *        N's declaring type is the same as or a subtype of M's declaring type
+     *        (clearly, if M's and N's declaring types are the same type, then
+     *        M and N are the same method).</li>
+     *   </ol></li>
+     * <li> The result of this algorithm is chosen arbitrarily from the methods
+     *      with most specific return type among all selected methods from step 3.
+     *      Let R be a return type of a method M from the set of all selected methods
+     *      from step 3. M is a method with most specific return type if there is
+     *      no such method N != M from the same set, having return type S != R,
+     *      such that S is a subtype of R as determined by
+     *      R.class.{@link #isAssignableFrom}(S.class).
+     * </ol>
+     *
+     * @apiNote There may be more than one method with matching name and
+     * parameter types in a class because while the Java language forbids a
+     * class to declare multiple methods with the same signature but different
+     * return types, the Java virtual machine does not.  This
+     * increased flexibility in the virtual machine can be used to
+     * implement various language features.  For example, covariant
+     * returns can be implemented with {@linkplain
+     * java.lang.reflect.Method#isBridge bridge methods}; the bridge
+     * method and the overriding method would have the same
+     * signature but different return types. This method would return the
+     * overriding method as it would have a more specific return type.
+     *
+     * @param name the name of the method
+     * @param parameterTypes the list of parameters
+     * @return the {@code Method} object that matches the specified
+     *         {@code name} and {@code parameterTypes}
+     * @throws NoSuchMethodException if a matching method is not found
+     *         or if the name is "&lt;init&gt;"or "&lt;clinit&gt;".
+     * @throws NullPointerException if {@code name} is {@code null}
+     * @throws SecurityException
+     *         If a security manager, <i>s</i>, is present and
+     *         the caller's class loader is not the same as or an
+     *         ancestor of the class loader for the current class and
+     *         invocation of {@link SecurityManager#checkPackageAccess
+     *         s.checkPackageAccess()} denies access to the package
+     *         of this class.
+     *
+     * @jls 8.2 Class Members
+     * @jls 8.4 Method Declarations
+     * @since 1.1
+     */
+    @CallerSensitive
+    public Method getMethod(String name, Class<?>... parameterTypes)
+        throws NoSuchMethodException, SecurityException {
+        Objects.requireNonNull(name);
+        SecurityManager sm = System.getSecurityManager();
+        if (sm != null) {
+            checkMemberAccess(sm, Member.PUBLIC, Reflection.getCallerClass(), true);
+        }
+        Method method = getMethod0(name, parameterTypes);
+        if (method == null) {
+            throw new NoSuchMethodException(methodToString(name, parameterTypes));
+        }
+        return getReflectionFactory().copyMethod(method);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a {@code Constructor} object that reflects the specified
+     * public constructor of the class represented by this {@code Class}
+     * object. The {@code parameterTypes} parameter is an array of
+     * {@code Class} objects that identify the constructor's formal
+     * parameter types, in declared order.
+     *
+     * If this {@code Class} object represents an inner class
+     * declared in a non-static context, the formal parameter types
+     * include the explicit enclosing instance as the first parameter.
+     *
+     * <p> The constructor to reflect is the public constructor of the class
+     * represented by this {@code Class} object whose formal parameter
+     * types match those specified by {@code parameterTypes}.
+     *
+     * @param parameterTypes the parameter array
+     * @return the {@code Constructor} object of the public constructor that
+     *         matches the specified {@code parameterTypes}
+     * @throws NoSuchMethodException if a matching method is not found.
+     * @throws SecurityException
+     *         If a security manager, <i>s</i>, is present and
+     *         the caller's class loader is not the same as or an
+     *         ancestor of the class loader for the current class and
+     *         invocation of {@link SecurityManager#checkPackageAccess
+     *         s.checkPackageAccess()} denies access to the package
+     *         of this class.
+     *
+     * @since 1.1
+     */
+    @CallerSensitive
+    public Constructor<T> getConstructor(Class<?>... parameterTypes)
+        throws NoSuchMethodException, SecurityException
+    {
+        SecurityManager sm = System.getSecurityManager();
+        if (sm != null) {
+            checkMemberAccess(sm, Member.PUBLIC, Reflection.getCallerClass(), true);
+        }
+        return getReflectionFactory().copyConstructor(
+            getConstructor0(parameterTypes, Member.PUBLIC));
+    }
+
+
+    /**
+     * Returns an array of {@code Class} objects reflecting all the
+     * classes and interfaces declared as members of the class represented by
+     * this {@code Class} object. This includes public, protected, default
+     * (package) access, and private classes and interfaces declared by the
+     * class, but excludes inherited classes and interfaces.  This method
+     * returns an array of length 0 if the class declares no classes or
+     * interfaces as members, or if this {@code Class} object represents a
+     * primitive type, an array class, or void.
+     *
+     * @return the array of {@code Class} objects representing all the
+     *         declared members of this class
+     * @throws SecurityException
+     *         If a security manager, <i>s</i>, is present and any of the
+     *         following conditions is met:
+     *
+     *         <ul>
+     *
+     *         <li> the caller's class loader is not the same as the
+     *         class loader of this class and invocation of
+     *         {@link SecurityManager#checkPermission
+     *         s.checkPermission} method with
+     *         {@code RuntimePermission("accessDeclaredMembers")}
+     *         denies access to the declared classes within this class
+     *
+     *         <li> the caller's class loader is not the same as or an
+     *         ancestor of the class loader for the current class and
+     *         invocation of {@link SecurityManager#checkPackageAccess
+     *         s.checkPackageAccess()} denies access to the package
+     *         of this class
+     *
+     *         </ul>
+     *
+     * @since 1.1
+     */
+    @CallerSensitive
+    public Class<?>[] getDeclaredClasses() throws SecurityException {
+        SecurityManager sm = System.getSecurityManager();
+        if (sm != null) {
+            checkMemberAccess(sm, Member.DECLARED, Reflection.getCallerClass(), false);
+        }
+        return getDeclaredClasses0();
+    }
+
+
+    /**
+     * Returns an array of {@code Field} objects reflecting all the fields
+     * declared by the class or interface represented by this
+     * {@code Class} object. This includes public, protected, default
+     * (package) access, and private fields, but excludes inherited fields.
+     *
+     * <p> If this {@code Class} object represents a class or interface with no
+     * declared fields, then this method returns an array of length 0.
+     *
+     * <p> If this {@code Class} object represents an array type, a primitive
+     * type, or void, then this method returns an array of length 0.
+     *
+     * <p> The elements in the returned array are not sorted and are not in any
+     * particular order.
+     *
+     * @return  the array of {@code Field} objects representing all the
+     *          declared fields of this class
+     * @throws  SecurityException
+     *          If a security manager, <i>s</i>, is present and any of the
+     *          following conditions is met:
+     *
+     *          <ul>
+     *
+     *          <li> the caller's class loader is not the same as the
+     *          class loader of this class and invocation of
+     *          {@link SecurityManager#checkPermission
+     *          s.checkPermission} method with
+     *          {@code RuntimePermission("accessDeclaredMembers")}
+     *          denies access to the declared fields within this class
+     *
+     *          <li> the caller's class loader is not the same as or an
+     *          ancestor of the class loader for the current class and
+     *          invocation of {@link SecurityManager#checkPackageAccess
+     *          s.checkPackageAccess()} denies access to the package
+     *          of this class
+     *
+     *          </ul>
+     *
+     * @since 1.1
+     * @jls 8.2 Class Members
+     * @jls 8.3 Field Declarations
+     */
+    @CallerSensitive
+    public Field[] getDeclaredFields() throws SecurityException {
+        SecurityManager sm = System.getSecurityManager();
+        if (sm != null) {
+            checkMemberAccess(sm, Member.DECLARED, Reflection.getCallerClass(), true);
+        }
+        return copyFields(privateGetDeclaredFields(false));
+    }
+
+
+    /**
+     * Returns an array containing {@code Method} objects reflecting all the
+     * declared methods of the class or interface represented by this {@code
+     * Class} object, including public, protected, default (package)
+     * access, and private methods, but excluding inherited methods.
+     *
+     * <p> If this {@code Class} object represents a type that has multiple
+     * declared methods with the same name and parameter types, but different
+     * return types, then the returned array has a {@code Method} object for
+     * each such method.
+     *
+     * <p> If this {@code Class} object represents a type that has a class
+     * initialization method {@code <clinit>}, then the returned array does
+     * <em>not</em> have a corresponding {@code Method} object.
+     *
+     * <p> If this {@code Class} object represents a class or interface with no
+     * declared methods, then the returned array has length 0.
+     *
+     * <p> If this {@code Class} object represents an array type, a primitive
+     * type, or void, then the returned array has length 0.
+     *
+     * <p> The elements in the returned array are not sorted and are not in any
+     * particular order.
+     *
+     * @return  the array of {@code Method} objects representing all the
+     *          declared methods of this class
+     * @throws  SecurityException
+     *          If a security manager, <i>s</i>, is present and any of the
+     *          following conditions is met:
+     *
+     *          <ul>
+     *
+     *          <li> the caller's class loader is not the same as the
+     *          class loader of this class and invocation of
+     *          {@link SecurityManager#checkPermission
+     *          s.checkPermission} method with
+     *          {@code RuntimePermission("accessDeclaredMembers")}
+     *          denies access to the declared methods within this class
+     *
+     *          <li> the caller's class loader is not the same as or an
+     *          ancestor of the class loader for the current class and
+     *          invocation of {@link SecurityManager#checkPackageAccess
+     *          s.checkPackageAccess()} denies access to the package
+     *          of this class
+     *
+     *          </ul>
+     *
+     * @jls 8.2 Class Members
+     * @jls 8.4 Method Declarations
+     * @since 1.1
+     */
+    @CallerSensitive
+    public Method[] getDeclaredMethods() throws SecurityException {
+        SecurityManager sm = System.getSecurityManager();
+        if (sm != null) {
+            checkMemberAccess(sm, Member.DECLARED, Reflection.getCallerClass(), true);
+        }
+        return copyMethods(privateGetDeclaredMethods(false));
+    }
+
+
+    /**
+     * Returns an array of {@code Constructor} objects reflecting all the
+     * constructors declared by the class represented by this
+     * {@code Class} object. These are public, protected, default
+     * (package) access, and private constructors.  The elements in the array
+     * returned are not sorted and are not in any particular order.  If the
+     * class has a default constructor, it is included in the returned array.
+     * This method returns an array of length 0 if this {@code Class}
+     * object represents an interface, a primitive type, an array class, or
+     * void.
+     *
+     * <p> See <em>The Java Language Specification</em>, section 8.2.
+     *
+     * @return  the array of {@code Constructor} objects representing all the
+     *          declared constructors of this class
+     * @throws  SecurityException
+     *          If a security manager, <i>s</i>, is present and any of the
+     *          following conditions is met:
+     *
+     *          <ul>
+     *
+     *          <li> the caller's class loader is not the same as the
+     *          class loader of this class and invocation of
+     *          {@link SecurityManager#checkPermission
+     *          s.checkPermission} method with
+     *          {@code RuntimePermission("accessDeclaredMembers")}
+     *          denies access to the declared constructors within this class
+     *
+     *          <li> the caller's class loader is not the same as or an
+     *          ancestor of the class loader for the current class and
+     *          invocation of {@link SecurityManager#checkPackageAccess
+     *          s.checkPackageAccess()} denies access to the package
+     *          of this class
+     *
+     *          </ul>
+     *
+     * @since 1.1
+     */
+    @CallerSensitive
+    public Constructor<?>[] getDeclaredConstructors() throws SecurityException {
+        SecurityManager sm = System.getSecurityManager();
+        if (sm != null) {
+            checkMemberAccess(sm, Member.DECLARED, Reflection.getCallerClass(), true);
+        }
+        return copyConstructors(privateGetDeclaredConstructors(false));
+    }
+
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a {@code Field} object that reflects the specified declared
+     * field of the class or interface represented by this {@code Class}
+     * object. The {@code name} parameter is a {@code String} that specifies
+     * the simple name of the desired field.
+     *
+     * <p> If this {@code Class} object represents an array type, then this
+     * method does not find the {@code length} field of the array type.
+     *
+     * @param name the name of the field
+     * @return  the {@code Field} object for the specified field in this
+     *          class
+     * @throws  NoSuchFieldException if a field with the specified name is
+     *          not found.
+     * @throws  NullPointerException if {@code name} is {@code null}
+     * @throws  SecurityException
+     *          If a security manager, <i>s</i>, is present and any of the
+     *          following conditions is met:
+     *
+     *          <ul>
+     *
+     *          <li> the caller's class loader is not the same as the
+     *          class loader of this class and invocation of
+     *          {@link SecurityManager#checkPermission
+     *          s.checkPermission} method with
+     *          {@code RuntimePermission("accessDeclaredMembers")}
+     *          denies access to the declared field
+     *
+     *          <li> the caller's class loader is not the same as or an
+     *          ancestor of the class loader for the current class and
+     *          invocation of {@link SecurityManager#checkPackageAccess
+     *          s.checkPackageAccess()} denies access to the package
+     *          of this class
+     *
+     *          </ul>
+     *
+     * @since 1.1
+     * @jls 8.2 Class Members
+     * @jls 8.3 Field Declarations
+     */
+    @CallerSensitive
+    public Field getDeclaredField(String name)
+        throws NoSuchFieldException, SecurityException {
+        Objects.requireNonNull(name);
+        SecurityManager sm = System.getSecurityManager();
+        if (sm != null) {
+            checkMemberAccess(sm, Member.DECLARED, Reflection.getCallerClass(), true);
+        }
+        Field field = searchFields(privateGetDeclaredFields(false), name);
+        if (field == null) {
+            throw new NoSuchFieldException(name);
+        }
+        return getReflectionFactory().copyField(field);
+    }
+
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a {@code Method} object that reflects the specified
+     * declared method of the class or interface represented by this
+     * {@code Class} object. The {@code name} parameter is a
+     * {@code String} that specifies the simple name of the desired
+     * method, and the {@code parameterTypes} parameter is an array of
+     * {@code Class} objects that identify the method's formal parameter
+     * types, in declared order.  If more than one method with the same
+     * parameter types is declared in a class, and one of these methods has a
+     * return type that is more specific than any of the others, that method is
+     * returned; otherwise one of the methods is chosen arbitrarily.  If the
+     * name is "&lt;init&gt;"or "&lt;clinit&gt;" a {@code NoSuchMethodException}
+     * is raised.
+     *
+     * <p> If this {@code Class} object represents an array type, then this
+     * method does not find the {@code clone()} method.
+     *
+     * @param name the name of the method
+     * @param parameterTypes the parameter array
+     * @return  the {@code Method} object for the method of this class
+     *          matching the specified name and parameters
+     * @throws  NoSuchMethodException if a matching method is not found.
+     * @throws  NullPointerException if {@code name} is {@code null}
+     * @throws  SecurityException
+     *          If a security manager, <i>s</i>, is present and any of the
+     *          following conditions is met:
+     *
+     *          <ul>
+     *
+     *          <li> the caller's class loader is not the same as the
+     *          class loader of this class and invocation of
+     *          {@link SecurityManager#checkPermission
+     *          s.checkPermission} method with
+     *          {@code RuntimePermission("accessDeclaredMembers")}
+     *          denies access to the declared method
+     *
+     *          <li> the caller's class loader is not the same as or an
+     *          ancestor of the class loader for the current class and
+     *          invocation of {@link SecurityManager#checkPackageAccess
+     *          s.checkPackageAccess()} denies access to the package
+     *          of this class
+     *
+     *          </ul>
+     *
+     * @jls 8.2 Class Members
+     * @jls 8.4 Method Declarations
+     * @since 1.1
+     */
+    @CallerSensitive
+    public Method getDeclaredMethod(String name, Class<?>... parameterTypes)
+        throws NoSuchMethodException, SecurityException {
+        Objects.requireNonNull(name);
+        SecurityManager sm = System.getSecurityManager();
+        if (sm != null) {
+            checkMemberAccess(sm, Member.DECLARED, Reflection.getCallerClass(), true);
+        }
+        Method method = searchMethods(privateGetDeclaredMethods(false), name, parameterTypes);
+        if (method == null) {
+            throw new NoSuchMethodException(methodToString(name, parameterTypes));
+        }
+        return getReflectionFactory().copyMethod(method);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the list of {@code Method} objects for the declared public
+     * methods of this class or interface that have the specified method name
+     * and parameter types.
+     *
+     * @param name the name of the method
+     * @param parameterTypes the parameter array
+     * @return the list of {@code Method} objects for the public methods of
+     *         this class matching the specified name and parameters
+     */
+    List<Method> getDeclaredPublicMethods(String name, Class<?>... parameterTypes) {
+        Method[] methods = privateGetDeclaredMethods(/* publicOnly */ true);
+        ReflectionFactory factory = getReflectionFactory();
+        List<Method> result = new ArrayList<>();
+        for (Method method : methods) {
+            if (method.getName().equals(name)
+                && Arrays.equals(
+                    factory.getExecutableSharedParameterTypes(method),
+                    parameterTypes)) {
+                result.add(factory.copyMethod(method));
+            }
+        }
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a {@code Constructor} object that reflects the specified
+     * constructor of the class or interface represented by this
+     * {@code Class} object.  The {@code parameterTypes} parameter is
+     * an array of {@code Class} objects that identify the constructor's
+     * formal parameter types, in declared order.
+     *
+     * If this {@code Class} object represents an inner class
+     * declared in a non-static context, the formal parameter types
+     * include the explicit enclosing instance as the first parameter.
+     *
+     * @param parameterTypes the parameter array
+     * @return  The {@code Constructor} object for the constructor with the
+     *          specified parameter list
+     * @throws  NoSuchMethodException if a matching method is not found.
+     * @throws  SecurityException
+     *          If a security manager, <i>s</i>, is present and any of the
+     *          following conditions is met:
+     *
+     *          <ul>
+     *
+     *          <li> the caller's class loader is not the same as the
+     *          class loader of this class and invocation of
+     *          {@link SecurityManager#checkPermission
+     *          s.checkPermission} method with
+     *          {@code RuntimePermission("accessDeclaredMembers")}
+     *          denies access to the declared constructor
+     *
+     *          <li> the caller's class loader is not the same as or an
+     *          ancestor of the class loader for the current class and
+     *          invocation of {@link SecurityManager#checkPackageAccess
+     *          s.checkPackageAccess()} denies access to the package
+     *          of this class
+     *
+     *          </ul>
+     *
+     * @since 1.1
+     */
+    @CallerSensitive
+    public Constructor<T> getDeclaredConstructor(Class<?>... parameterTypes)
+        throws NoSuchMethodException, SecurityException
+    {
+        SecurityManager sm = System.getSecurityManager();
+        if (sm != null) {
+            checkMemberAccess(sm, Member.DECLARED, Reflection.getCallerClass(), true);
+        }
+
+        return getReflectionFactory().copyConstructor(
+            getConstructor0(parameterTypes, Member.DECLARED));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Finds a resource with a given name.
+     *
+     * <p> If this class is in a named {@link Module Module} then this method
+     * will attempt to find the resource in the module. This is done by
+     * delegating to the module's class loader {@link
+     * ClassLoader#findResource(String,String) findResource(String,String)}
+     * method, invoking it with the module name and the absolute name of the
+     * resource. Resources in named modules are subject to the rules for
+     * encapsulation specified in the {@code Module} {@link
+     * Module#getResourceAsStream getResourceAsStream} method and so this
+     * method returns {@code null} when the resource is a
+     * non-"{@code .class}" resource in a package that is not open to the
+     * caller's module.
+     *
+     * <p> Otherwise, if this class is not in a named module then the rules for
+     * searching resources associated with a given class are implemented by the
+     * defining {@linkplain ClassLoader class loader} of the class.  This method
+     * delegates to this object's class loader.  If this object was loaded by
+     * the bootstrap class loader, the method delegates to {@link
+     * ClassLoader#getSystemResourceAsStream}.
+     *
+     * <p> Before delegation, an absolute resource name is constructed from the
+     * given resource name using this algorithm:
+     *
+     * <ul>
+     *
+     * <li> If the {@code name} begins with a {@code '/'}
+     * (<code>'&#92;u002f'</code>), then the absolute name of the resource is the
+     * portion of the {@code name} following the {@code '/'}.
+     *
+     * <li> Otherwise, the absolute name is of the following form:
+     *
+     * <blockquote>
+     *   {@code modified_package_name/name}
+     * </blockquote>
+     *
+     * <p> Where the {@code modified_package_name} is the package name of this
+     * object with {@code '/'} substituted for {@code '.'}
+     * (<code>'&#92;u002e'</code>).
+     *
+     * </ul>
+     *
+     * @param  name name of the desired resource
+     * @return  A {@link java.io.InputStream} object; {@code null} if no
+     *          resource with this name is found, the resource is in a package
+     *          that is not {@link Module#isOpen(String, Module) open} to at
+     *          least the caller module, or access to the resource is denied
+     *          by the security manager.
+     * @throws  NullPointerException If {@code name} is {@code null}
+     *
+     * @see Module#getResourceAsStream(String)
+     * @since  1.1
+     * @revised 9
+     * @spec JPMS
+     */
+    @CallerSensitive
+    public InputStream getResourceAsStream(String name) {
+        name = resolveName(name);
+
+        Module thisModule = getModule();
+        if (thisModule.isNamed()) {
+            // check if resource can be located by caller
+            if (Resources.canEncapsulate(name)
+                && !isOpenToCaller(name, Reflection.getCallerClass())) {
+                return null;
+            }
+
+            // resource not encapsulated or in package open to caller
+            String mn = thisModule.getName();
+            ClassLoader cl = getClassLoader0();
+            try {
+
+                // special-case built-in class loaders to avoid the
+                // need for a URL connection
+                if (cl == null) {
+                    return BootLoader.findResourceAsStream(mn, name);
+                } else if (cl instanceof BuiltinClassLoader) {
+                    return ((BuiltinClassLoader) cl).findResourceAsStream(mn, name);
+                } else {
+                    URL url = cl.findResource(mn, name);
+                    return (url != null) ? url.openStream() : null;
+                }
+
+            } catch (IOException | SecurityException e) {
+                return null;
+            }
+        }
+
+        // unnamed module
+        ClassLoader cl = getClassLoader0();
+        if (cl == null) {
+            return ClassLoader.getSystemResourceAsStream(name);
+        } else {
+            return cl.getResourceAsStream(name);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Finds a resource with a given name.
+     *
+     * <p> If this class is in a named {@link Module Module} then this method
+     * will attempt to find the resource in the module. This is done by
+     * delegating to the module's class loader {@link
+     * ClassLoader#findResource(String,String) findResource(String,String)}
+     * method, invoking it with the module name and the absolute name of the
+     * resource. Resources in named modules are subject to the rules for
+     * encapsulation specified in the {@code Module} {@link
+     * Module#getResourceAsStream getResourceAsStream} method and so this
+     * method returns {@code null} when the resource is a
+     * non-"{@code .class}" resource in a package that is not open to the
+     * caller's module.
+     *
+     * <p> Otherwise, if this class is not in a named module then the rules for
+     * searching resources associated with a given class are implemented by the
+     * defining {@linkplain ClassLoader class loader} of the class.  This method
+     * delegates to this object's class loader. If this object was loaded by
+     * the bootstrap class loader, the method delegates to {@link
+     * ClassLoader#getSystemResource}.
+     *
+     * <p> Before delegation, an absolute resource name is constructed from the
+     * given resource name using this algorithm:
+     *
+     * <ul>
+     *
+     * <li> If the {@code name} begins with a {@code '/'}
+     * (<code>'&#92;u002f'</code>), then the absolute name of the resource is the
+     * portion of the {@code name} following the {@code '/'}.
+     *
+     * <li> Otherwise, the absolute name is of the following form:
+     *
+     * <blockquote>
+     *   {@code modified_package_name/name}
+     * </blockquote>
+     *
+     * <p> Where the {@code modified_package_name} is the package name of this
+     * object with {@code '/'} substituted for {@code '.'}
+     * (<code>'&#92;u002e'</code>).
+     *
+     * </ul>
+     *
+     * @param  name name of the desired resource
+     * @return A {@link java.net.URL} object; {@code null} if no resource with
+     *         this name is found, the resource cannot be located by a URL, the
+     *         resource is in a package that is not
+     *         {@link Module#isOpen(String, Module) open} to at least the caller
+     *         module, or access to the resource is denied by the security
+     *         manager.
+     * @throws NullPointerException If {@code name} is {@code null}
+     * @since  1.1
+     * @revised 9
+     * @spec JPMS
+     */
+    @CallerSensitive
+    public URL getResource(String name) {
+        name = resolveName(name);
+
+        Module thisModule = getModule();
+        if (thisModule.isNamed()) {
+            // check if resource can be located by caller
+            if (Resources.canEncapsulate(name)
+                && !isOpenToCaller(name, Reflection.getCallerClass())) {
+                return null;
+            }
+
+            // resource not encapsulated or in package open to caller
+            String mn = thisModule.getName();
+            ClassLoader cl = getClassLoader0();
+            try {
+                if (cl == null) {
+                    return BootLoader.findResource(mn, name);
+                } else {
+                    return cl.findResource(mn, name);
+                }
+            } catch (IOException ioe) {
+                return null;
+            }
+        }
+
+        // unnamed module
+        ClassLoader cl = getClassLoader0();
+        if (cl == null) {
+            return ClassLoader.getSystemResource(name);
+        } else {
+            return cl.getResource(name);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns true if a resource with the given name can be located by the
+     * given caller. All resources in a module can be located by code in
+     * the module. For other callers, then the package needs to be open to
+     * the caller.
+     */
+    private boolean isOpenToCaller(String name, Class<?> caller) {
+        // assert getModule().isNamed();
+        Module thisModule = getModule();
+        Module callerModule = (caller != null) ? caller.getModule() : null;
+        if (callerModule != thisModule) {
+            String pn = Resources.toPackageName(name);
+            if (thisModule.getDescriptor().packages().contains(pn)) {
+                if (callerModule == null && !thisModule.isOpen(pn)) {
+                    // no caller, package not open
+                    return false;
+                }
+                if (!thisModule.isOpen(pn, callerModule)) {
+                    // package not open to caller
+                    return false;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        return true;
+    }
+
+
+    /** protection domain returned when the internal domain is null */
+    private static java.security.ProtectionDomain allPermDomain;
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the {@code ProtectionDomain} of this class.  If there is a
+     * security manager installed, this method first calls the security
+     * manager's {@code checkPermission} method with a
+     * {@code RuntimePermission("getProtectionDomain")} permission to
+     * ensure it's ok to get the
+     * {@code ProtectionDomain}.
+     *
+     * @return the ProtectionDomain of this class
+     *
+     * @throws SecurityException
+     *        if a security manager exists and its
+     *        {@code checkPermission} method doesn't allow
+     *        getting the ProtectionDomain.
+     *
+     * @see java.security.ProtectionDomain
+     * @see SecurityManager#checkPermission
+     * @see java.lang.RuntimePermission
+     * @since 1.2
+     */
+    public java.security.ProtectionDomain getProtectionDomain() {
+        SecurityManager sm = System.getSecurityManager();
+        if (sm != null) {
+            sm.checkPermission(SecurityConstants.GET_PD_PERMISSION);
+        }
+        java.security.ProtectionDomain pd = getProtectionDomain0();
+        if (pd == null) {
+            if (allPermDomain == null) {
+                java.security.Permissions perms =
+                    new java.security.Permissions();
+                perms.add(SecurityConstants.ALL_PERMISSION);
+                allPermDomain =
+                    new java.security.ProtectionDomain(null, perms);
+            }
+            pd = allPermDomain;
+        }
+        return pd;
+    }
+
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the ProtectionDomain of this class.
+     */
+    private native java.security.ProtectionDomain getProtectionDomain0();
+
+    /*
+     * Return the Virtual Machine's Class object for the named
+     * primitive type.
+     */
+    static native Class<?> getPrimitiveClass(String name);
+
+    /*
+     * Check if client is allowed to access members.  If access is denied,
+     * throw a SecurityException.
+     *
+     * This method also enforces package access.
+     *
+     * <p> Default policy: allow all clients access with normal Java access
+     * control.
+     *
+     * <p> NOTE: should only be called if a SecurityManager is installed
+     */
+    private void checkMemberAccess(SecurityManager sm, int which,
+                                   Class<?> caller, boolean checkProxyInterfaces) {
+        /* Default policy allows access to all {@link Member#PUBLIC} members,
+         * as well as access to classes that have the same class loader as the caller.
+         * In all other cases, it requires RuntimePermission("accessDeclaredMembers")
+         * permission.
+         */
+        final ClassLoader ccl = ClassLoader.getClassLoader(caller);
+        if (which != Member.PUBLIC) {
+            final ClassLoader cl = getClassLoader0();
+            if (ccl != cl) {
+                sm.checkPermission(SecurityConstants.CHECK_MEMBER_ACCESS_PERMISSION);
+            }
+        }
+        this.checkPackageAccess(sm, ccl, checkProxyInterfaces);
+    }
+
+    /*
+     * Checks if a client loaded in ClassLoader ccl is allowed to access this
+     * class under the current package access policy. If access is denied,
+     * throw a SecurityException.
+     *
+     * NOTE: this method should only be called if a SecurityManager is active
+     */
+    private void checkPackageAccess(SecurityManager sm, final ClassLoader ccl,
+                                    boolean checkProxyInterfaces) {
+        final ClassLoader cl = getClassLoader0();
+
+        if (ReflectUtil.needsPackageAccessCheck(ccl, cl)) {
+            String pkg = this.getPackageName();
+            if (pkg != null && !pkg.isEmpty()) {
+                // skip the package access check on a proxy class in default proxy package
+                if (!Proxy.isProxyClass(this) || ReflectUtil.isNonPublicProxyClass(this)) {
+                    sm.checkPackageAccess(pkg);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        // check package access on the proxy interfaces
+        if (checkProxyInterfaces && Proxy.isProxyClass(this)) {
+            ReflectUtil.checkProxyPackageAccess(ccl, this.getInterfaces());
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Add a package name prefix if the name is not absolute Remove leading "/"
+     * if name is absolute
+     */
+    private String resolveName(String name) {
+        if (!name.startsWith("/")) {
+            Class<?> c = this;
+            while (c.isArray()) {
+                c = c.getComponentType();
+            }
+            String baseName = c.getPackageName();
+            if (baseName != null && !baseName.isEmpty()) {
+                name = baseName.replace('.', '/') + "/" + name;
+            }
+        } else {
+            name = name.substring(1);
+        }
+        return name;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Atomic operations support.
+     */
+    private static class Atomic {
+        // initialize Unsafe machinery here, since we need to call Class.class instance method
+        // and have to avoid calling it in the static initializer of the Class class...
+        private static final Unsafe unsafe = Unsafe.getUnsafe();
+        // offset of Class.reflectionData instance field
+        private static final long reflectionDataOffset
+                = unsafe.objectFieldOffset(Class.class, "reflectionData");
+        // offset of Class.annotationType instance field
+        private static final long annotationTypeOffset
+                = unsafe.objectFieldOffset(Class.class, "annotationType");
+        // offset of Class.annotationData instance field
+        private static final long annotationDataOffset
+                = unsafe.objectFieldOffset(Class.class, "annotationData");
+
+        static <T> boolean casReflectionData(Class<?> clazz,
+                                             SoftReference<ReflectionData<T>> oldData,
+                                             SoftReference<ReflectionData<T>> newData) {
+            return unsafe.compareAndSetObject(clazz, reflectionDataOffset, oldData, newData);
+        }
+
+        static <T> boolean casAnnotationType(Class<?> clazz,
+                                             AnnotationType oldType,
+                                             AnnotationType newType) {
+            return unsafe.compareAndSetObject(clazz, annotationTypeOffset, oldType, newType);
+        }
+
+        static <T> boolean casAnnotationData(Class<?> clazz,
+                                             AnnotationData oldData,
+                                             AnnotationData newData) {
+            return unsafe.compareAndSetObject(clazz, annotationDataOffset, oldData, newData);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Reflection support.
+     */
+
+    // reflection data that might get invalidated when JVM TI RedefineClasses() is called
+    private static class ReflectionData<T> {
+        volatile Field[] declaredFields;
+        volatile Field[] publicFields;
+        volatile Method[] declaredMethods;
+        volatile Method[] publicMethods;
+        volatile Constructor<T>[] declaredConstructors;
+        volatile Constructor<T>[] publicConstructors;
+        // Intermediate results for getFields and getMethods
+        volatile Field[] declaredPublicFields;
+        volatile Method[] declaredPublicMethods;
+        volatile Class<?>[] interfaces;
+
+        // Value of classRedefinedCount when we created this ReflectionData instance
+        final int redefinedCount;
+
+        ReflectionData(int redefinedCount) {
+            this.redefinedCount = redefinedCount;
+        }
+    }
+
+    private transient volatile SoftReference<ReflectionData<T>> reflectionData;
+
+    // Incremented by the VM on each call to JVM TI RedefineClasses()
+    // that redefines this class or a superclass.
+    private transient volatile int classRedefinedCount;
+
+    // Lazily create and cache ReflectionData
+    private ReflectionData<T> reflectionData() {
+        SoftReference<ReflectionData<T>> reflectionData = this.reflectionData;
+        int classRedefinedCount = this.classRedefinedCount;
+        ReflectionData<T> rd;
+        if (reflectionData != null &&
+            (rd = reflectionData.get()) != null &&
+            rd.redefinedCount == classRedefinedCount) {
+            return rd;
+        }
+        // else no SoftReference or cleared SoftReference or stale ReflectionData
+        // -> create and replace new instance
+        return newReflectionData(reflectionData, classRedefinedCount);
+    }
+
+    private ReflectionData<T> newReflectionData(SoftReference<ReflectionData<T>> oldReflectionData,
+                                                int classRedefinedCount) {
+        while (true) {
+            ReflectionData<T> rd = new ReflectionData<>(classRedefinedCount);
+            // try to CAS it...
+            if (Atomic.casReflectionData(this, oldReflectionData, new SoftReference<>(rd))) {
+                return rd;
+            }
+            // else retry
+            oldReflectionData = this.reflectionData;
+            classRedefinedCount = this.classRedefinedCount;
+            if (oldReflectionData != null &&
+                (rd = oldReflectionData.get()) != null &&
+                rd.redefinedCount == classRedefinedCount) {
+                return rd;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    // Generic signature handling
+    private native String getGenericSignature0();
+
+    // Generic info repository; lazily initialized
+    private transient volatile ClassRepository genericInfo;
+
+    // accessor for factory
+    private GenericsFactory getFactory() {
+        // create scope and factory
+        return CoreReflectionFactory.make(this, ClassScope.make(this));
+    }
+
+    // accessor for generic info repository;
+    // generic info is lazily initialized
+    private ClassRepository getGenericInfo() {
+        ClassRepository genericInfo = this.genericInfo;
+        if (genericInfo == null) {
+            String signature = getGenericSignature0();
+            if (signature == null) {
+                genericInfo = ClassRepository.NONE;
+            } else {
+                genericInfo = ClassRepository.make(signature, getFactory());
+            }
+            this.genericInfo = genericInfo;
+        }
+        return (genericInfo != ClassRepository.NONE) ? genericInfo : null;
+    }
+
+    // Annotations handling
+    native byte[] getRawAnnotations();
+    // Since 1.8
+    native byte[] getRawTypeAnnotations();
+    static byte[] getExecutableTypeAnnotationBytes(Executable ex) {
+        return getReflectionFactory().getExecutableTypeAnnotationBytes(ex);
+    }
+
+    native ConstantPool getConstantPool();
+
+    //
+    //
+    // java.lang.reflect.Field handling
+    //
+    //
+
+    // Returns an array of "root" fields. These Field objects must NOT
+    // be propagated to the outside world, but must instead be copied
+    // via ReflectionFactory.copyField.
+    private Field[] privateGetDeclaredFields(boolean publicOnly) {
+        Field[] res;
+        ReflectionData<T> rd = reflectionData();
+        if (rd != null) {
+            res = publicOnly ? rd.declaredPublicFields : rd.declaredFields;
+            if (res != null) return res;
+        }
+        // No cached value available; request value from VM
+        res = Reflection.filterFields(this, getDeclaredFields0(publicOnly));
+        if (rd != null) {
+            if (publicOnly) {
+                rd.declaredPublicFields = res;
+            } else {
+                rd.declaredFields = res;
+            }
+        }
+        return res;
+    }
+
+    // Returns an array of "root" fields. These Field objects must NOT
+    // be propagated to the outside world, but must instead be copied
+    // via ReflectionFactory.copyField.
+    private Field[] privateGetPublicFields(Set<Class<?>> traversedInterfaces) {
+        Field[] res;
+        ReflectionData<T> rd = reflectionData();
+        if (rd != null) {
+            res = rd.publicFields;
+            if (res != null) return res;
+        }
+
+        // No cached value available; compute value recursively.
+        // Traverse in correct order for getField().
+        List<Field> fields = new ArrayList<>();
+        if (traversedInterfaces == null) {
+            traversedInterfaces = new HashSet<>();
+        }
+
+        // Local fields
+        Field[] tmp = privateGetDeclaredFields(true);
+        addAll(fields, tmp);
+
+        // Direct superinterfaces, recursively
+        for (Class<?> c : getInterfaces()) {
+            if (!traversedInterfaces.contains(c)) {
+                traversedInterfaces.add(c);
+                addAll(fields, c.privateGetPublicFields(traversedInterfaces));
+            }
+        }
+
+        // Direct superclass, recursively
+        if (!isInterface()) {
+            Class<?> c = getSuperclass();
+            if (c != null) {
+                addAll(fields, c.privateGetPublicFields(traversedInterfaces));
+            }
+        }
+
+        res = new Field[fields.size()];
+        fields.toArray(res);
+        if (rd != null) {
+            rd.publicFields = res;
+        }
+        return res;
+    }
+
+    private static void addAll(Collection<Field> c, Field[] o) {
+        for (Field f : o) {
+            c.add(f);
+        }
+    }
+
+
+    //
+    //
+    // java.lang.reflect.Constructor handling
+    //
+    //
+
+    // Returns an array of "root" constructors. These Constructor
+    // objects must NOT be propagated to the outside world, but must
+    // instead be copied via ReflectionFactory.copyConstructor.
+    private Constructor<T>[] privateGetDeclaredConstructors(boolean publicOnly) {
+        Constructor<T>[] res;
+        ReflectionData<T> rd = reflectionData();
+        if (rd != null) {
+            res = publicOnly ? rd.publicConstructors : rd.declaredConstructors;
+            if (res != null) return res;
+        }
+        // No cached value available; request value from VM
+        if (isInterface()) {
+            @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
+            Constructor<T>[] temporaryRes = (Constructor<T>[]) new Constructor<?>[0];
+            res = temporaryRes;
+        } else {
+            res = getDeclaredConstructors0(publicOnly);
+        }
+        if (rd != null) {
+            if (publicOnly) {
+                rd.publicConstructors = res;
+            } else {
+                rd.declaredConstructors = res;
+            }
+        }
+        return res;
+    }
+
+    //
+    //
+    // java.lang.reflect.Method handling
+    //
+    //
+
+    // Returns an array of "root" methods. These Method objects must NOT
+    // be propagated to the outside world, but must instead be copied
+    // via ReflectionFactory.copyMethod.
+    private Method[] privateGetDeclaredMethods(boolean publicOnly) {
+        Method[] res;
+        ReflectionData<T> rd = reflectionData();
+        if (rd != null) {
+            res = publicOnly ? rd.declaredPublicMethods : rd.declaredMethods;
+            if (res != null) return res;
+        }
+        // No cached value available; request value from VM
+        res = Reflection.filterMethods(this, getDeclaredMethods0(publicOnly));
+        if (rd != null) {
+            if (publicOnly) {
+                rd.declaredPublicMethods = res;
+            } else {
+                rd.declaredMethods = res;
+            }
+        }
+        return res;
+    }
+
+    // Returns an array of "root" methods. These Method objects must NOT
+    // be propagated to the outside world, but must instead be copied
+    // via ReflectionFactory.copyMethod.
+    private Method[] privateGetPublicMethods() {
+        Method[] res;
+        ReflectionData<T> rd = reflectionData();
+        if (rd != null) {
+            res = rd.publicMethods;
+            if (res != null) return res;
+        }
+
+        // No cached value available; compute value recursively.
+        // Start by fetching public declared methods...
+        PublicMethods pms = new PublicMethods();
+        for (Method m : privateGetDeclaredMethods(/* publicOnly */ true)) {
+            pms.merge(m);
+        }
+        // ...then recur over superclass methods...
+        Class<?> sc = getSuperclass();
+        if (sc != null) {
+            for (Method m : sc.privateGetPublicMethods()) {
+                pms.merge(m);
+            }
+        }
+        // ...and finally over direct superinterfaces.
+        for (Class<?> intf : getInterfaces(/* cloneArray */ false)) {
+            for (Method m : intf.privateGetPublicMethods()) {
+                // static interface methods are not inherited
+                if (!Modifier.isStatic(m.getModifiers())) {
+                    pms.merge(m);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        res = pms.toArray();
+        if (rd != null) {
+            rd.publicMethods = res;
+        }
+        return res;
+    }
+
+
+    //
+    // Helpers for fetchers of one field, method, or constructor
+    //
+
+    // This method does not copy the returned Field object!
+    private static Field searchFields(Field[] fields, String name) {
+        for (Field field : fields) {
+            if (field.getName().equals(name)) {
+                return field;
+            }
+        }
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    // Returns a "root" Field object. This Field object must NOT
+    // be propagated to the outside world, but must instead be copied
+    // via ReflectionFactory.copyField.
+    private Field getField0(String name) {
+        // Note: the intent is that the search algorithm this routine
+        // uses be equivalent to the ordering imposed by
+        // privateGetPublicFields(). It fetches only the declared
+        // public fields for each class, however, to reduce the number
+        // of Field objects which have to be created for the common
+        // case where the field being requested is declared in the
+        // class which is being queried.
+        Field res;
+        // Search declared public fields
+        if ((res = searchFields(privateGetDeclaredFields(true), name)) != null) {
+            return res;
+        }
+        // Direct superinterfaces, recursively
+        Class<?>[] interfaces = getInterfaces(/* cloneArray */ false);
+        for (Class<?> c : interfaces) {
+            if ((res = c.getField0(name)) != null) {
+                return res;
+            }
+        }
+        // Direct superclass, recursively
+        if (!isInterface()) {
+            Class<?> c = getSuperclass();
+            if (c != null) {
+                if ((res = c.getField0(name)) != null) {
+                    return res;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    // This method does not copy the returned Method object!
+    private static Method searchMethods(Method[] methods,
+                                        String name,
+                                        Class<?>[] parameterTypes)
+    {
+        ReflectionFactory fact = getReflectionFactory();
+        Method res = null;
+        for (Method m : methods) {
+            if (m.getName().equals(name)
+                && arrayContentsEq(parameterTypes,
+                                   fact.getExecutableSharedParameterTypes(m))
+                && (res == null
+                    || (res.getReturnType() != m.getReturnType()
+                        && res.getReturnType().isAssignableFrom(m.getReturnType()))))
+                res = m;
+        }
+        return res;
+    }
+
+    private static final Class<?>[] EMPTY_CLASS_ARRAY = new Class<?>[0];
+
+    // Returns a "root" Method object. This Method object must NOT
+    // be propagated to the outside world, but must instead be copied
+    // via ReflectionFactory.copyMethod.
+    private Method getMethod0(String name, Class<?>[] parameterTypes) {
+        PublicMethods.MethodList res = getMethodsRecursive(
+            name,
+            parameterTypes == null ? EMPTY_CLASS_ARRAY : parameterTypes,
+            /* includeStatic */ true);
+        return res == null ? null : res.getMostSpecific();
+    }
+
+    // Returns a list of "root" Method objects. These Method objects must NOT
+    // be propagated to the outside world, but must instead be copied
+    // via ReflectionFactory.copyMethod.
+    private PublicMethods.MethodList getMethodsRecursive(String name,
+                                                         Class<?>[] parameterTypes,
+                                                         boolean includeStatic) {
+        // 1st check declared public methods
+        Method[] methods = privateGetDeclaredMethods(/* publicOnly */ true);
+        PublicMethods.MethodList res = PublicMethods.MethodList
+            .filter(methods, name, parameterTypes, includeStatic);
+        // if there is at least one match among declared methods, we need not
+        // search any further as such match surely overrides matching methods
+        // declared in superclass(es) or interface(s).
+        if (res != null) {
+            return res;
+        }
+
+        // if there was no match among declared methods,
+        // we must consult the superclass (if any) recursively...
+        Class<?> sc = getSuperclass();
+        if (sc != null) {
+            res = sc.getMethodsRecursive(name, parameterTypes, includeStatic);
+        }
+
+        // ...and coalesce the superclass methods with methods obtained
+        // from directly implemented interfaces excluding static methods...
+        for (Class<?> intf : getInterfaces(/* cloneArray */ false)) {
+            res = PublicMethods.MethodList.merge(
+                res, intf.getMethodsRecursive(name, parameterTypes,
+                                              /* includeStatic */ false));
+        }
+
+        return res;
+    }
+
+    // Returns a "root" Constructor object. This Constructor object must NOT
+    // be propagated to the outside world, but must instead be copied
+    // via ReflectionFactory.copyConstructor.
+    private Constructor<T> getConstructor0(Class<?>[] parameterTypes,
+                                        int which) throws NoSuchMethodException
+    {
+        ReflectionFactory fact = getReflectionFactory();
+        Constructor<T>[] constructors = privateGetDeclaredConstructors((which == Member.PUBLIC));
+        for (Constructor<T> constructor : constructors) {
+            if (arrayContentsEq(parameterTypes,
+                                fact.getExecutableSharedParameterTypes(constructor))) {
+                return constructor;
+            }
+        }
+        throw new NoSuchMethodException(methodToString("<init>", parameterTypes));
+    }
+
+    //
+    // Other helpers and base implementation
+    //
+
+    private static boolean arrayContentsEq(Object[] a1, Object[] a2) {
+        if (a1 == null) {
+            return a2 == null || a2.length == 0;
+        }
+
+        if (a2 == null) {
+            return a1.length == 0;
+        }
+
+        if (a1.length != a2.length) {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        for (int i = 0; i < a1.length; i++) {
+            if (a1[i] != a2[i]) {
+                return false;
+            }
+        }
+
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    private static Field[] copyFields(Field[] arg) {
+        Field[] out = new Field[arg.length];
+        ReflectionFactory fact = getReflectionFactory();
+        for (int i = 0; i < arg.length; i++) {
+            out[i] = fact.copyField(arg[i]);
+        }
+        return out;
+    }
+
+    private static Method[] copyMethods(Method[] arg) {
+        Method[] out = new Method[arg.length];
+        ReflectionFactory fact = getReflectionFactory();
+        for (int i = 0; i < arg.length; i++) {
+            out[i] = fact.copyMethod(arg[i]);
+        }
+        return out;
+    }
+
+    private static <U> Constructor<U>[] copyConstructors(Constructor<U>[] arg) {
+        Constructor<U>[] out = arg.clone();
+        ReflectionFactory fact = getReflectionFactory();
+        for (int i = 0; i < out.length; i++) {
+            out[i] = fact.copyConstructor(out[i]);
+        }
+        return out;
+    }
+
+    private native Field[]       getDeclaredFields0(boolean publicOnly);
+    private native Method[]      getDeclaredMethods0(boolean publicOnly);
+    private native Constructor<T>[] getDeclaredConstructors0(boolean publicOnly);
+    private native Class<?>[]   getDeclaredClasses0();
+
+    /**
+     * Helper method to get the method name from arguments.
+     */
+    private String methodToString(String name, Class<?>[] argTypes) {
+        StringJoiner sj = new StringJoiner(", ", getName() + "." + name + "(", ")");
+        if (argTypes != null) {
+            for (int i = 0; i < argTypes.length; i++) {
+                Class<?> c = argTypes[i];
+                sj.add((c == null) ? "null" : c.getName());
+            }
+        }
+        return sj.toString();
+    }
+
+    /** use serialVersionUID from JDK 1.1 for interoperability */
+    private static final long serialVersionUID = 3206093459760846163L;
+
+
+    /**
+     * Class Class is special cased within the Serialization Stream Protocol.
+     *
+     * A Class instance is written initially into an ObjectOutputStream in the
+     * following format:
+     * <pre>
+     *      {@code TC_CLASS} ClassDescriptor
+     *      A ClassDescriptor is a special cased serialization of
+     *      a {@code java.io.ObjectStreamClass} instance.
+     * </pre>
+     * A new handle is generated for the initial time the class descriptor
+     * is written into the stream. Future references to the class descriptor
+     * are written as references to the initial class descriptor instance.
+     *
+     * @see java.io.ObjectStreamClass
+     */
+    private static final ObjectStreamField[] serialPersistentFields =
+        new ObjectStreamField[0];
+
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the assertion status that would be assigned to this
+     * class if it were to be initialized at the time this method is invoked.
+     * If this class has had its assertion status set, the most recent
+     * setting will be returned; otherwise, if any package default assertion
+     * status pertains to this class, the most recent setting for the most
+     * specific pertinent package default assertion status is returned;
+     * otherwise, if this class is not a system class (i.e., it has a
+     * class loader) its class loader's default assertion status is returned;
+     * otherwise, the system class default assertion status is returned.
+     * <p>
+     * Few programmers will have any need for this method; it is provided
+     * for the benefit of the JRE itself.  (It allows a class to determine at
+     * the time that it is initialized whether assertions should be enabled.)
+     * Note that this method is not guaranteed to return the actual
+     * assertion status that was (or will be) associated with the specified
+     * class when it was (or will be) initialized.
+     *
+     * @return the desired assertion status of the specified class.
+     * @see    java.lang.ClassLoader#setClassAssertionStatus
+     * @see    java.lang.ClassLoader#setPackageAssertionStatus
+     * @see    java.lang.ClassLoader#setDefaultAssertionStatus
+     * @since  1.4
+     */
+    public boolean desiredAssertionStatus() {
+        ClassLoader loader = getClassLoader0();
+        // If the loader is null this is a system class, so ask the VM
+        if (loader == null)
+            return desiredAssertionStatus0(this);
+
+        // If the classloader has been initialized with the assertion
+        // directives, ask it. Otherwise, ask the VM.
+        synchronized(loader.assertionLock) {
+            if (loader.classAssertionStatus != null) {
+                return loader.desiredAssertionStatus(getName());
+            }
+        }
+        return desiredAssertionStatus0(this);
+    }
+
+    // Retrieves the desired assertion status of this class from the VM
+    private static native boolean desiredAssertionStatus0(Class<?> clazz);
+
+    /**
+     * Returns true if and only if this class was declared as an enum in the
+     * source code.
+     *
+     * @return true if and only if this class was declared as an enum in the
+     *     source code
+     * @since 1.5
+     */
+    public boolean isEnum() {
+        // An enum must both directly extend java.lang.Enum and have
+        // the ENUM bit set; classes for specialized enum constants
+        // don't do the former.
+        return (this.getModifiers() & ENUM) != 0 &&
+        this.getSuperclass() == java.lang.Enum.class;
+    }
+
+    // Fetches the factory for reflective objects
+    private static ReflectionFactory getReflectionFactory() {
+        if (reflectionFactory == null) {
+            reflectionFactory =
+                java.security.AccessController.doPrivileged
+                    (new ReflectionFactory.GetReflectionFactoryAction());
+        }
+        return reflectionFactory;
+    }
+    private static ReflectionFactory reflectionFactory;
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the elements of this enum class or null if this
+     * Class object does not represent an enum type.
+     *
+     * @return an array containing the values comprising the enum class
+     *     represented by this Class object in the order they're
+     *     declared, or null if this Class object does not
+     *     represent an enum type
+     * @since 1.5
+     */
+    public T[] getEnumConstants() {
+        T[] values = getEnumConstantsShared();
+        return (values != null) ? values.clone() : null;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the elements of this enum class or null if this
+     * Class object does not represent an enum type;
+     * identical to getEnumConstants except that the result is
+     * uncloned, cached, and shared by all callers.
+     */
+    T[] getEnumConstantsShared() {
+        T[] constants = enumConstants;
+        if (constants == null) {
+            if (!isEnum()) return null;
+            try {
+                final Method values = getMethod("values");
+                java.security.AccessController.doPrivileged(
+                    new java.security.PrivilegedAction<>() {
+                        public Void run() {
+                                values.setAccessible(true);
+                                return null;
+                            }
+                        });
+                @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
+                T[] temporaryConstants = (T[])values.invoke(null);
+                enumConstants = constants = temporaryConstants;
+            }
+            // These can happen when users concoct enum-like classes
+            // that don't comply with the enum spec.
+            catch (InvocationTargetException | NoSuchMethodException |
+                   IllegalAccessException ex) { return null; }
+        }
+        return constants;
+    }
+    private transient volatile T[] enumConstants;
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a map from simple name to enum constant.  This package-private
+     * method is used internally by Enum to implement
+     * {@code public static <T extends Enum<T>> T valueOf(Class<T>, String)}
+     * efficiently.  Note that the map is returned by this method is
+     * created lazily on first use.  Typically it won't ever get created.
+     */
+    Map<String, T> enumConstantDirectory() {
+        Map<String, T> directory = enumConstantDirectory;
+        if (directory == null) {
+            T[] universe = getEnumConstantsShared();
+            if (universe == null)
+                throw new IllegalArgumentException(
+                    getName() + " is not an enum type");
+            directory = new HashMap<>(2 * universe.length);
+            for (T constant : universe) {
+                directory.put(((Enum<?>)constant).name(), constant);
+            }
+            enumConstantDirectory = directory;
+        }
+        return directory;
+    }
+    private transient volatile Map<String, T> enumConstantDirectory;
+
+    /**
+     * Casts an object to the class or interface represented
+     * by this {@code Class} object.
+     *
+     * @param obj the object to be cast
+     * @return the object after casting, or null if obj is null
+     *
+     * @throws ClassCastException if the object is not
+     * null and is not assignable to the type T.
+     *
+     * @since 1.5
+     */
+    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
+    @HotSpotIntrinsicCandidate
+    public T cast(Object obj) {
+        if (obj != null && !isInstance(obj))
+            throw new ClassCastException(cannotCastMsg(obj));
+        return (T) obj;
+    }
+
+    private String cannotCastMsg(Object obj) {
+        return "Cannot cast " + obj.getClass().getName() + " to " + getName();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Casts this {@code Class} object to represent a subclass of the class
+     * represented by the specified class object.  Checks that the cast
+     * is valid, and throws a {@code ClassCastException} if it is not.  If
+     * this method succeeds, it always returns a reference to this class object.
+     *
+     * <p>This method is useful when a client needs to "narrow" the type of
+     * a {@code Class} object to pass it to an API that restricts the
+     * {@code Class} objects that it is willing to accept.  A cast would
+     * generate a compile-time warning, as the correctness of the cast
+     * could not be checked at runtime (because generic types are implemented
+     * by erasure).
+     *
+     * @param <U> the type to cast this class object to
+     * @param clazz the class of the type to cast this class object to
+     * @return this {@code Class} object, cast to represent a subclass of
+     *    the specified class object.
+     * @throws ClassCastException if this {@code Class} object does not
+     *    represent a subclass of the specified class (here "subclass" includes
+     *    the class itself).
+     * @since 1.5
+     */
+    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
+    public <U> Class<? extends U> asSubclass(Class<U> clazz) {
+        if (clazz.isAssignableFrom(this))
+            return (Class<? extends U>) this;
+        else
+            throw new ClassCastException(this.toString());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @throws NullPointerException {@inheritDoc}
+     * @since 1.5
+     */
+    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
+    public <A extends Annotation> A getAnnotation(Class<A> annotationClass) {
+        Objects.requireNonNull(annotationClass);
+
+        return (A) annotationData().annotations.get(annotationClass);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * {@inheritDoc}
+     * @throws NullPointerException {@inheritDoc}
+     * @since 1.5
+     */
+    @Override
+    public boolean isAnnotationPresent(Class<? extends Annotation> annotationClass) {
+        return GenericDeclaration.super.isAnnotationPresent(annotationClass);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @throws NullPointerException {@inheritDoc}
+     * @since 1.8
+     */
+    @Override
+    public <A extends Annotation> A[] getAnnotationsByType(Class<A> annotationClass) {
+        Objects.requireNonNull(annotationClass);
+
+        AnnotationData annotationData = annotationData();
+        return AnnotationSupport.getAssociatedAnnotations(annotationData.declaredAnnotations,
+                                                          this,
+                                                          annotationClass);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @since 1.5
+     */
+    public Annotation[] getAnnotations() {
+        return AnnotationParser.toArray(annotationData().annotations);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @throws NullPointerException {@inheritDoc}
+     * @since 1.8
+     */
+    @Override
+    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
+    public <A extends Annotation> A getDeclaredAnnotation(Class<A> annotationClass) {
+        Objects.requireNonNull(annotationClass);
+
+        return (A) annotationData().declaredAnnotations.get(annotationClass);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @throws NullPointerException {@inheritDoc}
+     * @since 1.8
+     */
+    @Override
+    public <A extends Annotation> A[] getDeclaredAnnotationsByType(Class<A> annotationClass) {
+        Objects.requireNonNull(annotationClass);
+
+        return AnnotationSupport.getDirectlyAndIndirectlyPresent(annotationData().declaredAnnotations,
+                                                                 annotationClass);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @since 1.5
+     */
+    public Annotation[] getDeclaredAnnotations()  {
+        return AnnotationParser.toArray(annotationData().declaredAnnotations);
+    }
+
+    // annotation data that might get invalidated when JVM TI RedefineClasses() is called
+    private static class AnnotationData {
+        final Map<Class<? extends Annotation>, Annotation> annotations;
+        final Map<Class<? extends Annotation>, Annotation> declaredAnnotations;
+
+        // Value of classRedefinedCount when we created this AnnotationData instance
+        final int redefinedCount;
+
+        AnnotationData(Map<Class<? extends Annotation>, Annotation> annotations,
+                       Map<Class<? extends Annotation>, Annotation> declaredAnnotations,
+                       int redefinedCount) {
+            this.annotations = annotations;
+            this.declaredAnnotations = declaredAnnotations;
+            this.redefinedCount = redefinedCount;
+        }
+    }
+
+    // Annotations cache
+    @SuppressWarnings("UnusedDeclaration")
+    private transient volatile AnnotationData annotationData;
+
+    private AnnotationData annotationData() {
+        while (true) { // retry loop
+            AnnotationData annotationData = this.annotationData;
+            int classRedefinedCount = this.classRedefinedCount;
+            if (annotationData != null &&
+                annotationData.redefinedCount == classRedefinedCount) {
+                return annotationData;
+            }
+            // null or stale annotationData -> optimistically create new instance
+            AnnotationData newAnnotationData = createAnnotationData(classRedefinedCount);
+            // try to install it
+            if (Atomic.casAnnotationData(this, annotationData, newAnnotationData)) {
+                // successfully installed new AnnotationData
+                return newAnnotationData;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private AnnotationData createAnnotationData(int classRedefinedCount) {
+        Map<Class<? extends Annotation>, Annotation> declaredAnnotations =
+            AnnotationParser.parseAnnotations(getRawAnnotations(), getConstantPool(), this);
+        Class<?> superClass = getSuperclass();
+        Map<Class<? extends Annotation>, Annotation> annotations = null;
+        if (superClass != null) {
+            Map<Class<? extends Annotation>, Annotation> superAnnotations =
+                superClass.annotationData().annotations;
+            for (Map.Entry<Class<? extends Annotation>, Annotation> e : superAnnotations.entrySet()) {
+                Class<? extends Annotation> annotationClass = e.getKey();
+                if (AnnotationType.getInstance(annotationClass).isInherited()) {
+                    if (annotations == null) { // lazy construction
+                        annotations = new LinkedHashMap<>((Math.max(
+                                declaredAnnotations.size(),
+                                Math.min(12, declaredAnnotations.size() + superAnnotations.size())
+                            ) * 4 + 2) / 3
+                        );
+                    }
+                    annotations.put(annotationClass, e.getValue());
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        if (annotations == null) {
+            // no inherited annotations -> share the Map with declaredAnnotations
+            annotations = declaredAnnotations;
+        } else {
+            // at least one inherited annotation -> declared may override inherited
+            annotations.putAll(declaredAnnotations);
+        }
+        return new AnnotationData(annotations, declaredAnnotations, classRedefinedCount);
+    }
+
+    // Annotation types cache their internal (AnnotationType) form
+
+    @SuppressWarnings("UnusedDeclaration")
+    private transient volatile AnnotationType annotationType;
+
+    boolean casAnnotationType(AnnotationType oldType, AnnotationType newType) {
+        return Atomic.casAnnotationType(this, oldType, newType);
+    }
+
+    AnnotationType getAnnotationType() {
+        return annotationType;
+    }
+
+    Map<Class<? extends Annotation>, Annotation> getDeclaredAnnotationMap() {
+        return annotationData().declaredAnnotations;
+    }
+
+    /* Backing store of user-defined values pertaining to this class.
+     * Maintained by the ClassValue class.
+     */
+    transient ClassValue.ClassValueMap classValueMap;
+
+    /**
+     * Returns an {@code AnnotatedType} object that represents the use of a
+     * type to specify the superclass of the entity represented by this {@code
+     * Class} object. (The <em>use</em> of type Foo to specify the superclass
+     * in '...  extends Foo' is distinct from the <em>declaration</em> of type
+     * Foo.)
+     *
+     * <p> If this {@code Class} object represents a type whose declaration
+     * does not explicitly indicate an annotated superclass, then the return
+     * value is an {@code AnnotatedType} object representing an element with no
+     * annotations.
+     *
+     * <p> If this {@code Class} represents either the {@code Object} class, an
+     * interface type, an array type, a primitive type, or void, the return
+     * value is {@code null}.
+     *
+     * @return an object representing the superclass
+     * @since 1.8
+     */
+    public AnnotatedType getAnnotatedSuperclass() {
+        if (this == Object.class ||
+                isInterface() ||
+                isArray() ||
+                isPrimitive() ||
+                this == Void.TYPE) {
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        return TypeAnnotationParser.buildAnnotatedSuperclass(getRawTypeAnnotations(), getConstantPool(), this);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns an array of {@code AnnotatedType} objects that represent the use
+     * of types to specify superinterfaces of the entity represented by this
+     * {@code Class} object. (The <em>use</em> of type Foo to specify a
+     * superinterface in '... implements Foo' is distinct from the
+     * <em>declaration</em> of type Foo.)
+     *
+     * <p> If this {@code Class} object represents a class, the return value is
+     * an array containing objects representing the uses of interface types to
+     * specify interfaces implemented by the class. The order of the objects in
+     * the array corresponds to the order of the interface types used in the
+     * 'implements' clause of the declaration of this {@code Class} object.
+     *
+     * <p> If this {@code Class} object represents an interface, the return
+     * value is an array containing objects representing the uses of interface
+     * types to specify interfaces directly extended by the interface. The
+     * order of the objects in the array corresponds to the order of the
+     * interface types used in the 'extends' clause of the declaration of this
+     * {@code Class} object.
+     *
+     * <p> If this {@code Class} object represents a class or interface whose
+     * declaration does not explicitly indicate any annotated superinterfaces,
+     * the return value is an array of length 0.
+     *
+     * <p> If this {@code Class} object represents either the {@code Object}
+     * class, an array type, a primitive type, or void, the return value is an
+     * array of length 0.
+     *
+     * @return an array representing the superinterfaces
+     * @since 1.8
+     */
+    public AnnotatedType[] getAnnotatedInterfaces() {
+         return TypeAnnotationParser.buildAnnotatedInterfaces(getRawTypeAnnotations(), getConstantPool(), this);
+    }
+}