--- /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
+++ b/make/data/tzdata/asia Tue Sep 12 19:03:39 2017 +0200
@@ -0,0 +1,3107 @@
+#
+# DO NOT ALTER OR REMOVE COPYRIGHT NOTICES OR THIS FILE HEADER.
+#
+# This code is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+# under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 2 only, as
+# published by the Free Software Foundation. Oracle designates this
+# particular file as subject to the "Classpath" exception as provided
+# by Oracle in the LICENSE file that accompanied this code.
+#
+# This code is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
+# ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or
+# FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License
+# version 2 for more details (a copy is included in the LICENSE file that
+# accompanied this code).
+#
+# You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License version
+# 2 along with this work; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation,
+# Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA.
+#
+# Please contact Oracle, 500 Oracle Parkway, Redwood Shores, CA 94065 USA
+# or visit www.oracle.com if you need additional information or have any
+# questions.
+#
+# This file is in the public domain, so clarified as of
+# 2009-05-17 by Arthur David Olson.
+
+# This file is by no means authoritative; if you think you know better,
+# go ahead and edit the file (and please send any changes to
+# tz@iana.org for general use in the future). For more, please see
+# the file CONTRIBUTING in the tz distribution.
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2017-01-13):
+#
+# Unless otherwise specified, the source for data through 1990 is:
+# Thomas G. Shanks and Rique Pottenger, The International Atlas (6th edition),
+# San Diego: ACS Publications, Inc. (2003).
+# Unfortunately this book contains many errors and cites no sources.
+#
+# Many years ago Gwillim Law wrote that a good source
+# for time zone data was the International Air Transport
+# Association's Standard Schedules Information Manual (IATA SSIM),
+# published semiannually. Law sent in several helpful summaries
+# of the IATA's data after 1990. Except where otherwise noted,
+# IATA SSIM is the source for entries after 1990.
+#
+# Another source occasionally used is Edward W. Whitman, World Time Differences,
+# Whitman Publishing Co, 2 Niagara Av, Ealing, London (undated), which
+# I found in the UCLA library.
+#
+# For data circa 1899, a common source is:
+# Milne J. Civil time. Geogr J. 1899 Feb;13(2):173-94.
+# http://www.jstor.org/stable/1774359
+#
+# For Russian data circa 1919, a source is:
+# Byalokoz EL. New Counting of Time in Russia since July 1, 1919.
+# (See the 'europe' file for a fuller citation.)
+#
+# A reliable and entertaining source about time zones is
+# Derek Howse, Greenwich time and longitude, Philip Wilson Publishers (1997).
+#
+# The following alphabetic abbreviations appear in these tables:
+# std dst
+# LMT Local Mean Time
+# 2:00 EET EEST Eastern European Time
+# 2:00 IST IDT Israel
+# 5:30 IST India
+# 7:00 WIB west Indonesia (Waktu Indonesia Barat)
+# 8:00 WITA central Indonesia (Waktu Indonesia Tengah)
+# 8:00 CST China
+# 8:30 KST KDT Korea when at +0830
+# 9:00 WIT east Indonesia (Waktu Indonesia Timur)
+# 9:00 JST JDT Japan
+# 9:00 KST KDT Korea when at +09
+# 9:30 ACST Australian Central Standard Time
+# Otherwise, these tables typically use numeric abbreviations like +03
+# and +0330 for integer hour and minute UTC offsets. Although earlier
+# editions invented alphabetic time zone abbreviations for every
+# offset, this did not reflect common practice.
+#
+# See the 'europe' file for Russia and Turkey in Asia.
+
+# From Guy Harris:
+# Incorporates data for Singapore from Robert Elz' asia 1.1, as well as
+# additional information from Tom Yap, Sun Microsystems Intercontinental
+# Technical Support (including a page from the Official Airline Guide -
+# Worldwide Edition).
+
+###############################################################################
+
+# These rules are stolen from the 'europe' file.
+# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
+Rule EUAsia 1981 max - Mar lastSun 1:00u 1:00 S
+Rule EUAsia 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 1:00u 0 -
+Rule EUAsia 1996 max - Oct lastSun 1:00u 0 -
+Rule E-EurAsia 1981 max - Mar lastSun 0:00 1:00 S
+Rule E-EurAsia 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
+Rule E-EurAsia 1996 max - Oct lastSun 0:00 0 -
+Rule RussiaAsia 1981 1984 - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S
+Rule RussiaAsia 1981 1983 - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
+Rule RussiaAsia 1984 1995 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
+Rule RussiaAsia 1985 2011 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S
+Rule RussiaAsia 1996 2011 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 0 -
+
+# Afghanistan
+# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
+Zone Asia/Kabul 4:36:48 - LMT 1890
+ 4:00 - +04 1945
+ 4:30 - +0430
+
+# Armenia
+# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
+# Shanks & Pottenger have Yerevan switching to 3:00 (with Russian DST)
+# in spring 1991, then to 4:00 with no DST in fall 1995, then
+# readopting Russian DST in 1997. Go with Shanks & Pottenger, even
+# when they disagree with others. Edgar Der-Danieliantz
+# reported (1996-05-04) that Yerevan probably wouldn't use DST
+# in 1996, though it did use DST in 1995. IATA SSIM (1991/1998) reports that
+# Armenia switched from 3:00 to 4:00 in 1998 and observed DST after 1991,
+# but started switching at 3:00s in 1998.
+
+# From Arthur David Olson (2011-06-15):
+# While Russia abandoned DST in 2011, Armenia may choose to
+# follow Russia's "old" rules.
+
+# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2012-02-10):
+# According to News Armenia, on Feb 9, 2012,
+# http://newsarmenia.ru/society/20120209/42609695.html
+#
+# The Armenia National Assembly adopted final reading of Amendments to the
+# Law "On procedure of calculation time on the territory of the Republic of
+# Armenia" according to which Armenia [is] abolishing Daylight Saving Time.
+# or
+# (brief)
+# http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_armenia03.html
+# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
+Zone Asia/Yerevan 2:58:00 - LMT 1924 May 2
+ 3:00 - +03 1957 Mar
+ 4:00 RussiaAsia +04/+05 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
+ 3:00 RussiaAsia +03/+04 1995 Sep 24 2:00s
+ 4:00 - +04 1997
+ 4:00 RussiaAsia +04/+05
+
+# Azerbaijan
+
+# From Rustam Aliyev of the Azerbaijan Internet Forum (2005-10-23):
+# According to the resolution of Cabinet of Ministers, 1997
+# From Paul Eggert (2015-09-17): It was Resolution No. 21 (1997-03-17).
+# http://code.az/files/daylight_res.pdf
+
+# From Steffen Thorsen (2016-03-17):
+# ... the Azerbaijani Cabinet of Ministers has cancelled switching to
+# daylight saving time....
+# http://www.azernews.az/azerbaijan/94137.html
+# http://vestnikkavkaza.net/news/Azerbaijani-Cabinet-of-Ministers-cancels-daylight-saving-time.html
+# http://en.apa.az/xeber_azerbaijan_abolishes_daylight_savings_ti_240862.html
+
+# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
+Rule Azer 1997 2015 - Mar lastSun 4:00 1:00 S
+Rule Azer 1997 2015 - Oct lastSun 5:00 0 -
+# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
+Zone Asia/Baku 3:19:24 - LMT 1924 May 2
+ 3:00 - +03 1957 Mar
+ 4:00 RussiaAsia +04/+05 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
+ 3:00 RussiaAsia +03/+04 1992 Sep lastSun 2:00s
+ 4:00 - +04 1996
+ 4:00 EUAsia +04/+05 1997
+ 4:00 Azer +04/+05
+
+# Bahrain
+# See Asia/Qatar.
+
+# Bangladesh
+# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2009-05-13):
+# According to newspaper Asian Tribune (May 6, 2009) Bangladesh may introduce
+# Daylight Saving Time from June 16 to Sept 30
+#
+# Bangladesh to introduce daylight saving time likely from June 16
+# http://www.asiantribune.com/?q=node/17288
+# http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_bangladesh02.html
+#
+# "... Bangladesh government has decided to switch daylight saving time from
+# June
+# 16 till September 30 in a bid to ensure maximum use of daylight to cope with
+# crippling power crisis. "
+#
+# The switch will remain in effect from June 16 to Sept 30 (2009) but if
+# implemented the next year, it will come in force from April 1, 2010
+
+# From Steffen Thorsen (2009-06-02):
+# They have finally decided now, but changed the start date to midnight between
+# the 19th and 20th, and they have not set the end date yet.
+#
+# Some sources:
+# http://in.reuters.com/article/southAsiaNews/idINIndia-40017620090601
+# http://bdnews24.com/details.php?id=85889&cid=2
+#
+# Our wrap-up:
+# http://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/bangladesh-daylight-saving-2009.html
+
+# From A. N. M. Kamrus Saadat (2009-06-15):
+# Finally we've got the official mail regarding DST start time where DST start
+# time is mentioned as Jun 19 2009, 23:00 from BTRC (Bangladesh
+# Telecommunication Regulatory Commission).
+#
+# No DST end date has been announced yet.
+
+# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2009-09-25):
+# Bangladesh won't go back to Standard Time from October 1, 2009,
+# instead it will continue DST measure till the cabinet makes a fresh decision.
+#
+# Following report by same newspaper-"The Daily Star Friday":
+# "DST change awaits cabinet decision-Clock won't go back by 1-hr from Oct 1"
+# http://www.thedailystar.net/newDesign/news-details.php?nid=107021
+# http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_bangladesh04.html
+
+# From Steffen Thorsen (2009-10-13):
+# IANS (Indo-Asian News Service) now reports:
+# Bangladesh has decided that the clock advanced by an hour to make
+# maximum use of daylight hours as an energy saving measure would
+# "continue for an indefinite period."
+#
+# One of many places where it is published:
+# http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/business/bangladesh-to-continue-indefinitely-with-advanced-time_100259987.html
+
+# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2009-12-24):
+# According to Bangladesh newspaper "The Daily Star,"
+# Bangladesh will change its clock back to Standard Time on Dec 31, 2009.
+#
+# Clock goes back 1-hr on Dec 31 night.
+# http://www.thedailystar.net/newDesign/news-details.php?nid=119228
+# http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_bangladesh05.html
+#
+# "...The government yesterday decided to put the clock back by one hour
+# on December 31 midnight and the new time will continue until March 31,
+# 2010 midnight. The decision came at a cabinet meeting at the Prime
+# Minister's Office last night..."
+
+# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2010-03-22):
+# According to Bangladesh newspaper "The Daily Star,"
+# Cabinet cancels Daylight Saving Time
+# http://www.thedailystar.net/newDesign/latest_news.php?nid=22817
+# http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_bangladesh06.html
+
+# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
+Rule Dhaka 2009 only - Jun 19 23:00 1:00 S
+Rule Dhaka 2009 only - Dec 31 24:00 0 -
+
+# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
+Zone Asia/Dhaka 6:01:40 - LMT 1890
+ 5:53:20 - HMT 1941 Oct # Howrah Mean Time?
+ 6:30 - +0630 1942 May 15
+ 5:30 - +0530 1942 Sep
+ 6:30 - +0630 1951 Sep 30
+ 6:00 - +06 2009
+ 6:00 Dhaka +06/+07
+
+# Bhutan
+# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
+Zone Asia/Thimphu 5:58:36 - LMT 1947 Aug 15 # or Thimbu
+ 5:30 - +0530 1987 Oct
+ 6:00 - +06
+
+# British Indian Ocean Territory
+# Whitman and the 1995 CIA time zone map say 5:00, but the
+# 1997 and later maps say 6:00. Assume the switch occurred in 1996.
+# We have no information as to when standard time was introduced;
+# assume it occurred in 1907, the same year as Mauritius (which
+# then contained the Chagos Archipelago).
+# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
+Zone Indian/Chagos 4:49:40 - LMT 1907
+ 5:00 - +05 1996
+ 6:00 - +06
+
+# Brunei
+# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
+Zone Asia/Brunei 7:39:40 - LMT 1926 Mar # Bandar Seri Begawan
+ 7:30 - +0730 1933
+ 8:00 - +08
+
+# Burma / Myanmar
+
+# Milne says 6:24:40 was the meridian of the time ball observatory at Rangoon.
+
+# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
+Zone Asia/Yangon 6:24:40 - LMT 1880 # or Rangoon
+ 6:24:40 - RMT 1920 # Rangoon Mean Time?
+ 6:30 - +0630 1942 May
+ 9:00 - +09 1945 May 3
+ 6:30 - +0630
+
+# Cambodia
+# See Asia/Bangkok.
+
+
+# China
+
+# From Guy Harris:
+# People's Republic of China. Yes, they really have only one time zone.
+
+# From Bob Devine (1988-01-28):
+# No they don't. See TIME mag, 1986-02-17 p.52. Even though
+# China is across 4 physical time zones, before Feb 1, 1986 only the
+# Peking (Beijing) time zone was recognized. Since that date, China
+# has two of 'em - Peking's and Ürümqi (named after the capital of
+# the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region). I don't know about DST for it.
+#
+# . . .I just deleted the DST table and this editor makes it too
+# painful to suck in another copy. So, here is what I have for
+# DST start/end dates for Peking's time zone (info from AP):
+#
+# 1986 May 4 - Sept 14
+# 1987 mid-April - ??
+
+# From U. S. Naval Observatory (1989-01-19):
+# CHINA 8 H AHEAD OF UTC ALL OF CHINA, INCL TAIWAN
+# CHINA 9 H AHEAD OF UTC APR 17 - SEP 10
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2008-02-11):
+# Jim Mann, "A clumsy embrace for another western custom: China on daylight
+# time - sort of", Los Angeles Times, 1986-05-05 ... [says] that China began
+# observing daylight saving time in 1986.
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2014-06-30):
+# Shanks & Pottenger have China switching to a single time zone in 1980, but
+# this doesn't seem to be correct. They also write that China observed summer
+# DST from 1986 through 1991, which seems to match the above commentary, so
+# go with them for DST rules as follows:
+# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
+Rule Shang 1940 only - Jun 3 0:00 1:00 D
+Rule Shang 1940 1941 - Oct 1 0:00 0 S
+Rule Shang 1941 only - Mar 16 0:00 1:00 D
+Rule PRC 1986 only - May 4 0:00 1:00 D
+Rule PRC 1986 1991 - Sep Sun>=11 0:00 0 S
+Rule PRC 1987 1991 - Apr Sun>=10 0:00 1:00 D
+
+# From Anthony Fok (2001-12-20):
+# BTW, I did some research on-line and found some info regarding these five
+# historic timezones from some Taiwan websites. And yes, there are official
+# Chinese names for these locales (before 1949).
+#
+# From Jesper Nørgaard Welen (2006-07-14):
+# I have investigated the timezones around 1970 on the
+# http://www.astro.com/atlas site [with provinces and county
+# boundaries summarized below].... A few other exceptions were two
+# counties on the Sichuan side of the Xizang-Sichuan border,
+# counties Dege and Baiyu which lies on the Sichuan side and are
+# therefore supposed to be GMT+7, Xizang region being GMT+6, but Dege
+# county is GMT+8 according to astro.com while Baiyu county is GMT+6
+# (could be true), for the moment I am assuming that those two
+# counties are mistakes in the astro.com data.
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2017-01-05):
+# Alois Treindl kindly sent me translations of the following two sources:
+#
+# (1)
+# Guo Qingsheng (National Time-Service Center, CAS, Xi'an 710600, China)
+# Beijing Time at the Beginning of the PRC
+# China Historical Materials of Science and Technology
+# (Zhongguo ke ji shi liao, 中国科技史料), Vol. 24, No. 1 (2003)
+# It gives evidence that at the beginning of the PRC, Beijing time was
+# officially apparent solar time! However, Guo also says that the
+# evidence is dubious, as the relevant institute of astronomy had not
+# been taken over by the PRC yet. It's plausible that apparent solar
+# time was announced but never implemented, and that people continued
+# to use UT+8. As the Shanghai radio station (and I presume the
+# observatory) was still under control of French missionaries, it
+# could well have ignored any such mandate.
+#
+# (2)
+# Guo Qing-sheng (Shaanxi Astronomical Observatory, CAS, Xi'an 710600, China)
+# A Study on the Standard Time Changes for the Past 100 Years in China
+# [undated and unknown publication location]
+# It says several things:
+# * The Qing dynasty used local apparent solar time throughout China.
+# * The Republic of China instituted Beijing mean solar time effective
+# the official calendar book of 1914.
+# * The French Concession in Shanghai set up signal stations in
+# French docks in the 1890s, controlled by Xujiahui (Zikawei)
+# Observatory and set to local mean time.
+# * "From the end of the 19th century" it changed to UT+8.
+# * Chinese Customs (by then reduced to a tool of foreign powers)
+# eventually standardized on this time for all ports, and it
+# became used by railways as well.
+# * In 1918 the Central Observatory proposed dividing China into
+# five time zones (see below for details). This caught on
+# at first only in coastal areas observing UT+8.
+# * During WWII all of China was in theory was at UT+7. In practice
+# this was ignored in the west, and I presume was ignored in
+# Japanese-occupied territory.
+# * Japanese-occupied Manchuria was at UT+9, i.e., Japan time.
+# * The five-zone plan was resurrected after WWII and officially put into
+# place (with some modifications) in March 1948. It's not clear
+# how well it was observed in areas under Nationalist control.
+# * The People's Liberation Army used UT+8 during the civil war.
+#
+# An AP article "Shanghai Internat'l Area Little Changed" in the
+# Lewiston (ME) Daily Sun (1939-05-29), p 17, said "Even the time is
+# different - the occupied districts going by Tokyo time, an hour
+# ahead of that prevailing in the rest of Shanghai." Guess that the
+# Xujiahui Observatory was under French control and stuck with UT +08.
+#
+# In earlier versions of this file, China had many separate Zone entries, but
+# this was based on what were apparently incorrect data in Shanks & Pottenger.
+# This has now been simplified to the two entries Asia/Shanghai and
+# Asia/Urumqi, with the others being links for backward compatibility.
+# Proposed in 1918 and theoretically in effect until 1949 (although in practice
+# mainly observed in coastal areas), the five zones were:
+#
+# Changbai Time ("Long-white Time", Long-white = Heilongjiang area) UT +08:30
+# Now part of Asia/Shanghai; its pre-1970 times are not recorded here.
+# Heilongjiang (except Mohe county), Jilin
+#
+# Zhongyuan Time ("Central plain Time") UT +08
+# Now part of Asia/Shanghai.
+# most of China
+# Milne gives 8:05:43.2 for Xujiahui Observatory time; round to nearest.
+# Guo says Shanghai switched to UT +08 "from the end of the 19th century".
+#
+# Long-shu Time (probably as Long and Shu were two names of the area) UT +07
+# Now part of Asia/Shanghai; its pre-1970 times are not recorded here.
+# Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Ningxia, Sichuan, Shaanxi, and Yunnan;
+# most of Gansu; west Inner Mongolia; east Qinghai; and the Guangdong
+# counties Deqing, Enping, Kaiping, Luoding, Taishan, Xinxing,
+# Yangchun, Yangjiang, Yu'nan, and Yunfu.
+#
+# Xin-zang Time ("Xinjiang-Tibet Time") UT +06
+# This region is now part of either Asia/Urumqi or Asia/Shanghai with
+# current boundaries uncertain; times before 1970 for areas that
+# disagree with Ürümqi or Shanghai are not recorded here.
+# The Gansu counties Aksay, Anxi, Dunhuang, Subei; west Qinghai;
+# the Guangdong counties Xuwen, Haikang, Suixi, Lianjiang,
+# Zhanjiang, Wuchuan, Huazhou, Gaozhou, Maoming, Dianbai, and Xinyi;
+# east Tibet, including Lhasa, Chamdo, Shigaise, Jimsar, Shawan and Hutubi;
+# east Xinjiang, including Ürümqi, Turpan, Karamay, Korla, Minfeng, Jinghe,
+# Wusu, Qiemo, Xinyan, Wulanwusu, Jinghe, Yumin, Tacheng, Tuoli, Emin,
+# Shihezi, Changji, Yanqi, Heshuo, Tuokexun, Tulufan, Shanshan, Hami,
+# Fukang, Kuitun, Kumukuli, Miquan, Qitai, and Turfan.
+#
+# Kunlun Time UT +05:30
+# This region is now in the same status as Xin-zang Time (see above).
+# West Tibet, including Pulan, Aheqi, Shufu, Shule;
+# West Xinjiang, including Aksu, Atushi, Yining, Hetian, Cele, Luopu, Nileke,
+# Zhaosu, Tekesi, Gongliu, Chabuchaer, Huocheng, Bole, Pishan, Suiding,
+# and Yarkand.
+
+# From Luther Ma (2009-10-17):
+# Almost all (>99.9%) ethnic Chinese (properly ethnic Han) living in
+# Xinjiang use Chinese Standard Time. Some are aware of Xinjiang time,
+# but have no need of it. All planes, trains, and schools function on
+# what is called "Beijing time." When Han make an appointment in Chinese
+# they implicitly use Beijing time.
+#
+# On the other hand, ethnic Uyghurs, who make up about half the
+# population of Xinjiang, typically use "Xinjiang time" which is two
+# hours behind Beijing time, or UT +06. The government of the Xinjiang
+# Uyghur Autonomous Region, (XAUR, or just Xinjiang for short) as well as
+# local governments such as the Ürümqi city government use both times in
+# publications, referring to what is popularly called Xinjiang time as
+# "Ürümqi time." When Uyghurs make an appointment in the Uyghur language
+# they almost invariably use Xinjiang time.
+#
+# (Their ethnic Han compatriots would typically have no clue of its
+# widespread use, however, because so extremely few of them are fluent in
+# Uyghur, comparable to the number of Anglo-Americans fluent in Navajo.)
+#
+# (...As with the rest of China there was a brief interval ending in 1990
+# or 1991 when summer time was in use. The confusion was severe, with
+# the province not having dual times but four times in use at the same
+# time. Some areas remained on standard Xinjiang time or Beijing time and
+# others moving their clocks ahead.)
+
+# From Luther Ma (2009-11-19):
+# With the risk of being redundant to previous answers these are the most common
+# English "transliterations" (w/o using non-English symbols):
+#
+# 1. Wulumuqi...
+# 2. Kashi...
+# 3. Urumqi...
+# 4. Kashgar...
+# ...
+# 5. It seems that Uyghurs in Ürümqi has been using Xinjiang since at least the
+# 1960's. I know of one Han, now over 50, who grew up in the surrounding
+# countryside and used Xinjiang time as a child.
+#
+# 6. Likewise for Kashgar and the rest of south Xinjiang I don't know of any
+# start date for Xinjiang time.
+#
+# Without having access to local historical records, nor the ability to legally
+# publish them, I would go with October 1, 1949, when Xinjiang became the Uyghur
+# Autonomous Region under the PRC. (Before that Uyghurs, of course, would also
+# not be using Beijing time, but some local time.)
+
+# From David Cochrane (2014-03-26):
+# Just a confirmation that Ürümqi time was implemented in Ürümqi on 1 Feb 1986:
+# http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,960684,00.html
+
+# From Luther Ma (2014-04-22):
+# I have interviewed numerous people of various nationalities and from
+# different localities in Xinjiang and can confirm the information in Guo's
+# report regarding Xinjiang, as well as the Time article reference by David
+# Cochrane. Whether officially recognized or not (and both are officially
+# recognized), two separate times have been in use in Xinjiang since at least
+# the Cultural Revolution: Xinjiang Time (XJT), aka Ürümqi Time or local time;
+# and Beijing Time. There is no confusion in Xinjiang as to which name refers
+# to which time. Both are widely used in the province, although in some
+# population groups might be use one to the exclusion of the other. The only
+# problem is that computers and smart phones list Ürümqi (or Kashgar) as
+# having the same time as Beijing.
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2014-06-30):
+# In the early days of the PRC, Tibet was given its own time zone (UT +06)
+# but this was withdrawn in 1959 and never reinstated; see Tubten Khétsun,
+# Memories of life in Lhasa under Chinese Rule, Columbia U Press, ISBN
+# 978-0231142861 (2008), translator's introduction by Matthew Akester, p x.
+# As this is before our 1970 cutoff, Tibet doesn't need a separate zone.
+#
+# Xinjiang Time is well-documented as being officially recognized. E.g., see
+# "The Working-Calendar for The Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region Government"
+# <http://www.sinkiang.gov.cn/service/ourworking/> (2014-04-22).
+# Unfortunately, we have no good records of time in Xinjiang before 1986.
+# During the 20th century parts of Xinjiang were ruled by the Qing dynasty,
+# the Republic of China, various warlords, the First and Second East Turkestan
+# Republics, the Soviet Union, the Kuomintang, and the People's Republic of
+# China, and tracking down all these organizations' timekeeping rules would be
+# quite a trick. Approximate this lost history by a transition from LMT to
+# UT +06 at the start of 1928, the year of accession of the warlord Jin Shuren,
+# which happens to be the date given by Shanks & Pottenger (no doubt as a
+# guess) as the transition from LMT. Ignore the usage of +08 before
+# 1986-02-01 under the theory that the transition date to +08 is unknown and
+# that the sort of users who prefer Asia/Urumqi now typically ignored the
+# +08 mandate back then.
+
+# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
+# Beijing time, used throughout China; represented by Shanghai.
+Zone Asia/Shanghai 8:05:43 - LMT 1901
+ 8:00 Shang C%sT 1949
+ 8:00 PRC C%sT
+# Xinjiang time, used by many in western China; represented by Ürümqi / Ürümchi
+# / Wulumuqi. (Please use Asia/Shanghai if you prefer Beijing time.)
+Zone Asia/Urumqi 5:50:20 - LMT 1928
+ 6:00 - +06
+
+
+# Hong Kong (Xianggang)
+
+# Milne gives 7:36:41.7; round this.
+
+# From Lee Yiu Chung (2009-10-24):
+# I found there are some mistakes for the...DST rule for Hong
+# Kong. [According] to the DST record from Hong Kong Observatory (actually,
+# it is not [an] observatory, but the official meteorological agency of HK,
+# and also serves as the official timing agency), there are some missing
+# and incorrect rules. Although the exact switch over time is missing, I
+# think 3:30 is correct. The official DST record for Hong Kong can be
+# obtained from
+# http://www.hko.gov.hk/gts/time/Summertime.htm
+
+# From Arthur David Olson (2009-10-28):
+# Here are the dates given at
+# http://www.hko.gov.hk/gts/time/Summertime.htm
+# as of 2009-10-28:
+# Year Period
+# 1941 1 Apr to 30 Sep
+# 1942 Whole year
+# 1943 Whole year
+# 1944 Whole year
+# 1945 Whole year
+# 1946 20 Apr to 1 Dec
+# 1947 13 Apr to 30 Dec
+# 1948 2 May to 31 Oct
+# 1949 3 Apr to 30 Oct
+# 1950 2 Apr to 29 Oct
+# 1951 1 Apr to 28 Oct
+# 1952 6 Apr to 25 Oct
+# 1953 5 Apr to 1 Nov
+# 1954 21 Mar to 31 Oct
+# 1955 20 Mar to 6 Nov
+# 1956 18 Mar to 4 Nov
+# 1957 24 Mar to 3 Nov
+# 1958 23 Mar to 2 Nov
+# 1959 22 Mar to 1 Nov
+# 1960 20 Mar to 6 Nov
+# 1961 19 Mar to 5 Nov
+# 1962 18 Mar to 4 Nov
+# 1963 24 Mar to 3 Nov
+# 1964 22 Mar to 1 Nov
+# 1965 18 Apr to 17 Oct
+# 1966 17 Apr to 16 Oct
+# 1967 16 Apr to 22 Oct
+# 1968 21 Apr to 20 Oct
+# 1969 20 Apr to 19 Oct
+# 1970 19 Apr to 18 Oct
+# 1971 18 Apr to 17 Oct
+# 1972 16 Apr to 22 Oct
+# 1973 22 Apr to 21 Oct
+# 1973/74 30 Dec 73 to 20 Oct 74
+# 1975 20 Apr to 19 Oct
+# 1976 18 Apr to 17 Oct
+# 1977 Nil
+# 1978 Nil
+# 1979 13 May to 21 Oct
+# 1980 to Now Nil
+# The page does not give start or end times of day.
+# The page does not give a start date for 1942.
+# The page does not givw an end date for 1945.
+# The Japanese occupation of Hong Kong began on 1941-12-25.
+# The Japanese surrender of Hong Kong was signed 1945-09-15.
+# For lack of anything better, use start of those days as the transition times.
+
+# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
+Rule HK 1941 only - Apr 1 3:30 1:00 S
+Rule HK 1941 only - Sep 30 3:30 0 -
+Rule HK 1946 only - Apr 20 3:30 1:00 S
+Rule HK 1946 only - Dec 1 3:30 0 -
+Rule HK 1947 only - Apr 13 3:30 1:00 S
+Rule HK 1947 only - Dec 30 3:30 0 -
+Rule HK 1948 only - May 2 3:30 1:00 S
+Rule HK 1948 1951 - Oct lastSun 3:30 0 -
+Rule HK 1952 only - Oct 25 3:30 0 -
+Rule HK 1949 1953 - Apr Sun>=1 3:30 1:00 S
+Rule HK 1953 only - Nov 1 3:30 0 -
+Rule HK 1954 1964 - Mar Sun>=18 3:30 1:00 S
+Rule HK 1954 only - Oct 31 3:30 0 -
+Rule HK 1955 1964 - Nov Sun>=1 3:30 0 -
+Rule HK 1965 1976 - Apr Sun>=16 3:30 1:00 S
+Rule HK 1965 1976 - Oct Sun>=16 3:30 0 -
+Rule HK 1973 only - Dec 30 3:30 1:00 S
+Rule HK 1979 only - May Sun>=8 3:30 1:00 S
+Rule HK 1979 only - Oct Sun>=16 3:30 0 -
+# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
+Zone Asia/Hong_Kong 7:36:42 - LMT 1904 Oct 30
+ 8:00 HK HK%sT 1941 Dec 25
+ 9:00 - JST 1945 Sep 15
+ 8:00 HK HK%sT
+
+###############################################################################
+
+# Taiwan
+
+# From smallufo (2010-04-03):
+# According to Taiwan's CWB [Central Weather Bureau],
+# http://www.cwb.gov.tw/V6/astronomy/cdata/summert.htm
+# Taipei has DST in 1979 between July 1st and Sep 30.
+
+# From Yu-Cheng Chuang (2013-07-12):
+# On Dec 28, 1895, the Meiji Emperor announced Ordinance No. 167 of
+# Meiji Year 28 "The clause about standard time", mentioned that
+# Taiwan and Penghu Islands, as well as Yaeyama and Miyako Islands
+# (both in Okinawa) adopt the Western Standard Time which is based on
+# 120E. The adoption began from Jan 1, 1896. The original text can be
+# found on Wikisource:
+# http://ja.wikisource.org/wiki/標準時ニ關スル件_(公布時)
+# ... This could be the first adoption of time zone in Taiwan, because
+# during the Qing Dynasty, it seems that there was no time zone
+# declared officially.
+#
+# Later, in the beginning of World War II, on Sep 25, 1937, the Showa
+# Emperor announced Ordinance No. 529 of Showa Year 12 "The clause of
+# revision in the ordinance No. 167 of Meiji year 28 about standard
+# time", in which abolished the adoption of Western Standard Time in
+# western islands (listed above), which means the whole Japan
+# territory, including later occupations, adopt Japan Central Time
+# (UTC+9). The adoption began on Oct 1, 1937. The original text can
+# be found on Wikisource:
+# http://ja.wikisource.org/wiki/明治二十八年勅令第百六十七號標準時ニ關スル件中改正ノ件
+#
+# That is, the time zone of Taipei switched to UTC+9 on Oct 1, 1937.
+
+# From Yu-Cheng Chuang (2014-07-02):
+# I've found more evidence about when the time zone was switched from UTC+9
+# back to UTC+8 after WW2. I believe it was on Sep 21, 1945. In a document
+# during Japanese era [1] in which the officer told the staff to change time
+# zone back to Western Standard Time (UTC+8) on Sep 21. And in another
+# history page of National Cheng Kung University [2], on Sep 21 there is a
+# note "from today, switch back to Western Standard Time". From these two
+# materials, I believe that the time zone change happened on Sep 21. And
+# today I have found another monthly journal called "The Astronomical Herald"
+# from The Astronomical Society of Japan [3] in which it mentioned the fact
+# that:
+#
+# 1. Standard Time of the Country (Japan) was adopted on Jan 1, 1888, using
+# the time at 135E (GMT+9)
+#
+# 2. Standard Time of the Country was renamed to Central Standard Time, on Jan
+# 1, 1898, and on the same day, the new territories Taiwan and Penghu islands,
+# as well as Yaeyama and Miyako islands, adopted a new time zone called
+# Western Standard Time, which is in GMT+8.
+#
+# 3. Western Standard Time was deprecated on Sep 30, 1937. From then all the
+# territories of Japan adopted the same time zone, which is Central Standard
+# Time.
+#
+# [1] Academica Historica, Taiwan:
+# http://163.29.208.22:8080/govsaleShowImage/connect_img.php?s=00101738900090036&e=00101738900090037
+# [2] Nat'l Cheng Kung University 70th Anniversary Special Site:
+# http://www.ncku.edu.tw/~ncku70/menu/001/01_01.htm
+# [3] Yukio Niimi, The Standard Time in Japan (1997), p.475:
+# http://www.asj.or.jp/geppou/archive_open/1997/pdf/19971001c.pdf
+
+# Yu-Cheng Chuang (2014-07-03):
+# I finally have found the real official gazette about changing back to
+# Western Standard Time on Sep 21 in Taiwan. It's Taiwan Governor-General
+# Bulletin No. 386 in Showa 20 years (1945), published on Sep 19, 1945. [1] ...
+# [It] abolishes Bulletin No. 207 in Showa 12 years (1937), which is a local
+# bulletin in Taiwan for that Ordinance No. 529. It also mentioned that 1am on
+# Sep 21, 1945 will be 12am on Sep 21. I think this bulletin is much more
+# official than the one I mentioned in my first mail, because it's from the
+# top-level government in Taiwan. If you're going to quote any resource, this
+# would be a good one.
+# [1] Taiwan Governor-General Gazette, No. 1018, Sep 19, 1945:
+# http://db2.th.gov.tw/db2/view/viewImg.php?imgcode=0072031018a&num=19&bgn=019&end=019&otherImg=&type=gener
+
+# From Yu-Cheng Chuang (2014-07-02):
+# In 1946, DST in Taiwan was from May 15 and ended on Sep 30. The info from
+# Central Weather Bureau website was not correct.
+#
+# Original Bulletin:
+# http://subtpg.tpg.gov.tw/og/image2.asp?f=03502F0AKM1AF
+# http://subtpg.tpg.gov.tw/og/image2.asp?f=0350300AKM1B0 (cont.)
+#
+# In 1947, DST in Taiwan was expanded to Oct 31. There is a backup of that
+# telegram announcement from Taiwan Province Government:
+#
+# http://subtpg.tpg.gov.tw/og/image2.asp?f=0360310AKZ431
+#
+# Here is a brief translation:
+#
+# The Summer Time this year is adopted from midnight Apr 15 until Sep 20
+# midnight. To save (energy?) consumption, we're expanding Summer Time
+# adoption till Oct 31 midnight.
+#
+# The Central Weather Bureau website didn't mention that, however it can
+# be found from historical government announcement database.
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2014-07-03):
+# As per Yu-Cheng Chuang, say that Taiwan was at UT +09 from 1937-10-01
+# until 1945-09-21 at 01:00, overriding Shanks & Pottenger.
+# Likewise, use Yu-Cheng Chuang's data for DST in Taiwan.
+
+# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
+Rule Taiwan 1946 only - May 15 0:00 1:00 D
+Rule Taiwan 1946 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 S
+Rule Taiwan 1947 only - Apr 15 0:00 1:00 D
+Rule Taiwan 1947 only - Nov 1 0:00 0 S
+Rule Taiwan 1948 1951 - May 1 0:00 1:00 D
+Rule Taiwan 1948 1951 - Oct 1 0:00 0 S
+Rule Taiwan 1952 only - Mar 1 0:00 1:00 D
+Rule Taiwan 1952 1954 - Nov 1 0:00 0 S
+Rule Taiwan 1953 1959 - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 D
+Rule Taiwan 1955 1961 - Oct 1 0:00 0 S
+Rule Taiwan 1960 1961 - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 D
+Rule Taiwan 1974 1975 - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 D
+Rule Taiwan 1974 1975 - Oct 1 0:00 0 S
+Rule Taiwan 1979 only - Jul 1 0:00 1:00 D
+Rule Taiwan 1979 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 S
+
+# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
+# Taipei or Taibei or T'ai-pei
+Zone Asia/Taipei 8:06:00 - LMT 1896 Jan 1
+ 8:00 - CST 1937 Oct 1
+ 9:00 - JST 1945 Sep 21 1:00
+ 8:00 Taiwan C%sT
+
+# Macau (Macao, Aomen)
+# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
+Rule Macau 1961 1962 - Mar Sun>=16 3:30 1:00 D
+Rule Macau 1961 1964 - Nov Sun>=1 3:30 0 S
+Rule Macau 1963 only - Mar Sun>=16 0:00 1:00 D
+Rule Macau 1964 only - Mar Sun>=16 3:30 1:00 D
+Rule Macau 1965 only - Mar Sun>=16 0:00 1:00 D
+Rule Macau 1965 only - Oct 31 0:00 0 S
+Rule Macau 1966 1971 - Apr Sun>=16 3:30 1:00 D
+Rule Macau 1966 1971 - Oct Sun>=16 3:30 0 S
+Rule Macau 1972 1974 - Apr Sun>=15 0:00 1:00 D
+Rule Macau 1972 1973 - Oct Sun>=15 0:00 0 S
+Rule Macau 1974 1977 - Oct Sun>=15 3:30 0 S
+Rule Macau 1975 1977 - Apr Sun>=15 3:30 1:00 D
+Rule Macau 1978 1980 - Apr Sun>=15 0:00 1:00 D
+Rule Macau 1978 1980 - Oct Sun>=15 0:00 0 S
+# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
+Zone Asia/Macau 7:34:20 - LMT 1912 Jan 1
+ 8:00 Macau C%sT
+
+
+###############################################################################
+
+# Cyprus
+
+# Milne says the Eastern Telegraph Company used 2:14:00. Stick with LMT.
+# IATA SSIM (1998-09) has Cyprus using EU rules for the first time.
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2016-09-09):
+# Yesterday's Cyprus Mail reports that Northern Cyprus followed Turkey's
+# lead and switched from +02/+03 to +03 year-round.
+# http://cyprus-mail.com/2016/09/08/two-time-zones-cyprus-turkey-will-not-turn-clocks-back-next-month/
+#
+# From Even Scharning (2016-10-31):
+# Looks like the time zone split in Cyprus went through last night.
+# http://cyprus-mail.com/2016/10/30/cyprus-new-division-two-time-zones-now-reality/
+
+# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
+Rule Cyprus 1975 only - Apr 13 0:00 1:00 S
+Rule Cyprus 1975 only - Oct 12 0:00 0 -
+Rule Cyprus 1976 only - May 15 0:00 1:00 S
+Rule Cyprus 1976 only - Oct 11 0:00 0 -
+Rule Cyprus 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 0:00 1:00 S
+Rule Cyprus 1977 only - Sep 25 0:00 0 -
+Rule Cyprus 1978 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 -
+Rule Cyprus 1979 1997 - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
+Rule Cyprus 1981 1998 - Mar lastSun 0:00 1:00 S
+# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
+Zone Asia/Nicosia 2:13:28 - LMT 1921 Nov 14
+ 2:00 Cyprus EE%sT 1998 Sep
+ 2:00 EUAsia EE%sT
+Zone Asia/Famagusta 2:15:48 - LMT 1921 Nov 14
+ 2:00 Cyprus EE%sT 1998 Sep
+ 2:00 EUAsia EE%sT 2016 Sep 8
+ 3:00 - +03
+
+# Classically, Cyprus belongs to Asia; e.g. see Herodotus, Histories, I.72.
+# However, for various reasons many users expect to find it under Europe.
+Link Asia/Nicosia Europe/Nicosia
+
+# Georgia
+# From Paul Eggert (1994-11-19):
+# Today's _Economist_ (p 60) reports that Georgia moved its clocks forward
+# an hour recently, due to a law proposed by Zurab Murvanidze,
+# an MP who went on a hunger strike for 11 days to force discussion about it!
+# We have no details, but we'll guess they didn't move the clocks back in fall.
+#
+# From Mathew Englander, quoting AP (1996-10-23 13:05-04):
+# Instead of putting back clocks at the end of October, Georgia
+# will stay on daylight savings time this winter to save energy,
+# President Eduard Shevardnadze decreed Wednesday.
+#
+# From the BBC via Joseph S. Myers (2004-06-27):
+#
+# Georgia moved closer to Western Europe on Sunday... The former Soviet
+# republic has changed its time zone back to that of Moscow. As a result it
+# is now just four hours ahead of Greenwich Mean Time, rather than five hours
+# ahead. The switch was decreed by the pro-Western president of Georgia,
+# Mikheil Saakashvili, who said the change was partly prompted by the process
+# of integration into Europe.
+
+# From Teimuraz Abashidze (2005-11-07):
+# Government of Georgia ... decided to NOT CHANGE daylight savings time on
+# [Oct.] 30, as it was done before during last more than 10 years.
+# Currently, we are in fact GMT +4:00, as before 30 October it was GMT
+# +3:00.... The problem is, there is NO FORMAL LAW or governmental document
+# about it. As far as I can find, I was told, that there is no document,
+# because we just DIDN'T ISSUE document about switching to winter time....
+# I don't know what can be done, especially knowing that some years ago our
+# DST rules where changed THREE TIMES during one month.
+
+# Milne 1899 says Tbilisi (Tiflis) time was 2:59:05.7.
+# Byalokoz 1919 says Georgia was 2:59:11.
+# Go with Byalokoz.
+
+# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
+Zone Asia/Tbilisi 2:59:11 - LMT 1880
+ 2:59:11 - TBMT 1924 May 2 # Tbilisi Mean Time
+ 3:00 - +03 1957 Mar
+ 4:00 RussiaAsia +04/+05 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
+ 3:00 RussiaAsia +03/+04 1992
+ 3:00 E-EurAsia +03/+04 1994 Sep lastSun
+ 4:00 E-EurAsia +04/+05 1996 Oct lastSun
+ 4:00 1:00 +05 1997 Mar lastSun
+ 4:00 E-EurAsia +04/+05 2004 Jun 27
+ 3:00 RussiaAsia +03/+04 2005 Mar lastSun 2:00
+ 4:00 - +04
+
+# East Timor
+
+# See Indonesia for the 1945 transition.
+
+# From João Carrascalão, brother of the former governor of East Timor, in
+# East Timor may be late for its millennium
+# <http://etan.org/et99c/december/26-31/30ETMAY.htm> (1999-12-26/31):
+# Portugal tried to change the time forward in 1974 because the sun
+# rises too early but the suggestion raised a lot of problems with the
+# Timorese and I still don't think it would work today because it
+# conflicts with their way of life.
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2000-12-04):
+# We don't have any record of the above attempt.
+# Most likely our records are incomplete, but we have no better data.
+
+# From Manoel de Almeida e Silva, Deputy Spokesman for the UN Secretary-General
+# http://www.hri.org/news/world/undh/2000/00-08-16.undh.html
+# (2000-08-16):
+# The Cabinet of the East Timor Transition Administration decided
+# today to advance East Timor's time by one hour. The time change,
+# which will be permanent, with no seasonal adjustment, will happen at
+# midnight on Saturday, September 16.
+
+# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
+Zone Asia/Dili 8:22:20 - LMT 1912 Jan 1
+ 8:00 - +08 1942 Feb 21 23:00
+ 9:00 - +09 1976 May 3
+ 8:00 - +08 2000 Sep 17 0:00
+ 9:00 - +09
+
+# India
+
+# From Ian P. Beacock, in "A brief history of (modern) time", The Atlantic
+# http://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2015/12/the-creation-of-modern-time/421419/
+# (2015-12-22):
+# In January 1906, several thousand cotton-mill workers rioted on the
+# outskirts of Bombay.... They were protesting the proposed abolition of
+# local time in favor of Indian Standard Time.... Journalists called this
+# dispute the "Battle of the Clocks." It lasted nearly half a century.
+
+# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
+Zone Asia/Kolkata 5:53:28 - LMT 1880 # Kolkata
+ 5:53:20 - HMT 1941 Oct # Howrah Mean Time?
+ 6:30 - +0630 1942 May 15
+ 5:30 - IST 1942 Sep
+ 5:30 1:00 +0630 1945 Oct 15
+ 5:30 - IST
+# The following are like Asia/Kolkata:
+# Andaman Is
+# Lakshadweep (Laccadive, Minicoy and Amindivi Is)
+# Nicobar Is
+
+# Indonesia
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2014-09-06):
+# The 1876 Report of the Secretary of the [US] Navy, p 306 says that Batavia
+# civil time was 7:07:12.5; round to even for Jakarta.
+#
+# From Gwillim Law (2001-05-28), overriding Shanks & Pottenger:
+# http://www.sumatera-inc.com/go_to_invest/about_indonesia.asp#standtime
+# says that Indonesia's time zones changed on 1988-01-01. Looking at some
+# time zone maps, I think that must refer to Western Borneo (Kalimantan Barat
+# and Kalimantan Tengah) switching from UTC+8 to UTC+7.
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2007-03-10):
+# Here is another correction to Shanks & Pottenger.
+# JohnTWB writes that Japanese forces did not surrender control in
+# Indonesia until 1945-09-01 00:00 at the earliest (in Jakarta) and
+# other formal surrender ceremonies were September 9, 11, and 13, plus
+# September 12 for the regional surrender to Mountbatten in Singapore.
+# These would be the earliest possible times for a change.
+# Régimes horaires pour le monde entier, by Henri Le Corre, (Éditions
+# Traditionnelles, 1987, Paris) says that Java and Madura switched
+# from UT +09 to +07:30 on 1945-09-23, and gives 1944-09-01 for Jayapura
+# (Hollandia). For now, assume all Indonesian locations other than Jayapura
+# switched on 1945-09-23.
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2013-08-11):
+# Normally the tz database uses English-language abbreviations, but in
+# Indonesia it's typical to use Indonesian-language abbreviations even
+# when writing in English. For example, see the English-language
+# summary published by the Time and Frequency Laboratory of the
+# Research Center for Calibration, Instrumentation and Metrology,
+# Indonesia, <http://time.kim.lipi.go.id/time-eng.php> (2006-09-29).
+# The time zone abbreviations and UT offsets are:
+#
+# WIB - +07 - Waktu Indonesia Barat (Indonesia western time)
+# WITA - +08 - Waktu Indonesia Tengah (Indonesia central time)
+# WIT - +09 - Waktu Indonesia Timur (Indonesia eastern time)
+#
+# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
+# Java, Sumatra
+Zone Asia/Jakarta 7:07:12 - LMT 1867 Aug 10
+# Shanks & Pottenger say the next transition was at 1924 Jan 1 0:13,
+# but this must be a typo.
+ 7:07:12 - BMT 1923 Dec 31 23:47:12 # Batavia
+ 7:20 - +0720 1932 Nov
+ 7:30 - +0730 1942 Mar 23
+ 9:00 - +09 1945 Sep 23
+ 7:30 - +0730 1948 May
+ 8:00 - +08 1950 May
+ 7:30 - +0730 1964
+ 7:00 - WIB
+# west and central Borneo
+Zone Asia/Pontianak 7:17:20 - LMT 1908 May
+ 7:17:20 - PMT 1932 Nov # Pontianak MT
+ 7:30 - +0730 1942 Jan 29
+ 9:00 - +09 1945 Sep 23
+ 7:30 - +0730 1948 May
+ 8:00 - +08 1950 May
+ 7:30 - +0730 1964
+ 8:00 - WITA 1988 Jan 1
+ 7:00 - WIB
+# Sulawesi, Lesser Sundas, east and south Borneo
+Zone Asia/Makassar 7:57:36 - LMT 1920
+ 7:57:36 - MMT 1932 Nov # Macassar MT
+ 8:00 - +08 1942 Feb 9
+ 9:00 - +09 1945 Sep 23
+ 8:00 - WITA
+# Maluku Islands, West Papua, Papua
+Zone Asia/Jayapura 9:22:48 - LMT 1932 Nov
+ 9:00 - +09 1944 Sep 1
+ 9:30 - +0930 1964
+ 9:00 - WIT
+
+# Iran
+
+# From Roozbeh Pournader (2003-03-15):
+# This is an English translation of what I just found (originally in Persian).
+# The Gregorian dates in brackets are mine:
+#
+# Official Newspaper No. 13548-1370/6/25 [1991-09-16]
+# No. 16760/T233 H 1370/6/10 [1991-09-01]
+#
+# The Rule About Change of the Official Time of the Country
+#
+# The Board of Ministers, in the meeting dated 1370/5/23 [1991-08-14],
+# based on the suggestion number 2221/D dated 1370/4/22 [1991-07-13]
+# of the Country's Organization for Official and Employment Affairs,
+# and referring to the law for equating the working hours of workers
+# and officers in the whole country dated 1359/4/23 [1980-07-14], and
+# for synchronizing the official times of the country, agreed that:
+#
+# The official time of the country will should move forward one hour
+# at the 24[:00] hours of the first day of Farvardin and should return
+# to its previous state at the 24[:00] hours of the 30th day of
+# Shahrivar.
+#
+# First Deputy to the President - Hassan Habibi
+#
+# From personal experience, that agrees with what has been followed
+# for at least the last 5 years. Before that, for a few years, the
+# date used was the first Thursday night of Farvardin and the last
+# Thursday night of Shahrivar, but I can't give exact dates....
+#
+# From Roozbeh Pournader (2005-04-05):
+# The text of the Iranian law, in effect since 1925, clearly mentions
+# that the true solar year is the measure, and there is no arithmetic
+# leap year calculation involved. There has never been any serious
+# plan to change that law....
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
+# Go with Shanks & Pottenger before Sept. 1991, and with Pournader thereafter.
+# I used Ed Reingold's cal-persia in GNU Emacs 21.2 to check Persian dates,
+# stopping after 2037 when 32-bit time_t's overflow.
+# That cal-persia used Birashk's approximation, which disagrees with the solar
+# calendar predictions for the year 2025, so I corrected those dates by hand.
+#
+# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2005-03-30), writing about future
+# discrepancies between cal-persia and the Iranian calendar:
+# For 2091 solar-longitude-after yields 2091-03-20 08:40:07.7 UT for
+# the vernal equinox and that gets so close to 12:00 some local
+# Iranian time that the definition of the correct location needs to be
+# known exactly, amongst other factors. 2157 is even closer:
+# 2157-03-20 08:37:15.5 UT. But the Gregorian year 2025 should give
+# no interpretation problem whatsoever. By the way, another instant
+# in the near future where there will be a discrepancy between
+# arithmetical and astronomical Iranian calendars will be in 2058:
+# vernal equinox on 2058-03-20 09:03:05.9 UT. The Java version of
+# Reingold's/Dershowitz' calculator gives correctly the Gregorian date
+# 2058-03-21 for 1 Farvardin 1437 (astronomical).
+#
+# From Steffen Thorsen (2006-03-22):
+# Several of my users have reported that Iran will not observe DST anymore:
+# http://www.irna.ir/en/news/view/line-17/0603193812164948.htm
+#
+# From Reuters (2007-09-16), with a heads-up from Jesper Nørgaard Welen:
+# ... the Guardian Council ... approved a law on Sunday to re-introduce
+# daylight saving time ...
+# http://uk.reuters.com/article/oilRpt/idUKBLA65048420070916
+#
+# From Roozbeh Pournader (2007-11-05):
+# This is quoted from Official Gazette of the Islamic Republic of
+# Iran, Volume 63, No. 18242, dated Tuesday 1386/6/24
+# [2007-10-16]. I am doing the best translation I can:...
+# The official time of the country will be moved forward for one hour
+# on the 24 hours of the first day of the month of Farvardin and will
+# be changed back to its previous state on the 24 hours of the
+# thirtieth day of Shahrivar.
+#
+# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
+Rule Iran 1978 1980 - Mar 21 0:00 1:00 D
+Rule Iran 1978 only - Oct 21 0:00 0 S
+Rule Iran 1979 only - Sep 19 0:00 0 S
+Rule Iran 1980 only - Sep 23 0:00 0 S
+Rule Iran 1991 only - May 3 0:00 1:00 D
+Rule Iran 1992 1995 - Mar 22 0:00 1:00 D
+Rule Iran 1991 1995 - Sep 22 0:00 0 S
+Rule Iran 1996 only - Mar 21 0:00 1:00 D
+Rule Iran 1996 only - Sep 21 0:00 0 S
+Rule Iran 1997 1999 - Mar 22 0:00 1:00 D
+Rule Iran 1997 1999 - Sep 22 0:00 0 S
+Rule Iran 2000 only - Mar 21 0:00 1:00 D
+Rule Iran 2000 only - Sep 21 0:00 0 S
+Rule Iran 2001 2003 - Mar 22 0:00 1:00 D
+Rule Iran 2001 2003 - Sep 22 0:00 0 S
+Rule Iran 2004 only - Mar 21 0:00 1:00 D
+Rule Iran 2004 only - Sep 21 0:00 0 S
+Rule Iran 2005 only - Mar 22 0:00 1:00 D
+Rule Iran 2005 only - Sep 22 0:00 0 S
+Rule Iran 2008 only - Mar 21 0:00 1:00 D
+Rule Iran 2008 only - Sep 21 0:00 0 S
+Rule Iran 2009 2011 - Mar 22 0:00 1:00 D
+Rule Iran 2009 2011 - Sep 22 0:00 0 S
+Rule Iran 2012 only - Mar 21 0:00 1:00 D
+Rule Iran 2012 only - Sep 21 0:00 0 S
+Rule Iran 2013 2015 - Mar 22 0:00 1:00 D
+Rule Iran 2013 2015 - Sep 22 0:00 0 S
+Rule Iran 2016 only - Mar 21 0:00 1:00 D
+Rule Iran 2016 only - Sep 21 0:00 0 S
+Rule Iran 2017 2019 - Mar 22 0:00 1:00 D
+Rule Iran 2017 2019 - Sep 22 0:00 0 S
+Rule Iran 2020 only - Mar 21 0:00 1:00 D
+Rule Iran 2020 only - Sep 21 0:00 0 S
+Rule Iran 2021 2023 - Mar 22 0:00 1:00 D
+Rule Iran 2021 2023 - Sep 22 0:00 0 S
+Rule Iran 2024 only - Mar 21 0:00 1:00 D
+Rule Iran 2024 only - Sep 21 0:00 0 S
+Rule Iran 2025 2027 - Mar 22 0:00 1:00 D
+Rule Iran 2025 2027 - Sep 22 0:00 0 S
+Rule Iran 2028 2029 - Mar 21 0:00 1:00 D
+Rule Iran 2028 2029 - Sep 21 0:00 0 S
+Rule Iran 2030 2031 - Mar 22 0:00 1:00 D
+Rule Iran 2030 2031 - Sep 22 0:00 0 S
+Rule Iran 2032 2033 - Mar 21 0:00 1:00 D
+Rule Iran 2032 2033 - Sep 21 0:00 0 S
+Rule Iran 2034 2035 - Mar 22 0:00 1:00 D
+Rule Iran 2034 2035 - Sep 22 0:00 0 S
+#
+# The following rules are approximations starting in the year 2038.
+# These are the best post-2037 approximations available, given the
+# restrictions of a single rule using a Gregorian-based data format.
+# At some point this table will need to be extended, though quite
+# possibly Iran will change the rules first.
+Rule Iran 2036 max - Mar 21 0:00 1:00 D
+Rule Iran 2036 max - Sep 21 0:00 0 S
+
+# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
+Zone Asia/Tehran 3:25:44 - LMT 1916
+ 3:25:44 - TMT 1946 # Tehran Mean Time
+ 3:30 - +0330 1977 Nov
+ 4:00 Iran +04/+05 1979
+ 3:30 Iran +0330/+0430
+
+
+# Iraq
+#
+# From Jonathan Lennox (2000-06-12):
+# An article in this week's Economist ("Inside the Saddam-free zone", p. 50 in
+# the U.S. edition) on the Iraqi Kurds contains a paragraph:
+# "The three northern provinces ... switched their clocks this spring and
+# are an hour ahead of Baghdad."
+#
+# But Rives McDow (2000-06-18) quotes a contact in Iraqi-Kurdistan as follows:
+# In the past, some Kurdish nationalists, as a protest to the Iraqi
+# Government, did not adhere to daylight saving time. They referred
+# to daylight saving as Saddam time. But, as of today, the time zone
+# in Iraqi-Kurdistan is on standard time with Baghdad, Iraq.
+#
+# So we'll ignore the Economist's claim.
+
+# From Steffen Thorsen (2008-03-10):
+# The cabinet in Iraq abolished DST last week, according to the following
+# news sources (in Arabic):
+# http://www.aljeeran.net/wesima_articles/news-20080305-98602.html
+# http://www.aswataliraq.info/look/article.tpl?id=2047&IdLanguage=17&IdPublication=4&NrArticle=71743&NrIssue=1&NrSection=10
+#
+# We have published a short article in English about the change:
+# http://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/iraq-dumps-daylight-saving.html
+
+# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
+Rule Iraq 1982 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 D
+Rule Iraq 1982 1984 - Oct 1 0:00 0 S
+Rule Iraq 1983 only - Mar 31 0:00 1:00 D
+Rule Iraq 1984 1985 - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 D
+Rule Iraq 1985 1990 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 S
+Rule Iraq 1986 1990 - Mar lastSun 1:00s 1:00 D
+# IATA SSIM (1991/1996) says Apr 1 12:01am UTC; guess the ':01' is a typo.
+# Shanks & Pottenger say Iraq did not observe DST 1992/1997; ignore this.
+#
+Rule Iraq 1991 2007 - Apr 1 3:00s 1:00 D
+Rule Iraq 1991 2007 - Oct 1 3:00s 0 S
+# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
+Zone Asia/Baghdad 2:57:40 - LMT 1890
+ 2:57:36 - BMT 1918 # Baghdad Mean Time?
+ 3:00 - +03 1982 May
+ 3:00 Iraq +03/+04
+
+
+###############################################################################
+
+# Israel
+
+# From Ephraim Silverberg (2001-01-11):
+#
+# I coined "IST/IDT" circa 1988. Until then there were three
+# different abbreviations in use:
+#
+# JST Jerusalem Standard Time [Danny Braniss, Hebrew University]
+# IZT Israel Zonal (sic) Time [Prof. Haim Papo, Technion]
+# EEST Eastern Europe Standard Time [used by almost everyone else]
+#
+# Since timezones should be called by country and not capital cities,
+# I ruled out JST. As Israel is in Asia Minor and not Eastern Europe,
+# EEST was equally unacceptable. Since "zonal" was not compatible with
+# any other timezone abbreviation, I felt that 'IST' was the way to go
+# and, indeed, it has received almost universal acceptance in timezone
+# settings in Israeli computers.
+#
+# In any case, I am happy to share timezone abbreviations with India,
+# high on my favorite-country list (and not only because my wife's
+# family is from India).
+
+# From Shanks & Pottenger:
+# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
+Rule Zion 1940 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 D
+Rule Zion 1942 1944 - Nov 1 0:00 0 S
+Rule Zion 1943 only - Apr 1 2:00 1:00 D
+Rule Zion 1944 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 D
+Rule Zion 1945 only - Apr 16 0:00 1:00 D
+Rule Zion 1945 only - Nov 1 2:00 0 S
+Rule Zion 1946 only - Apr 16 2:00 1:00 D
+Rule Zion 1946 only - Nov 1 0:00 0 S
+Rule Zion 1948 only - May 23 0:00 2:00 DD
+Rule Zion 1948 only - Sep 1 0:00 1:00 D
+Rule Zion 1948 1949 - Nov 1 2:00 0 S
+Rule Zion 1949 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 D
+Rule Zion 1950 only - Apr 16 0:00 1:00 D
+Rule Zion 1950 only - Sep 15 3:00 0 S
+Rule Zion 1951 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 D
+Rule Zion 1951 only - Nov 11 3:00 0 S
+Rule Zion 1952 only - Apr 20 2:00 1:00 D
+Rule Zion 1952 only - Oct 19 3:00 0 S
+Rule Zion 1953 only - Apr 12 2:00 1:00 D
+Rule Zion 1953 only - Sep 13 3:00 0 S
+Rule Zion 1954 only - Jun 13 0:00 1:00 D
+Rule Zion 1954 only - Sep 12 0:00 0 S
+Rule Zion 1955 only - Jun 11 2:00 1:00 D
+Rule Zion 1955 only - Sep 11 0:00 0 S
+Rule Zion 1956 only - Jun 3 0:00 1:00 D
+Rule Zion 1956 only - Sep 30 3:00 0 S
+Rule Zion 1957 only - Apr 29 2:00 1:00 D
+Rule Zion 1957 only - Sep 22 0:00 0 S
+Rule Zion 1974 only - Jul 7 0:00 1:00 D
+Rule Zion 1974 only - Oct 13 0:00 0 S
+Rule Zion 1975 only - Apr 20 0:00 1:00 D
+Rule Zion 1975 only - Aug 31 0:00 0 S
+Rule Zion 1985 only - Apr 14 0:00 1:00 D
+Rule Zion 1985 only - Sep 15 0:00 0 S
+Rule Zion 1986 only - May 18 0:00 1:00 D
+Rule Zion 1986 only - Sep 7 0:00 0 S
+Rule Zion 1987 only - Apr 15 0:00 1:00 D
+Rule Zion 1987 only - Sep 13 0:00 0 S
+
+# From Avigdor Finkelstein (2014-03-05):
+# I check the Parliament (Knesset) records and there it's stated that the
+# [1988] transition should take place on Saturday night, when the Sabbath
+# ends and changes to Sunday.
+Rule Zion 1988 only - Apr 10 0:00 1:00 D
+Rule Zion 1988 only - Sep 4 0:00 0 S
+
+# From Ephraim Silverberg
+# (1997-03-04, 1998-03-16, 1998-12-28, 2000-01-17, 2000-07-25, 2004-12-22,
+# and 2005-02-17):
+
+# According to the Office of the Secretary General of the Ministry of
+# Interior, there is NO set rule for Daylight-Savings/Standard time changes.
+# One thing is entrenched in law, however: that there must be at least 150
+# days of daylight savings time annually. From 1993-1998, the change to
+# daylight savings time was on a Friday morning from midnight IST to
+# 1 a.m IDT; up until 1998, the change back to standard time was on a
+# Saturday night from midnight daylight savings time to 11 p.m. standard
+# time. 1996 is an exception to this rule where the change back to standard
+# time took place on Sunday night instead of Saturday night to avoid
+# conflicts with the Jewish New Year. In 1999, the change to
+# daylight savings time was still on a Friday morning but from
+# 2 a.m. IST to 3 a.m. IDT; furthermore, the change back to standard time
+# was also on a Friday morning from 2 a.m. IDT to 1 a.m. IST for
+# 1999 only. In the year 2000, the change to daylight savings time was
+# similar to 1999, but although the change back will be on a Friday, it
+# will take place from 1 a.m. IDT to midnight IST. Starting in 2001, all
+# changes to/from will take place at 1 a.m. old time, but now there is no
+# rule as to what day of the week it will take place in as the start date
+# (except in 2003) is the night after the Passover Seder (i.e. the eve
+# of the 16th of Nisan in the lunar Hebrew calendar) and the end date
+# (except in 2002) is three nights before Yom Kippur [Day of Atonement]
+# (the eve of the 7th of Tishrei in the lunar Hebrew calendar).
+
+# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
+Rule Zion 1989 only - Apr 30 0:00 1:00 D
+Rule Zion 1989 only - Sep 3 0:00 0 S
+Rule Zion 1990 only - Mar 25 0:00 1:00 D
+Rule Zion 1990 only - Aug 26 0:00 0 S
+Rule Zion 1991 only - Mar 24 0:00 1:00 D
+Rule Zion 1991 only - Sep 1 0:00 0 S
+Rule Zion 1992 only - Mar 29 0:00 1:00 D
+Rule Zion 1992 only - Sep 6 0:00 0 S
+Rule Zion 1993 only - Apr 2 0:00 1:00 D
+Rule Zion 1993 only - Sep 5 0:00 0 S
+
+# The dates for 1994-1995 were obtained from Office of the Spokeswoman for the
+# Ministry of Interior, Jerusalem, Israel. The spokeswoman can be reached by
+# calling the office directly at 972-2-6701447 or 972-2-6701448.
+
+# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
+Rule Zion 1994 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 D
+Rule Zion 1994 only - Aug 28 0:00 0 S
+Rule Zion 1995 only - Mar 31 0:00 1:00 D
+Rule Zion 1995 only - Sep 3 0:00 0 S
+
+# The dates for 1996 were determined by the Minister of Interior of the
+# time, Haim Ramon. The official announcement regarding 1996-1998
+# (with the dates for 1997-1998 no longer being relevant) can be viewed at:
+#
+# ftp://ftp.cs.huji.ac.il/pub/tz/announcements/1996-1998.ramon.ps.gz
+#
+# The dates for 1997-1998 were altered by his successor, Rabbi Eli Suissa.
+#
+# The official announcements for the years 1997-1999 can be viewed at:
+#
+# ftp://ftp.cs.huji.ac.il/pub/tz/announcements/YYYY.ps.gz
+#
+# where YYYY is the relevant year.
+
+# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
+Rule Zion 1996 only - Mar 15 0:00 1:00 D
+Rule Zion 1996 only - Sep 16 0:00 0 S
+Rule Zion 1997 only - Mar 21 0:00 1:00 D
+Rule Zion 1997 only - Sep 14 0:00 0 S
+Rule Zion 1998 only - Mar 20 0:00 1:00 D
+Rule Zion 1998 only - Sep 6 0:00 0 S
+Rule Zion 1999 only - Apr 2 2:00 1:00 D
+Rule Zion 1999 only - Sep 3 2:00 0 S
+
+# The Knesset Interior Committee has changed the dates for 2000 for
+# the third time in just over a year and have set new dates for the
+# years 2001-2004 as well.
+#
+# The official announcement for the start date of 2000 can be viewed at:
+#
+# ftp://ftp.cs.huji.ac.il/pub/tz/announcements/2000-start.ps.gz
+#
+# The official announcement for the end date of 2000 and the dates
+# for the years 2001-2004 can be viewed at:
+#
+# ftp://ftp.cs.huji.ac.il/pub/tz/announcements/2000-2004.ps.gz
+
+# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
+Rule Zion 2000 only - Apr 14 2:00 1:00 D
+Rule Zion 2000 only - Oct 6 1:00 0 S
+Rule Zion 2001 only - Apr 9 1:00 1:00 D
+Rule Zion 2001 only - Sep 24 1:00 0 S
+Rule Zion 2002 only - Mar 29 1:00 1:00 D
+Rule Zion 2002 only - Oct 7 1:00 0 S
+Rule Zion 2003 only - Mar 28 1:00 1:00 D
+Rule Zion 2003 only - Oct 3 1:00 0 S
+Rule Zion 2004 only - Apr 7 1:00 1:00 D
+Rule Zion 2004 only - Sep 22 1:00 0 S
+
+# The proposed law agreed upon by the Knesset Interior Committee on
+# 2005-02-14 is that, for 2005 and beyond, DST starts at 02:00 the
+# last Friday before April 2nd (i.e. the last Friday in March or April
+# 1st itself if it falls on a Friday) and ends at 02:00 on the Saturday
+# night _before_ the fast of Yom Kippur.
+#
+# Those who can read Hebrew can view the announcement at:
+#
+# ftp://ftp.cs.huji.ac.il/pub/tz/announcements/2005+beyond.ps
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2012-10-26):
+# I used Ephraim Silverberg's dst-israel.el program
+# <ftp://ftp.cs.huji.ac.il/pub/tz/software/dst-israel.el> (2005-02-20)
+# along with Ed Reingold's cal-hebrew in GNU Emacs 21.4,
+# to generate the transitions from 2005 through 2012.
+# (I replaced "lastFri" with "Fri>=26" by hand.)
+# The spring transitions all correspond to the following Rule:
+#
+# Rule Zion 2005 2012 - Mar Fri>=26 2:00 1:00 D
+#
+# but older zic implementations (e.g., Solaris 8) do not support
+# "Fri>=26" to mean April 1 in years like 2005, so for now we list the
+# springtime transitions explicitly.
+
+# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
+Rule Zion 2005 only - Apr 1 2:00 1:00 D
+Rule Zion 2005 only - Oct 9 2:00 0 S
+Rule Zion 2006 2010 - Mar Fri>=26 2:00 1:00 D
+Rule Zion 2006 only - Oct 1 2:00 0 S
+Rule Zion 2007 only - Sep 16 2:00 0 S
+Rule Zion 2008 only - Oct 5 2:00 0 S
+Rule Zion 2009 only - Sep 27 2:00 0 S
+Rule Zion 2010 only - Sep 12 2:00 0 S
+Rule Zion 2011 only - Apr 1 2:00 1:00 D
+Rule Zion 2011 only - Oct 2 2:00 0 S
+Rule Zion 2012 only - Mar Fri>=26 2:00 1:00 D
+Rule Zion 2012 only - Sep 23 2:00 0 S
+
+# From Ephraim Silverberg (2013-06-27):
+# On June 23, 2013, the Israeli government approved changes to the
+# Time Decree Law. The next day, the changes passed the First Reading
+# in the Knesset. The law is expected to pass the Second and Third
+# (final) Readings by the beginning of September 2013.
+#
+# As of 2013, DST starts at 02:00 on the Friday before the last Sunday
+# in March. DST ends at 02:00 on the last Sunday of October.
+
+# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
+Rule Zion 2013 max - Mar Fri>=23 2:00 1:00 D
+Rule Zion 2013 max - Oct lastSun 2:00 0 S
+
+# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
+Zone Asia/Jerusalem 2:20:54 - LMT 1880
+ 2:20:40 - JMT 1918 # Jerusalem Mean Time?
+ 2:00 Zion I%sT
+
+
+
+###############################################################################
+
+# Japan
+
+# '9:00' and 'JST' is from Guy Harris.
+
+# From Paul Eggert (1995-03-06):
+# Today's _Asahi Evening News_ (page 4) reports that Japan had
+# daylight saving between 1948 and 1951, but "the system was discontinued
+# because the public believed it would lead to longer working hours."
+
+# From Mayumi Negishi in the 2005-08-10 Japan Times:
+# http://www.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/getarticle.pl5?nn20050810f2.htm
+# Occupation authorities imposed daylight-saving time on Japan on
+# [1948-05-01].... But lack of prior debate and the execution of
+# daylight-saving time just three days after the bill was passed generated
+# deep hatred of the concept.... The Diet unceremoniously passed a bill to
+# dump the unpopular system in October 1951, less than a month after the San
+# Francisco Peace Treaty was signed. (A government poll in 1951 showed 53%
+# of the Japanese wanted to scrap daylight-saving time, as opposed to 30% who
+# wanted to keep it.)
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
+# Shanks & Pottenger write that DST in Japan during those years was as follows:
+# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
+Rule Japan 1948 only - May Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 D
+Rule Japan 1948 1951 - Sep Sat>=8 2:00 0 S
+Rule Japan 1949 only - Apr Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 D
+Rule Japan 1950 1951 - May Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 D
+# but the only locations using it (for birth certificates, presumably, since
+# their audience is astrologers) were US military bases. For now, assume
+# that for most purposes daylight-saving time was observed; otherwise, what
+# would have been the point of the 1951 poll?
+
+# From Hideyuki Suzuki (1998-11-09):
+# 'Tokyo' usually stands for the former location of Tokyo Astronomical
+# Observatory: 139 degrees 44' 40.90" E (9h 18m 58.727s),
+# 35 degrees 39' 16.0" N.
+# This data is from 'Rika Nenpyou (Chronological Scientific Tables) 1996'
+# edited by National Astronomical Observatory of Japan....
+# JST (Japan Standard Time) has been used since 1888-01-01 00:00 (JST).
+# The law is enacted on 1886-07-07.
+
+# From Hideyuki Suzuki (1998-11-16):
+# The ordinance No. 51 (1886) established "standard time" in Japan,
+# which stands for the time on 135 degrees E.
+# In the ordinance No. 167 (1895), "standard time" was renamed to "central
+# standard time". And the same ordinance also established "western standard
+# time", which stands for the time on 120 degrees E.... But "western standard
+# time" was abolished in the ordinance No. 529 (1937). In the ordinance No.
+# 167, there is no mention regarding for what place western standard time is
+# standard....
+#
+# I wrote "ordinance" above, but I don't know how to translate.
+# In Japanese it's "chokurei", which means ordinance from emperor.
+
+# From Yu-Cheng Chuang (2013-07-12):
+# ...the Meiji Emperor announced Ordinance No. 167 of Meiji Year 28 "The clause
+# about standard time" ... The adoption began from Jan 1, 1896.
+# http://ja.wikisource.org/wiki/標準時ニ關スル件_(公布時)
+#
+# ...the Showa Emperor announced Ordinance No. 529 of Showa Year 12 ... which
+# means the whole Japan territory, including later occupations, adopt Japan
+# Central Time (UTC+9). The adoption began on Oct 1, 1937.
+# http://ja.wikisource.org/wiki/明治二十八年勅令第百六十七號標準時ニ關スル件中改正ノ件
+
+# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
+Zone Asia/Tokyo 9:18:59 - LMT 1887 Dec 31 15:00u
+ 9:00 Japan J%sT
+# Since 1938, all Japanese possessions have been like Asia/Tokyo.
+
+# Jordan
+#
+# From <http://star.arabia.com/990701/JO9.html>
+# Jordan Week (1999-07-01) via Steffen Thorsen (1999-09-09):
+# Clocks in Jordan were forwarded one hour on Wednesday at midnight,
+# in accordance with the government's decision to implement summer time
+# all year round.
+#
+# From <http://star.arabia.com/990930/JO9.html>
+# Jordan Week (1999-09-30) via Steffen Thorsen (1999-11-09):
+# Winter time starts today Thursday, 30 September. Clocks will be turned back
+# by one hour. This is the latest government decision and it's final!
+# The decision was taken because of the increase in working hours in
+# government's departments from six to seven hours.
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2005-11-22):
+# Starting 2003 transitions are from Steffen Thorsen's web site timeanddate.com.
+#
+# From Steffen Thorsen (2005-11-23):
+# For Jordan I have received multiple independent user reports every year
+# about DST end dates, as the end-rule is different every year.
+#
+# From Steffen Thorsen (2006-10-01), after a heads-up from Hilal Malawi:
+# http://www.petranews.gov.jo/nepras/2006/Sep/05/4000.htm
+# "Jordan will switch to winter time on Friday, October 27".
+#
+
+# From Steffen Thorsen (2009-04-02):
+# This single one might be good enough, (2009-03-24, Arabic):
+# http://petra.gov.jo/Artical.aspx?Lng=2&Section=8&Artical=95279
+#
+# Google's translation:
+#
+# > The Council of Ministers decided in 2002 to adopt the principle of timely
+# > submission of the summer at 60 minutes as of midnight on the last Thursday
+# > of the month of March of each year.
+#
+# So - this means the midnight between Thursday and Friday since 2002.
+
+# From Arthur David Olson (2009-04-06):
+# We still have Jordan switching to DST on Thursdays in 2000 and 2001.
+
+# From Steffen Thorsen (2012-10-25):
+# Yesterday the government in Jordan announced that they will not
+# switch back to standard time this winter, so the will stay on DST
+# until about the same time next year (at least).
+# http://www.petra.gov.jo/Public_News/Nws_NewsDetails.aspx?NewsID=88950
+
+# From Steffen Thorsen (2013-12-11):
+# Jordan Times and other sources say that Jordan is going back to
+# UTC+2 on 2013-12-19 at midnight:
+# http://jordantimes.com/govt-decides-to-switch-back-to-wintertime
+# Official, in Arabic:
+# http://www.petra.gov.jo/public_news/Nws_NewsDetails.aspx?Menu_ID=&Site_Id=2&lang=1&NewsID=133230&CatID=14
+# ... Our background/permalink about it
+# http://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/jordan-reverses-dst-decision.html
+# ...
+# http://www.petra.gov.jo/Public_News/Nws_NewsDetails.aspx?lang=2&site_id=1&NewsID=133313&Type=P
+# ... says midnight for the coming one and 1:00 for the ones in the future
+# (and they will use DST again next year, using the normal schedule).
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2013-12-11):
+# As Steffen suggested, consider the past 21-month experiment to be DST.
+
+# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
+Rule Jordan 1973 only - Jun 6 0:00 1:00 S
+Rule Jordan 1973 1975 - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
+Rule Jordan 1974 1977 - May 1 0:00 1:00 S
+Rule Jordan 1976 only - Nov 1 0:00 0 -
+Rule Jordan 1977 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
+Rule Jordan 1978 only - Apr 30 0:00 1:00 S
+Rule Jordan 1978 only - Sep 30 0:00 0 -
+Rule Jordan 1985 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S
+Rule Jordan 1985 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
+Rule Jordan 1986 1988 - Apr Fri>=1 0:00 1:00 S
+Rule Jordan 1986 1990 - Oct Fri>=1 0:00 0 -
+Rule Jordan 1989 only - May 8 0:00 1:00 S
+Rule Jordan 1990 only - Apr 27 0:00 1:00 S
+Rule Jordan 1991 only - Apr 17 0:00 1:00 S
+Rule Jordan 1991 only - Sep 27 0:00 0 -
+Rule Jordan 1992 only - Apr 10 0:00 1:00 S
+Rule Jordan 1992 1993 - Oct Fri>=1 0:00 0 -
+Rule Jordan 1993 1998 - Apr Fri>=1 0:00 1:00 S
+Rule Jordan 1994 only - Sep Fri>=15 0:00 0 -
+Rule Jordan 1995 1998 - Sep Fri>=15 0:00s 0 -
+Rule Jordan 1999 only - Jul 1 0:00s 1:00 S
+Rule Jordan 1999 2002 - Sep lastFri 0:00s 0 -
+Rule Jordan 2000 2001 - Mar lastThu 0:00s 1:00 S
+Rule Jordan 2002 2012 - Mar lastThu 24:00 1:00 S
+Rule Jordan 2003 only - Oct 24 0:00s 0 -
+Rule Jordan 2004 only - Oct 15 0:00s 0 -
+Rule Jordan 2005 only - Sep lastFri 0:00s 0 -
+Rule Jordan 2006 2011 - Oct lastFri 0:00s 0 -
+Rule Jordan 2013 only - Dec 20 0:00 0 -
+Rule Jordan 2014 max - Mar lastThu 24:00 1:00 S
+Rule Jordan 2014 max - Oct lastFri 0:00s 0 -
+# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
+Zone Asia/Amman 2:23:44 - LMT 1931
+ 2:00 Jordan EE%sT
+
+
+# Kazakhstan
+
+# From Kazakhstan Embassy's News Bulletin No. 11
+# <http://www.kazsociety.org.uk/news/2005/03/30.htm> (2005-03-21):
+# The Government of Kazakhstan passed a resolution March 15 abolishing
+# daylight saving time citing lack of economic benefits and health
+# complications coupled with a decrease in productivity.
+#
+# From Branislav Kojic (in Astana) via Gwillim Law (2005-06-28):
+# ... what happened was that the former Kazakhstan Eastern time zone
+# was "blended" with the Central zone. Therefore, Kazakhstan now has
+# two time zones, and difference between them is one hour. The zone
+# closer to UTC is the former Western zone (probably still called the
+# same), encompassing four provinces in the west: Aqtöbe, Atyraū,
+# Mangghystaū, and West Kazakhstan. The other zone encompasses
+# everything else.... I guess that would make Kazakhstan time zones
+# de jure UTC+5 and UTC+6 respectively.
+
+# From Stepan Golosunov (2016-03-27):
+# Review of the linked documents from http://adilet.zan.kz/
+# produced the following data for post-1991 Kazakhstan:
+#
+# 0. Act of the Cabinet of Ministers of the USSR
+# from 1991-02-04 No. 20
+# http://pravo.gov.ru/proxy/ips/?docbody=&nd=102010545
+# removed the extra hour ("decree time") on the territory of the USSR
+# starting with the last Sunday of March 1991.
+# It also allowed (but not mandated) Kazakh SSR, Kirghiz SSR, Tajik SSR,
+# Turkmen SSR and Uzbek SSR to not have "summer" time.
+#
+# The 1992-01-13 act also refers to the act of the Cabinet of Ministers
+# of the Kazakh SSR from 1991-03-20 No. 170 "About the act of the Cabinet
+# of Ministers of the USSR from 1991-02-04 No. 20" but I didn't found its
+# text.
+#
+# According to Izvestia newspaper No. 68 (23334) from 1991-03-20
+# (page 6; available at http://libinfo.org/newsr/newsr2574.djvu via
+# http://libinfo.org/index.php?id=58564) on 1991-03-31 at 2:00 during
+# transition to "summer" time:
+# Republic of Georgia, Latvian SSR, Lithuanian SSR, SSR Moldova,
+# Estonian SSR; Komi ASSR; Kaliningrad oblast; Nenets autonomous okrug
+# were to move clocks 1 hour forward.
+# Kazakh SSR (excluding Uralsk oblast); Republic of Kyrgyzstan, Tajik
+# SSR; Andijan, Jizzakh, Namangan, Sirdarya, Tashkent, Fergana oblasts
+# of the Uzbek SSR were to move clocks 1 hour backwards.
+# Other territories were to not move clocks.
+# When the "summer" time would end on 1991-09-29, clocks were to be
+# moved 1 hour backwards on the territory of the USSR excluding
+# Kazakhstan, Kirghizia, Uzbekistan, Turkmenia, Tajikistan.
+#
+# Apparently there were last minute changes. Apparently Kazakh act No. 170
+# was one of such changes.
+#
+# https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Декретное время
+# claims that Sovetskaya Rossiya newspaper on 1991-03-29 published that
+# Nenets autonomous okrug, Komi and Kazakhstan (excluding Uralsk oblast)
+# were to not move clocks and Uralsk oblast was to move clocks
+# forward; on 1991-09-29 Kazakhstan was to move clocks backwards.
+# (Probably there were changes even after that publication. There is an
+# article claiming that Kaliningrad oblast decided on 1991-03-29 to not
+# move clocks.)
+#
+# This implies that on 1991-03-31 Asia/Oral remained on +04/+05 while
+# the rest of Kazakhstan switched from +06/+07 to +05/06 or from +05/06
+# to +04/+05. It's unclear how Qyzylorda oblast moved into the fifth
+# time belt. (By switching from +04/+05 to +05/+06 on 1991-09-29?) ...
+#
+# 1. Act of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Kazakhstan
+# from 1992-01-13 No. 28
+# http://adilet.zan.kz/rus/docs/P920000028_
+# (text includes modification from the 1996 act)
+# introduced new rules for calculation of time, mirroring Russian
+# 1992-01-08 act. It specified that time would be calculated
+# according to time belts plus extra hour ("decree time"), moved clocks
+# on the whole territory of Kazakhstan 1 hour forward on 1992-01-19 at
+# 2:00, specified DST rules. It acknowledged that Kazakhstan was
+# located in the fourth and the fifth time belts and specified the
+# border between them to be located east of Qostanay and Aktyubinsk
+# oblasts (notably including Turgai and Qyzylorda oblasts into the fifth
+# time belt).
+#
+# This means switch on 1992-01-19 at 2:00 from +04/+05 to +05/+06 for
+# Asia/Aqtau, Asia/Aqtobe, Asia/Oral, Atyraū and Qostanay oblasts; from
+# +05/+06 to +06/+07 for Asia/Almaty and Asia/Qyzylorda (and Arkalyk)....
+#
+# 2. Act of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Kazakhstan
+# from 1992-03-27 No. 284
+# http://adilet.zan.kz/rus/docs/P920000284_
+# cancels extra hour ("decree time") for Uralsk and Qyzylorda oblasts
+# since the last Sunday of March 1992, while keeping them in the fourth
+# and the fifth time belts respectively.
+#
+# 3. Order of the Prime Minister of the Republic of Kazakhstan
+# from 1994-09-23 No. 384
+# http://adilet.zan.kz/rus/docs/R940000384_
+# cancels the extra hour ("decree time") on the territory of Mangghystaū
+# oblast since the last Sunday of September 1994 (saying that time on
+# the territory would correspond to the third time belt as a
+# result)....
+#
+# 4. Act of the Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan
+# from 1996-05-08 No. 575
+# http://adilet.zan.kz/rus/docs/P960000575_
+# amends the 1992-01-13 act to end summer time in October instead
+# of September, mirroring identical Russian change from 1996-04-23 act.
+#
+# 5. Act of the Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan
+# from 1999-03-26 No. 305
+# http://adilet.zan.kz/rus/docs/P990000305_
+# cancels the extra hour ("decree time") for Atyraū oblast since the
+# last Sunday of March 1999 while retaining the oblast in the fourth
+# time belt.
+#
+# This means change from +05/+06 to +04/+05....
+#
+# 6. Act of the Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan
+# from 2000-11-23 No. 1749
+# http://adilet.zan.kz/rus/archive/docs/P000001749_/23.11.2000
+# replaces the previous five documents.
+#
+# The only changes I noticed are in definition of the border between the
+# fourth and the fifth time belts. They account for changes in spelling
+# and administrative division (splitting of Turgai oblast in 1997
+# probably changed time in territories incorporated into Qostanay oblast
+# (including Arkalyk) from +06/+07 to +05/+06) and move Qyzylorda oblast
+# from being in the fifth time belt and not using decree time into the
+# fourth time belt (no change in practice).
+#
+# 7. Act of the Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan
+# from 2003-12-29 No. 1342
+# http://adilet.zan.kz/rus/docs/P030001342_
+# modified the 2000-11-23 act. No relevant changes, apparently.
+#
+# 8. Act of the Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan
+# from 2004-07-20 No. 775
+# http://adilet.zan.kz/rus/archive/docs/P040000775_/20.07.2004
+# modified the 2000-11-23 act to move Qostanay and Qyzylorda oblasts into
+# the fifth time belt and add Aktobe oblast to the list of regions not
+# using extra hour ("decree time"), leaving Kazakhstan with only 2 time
+# zones (+04/+05 and +06/+07). The changes were to be implemented
+# during DST transitions in 2004 and 2005 but the acts got radically
+# amended before implementation happened.
+#
+# 9. Act of the Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan
+# from 2004-09-15 No. 1059
+# http://adilet.zan.kz/rus/docs/P040001059_
+# modified the 2000-11-23 act to remove exceptions from the "decree time"
+# (leaving Kazakhstan in +05/+06 and +06/+07 zones), amended the
+# 2004-07-20 act to implement changes for Atyraū, West Kazakhstan,
+# Qostanay, Qyzylorda and Mangghystaū oblasts by not moving clocks
+# during the 2004 transition to "winter" time.
+#
+# This means transition from +04/+05 to +05/+06 for Atyraū oblast (no
+# zone currently), Asia/Oral, Asia/Aqtau and transition from +05/+06 to
+# +06/+07 for Qostanay oblast (Qostanay and Arkalyk, no zones currently)
+# and Asia/Qyzylorda on 2004-10-31 at 3:00....
+#
+# 10. Act of the Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan
+# from 2005-03-15 No. 231
+# http://adilet.zan.kz/rus/docs/P050000231_
+# removes DST provisions from the 2000-11-23 act, removes most of the
+# (already implemented) provisions from the 2004-07-20 and 2004-09-15
+# acts, comes into effect 10 days after official publication.
+# The only practical effect seems to be the abolition of the summer
+# time.
+#
+# Unamended version of the act of the Government of the Russian Federation
+# No. 23 from 1992-01-08 [See 'europe' file for details].
+# Kazakh 1992-01-13 act appears to provide the same rules and 1992-03-27
+# act was to be enacted on the last Sunday of March 1992.
+
+# From Stepan Golosunov (2016-11-08):
+# Turgai reorganization should affect only southern part of Qostanay
+# oblast. Which should probably be separated into Asia/Arkalyk zone.
+# (There were also 1970, 1988 and 1990 Turgai oblast reorganizations
+# according to wikipedia.)
+#
+# [For Qostanay] http://www.ng.kz/gazeta/195/hranit/
+# suggests that clocks were to be moved 40 minutes backwards on
+# 1920-01-01 to the fourth time belt. But I do not understand
+# how that could happen....
+#
+# [For Atyrau and Oral] 1919 decree
+# (http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_russia-1919-02-08.html
+# and in Byalokoz) lists Ural river (plus 10 versts on its left bank) in
+# the third time belt (before 1930 this means +03).
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2016-12-06):
+# The tables below reflect Golosunov's remarks, with exceptions as noted.
+
+# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
+#
+# Almaty (formerly Alma-Ata), representing most locations in Kazakhstan
+# This includes KZ-AKM, KZ-ALA, KZ-ALM, KZ-AST, KZ-BAY, KZ-VOS, KZ-ZHA,
+# KZ-KAR, KZ-SEV, KZ-PAV, and KZ-YUZ.
+Zone Asia/Almaty 5:07:48 - LMT 1924 May 2 # or Alma-Ata
+ 5:00 - +05 1930 Jun 21
+ 6:00 RussiaAsia +06/+07 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
+ 5:00 RussiaAsia +05/+06 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
+ 6:00 RussiaAsia +06/+07 2004 Oct 31 2:00s
+ 6:00 - +06
+# Qyzylorda (aka Kyzylorda, Kizilorda, Kzyl-Orda, etc.) (KZ-KZY)
+# This currently includes Qostanay (aka Kostanay, Kustanay) (KZ-KUS);
+# see comments below.
+Zone Asia/Qyzylorda 4:21:52 - LMT 1924 May 2
+ 4:00 - +04 1930 Jun 21
+ 5:00 - +05 1981 Apr 1
+ 5:00 1:00 +06 1981 Oct 1
+ 6:00 - +06 1982 Apr 1
+ 5:00 RussiaAsia +05/+06 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
+ 4:00 RussiaAsia +04/+05 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
+ 5:00 RussiaAsia +05/+06 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
+ 6:00 RussiaAsia +06/+07 1992 Mar 29 2:00s
+ 5:00 RussiaAsia +05/+06 2004 Oct 31 2:00s
+ 6:00 - +06
+# The following zone is like Asia/Qyzylorda except for being one
+# hour earlier from 1991-09-29 to 1992-03-29. The 1991/2 rules for
+# Qostanay are unclear partly because of the 1997 Turgai
+# reorganization, so this zone is commented out for now.
+#Zone Asia/Qostanay 4:14:20 - LMT 1924 May 2
+# 4:00 - +04 1930 Jun 21
+# 5:00 - +05 1981 Apr 1
+# 5:00 1:00 +06 1981 Oct 1
+# 6:00 - +06 1982 Apr 1
+# 5:00 RussiaAsia +05/+06 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
+# 4:00 RussiaAsia +04/+05 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
+# 5:00 RussiaAsia +05/+06 2004 Oct 31 2:00s
+# 6:00 - +06
+#
+# Aqtöbe (aka Aktobe, formerly Aktyubinsk) (KZ-AKT)
+Zone Asia/Aqtobe 3:48:40 - LMT 1924 May 2
+ 4:00 - +04 1930 Jun 21
+ 5:00 - +05 1981 Apr 1
+ 5:00 1:00 +06 1981 Oct 1
+ 6:00 - +06 1982 Apr 1
+ 5:00 RussiaAsia +05/+06 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
+ 4:00 RussiaAsia +04/+05 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
+ 5:00 RussiaAsia +05/+06 2004 Oct 31 2:00s
+ 5:00 - +05
+# Mangghystaū (KZ-MAN)
+# Aqtau was not founded until 1963, but it represents an inhabited region,
+# so include time stamps before 1963.
+Zone Asia/Aqtau 3:21:04 - LMT 1924 May 2
+ 4:00 - +04 1930 Jun 21
+ 5:00 - +05 1981 Oct 1
+ 6:00 - +06 1982 Apr 1
+ 5:00 RussiaAsia +05/+06 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
+ 4:00 RussiaAsia +04/+05 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
+ 5:00 RussiaAsia +05/+06 1994 Sep 25 2:00s
+ 4:00 RussiaAsia +04/+05 2004 Oct 31 2:00s
+ 5:00 - +05
+# Atyraū (KZ-ATY) is like Mangghystaū except it switched from
+# +04/+05 to +05/+06 in spring 1999, not fall 1994.
+Zone Asia/Atyrau 3:27:44 - LMT 1924 May 2
+ 3:00 - +03 1930 Jun 21
+ 5:00 - +05 1981 Oct 1
+ 6:00 - +06 1982 Apr 1
+ 5:00 RussiaAsia +05/+06 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
+ 4:00 RussiaAsia +04/+05 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
+ 5:00 RussiaAsia +05/+06 1999 Mar 28 2:00s
+ 4:00 RussiaAsia +04/+05 2004 Oct 31 2:00s
+ 5:00 - +05
+# West Kazakhstan (KZ-ZAP)
+# From Paul Eggert (2016-03-18):
+# The 1989 transition is from USSR act No. 227 (1989-03-14).
+Zone Asia/Oral 3:25:24 - LMT 1924 May 2 # or Ural'sk
+ 3:00 - +03 1930 Jun 21
+ 5:00 - +05 1981 Apr 1
+ 5:00 1:00 +06 1981 Oct 1
+ 6:00 - +06 1982 Apr 1
+ 5:00 RussiaAsia +05/+06 1989 Mar 26 2:00s
+ 4:00 RussiaAsia +04/+05 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
+ 5:00 RussiaAsia +05/+06 1992 Mar 29 2:00s
+ 4:00 RussiaAsia +04/+05 2004 Oct 31 2:00s
+ 5:00 - +05
+
+# Kyrgyzstan (Kirgizstan)
+# Transitions through 1991 are from Shanks & Pottenger.
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2005-08-15):
+# According to an article dated today in the Kyrgyzstan Development Gateway
+# http://eng.gateway.kg/cgi-bin/page.pl?id=1&story_name=doc9979.shtml
+# Kyrgyzstan is canceling the daylight saving time system. I take the article
+# to mean that they will leave their clocks at 6 hours ahead of UTC.
+# From Malik Abdugaliev (2005-09-21):
+# Our government cancels daylight saving time 6th of August 2005.
+# From 2005-08-12 our GMT-offset is +6, w/o any daylight saving.
+
+# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
+Rule Kyrgyz 1992 1996 - Apr Sun>=7 0:00s 1:00 S
+Rule Kyrgyz 1992 1996 - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
+Rule Kyrgyz 1997 2005 - Mar lastSun 2:30 1:00 S
+Rule Kyrgyz 1997 2004 - Oct lastSun 2:30 0 -
+# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
+Zone Asia/Bishkek 4:58:24 - LMT 1924 May 2
+ 5:00 - +05 1930 Jun 21
+ 6:00 RussiaAsia +06/+07 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
+ 5:00 RussiaAsia +05/+06 1991 Aug 31 2:00
+ 5:00 Kyrgyz +05/+06 2005 Aug 12
+ 6:00 - +06
+
+###############################################################################
+
+# Korea (North and South)
+
+# From Annie I. Bang (2006-07-10):
+# http://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=200607100012
+# Korea ran a daylight saving program from 1949-61 but stopped it
+# during the 1950-53 Korean War. The system was temporarily enforced
+# between 1987 and 1988 ...
+
+# From Sanghyuk Jung (2014-10-29):
+# http://mm.icann.org/pipermail/tz/2014-October/021830.html
+# According to the Korean Wikipedia
+# http://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/한국_표준시
+# [oldid=12896437 2014-09-04 08:03 UTC]
+# DST in Republic of Korea was as follows.... And I checked old
+# newspapers in Korean, all articles correspond with data in Wikipedia.
+# For example, the article in 1948 (Korean Language) proved that DST
+# started at June 1 in that year. For another example, the article in
+# 1988 said that DST started at 2:00 AM in that year.
+
+# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
+Rule ROK 1948 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 D
+Rule ROK 1948 only - Sep 13 0:00 0 S
+Rule ROK 1949 only - Apr 3 0:00 1:00 D
+Rule ROK 1949 1951 - Sep Sun>=8 0:00 0 S
+Rule ROK 1950 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 D
+Rule ROK 1951 only - May 6 0:00 1:00 D
+Rule ROK 1955 only - May 5 0:00 1:00 D
+Rule ROK 1955 only - Sep 9 0:00 0 S
+Rule ROK 1956 only - May 20 0:00 1:00 D
+Rule ROK 1956 only - Sep 30 0:00 0 S
+Rule ROK 1957 1960 - May Sun>=1 0:00 1:00 D
+Rule ROK 1957 1960 - Sep Sun>=18 0:00 0 S
+Rule ROK 1987 1988 - May Sun>=8 2:00 1:00 D
+Rule ROK 1987 1988 - Oct Sun>=8 3:00 0 S
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2016-08-23):
+# The Korean Wikipedia entry gives the following sources for UT offsets:
+#
+# 1908: Official Journal Article No. 3994 (decree No. 5)
+# 1912: Governor-General of Korea Official Gazette Issue No. 367
+# (Announcement No. 338)
+# 1954: Presidential Decree No. 876 (1954-03-17)
+# 1961: Law No. 676 (1961-08-07)
+#
+# (Another source "1987: Law No. 3919 (1986-12-31)" was in the 2014-10-30
+# edition of the Korean Wikipedia entry.)
+#
+# I guessed that time zone abbreviations through 1945 followed the same
+# rules as discussed under Taiwan, with nominal switches from JST to KST
+# when the respective cities were taken over by the Allies after WWII.
+#
+# For Pyongyang, guess no changes from World War II until 2015, as we
+# have no information otherwise.
+
+# From Steffen Thorsen (2015-08-07):
+# According to many news sources, North Korea is going to change to
+# the 8:30 time zone on August 15, one example:
+# http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-33815049
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2015-08-15):
+# Bells rang out midnight (00:00) Friday as part of the celebrations. See:
+# Talmadge E. North Korea celebrates new time zone, 'Pyongyang Time'
+# http://news.yahoo.com/north-korea-celebrates-time-zone-pyongyang-time-164038128.html
+# There is no common English-language abbreviation for this time zone.
+# Use KST, as that's what we already use for 1954-1961 in ROK.
+
+# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
+Zone Asia/Seoul 8:27:52 - LMT 1908 Apr 1
+ 8:30 - KST 1912 Jan 1
+ 9:00 - JST 1945 Sep 8
+ 9:00 - KST 1954 Mar 21
+ 8:30 ROK K%sT 1961 Aug 10
+ 9:00 ROK K%sT
+Zone Asia/Pyongyang 8:23:00 - LMT 1908 Apr 1
+ 8:30 - KST 1912 Jan 1
+ 9:00 - JST 1945 Aug 24
+ 9:00 - KST 2015 Aug 15 00:00
+ 8:30 - KST
+
+###############################################################################
+
+# Kuwait
+# See Asia/Riyadh.
+
+# Laos
+# See Asia/Bangkok.
+
+
+# Lebanon
+# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
+Rule Lebanon 1920 only - Mar 28 0:00 1:00 S
+Rule Lebanon 1920 only - Oct 25 0:00 0 -
+Rule Lebanon 1921 only - Apr 3 0:00 1:00 S
+Rule Lebanon 1921 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 -
+Rule Lebanon 1922 only - Mar 26 0:00 1:00 S
+Rule Lebanon 1922 only - Oct 8 0:00 0 -
+Rule Lebanon 1923 only - Apr 22 0:00 1:00 S
+Rule Lebanon 1923 only - Sep 16 0:00 0 -
+Rule Lebanon 1957 1961 - May 1 0:00 1:00 S
+Rule Lebanon 1957 1961 - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
+Rule Lebanon 1972 only - Jun 22 0:00 1:00 S
+Rule Lebanon 1972 1977 - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
+Rule Lebanon 1973 1977 - May 1 0:00 1:00 S
+Rule Lebanon 1978 only - Apr 30 0:00 1:00 S
+Rule Lebanon 1978 only - Sep 30 0:00 0 -
+Rule Lebanon 1984 1987 - May 1 0:00 1:00 S
+Rule Lebanon 1984 1991 - Oct 16 0:00 0 -
+Rule Lebanon 1988 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 S
+Rule Lebanon 1989 only - May 10 0:00 1:00 S
+Rule Lebanon 1990 1992 - May 1 0:00 1:00 S
+Rule Lebanon 1992 only - Oct 4 0:00 0 -
+Rule Lebanon 1993 max - Mar lastSun 0:00 1:00 S
+Rule Lebanon 1993 1998 - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
+Rule Lebanon 1999 max - Oct lastSun 0:00 0 -
+# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
+Zone Asia/Beirut 2:22:00 - LMT 1880
+ 2:00 Lebanon EE%sT
+
+# Malaysia
+# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
+Rule NBorneo 1935 1941 - Sep 14 0:00 0:20 TS # one-Third Summer
+Rule NBorneo 1935 1941 - Dec 14 0:00 0 -
+#
+# peninsular Malaysia
+# taken from Mok Ly Yng (2003-10-30)
+# http://www.math.nus.edu.sg/aslaksen/teaching/timezone.html
+# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
+Zone Asia/Kuala_Lumpur 6:46:46 - LMT 1901 Jan 1
+ 6:55:25 - SMT 1905 Jun 1 # Singapore M.T.
+ 7:00 - +07 1933 Jan 1
+ 7:00 0:20 +0720 1936 Jan 1
+ 7:20 - +0720 1941 Sep 1
+ 7:30 - +0730 1942 Feb 16
+ 9:00 - +09 1945 Sep 12
+ 7:30 - +0730 1982 Jan 1
+ 8:00 - +08
+# Sabah & Sarawak
+# From Paul Eggert (2014-08-12):
+# The data entries here are mostly from Shanks & Pottenger, but the 1942, 1945
+# and 1982 transition dates are from Mok Ly Yng.
+# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
+Zone Asia/Kuching 7:21:20 - LMT 1926 Mar
+ 7:30 - +0730 1933
+ 8:00 NBorneo +08/+0820 1942 Feb 16
+ 9:00 - +09 1945 Sep 12
+ 8:00 - +08
+
+# Maldives
+# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
+Zone Indian/Maldives 4:54:00 - LMT 1880 # Male
+ 4:54:00 - MMT 1960 # Male Mean Time
+ 5:00 - +05
+
+# Mongolia
+
+# Shanks & Pottenger say that Mongolia has three time zones, but
+# The USNO (1995-12-21) and the CIA map Standard Time Zones of the World
+# (2005-03) both say that it has just one.
+
+# From Oscar van Vlijmen (1999-12-11):
+# General Information Mongolia
+# <http://www.mongoliatourism.gov.mn/general.htm> (1999-09)
+# "Time: Mongolia has two time zones. Three westernmost provinces of
+# Bayan-Ölgii, Uvs, and Hovd are one hour earlier than the capital city, and
+# the rest of the country follows the Ulaanbaatar time, which is UTC/GMT plus
+# eight hours."
+
+# From Rives McDow (1999-12-13):
+# Mongolia discontinued the use of daylight savings time in 1999; 1998
+# being the last year it was implemented. The dates of implementation I am
+# unsure of, but most probably it was similar to Russia, except for the time
+# of implementation may have been different....
+# Some maps in the past have indicated that there was an additional time
+# zone in the eastern part of Mongolia, including the provinces of Dornod,
+# Sükhbaatar, and possibly Khentii.
+
+# From Paul Eggert (1999-12-15):
+# Naming and spelling is tricky in Mongolia.
+# We'll use Hovd (also spelled Chovd and Khovd) to represent the west zone;
+# the capital of the Hovd province is sometimes called Hovd, sometimes Dund-Us,
+# and sometimes Jirgalanta (with variant spellings), but the name Hovd
+# is good enough for our purposes.
+
+# From Rives McDow (2001-05-13):
+# In addition to Mongolia starting daylight savings as reported earlier
+# (adopted DST on 2001-04-27 02:00 local time, ending 2001-09-28),
+# there are three time zones.
+#
+# Provinces [at 7:00]: Bayan-Ölgii, Uvs, Khovd, Zavkhan, Govi-Altai
+# Provinces [at 8:00]: Khövsgöl, Bulgan, Arkhangai, Khentii, Töv,
+# Bayankhongor, Övörkhangai, Dundgovi, Dornogovi, Ömnögovi
+# Provinces [at 9:00]: Dornod, Sükhbaatar
+#
+# [The province of Selenge is omitted from the above lists.]
+
+# From Ganbold Ts., Ulaanbaatar (2004-04-17):
+# Daylight saving occurs at 02:00 local time last Saturday of March.
+# It will change back to normal at 02:00 local time last Saturday of
+# September.... As I remember this rule was changed in 2001.
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2004-04-17):
+# For now, assume Rives McDow's informant got confused about Friday vs
+# Saturday, and that his 2001 dates should have 1 added to them.
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2005-07-26):
+# We have wildly conflicting information about Mongolia's time zones.
+# Bill Bonnet (2005-05-19) reports that the US Embassy in Ulaanbaatar says
+# there is only one time zone and that DST is observed, citing Microsoft
+# Windows XP as the source. Risto Nykänen (2005-05-16) reports that
+# travelmongolia.org says there are two time zones (UT +07, +08) with no DST.
+# Oscar van Vlijmen (2005-05-20) reports that the Mongolian Embassy in
+# Washington, DC says there are two time zones, with DST observed.
+# He also found
+# http://ubpost.mongolnews.mn/index.php?subaction=showcomments&id=1111634894&archive=&start_from=&ucat=1&
+# which also says that there is DST, and which has a comment by "Toddius"
+# (2005-03-31 06:05 +0700) saying "Mongolia actually has 3.5 time zones.
+# The West (OLGII) is +7 GMT, most of the country is ULAT is +8 GMT
+# and some Eastern provinces are +9 GMT but Sükhbaatar Aimag is SUHK +8.5 GMT.
+# The SUKH timezone is new this year, it is one of the few things the
+# parliament passed during the tumultuous winter session."
+# For now, let's ignore this information, until we have more confirmation.
+
+# From Ganbold Ts. (2007-02-26):
+# Parliament of Mongolia has just changed the daylight-saving rule in February.
+# They decided not to adopt daylight-saving time....
+# http://www.mongolnews.mn/index.php?module=unuudur&sec=view&id=15742
+
+# From Deborah Goldsmith (2008-03-30):
+# We received a bug report claiming that the tz database UTC offset for
+# Asia/Choibalsan (GMT+09:00) is incorrect, and that it should be GMT
+# +08:00 instead. Different sources appear to disagree with the tz
+# database on this, e.g.:
+#
+# http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/city.html?n=1026
+# http://www.worldtimeserver.com/current_time_in_MN.aspx
+#
+# both say GMT+08:00.
+
+# From Steffen Thorsen (2008-03-31):
+# eznis airways, which operates several domestic flights, has a flight
+# schedule here:
+# http://www.eznis.com/Container.jsp?id=112
+# (click the English flag for English)
+#
+# There it appears that flights between Choibalsan and Ulaanbaatar arrive
+# about 1:35 - 1:50 hours later in local clock time, no matter the
+# direction, while Ulaanbaatar-Khovd takes 2 hours in the Eastern
+# direction and 3:35 back, which indicates that Ulaanbaatar and Khovd are
+# in different time zones (like we know about), while Choibalsan and
+# Ulaanbaatar are in the same time zone (correction needed).
+
+# From Arthur David Olson (2008-05-19):
+# Assume that Choibalsan is indeed offset by 8:00.
+# XXX--in the absence of better information, assume that transition
+# was at the start of 2008-03-31 (the day of Steffen Thorsen's report);
+# this is almost surely wrong.
+
+# From Ganbold Tsagaankhuu (2015-03-10):
+# It seems like yesterday Mongolian Government meeting has concluded to use
+# daylight saving time in Mongolia.... Starting at 2:00AM of last Saturday of
+# March 2015, daylight saving time starts. And 00:00AM of last Saturday of
+# September daylight saving time ends. Source:
+# http://zasag.mn/news/view/8969
+
+# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
+Rule Mongol 1983 1984 - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S
+Rule Mongol 1983 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
+# Shanks & Pottenger and IATA SSIM say 1990s switches occurred at 00:00,
+# but McDow says the 2001 switches occurred at 02:00. Also, IATA SSIM
+# (1996-09) says 1996-10-25. Go with Shanks & Pottenger through 1998.
+#
+# Shanks & Pottenger say that the Sept. 1984 through Sept. 1990 switches
+# in Choibalsan (more precisely, in Dornod and Sükhbaatar) took place
+# at 02:00 standard time, not at 00:00 local time as in the rest of
+# the country. That would be odd, and possibly is a result of their
+# correction of 02:00 (in the previous edition) not being done correctly
+# in the latest edition; so ignore it for now.
+
+# From Ganbold Tsagaankhuu (2017-02-09):
+# Mongolian Government meeting has concluded today to cancel daylight
+# saving time adoption in Mongolia. Source: http://zasag.mn/news/view/16192
+
+Rule Mongol 1985 1998 - Mar lastSun 0:00 1:00 S
+Rule Mongol 1984 1998 - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
+# IATA SSIM (1999-09) says Mongolia no longer observes DST.
+Rule Mongol 2001 only - Apr lastSat 2:00 1:00 S
+Rule Mongol 2001 2006 - Sep lastSat 2:00 0 -
+Rule Mongol 2002 2006 - Mar lastSat 2:00 1:00 S
+Rule Mongol 2015 2016 - Mar lastSat 2:00 1:00 S
+Rule Mongol 2015 2016 - Sep lastSat 0:00 0 -
+
+# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
+# Hovd, a.k.a. Chovd, Dund-Us, Dzhargalant, Khovd, Jirgalanta
+Zone Asia/Hovd 6:06:36 - LMT 1905 Aug
+ 6:00 - +06 1978
+ 7:00 Mongol +07/+08
+# Ulaanbaatar, a.k.a. Ulan Bataar, Ulan Bator, Urga
+Zone Asia/Ulaanbaatar 7:07:32 - LMT 1905 Aug
+ 7:00 - +07 1978
+ 8:00 Mongol +08/+09
+# Choibalsan, a.k.a. Bajan Tümen, Bajan Tumen, Chojbalsan,
+# Choybalsan, Sanbejse, Tchoibalsan
+Zone Asia/Choibalsan 7:38:00 - LMT 1905 Aug
+ 7:00 - +07 1978
+ 8:00 - +08 1983 Apr
+ 9:00 Mongol +09/+10 2008 Mar 31
+ 8:00 Mongol +08/+09
+
+# Nepal
+# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
+Zone Asia/Kathmandu 5:41:16 - LMT 1920
+ 5:30 - +0530 1986
+ 5:45 - +0545
+
+# Oman
+# See Asia/Dubai.
+
+# Pakistan
+
+# From Rives McDow (2002-03-13):
+# I have been advised that Pakistan has decided to adopt dst on a
+# TRIAL basis for one year, starting 00:01 local time on April 7, 2002
+# and ending at 00:01 local time October 6, 2002. This is what I was
+# told, but I believe that the actual time of change may be 00:00; the
+# 00:01 was to make it clear which day it was on.
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2002-03-15):
+# Jesper Nørgaard found this URL:
+# http://www.pak.gov.pk/public/news/app/app06_dec.htm
+# (dated 2001-12-06) which says that the Cabinet adopted a scheme "to
+# advance the clocks by one hour on the night between the first
+# Saturday and Sunday of April and revert to the original position on
+# 15th October each year". This agrees with McDow's 04-07 at 00:00,
+# but disagrees about the October transition, and makes it sound like
+# it's not on a trial basis. Also, the "between the first Saturday
+# and Sunday of April" phrase, if taken literally, means that the
+# transition takes place at 00:00 on the first Sunday on or after 04-02.
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2003-02-09):
+# DAWN <http://www.dawn.com/2002/10/06/top13.htm> reported on 2002-10-05
+# that 2002 DST ended that day at midnight. Go with McDow for now.
+
+# From Steffen Thorsen (2003-03-14):
+# According to http://www.dawn.com/2003/03/07/top15.htm
+# there will be no DST in Pakistan this year:
+#
+# ISLAMABAD, March 6: Information and Media Development Minister Sheikh
+# Rashid Ahmed on Thursday said the cabinet had reversed a previous
+# decision to advance clocks by one hour in summer and put them back by
+# one hour in winter with the aim of saving light hours and energy.
+#
+# The minister told a news conference that the experiment had rather
+# shown 8 per cent higher consumption of electricity.
+
+# From Alex Krivenyshev (2008-05-15):
+#
+# Here is an article that Pakistan plan to introduce Daylight Saving Time
+# on June 1, 2008 for 3 months.
+#
+# "... The federal cabinet on Wednesday announced a new conservation plan to
+# help reduce load shedding by approving the closure of commercial centres at
+# 9pm and moving clocks forward by one hour for the next three months. ...."
+#
+# http://www.worldtimezone.net/dst_news/dst_news_pakistan01.html
+# http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2008%5C05%5C15%5Cstory_15-5-2008_pg1_4
+
+# From Arthur David Olson (2008-05-19):
+# XXX--midnight transitions is a guess; 2008 only is a guess.
+
+# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2008-08-28):
+# Pakistan government has decided to keep the watches one-hour advanced
+# for another 2 months - plan to return to Standard Time on October 31
+# instead of August 31.
+#
+# http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_pakistan02.html
+# http://dailymailnews.com/200808/28/news/dmbrn03.html
+
+# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2009-04-08):
+# Based on previous media reports that "... proposed plan to
+# advance clocks by one hour from May 1 will cause disturbance
+# to the working schedules rather than bringing discipline in
+# official working."
+# http://www.thenews.com.pk/daily_detail.asp?id=171280
+#
+# recent news that instead of May 2009 - Pakistan plan to
+# introduce DST from April 15, 2009
+#
+# FYI: Associated Press Of Pakistan
+# April 08, 2009
+# Cabinet okays proposal to advance clocks by one hour from April 15
+# http://www.app.com.pk/en_/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=73043&Itemid=1
+# http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_pakistan05.html
+#
+# ....
+# The Federal Cabinet on Wednesday approved the proposal to
+# advance clocks in the country by one hour from April 15 to
+# conserve energy"
+
+# From Steffen Thorsen (2009-09-17):
+# "The News International," Pakistan reports that: "The Federal
+# Government has decided to restore the previous time by moving the
+# clocks backward by one hour from October 1. A formal announcement to
+# this effect will be made after the Prime Minister grants approval in
+# this regard."
+# http://www.thenews.com.pk/updates.asp?id=87168
+
+# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2009-09-28):
+# According to Associated Press Of Pakistan, it is confirmed that
+# Pakistan clocks across the country would be turned back by an hour from
+# October 1, 2009.
+#
+# "Clocks to go back one hour from 1 Oct"
+# http://www.app.com.pk/en_/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=86715&Itemid=2
+# http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_pakistan07.htm
+#
+# From Steffen Thorsen (2009-09-29):
+# Now they seem to have changed their mind, November 1 is the new date:
+# http://www.thenews.com.pk/top_story_detail.asp?Id=24742
+# "The country's clocks will be reversed by one hour on November 1.
+# Officials of Federal Ministry for Interior told this to Geo News on
+# Monday."
+#
+# And more importantly, it seems that these dates will be kept every year:
+# "It has now been decided that clocks will be wound forward by one hour
+# on April 15 and reversed by an hour on November 1 every year without
+# obtaining prior approval, the officials added."
+#
+# We have confirmed this year's end date with both with the Ministry of
+# Water and Power and the Pakistan Electric Power Company:
+# http://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/pakistan-ends-dst09.html
+
+# From Christoph Göhre (2009-10-01):
+# [T]he German Consulate General in Karachi reported me today that Pakistan
+# will go back to standard time on 1st of November.
+
+# From Steffen Thorsen (2010-03-26):
+# Steffen Thorsen wrote:
+# > On Thursday (2010-03-25) it was announced that DST would start in
+# > Pakistan on 2010-04-01.
+# >
+# > Then today, the president said that they might have to revert the
+# > decision if it is not supported by the parliament. So at the time
+# > being, it seems unclear if DST will be actually observed or not - but
+# > April 1 could be a more likely date than April 15.
+# Now, it seems that the decision to not observe DST in final:
+#
+# "Govt Withdraws Plan To Advance Clocks"
+# http://www.apakistannews.com/govt-withdraws-plan-to-advance-clocks-172041
+#
+# "People laud PM's announcement to end DST"
+# http://www.app.com.pk/en_/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=99374&Itemid=2
+
+# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
+Rule Pakistan 2002 only - Apr Sun>=2 0:00 1:00 S
+Rule Pakistan 2002 only - Oct Sun>=2 0:00 0 -
+Rule Pakistan 2008 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 S
+Rule Pakistan 2008 2009 - Nov 1 0:00 0 -
+Rule Pakistan 2009 only - Apr 15 0:00 1:00 S
+
+# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
+Zone Asia/Karachi 4:28:12 - LMT 1907
+ 5:30 - +0530 1942 Sep
+ 5:30 1:00 +0630 1945 Oct 15
+ 5:30 - +0530 1951 Sep 30
+ 5:00 - +05 1971 Mar 26
+ 5:00 Pakistan PK%sT # Pakistan Time
+
+# Palestine
+
+# From Amos Shapir (1998-02-15):
+#
+# From 1917 until 1948-05-15, all of Palestine, including the parts now
+# known as the Gaza Strip and the West Bank, was under British rule.
+# Therefore the rules given for Israel for that period, apply there too...
+#
+# The Gaza Strip was under Egyptian rule between 1948-05-15 until 1967-06-05
+# (except a short occupation by Israel from 1956-11 till 1957-03, but no
+# time zone was affected then). It was never formally annexed to Egypt,
+# though.
+#
+# The rest of Palestine was under Jordanian rule at that time, formally
+# annexed in 1950 as the West Bank (and the word "Trans" was dropped from
+# the country's previous name of "the Hashemite Kingdom of the
+# Trans-Jordan"). So the rules for Jordan for that time apply. Major
+# towns in that area are Nablus (Shchem), El-Halil (Hebron), Ramallah, and
+# East Jerusalem.
+#
+# Both areas were occupied by Israel in June 1967, but not annexed (except
+# for East Jerusalem). They were on Israel time since then; there might
+# have been a Military Governor's order about time zones, but I'm not aware
+# of any (such orders may have been issued semi-annually whenever summer
+# time was in effect, but maybe the legal aspect of time was just neglected).
+#
+# The Palestinian Authority was established in 1993, and got hold of most
+# towns in the West Bank and Gaza by 1995. I know that in order to
+# demonstrate...independence, they have been switching to
+# summer time and back on a different schedule than Israel's, but I don't
+# know when this was started, or what algorithm is used (most likely the
+# Jordanian one).
+#
+# To summarize, the table should probably look something like that:
+#
+# Area \ when | 1918-1947 | 1948-1967 | 1967-1995 | 1996-
+# ------------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------
+# Israel | Zion | Zion | Zion | Zion
+# West bank | Zion | Jordan | Zion | Jordan
+# Gaza | Zion | Egypt | Zion | Jordan
+#
+# I guess more info may be available from the PA's web page (if/when they
+# have one).
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
+# Shanks & Pottenger write that Gaza did not observe DST until 1957, but go
+# with Shapir and assume that it observed DST from 1940 through 1947,
+# and that it used Jordanian rules starting in 1996.
+# We don't yet need a separate entry for the West Bank, since
+# the only differences between it and Gaza that we know about
+# occurred before our cutoff date of 1970.
+# However, as we get more information, we may need to add entries
+# for parts of the West Bank as they transitioned from Israel's rules
+# to Palestine's rules.
+
+# From IINS News Service - Israel - 1998-03-23 10:38:07 Israel time,
+# forwarded by Ephraim Silverberg:
+#
+# Despite the fact that Israel changed over to daylight savings time
+# last week, the PLO Authority (PA) has decided not to turn its clocks
+# one-hour forward at this time. As a sign of independence from Israeli rule,
+# the PA has decided to implement DST in April.
+
+# From Paul Eggert (1999-09-20):
+# Daoud Kuttab writes in Holiday havoc
+# http://www.jpost.com/com/Archive/22.Apr.1999/Opinion/Article-2.html
+# (Jerusalem Post, 1999-04-22) that
+# the Palestinian National Authority changed to DST on 1999-04-15.
+# I vaguely recall that they switch back in October (sorry, forgot the source).
+# For now, let's assume that the spring switch was at 24:00,
+# and that they switch at 0:00 on the 3rd Fridays of April and October.
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2005-11-22):
+# Starting 2004 transitions are from Steffen Thorsen's web site timeanddate.com.
+
+# From Steffen Thorsen (2005-11-23):
+# A user from Gaza reported that Gaza made the change early because of
+# the Ramadan. Next year Ramadan will be even earlier, so I think
+# there is a good chance next year's end date will be around two weeks
+# earlier - the same goes for Jordan.
+
+# From Steffen Thorsen (2006-08-17):
+# I was informed by a user in Bethlehem that in Bethlehem it started the
+# same day as Israel, and after checking with other users in the area, I
+# was informed that they started DST one day after Israel. I was not
+# able to find any authoritative sources at the time, nor details if
+# Gaza changed as well, but presumed Gaza to follow the same rules as
+# the West Bank.
+
+# From Steffen Thorsen (2006-09-26):
+# according to the Palestine News Network (2006-09-19):
+# http://english.pnn.ps/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=596&Itemid=5
+# > The Council of Ministers announced that this year its winter schedule
+# > will begin early, as of midnight Thursday. It is also time to turn
+# > back the clocks for winter. Friday will begin an hour late this week.
+# I guess it is likely that next year's date will be moved as well,
+# because of the Ramadan.
+
+# From Jesper Nørgaard Welen (2007-09-18):
+# According to Steffen Thorsen's web site the Gaza Strip and the rest of the
+# Palestinian territories left DST early on 13.th. of September at 2:00.
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2007-09-20):
+# My understanding is that Gaza and the West Bank disagree even over when
+# the weekend is (Thursday+Friday versus Friday+Saturday), so I'd be a bit
+# surprised if they agreed about DST. But for now, assume they agree.
+# For lack of better information, predict that future changes will be
+# the 2nd Thursday of September at 02:00.
+
+# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2008-08-28):
+# Here is an article, that Mideast running on different clocks at Ramadan.
+#
+# Gaza Strip (as Egypt) ended DST at midnight Thursday (Aug 28, 2008), while
+# the West Bank will end Daylight Saving Time at midnight Sunday (Aug 31, 2008).
+#
+# http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/feedarticle/7759001
+# http://www.abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory?id=5676087
+# http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_gazastrip01.html
+
+# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2009-03-26):
+# According to the Palestine News Network (arabic.pnn.ps), Palestinian
+# government decided to start Daylight Time on Thursday night March
+# 26 and continue until the night of 27 September 2009.
+#
+# (in Arabic)
+# http://arabic.pnn.ps/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=50850
+#
+# (English translation)
+# http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_westbank01.html
+
+# From Steffen Thorsen (2009-08-31):
+# Palestine's Council of Ministers announced that they will revert back to
+# winter time on Friday, 2009-09-04.
+#
+# One news source:
+# http://www.safa.ps/ara/?action=showdetail&seid=4158
+# (Palestinian press agency, Arabic),
+# Google translate: "Decided that the Palestinian government in Ramallah
+# headed by Salam Fayyad, the start of work in time for the winter of
+# 2009, starting on Friday approved the fourth delay Sept. clock sixty
+# minutes per hour as of Friday morning."
+#
+# We are not sure if Gaza will do the same, last year they had a different
+# end date, we will keep this page updated:
+# http://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/westbank-gaza-dst-2009.html
+
+# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2009-09-02):
+# Seems that Gaza Strip will go back to Winter Time same date as West Bank.
+#
+# According to Palestinian Ministry Of Interior, West Bank and Gaza Strip plan
+# to change time back to Standard time on September 4, 2009.
+#
+# "Winter time unite the West Bank and Gaza"
+# (from Palestinian National Authority):
+# http://www.moi.gov.ps/en/?page=633167343250594025&nid=11505
+# http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_gazastrip02.html
+
+# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2010-03-19):
+# According to Voice of Palestine DST will last for 191 days, from March
+# 26, 2010 till "the last Sunday before the tenth day of Tishri
+# (October), each year" (October 03, 2010?)
+#
+# http://palvoice.org/forums/showthread.php?t=245697
+# (in Arabic)
+# http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_westbank03.html
+
+# From Steffen Thorsen (2010-03-24):
+# ...Ma'an News Agency reports that Hamas cabinet has decided it will
+# start one day later, at 12:01am. Not sure if they really mean 12:01am or
+# noon though:
+#
+# http://www.maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID=271178
+# (Ma'an News Agency)
+# "At 12:01am Friday, clocks in Israel and the West Bank will change to
+# 1:01am, while Gaza clocks will change at 12:01am Saturday morning."
+
+# From Steffen Thorsen (2010-08-11):
+# According to several sources, including
+# http://www.maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID=306795
+# the clocks were set back one hour at 2010-08-11 00:00:00 local time in
+# Gaza and the West Bank.
+# Some more background info:
+# http://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/westbank-gaza-end-dst-2010.html
+
+# From Steffen Thorsen (2011-08-26):
+# Gaza and the West Bank did go back to standard time in the beginning of
+# August, and will now enter daylight saving time again on 2011-08-30
+# 00:00 (so two periods of DST in 2011). The pause was because of
+# Ramadan.
+#
+# http://www.maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID=416217
+# Additional info:
+# http://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/palestine-dst-2011.html
+
+# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2011-08-27):
+# According to the article in The Jerusalem Post:
+# "...Earlier this month, the Palestinian government in the West Bank decided to
+# move to standard time for 30 days, during Ramadan. The Palestinians in the
+# Gaza Strip accepted the change and also moved their clocks one hour back.
+# The Hamas government said on Saturday that it won't observe summertime after
+# the Muslim feast of Id al-Fitr, which begins on Tuesday..."
+# ...
+# http://www.jpost.com/MiddleEast/Article.aspx?id=235650
+# http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_gazastrip05.html
+# The rules for Egypt are stolen from the 'africa' file.
+
+# From Steffen Thorsen (2011-09-30):
+# West Bank did end Daylight Saving Time this morning/midnight (2011-09-30
+# 00:00).
+# So West Bank and Gaza now have the same time again.
+#
+# Many sources, including:
+# http://www.maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID=424808
+
+# From Steffen Thorsen (2012-03-26):
+# Palestinian news sources tell that both Gaza and West Bank will start DST
+# on Friday (Thursday midnight, 2012-03-29 24:00).
+# Some of many sources in Arabic:
+# http://www.samanews.com/index.php?act=Show&id=122638
+#
+# http://safa.ps/details/news/74352/%D8%A8%D8%AF%D8%A1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%AA-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D9%8A%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B6%D9%81%D8%A9-%D9%88%D8%BA%D8%B2%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A9.html
+#
+# Our brief summary:
+# http://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/gaza-west-bank-dst-2012.html
+
+# From Steffen Thorsen (2013-03-26):
+# The following news sources tells that Palestine will "start daylight saving
+# time from midnight on Friday, March 29, 2013" (translated).
+# [These are in Arabic and are for Gaza and for Ramallah, respectively.]
+# http://www.samanews.com/index.php?act=Show&id=154120
+# http://safa.ps/details/news/99844/%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%87-%D8%A8%D8%AF%D8%A1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%AA-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D9%8A%D9%81%D9%8A-29-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A.html
+
+# From Steffen Thorsen (2013-09-24):
+# The Gaza and West Bank are ending DST Thursday at midnight
+# (2013-09-27 00:00:00) (one hour earlier than last year...).
+# This source in English, says "that winter time will go into effect
+# at midnight on Thursday in the West Bank and Gaza Strip":
+# http://english.wafa.ps/index.php?action=detail&id=23246
+# official source...:
+# http://www.palestinecabinet.gov.ps/ar/Views/ViewDetails.aspx?pid=1252
+
+# From Steffen Thorsen (2015-03-03):
+# Sources such as http://www.alquds.com/news/article/view/id/548257
+# and http://www.raya.ps/ar/news/890705.html say Palestine areas will
+# start DST on 2015-03-28 00:00 which is one day later than expected.
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2015-03-03):
+# http://www.timeanddate.com/time/change/west-bank/ramallah?year=2014
+# says that the fall 2014 transition was Oct 23 at 24:00.
+
+# From Hannah Kreitem (2016-03-09):
+# http://www.palestinecabinet.gov.ps/WebSite/ar/ViewDetails?ID=31728
+# [Google translation]: "The Council also decided to start daylight
+# saving in Palestine as of one o'clock on Saturday morning,
+# 2016-03-26, to provide the clock 60 minutes ahead."
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2016-03-12):
+# Predict spring transitions on March's last Saturday at 01:00 from now on.
+
+# From Sharef Mustafa (2016-10-19):
+# [T]he Palestinian cabinet decision (Mar 8th 2016) published on
+# http://www.palestinecabinet.gov.ps/WebSite/Upload/Decree/GOV_17/16032016134830.pdf
+# states that summer time will end on Oct 29th at 01:00.
+#
+# From Tim Parenti (2016-10-19):
+# Predict fall transitions on October's last Saturday at 01:00 from now on.
+# This is consistent with the 2016 transition as well as our spring
+# predictions.
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2016-10-19):
+# It's also consistent with predictions in the following URLs today:
+# http://www.timeanddate.com/time/change/gaza-strip/gaza
+# http://www.timeanddate.com/time/change/west-bank/hebron
+
+# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
+Rule EgyptAsia 1957 only - May 10 0:00 1:00 S
+Rule EgyptAsia 1957 1958 - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
+Rule EgyptAsia 1958 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 S
+Rule EgyptAsia 1959 1967 - May 1 1:00 1:00 S
+Rule EgyptAsia 1959 1965 - Sep 30 3:00 0 -
+Rule EgyptAsia 1966 only - Oct 1 3:00 0 -
+
+Rule Palestine 1999 2005 - Apr Fri>=15 0:00 1:00 S
+Rule Palestine 1999 2003 - Oct Fri>=15 0:00 0 -
+Rule Palestine 2004 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 -
+Rule Palestine 2005 only - Oct 4 2:00 0 -
+Rule Palestine 2006 2007 - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S
+Rule Palestine 2006 only - Sep 22 0:00 0 -
+Rule Palestine 2007 only - Sep Thu>=8 2:00 0 -
+Rule Palestine 2008 2009 - Mar lastFri 0:00 1:00 S
+Rule Palestine 2008 only - Sep 1 0:00 0 -
+Rule Palestine 2009 only - Sep Fri>=1 1:00 0 -
+Rule Palestine 2010 only - Mar 26 0:00 1:00 S
+Rule Palestine 2010 only - Aug 11 0:00 0 -
+Rule Palestine 2011 only - Apr 1 0:01 1:00 S
+Rule Palestine 2011 only - Aug 1 0:00 0 -
+Rule Palestine 2011 only - Aug 30 0:00 1:00 S
+Rule Palestine 2011 only - Sep 30 0:00 0 -
+Rule Palestine 2012 2014 - Mar lastThu 24:00 1:00 S
+Rule Palestine 2012 only - Sep 21 1:00 0 -
+Rule Palestine 2013 only - Sep Fri>=21 0:00 0 -
+Rule Palestine 2014 2015 - Oct Fri>=21 0:00 0 -
+Rule Palestine 2015 only - Mar lastFri 24:00 1:00 S
+Rule Palestine 2016 max - Mar lastSat 1:00 1:00 S
+Rule Palestine 2016 max - Oct lastSat 1:00 0 -
+
+# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
+Zone Asia/Gaza 2:17:52 - LMT 1900 Oct
+ 2:00 Zion EET/EEST 1948 May 15
+ 2:00 EgyptAsia EE%sT 1967 Jun 5
+ 2:00 Zion I%sT 1996
+ 2:00 Jordan EE%sT 1999
+ 2:00 Palestine EE%sT 2008 Aug 29 0:00
+ 2:00 - EET 2008 Sep
+ 2:00 Palestine EE%sT 2010
+ 2:00 - EET 2010 Mar 27 0:01
+ 2:00 Palestine EE%sT 2011 Aug 1
+ 2:00 - EET 2012
+ 2:00 Palestine EE%sT
+
+Zone Asia/Hebron 2:20:23 - LMT 1900 Oct
+ 2:00 Zion EET/EEST 1948 May 15
+ 2:00 EgyptAsia EE%sT 1967 Jun 5
+ 2:00 Zion I%sT 1996
+ 2:00 Jordan EE%sT 1999
+ 2:00 Palestine EE%sT
+
+# Paracel Is
+# no information
+
+# Philippines
+# On 1844-08-16, Narciso Clavería, governor-general of the
+# Philippines, issued a proclamation announcing that 1844-12-30 was to
+# be immediately followed by 1845-01-01; see R.H. van Gent's
+# History of the International Date Line
+# http://www.staff.science.uu.nl/~gent0113/idl/idl_philippines.htm
+# The rest of the data entries are from Shanks & Pottenger.
+
+# From Jesper Nørgaard Welen (2006-04-26):
+# ... claims that Philippines had DST last time in 1990:
+# http://story.philippinetimes.com/p.x/ct/9/id/145be20cc6b121c0/cid/3e5bbccc730d258c/
+# [a story dated 2006-04-25 by Cris Larano of Dow Jones Newswires,
+# but no details]
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2014-08-14):
+# The following source says DST may be instituted November-January and again
+# March-June, but this is not definite. It also says DST was last proclaimed
+# during the Ramos administration (1992-1998); but again, no details.
+# Carcamo D. PNoy urged to declare use of daylight saving time.
+# Philippine Star 2014-08-05
+# http://www.philstar.com/headlines/2014/08/05/1354152/pnoy-urged-declare-use-daylight-saving-time
+
+# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
+Rule Phil 1936 only - Nov 1 0:00 1:00 S
+Rule Phil 1937 only - Feb 1 0:00 0 -
+Rule Phil 1954 only - Apr 12 0:00 1:00 S
+Rule Phil 1954 only - Jul 1 0:00 0 -
+Rule Phil 1978 only - Mar 22 0:00 1:00 S
+Rule Phil 1978 only - Sep 21 0:00 0 -
+# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
+Zone Asia/Manila -15:56:00 - LMT 1844 Dec 31
+ 8:04:00 - LMT 1899 May 11
+ 8:00 Phil +08/+09 1942 May
+ 9:00 - +09 1944 Nov
+ 8:00 Phil +08/+09
+
+# Qatar
+# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
+Zone Asia/Qatar 3:26:08 - LMT 1920 # Al Dawhah / Doha
+ 4:00 - +04 1972 Jun
+ 3:00 - +03
+Link Asia/Qatar Asia/Bahrain
+
+# Saudi Arabia
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2014-07-15):
+# Time in Saudi Arabia and other countries in the Arabian peninsula was not
+# standardized until relatively recently; we don't know when, and possibly it
+# has never been made official. Richard P Hunt, in "Islam city yielding to
+# modern times", New York Times (1961-04-09), p 20, wrote that only airlines
+# observed standard time, and that people in Jeddah mostly observed quasi-solar
+# time, doing so by setting their watches at sunrise to 6 o'clock (or to 12
+# o'clock for "Arab" time).
+#
+# The TZ database cannot represent quasi-solar time; airline time is the best
+# we can do. The 1946 foreign air news digest of the U.S. Civil Aeronautics
+# Board (OCLC 42299995) reported that the "... Arabian Government, inaugurated
+# a weekly Dhahran-Cairo service, via the Saudi Arabian cities of Riyadh and
+# Jidda, on March 14, 1947". Shanks & Pottenger guessed 1950; go with the
+# earlier date.
+#
+# Shanks & Pottenger also state that until 1968-05-01 Saudi Arabia had two
+# time zones; the other zone, at UT +04, was in the far eastern part of
+# the country. Ignore this, as it's before our 1970 cutoff.
+#
+# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
+Zone Asia/Riyadh 3:06:52 - LMT 1947 Mar 14
+ 3:00 - +03
+Link Asia/Riyadh Asia/Aden # Yemen
+Link Asia/Riyadh Asia/Kuwait
+
+# Singapore
+# taken from Mok Ly Yng (2003-10-30)
+# http://www.math.nus.edu.sg/aslaksen/teaching/timezone.html
+# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
+Zone Asia/Singapore 6:55:25 - LMT 1901 Jan 1
+ 6:55:25 - SMT 1905 Jun 1 # Singapore M.T.
+ 7:00 - +07 1933 Jan 1
+ 7:00 0:20 +0720 1936 Jan 1
+ 7:20 - +0720 1941 Sep 1
+ 7:30 - +0730 1942 Feb 16
+ 9:00 - +09 1945 Sep 12
+ 7:30 - +0730 1982 Jan 1
+ 8:00 - +08
+
+# Spratly Is
+# no information
+
+# Sri Lanka
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2013-02-21):
+# Milne says "Madras mean time use from May 1, 1898. Prior to this Colombo
+# mean time, 5h. 4m. 21.9s. F., was used." But 5:04:21.9 differs considerably
+# from Colombo's meridian 5:19:24, so for now ignore Milne and stick with
+# Shanks and Pottenger.
+
+# From Paul Eggert (1996-09-03):
+# "Sri Lanka advances clock by an hour to avoid blackout"
+# (<http://www.virtual-pc.com/lankaweb/news/items/240596-2.html>, 1996-05-24,
+# no longer available as of 1999-08-17)
+# reported "the country's standard time will be put forward by one hour at
+# midnight Friday (1830 GMT) 'in the light of the present power crisis'."
+#
+# From Dharmasiri Senanayake, Sri Lanka Media Minister (1996-10-24), as quoted
+# by Shamindra in Daily News - Hot News Section
+# <news:54rka5$m5h@mtinsc01-mgt.ops.worldnet.att.net> (1996-10-26):
+# With effect from 12.30 a.m. on 26th October 1996
+# Sri Lanka will be six (06) hours ahead of GMT.
+
+# From Jesper Nørgaard Welen (2006-04-14), quoting Sri Lanka News Online
+# <http://news.sinhalaya.com/wmview.php?ArtID=11002> (2006-04-13):
+# 0030 hrs on April 15, 2006 (midnight of April 14, 2006 +30 minutes)
+# at present, become 2400 hours of April 14, 2006 (midnight of April 14, 2006).
+
+# From Peter Apps and Ranga Sirila of Reuters (2006-04-12) in:
+# http://today.reuters.co.uk/news/newsArticle.aspx?type=scienceNews&storyID=2006-04-12T172228Z_01_COL295762_RTRIDST_0_SCIENCE-SRILANKA-TIME-DC.XML
+# [The Tamil Tigers] never accepted the original 1996 time change and simply
+# kept their clocks set five and a half hours ahead of Greenwich Mean
+# Time (GMT), in line with neighbor India.
+# From Paul Eggert (2006-04-18):
+# People who live in regions under Tamil control can use [TZ='Asia/Kolkata'],
+# as that zone has agreed with the Tamil areas since our cutoff date of 1970.
+
+# From Sadika Sumanapala (2016-10-19):
+# According to http://www.sltime.org (maintained by Measurement Units,
+# Standards & Services Department, Sri Lanka) abbreviation for Sri Lanka
+# standard time is SLST.
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2016-10-18):
+# "SLST" seems to be reasonably recent and rarely-used outside time
+# zone nerd sources. I searched Google News and found three uses of
+# it in the International Business Times of India in February and
+# March of this year when discussing cricket match times, but nothing
+# since then (though there has been a lot of cricket) and nothing in
+# other English-language news sources. Our old abbreviation "LKT" is
+# even worse. For now, let's use a numeric abbreviation; we can
+# switch to "SLST" if it catches on.
+
+# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
+Zone Asia/Colombo 5:19:24 - LMT 1880
+ 5:19:32 - MMT 1906 # Moratuwa Mean Time
+ 5:30 - +0530 1942 Jan 5
+ 5:30 0:30 +06 1942 Sep
+ 5:30 1:00 +0630 1945 Oct 16 2:00
+ 5:30 - +0530 1996 May 25 0:00
+ 6:30 - +0630 1996 Oct 26 0:30
+ 6:00 - +06 2006 Apr 15 0:30
+ 5:30 - +0530
+
+# Syria
+# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
+Rule Syria 1920 1923 - Apr Sun>=15 2:00 1:00 S
+Rule Syria 1920 1923 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00 0 -
+Rule Syria 1962 only - Apr 29 2:00 1:00 S
+Rule Syria 1962 only - Oct 1 2:00 0 -
+Rule Syria 1963 1965 - May 1 2:00 1:00 S
+Rule Syria 1963 only - Sep 30 2:00 0 -
+Rule Syria 1964 only - Oct 1 2:00 0 -
+Rule Syria 1965 only - Sep 30 2:00 0 -
+Rule Syria 1966 only - Apr 24 2:00 1:00 S
+Rule Syria 1966 1976 - Oct 1 2:00 0 -
+Rule Syria 1967 1978 - May 1 2:00 1:00 S
+Rule Syria 1977 1978 - Sep 1 2:00 0 -
+Rule Syria 1983 1984 - Apr 9 2:00 1:00 S
+Rule Syria 1983 1984 - Oct 1 2:00 0 -
+Rule Syria 1986 only - Feb 16 2:00 1:00 S
+Rule Syria 1986 only - Oct 9 2:00 0 -
+Rule Syria 1987 only - Mar 1 2:00 1:00 S
+Rule Syria 1987 1988 - Oct 31 2:00 0 -
+Rule Syria 1988 only - Mar 15 2:00 1:00 S
+Rule Syria 1989 only - Mar 31 2:00 1:00 S
+Rule Syria 1989 only - Oct 1 2:00 0 -
+Rule Syria 1990 only - Apr 1 2:00 1:00 S
+Rule Syria 1990 only - Sep 30 2:00 0 -
+Rule Syria 1991 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S
+Rule Syria 1991 1992 - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
+Rule Syria 1992 only - Apr 8 0:00 1:00 S
+Rule Syria 1993 only - Mar 26 0:00 1:00 S
+Rule Syria 1993 only - Sep 25 0:00 0 -
+# IATA SSIM (1998-02) says 1998-04-02;
+# (1998-09) says 1999-03-29 and 1999-09-29; (1999-02) says 1999-04-02,
+# 2000-04-02, and 2001-04-02; (1999-09) says 2000-03-31 and 2001-03-31;
+# (2006) says 2006-03-31 and 2006-09-22;
+# for now ignore all these claims and go with Shanks & Pottenger,
+# except for the 2006-09-22 claim (which seems right for Ramadan).
+Rule Syria 1994 1996 - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S
+Rule Syria 1994 2005 - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
+Rule Syria 1997 1998 - Mar lastMon 0:00 1:00 S
+Rule Syria 1999 2006 - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S
+# From Stephen Colebourne (2006-09-18):
+# According to IATA data, Syria will change DST on 21st September [21:00 UTC]
+# this year [only].... This is probably related to Ramadan, like Egypt.
+Rule Syria 2006 only - Sep 22 0:00 0 -
+# From Paul Eggert (2007-03-29):
+# Today the AP reported "Syria will switch to summertime at midnight Thursday."
+# http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2007/03/29/africa/ME-GEN-Syria-Time-Change.php
+Rule Syria 2007 only - Mar lastFri 0:00 1:00 S
+# From Jesper Nørgaard (2007-10-27):
+# The sister center ICARDA of my work CIMMYT is confirming that Syria DST will
+# not take place 1st November at 0:00 o'clock but 1st November at 24:00 or
+# rather Midnight between Thursday and Friday. This does make more sense than
+# having it between Wednesday and Thursday (two workdays in Syria) since the
+# weekend in Syria is not Saturday and Sunday, but Friday and Saturday. So now
+# it is implemented at midnight of the last workday before weekend...
+#
+# From Steffen Thorsen (2007-10-27):
+# Jesper Nørgaard Welen wrote:
+#
+# > "Winter local time in Syria will be observed at midnight of Thursday 1
+# > November 2007, and the clock will be put back 1 hour."
+#
+# I found confirmation on this in this gov.sy-article (Arabic):
+# http://wehda.alwehda.gov.sy/_print_veiw.asp?FileName=12521710520070926111247
+#
+# which using Google's translate tools says:
+# Council of Ministers also approved the commencement of work on
+# identifying the winter time as of Friday, 2/11/2007 where the 60th
+# minute delay at midnight Thursday 1/11/2007.
+Rule Syria 2007 only - Nov Fri>=1 0:00 0 -
+
+# From Stephen Colebourne (2008-03-17):
+# For everyone's info, I saw an IATA time zone change for [Syria] for
+# this month (March 2008) in the last day or so....
+# Country Time Standard --- DST Start --- --- DST End --- DST
+# Name Zone Variation Time Date Time Date
+# Variation
+# Syrian Arab
+# Republic SY +0200 2200 03APR08 2100 30SEP08 +0300
+# 2200 02APR09 2100 30SEP09 +0300
+# 2200 01APR10 2100 30SEP10 +0300
+
+# From Arthur David Olson (2008-03-17):
+# Here's a link to English-language coverage by the Syrian Arab News
+# Agency (SANA)...
+# http://www.sana.sy/eng/21/2008/03/11/165173.htm
+# ...which reads (in part) "The Cabinet approved the suggestion of the
+# Ministry of Electricity to begin daylight savings time on Friday April
+# 4th, advancing clocks one hour ahead on midnight of Thursday April 3rd."
+# Since Syria is two hours east of UTC, the 2200 and 2100 transition times
+# shown above match up with midnight in Syria.
+
+# From Arthur David Olson (2008-03-18):
+# My best guess at a Syrian rule is "the Friday nearest April 1";
+# coding that involves either using a "Mar Fri>=29" construct that old time zone
+# compilers can't handle or having multiple Rules (a la Israel).
+# For now, use "Apr Fri>=1", and go with IATA on a uniform Sep 30 end.
+
+# From Steffen Thorsen (2008-10-07):
+# Syria has now officially decided to end DST on 2008-11-01 this year,
+# according to the following article in the Syrian Arab News Agency (SANA).
+#
+# The article is in Arabic, and seems to tell that they will go back to
+# winter time on 2008-11-01 at 00:00 local daylight time (delaying/setting
+# clocks back 60 minutes).
+#
+# http://sana.sy/ara/2/2008/10/07/195459.htm
+
+# From Steffen Thorsen (2009-03-19):
+# Syria will start DST on 2009-03-27 00:00 this year according to many sources,
+# two examples:
+#
+# http://www.sana.sy/eng/21/2009/03/17/217563.htm
+# (English, Syrian Arab News # Agency)
+# http://thawra.alwehda.gov.sy/_View_news2.asp?FileName=94459258720090318012209
+# (Arabic, gov-site)
+#
+# We have not found any sources saying anything about when DST ends this year.
+#
+# Our summary
+# http://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/syria-dst-starts-march-27-2009.html
+
+# From Steffen Thorsen (2009-10-27):
+# The Syrian Arab News Network on 2009-09-29 reported that Syria will
+# revert back to winter (standard) time on midnight between Thursday
+# 2009-10-29 and Friday 2009-10-30:
+# http://www.sana.sy/ara/2/2009/09/29/247012.htm (Arabic)
+
+# From Arthur David Olson (2009-10-28):
+# We'll see if future DST switching times turn out to be end of the last
+# Thursday of the month or the start of the last Friday of the month or
+# something else. For now, use the start of the last Friday.
+
+# From Steffen Thorsen (2010-03-17):
+# The "Syrian News Station" reported on 2010-03-16 that the Council of
+# Ministers has decided that Syria will start DST on midnight Thursday
+# 2010-04-01: (midnight between Thursday and Friday):
+# http://sns.sy/sns/?path=news/read/11421 (Arabic)
+
+# From Steffen Thorsen (2012-03-26):
+# Today, Syria's government announced that they will start DST early on Friday
+# (00:00). This is a bit earlier than the past two years.
+#
+# From Syrian Arab News Agency, in Arabic:
+# http://www.sana.sy/ara/2/2012/03/26/408215.htm
+#
+# Our brief summary:
+# http://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/syria-dst-2012.html
+
+# From Arthur David Olson (2012-03-27):
+# Assume last Friday in March going forward XXX.
+
+Rule Syria 2008 only - Apr Fri>=1 0:00 1:00 S
+Rule Syria 2008 only - Nov 1 0:00 0 -
+Rule Syria 2009 only - Mar lastFri 0:00 1:00 S
+Rule Syria 2010 2011 - Apr Fri>=1 0:00 1:00 S
+Rule Syria 2012 max - Mar lastFri 0:00 1:00 S
+Rule Syria 2009 max - Oct lastFri 0:00 0 -
+
+# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
+Zone Asia/Damascus 2:25:12 - LMT 1920 # Dimashq
+ 2:00 Syria EE%sT
+
+# Tajikistan
+# From Shanks & Pottenger.
+# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
+Zone Asia/Dushanbe 4:35:12 - LMT 1924 May 2
+ 5:00 - +05 1930 Jun 21
+ 6:00 RussiaAsia +06/+07 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
+ 5:00 1:00 +05/+06 1991 Sep 9 2:00s
+ 5:00 - +05
+
+# Thailand
+# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
+Zone Asia/Bangkok 6:42:04 - LMT 1880
+ 6:42:04 - BMT 1920 Apr # Bangkok Mean Time
+ 7:00 - +07
+Link Asia/Bangkok Asia/Phnom_Penh # Cambodia
+Link Asia/Bangkok Asia/Vientiane # Laos
+
+# Turkmenistan
+# From Shanks & Pottenger.
+# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
+Zone Asia/Ashgabat 3:53:32 - LMT 1924 May 2 # or Ashkhabad
+ 4:00 - +04 1930 Jun 21
+ 5:00 RussiaAsia +05/+06 1991 Mar 31 2:00
+ 4:00 RussiaAsia +04/+05 1992 Jan 19 2:00
+ 5:00 - +05
+
+# United Arab Emirates
+# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
+Zone Asia/Dubai 3:41:12 - LMT 1920
+ 4:00 - +04
+Link Asia/Dubai Asia/Muscat # Oman
+
+# Uzbekistan
+# Byalokoz 1919 says Uzbekistan was 4:27:53.
+# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
+Zone Asia/Samarkand 4:27:53 - LMT 1924 May 2
+ 4:00 - +04 1930 Jun 21
+ 5:00 - +05 1981 Apr 1
+ 5:00 1:00 +06 1981 Oct 1
+ 6:00 - +06 1982 Apr 1
+ 5:00 RussiaAsia +05/+06 1992
+ 5:00 - +05
+# Milne says Tashkent was 4:37:10.8; round to nearest.
+Zone Asia/Tashkent 4:37:11 - LMT 1924 May 2
+ 5:00 - +05 1930 Jun 21
+ 6:00 RussiaAsia +06/+07 1991 Mar 31 2:00
+ 5:00 RussiaAsia +05/+06 1992
+ 5:00 - +05
+
+# Vietnam
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2014-10-04):
+# Milne gives 7:16:56 for the meridian of Saigon in 1899, as being
+# used in Lower Laos, Cambodia, and Annam. But this is quite a ways
+# from Saigon's location. For now, ignore this and stick with Shanks
+# and Pottenger for LMT before 1906.
+
+# From Arthur David Olson (2008-03-18):
+# The English-language name of Vietnam's most populous city is "Ho Chi Minh
+# City"; use Ho_Chi_Minh below to avoid a name of more than 14 characters.
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2014-10-21) after a heads-up from Trần Ngọc Quân:
+# Trần Tiến Bình's authoritative book "Lịch Việt Nam: thế kỷ XX-XXI (1901-2100)"
+# (Nhà xuất bản Văn Hoá - Thông Tin, Hanoi, 2005), pp 49-50,
+# is quoted verbatim in:
+# http://www.thoigian.com.vn/?mPage=P80D01
+# is translated by Brian Inglis in:
+# http://mm.icann.org/pipermail/tz/2014-October/021654.html
+# and is the basis for the information below.
+#
+# The 1906 transition was effective July 1 and standardized Indochina to
+# Phù Liễn Observatory, legally 104 deg. 17'17" east of Paris.
+# It's unclear whether this meant legal Paris Mean Time (00:09:21) or
+# the Paris Meridian (2 deg. 20'14.03" E); the former yields 07:06:30.1333...
+# and the latter 07:06:29.333... so either way it rounds to 07:06:30,
+# which is used below even though the modern-day Phù Liễn Observatory
+# is closer to 07:06:31. Abbreviate Phù Liễn Mean Time as PLMT.
+#
+# The following transitions occurred in Indochina in general (before 1954)
+# and in South Vietnam in particular (after 1954):
+# To 07:00 on 1911-05-01.
+# To 08:00 on 1942-12-31 at 23:00.
+# To 09:00 in 1945-03-14 at 23:00.
+# To 07:00 on 1945-09-02 in Vietnam.
+# To 08:00 on 1947-04-01 in French-controlled Indochina.
+# To 07:00 on 1955-07-01 in South Vietnam.
+# To 08:00 on 1959-12-31 at 23:00 in South Vietnam.
+# To 07:00 on 1975-06-13 in South Vietnam.
+#
+# Trần cites the following sources; it's unclear which supplied the info above.
+#
+# Hoàng Xuân Hãn: "Lịch và lịch Việt Nam". Tập san Khoa học Xã hội,
+# No. 9, Paris, February 1982.
+#
+# Lê Thành Lân: "Lịch và niên biểu lịch sử hai mươi thế kỷ (0001-2010)",
+# NXB Thống kê, Hanoi, 2000.
+#
+# Lê Thành Lân: "Lịch hai thế kỷ (1802-2010) và các lịch vĩnh cửu",
+# NXB Thuận Hoá, Huế, 1995.
+
+# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
+Zone Asia/Ho_Chi_Minh 7:06:40 - LMT 1906 Jul 1
+ 7:06:30 - PLMT 1911 May 1 # Phù Liễn MT
+ 7:00 - +07 1942 Dec 31 23:00
+ 8:00 - +08 1945 Mar 14 23:00
+ 9:00 - +09 1945 Sep 2
+ 7:00 - +07 1947 Apr 1
+ 8:00 - +08 1955 Jul 1
+ 7:00 - +07 1959 Dec 31 23:00
+ 8:00 - +08 1975 Jun 13
+ 7:00 - +07
+
+# Yemen
+# See Asia/Riyadh.