jdk/src/java.base/share/classes/sun/security/tools/keytool/Main.java
changeset 25859 3317bb8137f4
parent 25522 10d789df41bb
child 27038 64cb6608f8a6
--- /dev/null	Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
+++ b/jdk/src/java.base/share/classes/sun/security/tools/keytool/Main.java	Sun Aug 17 15:54:13 2014 +0100
@@ -0,0 +1,4237 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 1997, 2014, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
+ * DO NOT ALTER OR REMOVE COPYRIGHT NOTICES OR THIS FILE HEADER.
+ *
+ * This code is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+ * under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 2 only, as
+ * published by the Free Software Foundation.  Oracle designates this
+ * particular file as subject to the "Classpath" exception as provided
+ * by Oracle in the LICENSE file that accompanied this code.
+ *
+ * This code is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
+ * ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU General Public License
+ * version 2 for more details (a copy is included in the LICENSE file that
+ * accompanied this code).
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License version
+ * 2 along with this work; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation,
+ * Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA.
+ *
+ * Please contact Oracle, 500 Oracle Parkway, Redwood Shores, CA 94065 USA
+ * or visit www.oracle.com if you need additional information or have any
+ * questions.
+ */
+
+package sun.security.tools.keytool;
+
+import java.io.*;
+import java.security.CodeSigner;
+import java.security.KeyStore;
+import java.security.KeyStoreException;
+import java.security.MessageDigest;
+import java.security.Key;
+import java.security.PublicKey;
+import java.security.PrivateKey;
+import java.security.Security;
+import java.security.Signature;
+import java.security.Timestamp;
+import java.security.UnrecoverableEntryException;
+import java.security.UnrecoverableKeyException;
+import java.security.Principal;
+import java.security.Provider;
+import java.security.cert.Certificate;
+import java.security.cert.CertificateFactory;
+import java.security.cert.CertStoreException;
+import java.security.cert.CRL;
+import java.security.cert.X509Certificate;
+import java.security.cert.CertificateException;
+import java.text.Collator;
+import java.text.MessageFormat;
+import java.util.*;
+import java.util.jar.JarEntry;
+import java.util.jar.JarFile;
+import java.lang.reflect.Constructor;
+import java.math.BigInteger;
+import java.net.URI;
+import java.net.URL;
+import java.net.URLClassLoader;
+import java.security.cert.CertStore;
+
+import java.security.cert.X509CRL;
+import java.security.cert.X509CRLEntry;
+import java.security.cert.X509CRLSelector;
+import javax.security.auth.x500.X500Principal;
+import java.util.Base64;
+
+import sun.security.util.ObjectIdentifier;
+import sun.security.pkcs10.PKCS10;
+import sun.security.pkcs10.PKCS10Attribute;
+import sun.security.provider.X509Factory;
+import sun.security.provider.certpath.CertStoreHelper;
+import sun.security.util.Password;
+import javax.crypto.KeyGenerator;
+import javax.crypto.SecretKey;
+import javax.crypto.SecretKeyFactory;
+import javax.crypto.spec.PBEKeySpec;
+
+import sun.security.pkcs.PKCS9Attribute;
+import sun.security.tools.KeyStoreUtil;
+import sun.security.tools.PathList;
+import sun.security.util.DerValue;
+import sun.security.x509.*;
+
+import static java.security.KeyStore.*;
+import static sun.security.tools.keytool.Main.Command.*;
+import static sun.security.tools.keytool.Main.Option.*;
+
+/**
+ * This tool manages keystores.
+ *
+ * @author Jan Luehe
+ *
+ *
+ * @see java.security.KeyStore
+ * @see sun.security.provider.KeyProtector
+ * @see sun.security.provider.JavaKeyStore
+ *
+ * @since 1.2
+ */
+public final class Main {
+
+    private boolean debug = false;
+    private Command command = null;
+    private String sigAlgName = null;
+    private String keyAlgName = null;
+    private boolean verbose = false;
+    private int keysize = -1;
+    private boolean rfc = false;
+    private long validity = (long)90;
+    private String alias = null;
+    private String dname = null;
+    private String dest = null;
+    private String filename = null;
+    private String infilename = null;
+    private String outfilename = null;
+    private String srcksfname = null;
+
+    // User-specified providers are added before any command is called.
+    // However, they are not removed before the end of the main() method.
+    // If you're calling KeyTool.main() directly in your own Java program,
+    // please programtically add any providers you need and do not specify
+    // them through the command line.
+
+    private Set<Pair <String, String>> providers = null;
+    private String storetype = null;
+    private String srcProviderName = null;
+    private String providerName = null;
+    private String pathlist = null;
+    private char[] storePass = null;
+    private char[] storePassNew = null;
+    private char[] keyPass = null;
+    private char[] keyPassNew = null;
+    private char[] newPass = null;
+    private char[] destKeyPass = null;
+    private char[] srckeyPass = null;
+    private String ksfname = null;
+    private File ksfile = null;
+    private InputStream ksStream = null; // keystore stream
+    private String sslserver = null;
+    private String jarfile = null;
+    private KeyStore keyStore = null;
+    private boolean token = false;
+    private boolean nullStream = false;
+    private boolean kssave = false;
+    private boolean noprompt = false;
+    private boolean trustcacerts = false;
+    private boolean protectedPath = false;
+    private boolean srcprotectedPath = false;
+    private CertificateFactory cf = null;
+    private KeyStore caks = null; // "cacerts" keystore
+    private char[] srcstorePass = null;
+    private String srcstoretype = null;
+    private Set<char[]> passwords = new HashSet<>();
+    private String startDate = null;
+
+    private List<String> ids = new ArrayList<>();   // used in GENCRL
+    private List<String> v3ext = new ArrayList<>();
+
+    enum Command {
+        CERTREQ("Generates.a.certificate.request",
+            ALIAS, SIGALG, FILEOUT, KEYPASS, KEYSTORE, DNAME,
+            STOREPASS, STORETYPE, PROVIDERNAME, PROVIDERCLASS,
+            PROVIDERARG, PROVIDERPATH, V, PROTECTED),
+        CHANGEALIAS("Changes.an.entry.s.alias",
+            ALIAS, DESTALIAS, KEYPASS, KEYSTORE, STOREPASS,
+            STORETYPE, PROVIDERNAME, PROVIDERCLASS, PROVIDERARG,
+            PROVIDERPATH, V, PROTECTED),
+        DELETE("Deletes.an.entry",
+            ALIAS, KEYSTORE, STOREPASS, STORETYPE,
+            PROVIDERNAME, PROVIDERCLASS, PROVIDERARG,
+            PROVIDERPATH, V, PROTECTED),
+        EXPORTCERT("Exports.certificate",
+            RFC, ALIAS, FILEOUT, KEYSTORE, STOREPASS,
+            STORETYPE, PROVIDERNAME, PROVIDERCLASS, PROVIDERARG,
+            PROVIDERPATH, V, PROTECTED),
+        GENKEYPAIR("Generates.a.key.pair",
+            ALIAS, KEYALG, KEYSIZE, SIGALG, DESTALIAS, DNAME,
+            STARTDATE, EXT, VALIDITY, KEYPASS, KEYSTORE,
+            STOREPASS, STORETYPE, PROVIDERNAME, PROVIDERCLASS,
+            PROVIDERARG, PROVIDERPATH, V, PROTECTED),
+        GENSECKEY("Generates.a.secret.key",
+            ALIAS, KEYPASS, KEYALG, KEYSIZE, KEYSTORE,
+            STOREPASS, STORETYPE, PROVIDERNAME, PROVIDERCLASS,
+            PROVIDERARG, PROVIDERPATH, V, PROTECTED),
+        GENCERT("Generates.certificate.from.a.certificate.request",
+            RFC, INFILE, OUTFILE, ALIAS, SIGALG, DNAME,
+            STARTDATE, EXT, VALIDITY, KEYPASS, KEYSTORE,
+            STOREPASS, STORETYPE, PROVIDERNAME, PROVIDERCLASS,
+            PROVIDERARG, PROVIDERPATH, V, PROTECTED),
+        IMPORTCERT("Imports.a.certificate.or.a.certificate.chain",
+            NOPROMPT, TRUSTCACERTS, PROTECTED, ALIAS, FILEIN,
+            KEYPASS, KEYSTORE, STOREPASS, STORETYPE,
+            PROVIDERNAME, PROVIDERCLASS, PROVIDERARG,
+            PROVIDERPATH, V),
+        IMPORTPASS("Imports.a.password",
+            ALIAS, KEYPASS, KEYALG, KEYSIZE, KEYSTORE,
+            STOREPASS, STORETYPE, PROVIDERNAME, PROVIDERCLASS,
+            PROVIDERARG, PROVIDERPATH, V, PROTECTED),
+        IMPORTKEYSTORE("Imports.one.or.all.entries.from.another.keystore",
+            SRCKEYSTORE, DESTKEYSTORE, SRCSTORETYPE,
+            DESTSTORETYPE, SRCSTOREPASS, DESTSTOREPASS,
+            SRCPROTECTED, SRCPROVIDERNAME, DESTPROVIDERNAME,
+            SRCALIAS, DESTALIAS, SRCKEYPASS, DESTKEYPASS,
+            NOPROMPT, PROVIDERCLASS, PROVIDERARG, PROVIDERPATH,
+            V),
+        KEYPASSWD("Changes.the.key.password.of.an.entry",
+            ALIAS, KEYPASS, NEW, KEYSTORE, STOREPASS,
+            STORETYPE, PROVIDERNAME, PROVIDERCLASS, PROVIDERARG,
+            PROVIDERPATH, V),
+        LIST("Lists.entries.in.a.keystore",
+            RFC, ALIAS, KEYSTORE, STOREPASS, STORETYPE,
+            PROVIDERNAME, PROVIDERCLASS, PROVIDERARG,
+            PROVIDERPATH, V, PROTECTED),
+        PRINTCERT("Prints.the.content.of.a.certificate",
+            RFC, FILEIN, SSLSERVER, JARFILE, V),
+        PRINTCERTREQ("Prints.the.content.of.a.certificate.request",
+            FILEIN, V),
+        PRINTCRL("Prints.the.content.of.a.CRL.file",
+            FILEIN, V),
+        STOREPASSWD("Changes.the.store.password.of.a.keystore",
+            NEW, KEYSTORE, STOREPASS, STORETYPE, PROVIDERNAME,
+            PROVIDERCLASS, PROVIDERARG, PROVIDERPATH, V),
+
+        // Undocumented start here, KEYCLONE is used a marker in -help;
+
+        KEYCLONE("Clones.a.key.entry",
+            ALIAS, DESTALIAS, KEYPASS, NEW, STORETYPE,
+            KEYSTORE, STOREPASS, PROVIDERNAME, PROVIDERCLASS,
+            PROVIDERARG, PROVIDERPATH, V),
+        SELFCERT("Generates.a.self.signed.certificate",
+            ALIAS, SIGALG, DNAME, STARTDATE, VALIDITY, KEYPASS,
+            STORETYPE, KEYSTORE, STOREPASS, PROVIDERNAME,
+            PROVIDERCLASS, PROVIDERARG, PROVIDERPATH, V),
+        GENCRL("Generates.CRL",
+            RFC, FILEOUT, ID,
+            ALIAS, SIGALG, EXT, KEYPASS, KEYSTORE,
+            STOREPASS, STORETYPE, PROVIDERNAME, PROVIDERCLASS,
+            PROVIDERARG, PROVIDERPATH, V, PROTECTED),
+        IDENTITYDB("Imports.entries.from.a.JDK.1.1.x.style.identity.database",
+            FILEIN, STORETYPE, KEYSTORE, STOREPASS, PROVIDERNAME,
+            PROVIDERCLASS, PROVIDERARG, PROVIDERPATH, V);
+
+        final String description;
+        final Option[] options;
+        final String name;
+
+        String altName;     // "genkey" is altName for "genkeypair"
+
+        Command(String d, Option... o) {
+            description = d;
+            options = o;
+            name = "-" + name().toLowerCase(Locale.ENGLISH);
+        }
+        @Override
+        public String toString() {
+            return name;
+        }
+        public String getAltName() {
+            return altName;
+        }
+        public void setAltName(String altName) {
+            this.altName = altName;
+        }
+        public static Command getCommand(String cmd) {
+            for (Command c: Command.values()) {
+                if (collator.compare(cmd, c.name) == 0
+                        || (c.altName != null
+                            && collator.compare(cmd, c.altName) == 0)) {
+                    return c;
+                }
+            }
+            return null;
+        }
+    };
+
+    static {
+        Command.GENKEYPAIR.setAltName("-genkey");
+        Command.IMPORTCERT.setAltName("-import");
+        Command.EXPORTCERT.setAltName("-export");
+        Command.IMPORTPASS.setAltName("-importpassword");
+    }
+
+    enum Option {
+        ALIAS("alias", "<alias>", "alias.name.of.the.entry.to.process"),
+        DESTALIAS("destalias", "<destalias>", "destination.alias"),
+        DESTKEYPASS("destkeypass", "<arg>", "destination.key.password"),
+        DESTKEYSTORE("destkeystore", "<destkeystore>", "destination.keystore.name"),
+        DESTPROTECTED("destprotected", null, "destination.keystore.password.protected"),
+        DESTPROVIDERNAME("destprovidername", "<destprovidername>", "destination.keystore.provider.name"),
+        DESTSTOREPASS("deststorepass", "<arg>", "destination.keystore.password"),
+        DESTSTORETYPE("deststoretype", "<deststoretype>", "destination.keystore.type"),
+        DNAME("dname", "<dname>", "distinguished.name"),
+        EXT("ext", "<value>", "X.509.extension"),
+        FILEOUT("file", "<filename>", "output.file.name"),
+        FILEIN("file", "<filename>", "input.file.name"),
+        ID("id", "<id:reason>", "Serial.ID.of.cert.to.revoke"),
+        INFILE("infile", "<filename>", "input.file.name"),
+        KEYALG("keyalg", "<keyalg>", "key.algorithm.name"),
+        KEYPASS("keypass", "<arg>", "key.password"),
+        KEYSIZE("keysize", "<keysize>", "key.bit.size"),
+        KEYSTORE("keystore", "<keystore>", "keystore.name"),
+        NEW("new", "<arg>", "new.password"),
+        NOPROMPT("noprompt", null, "do.not.prompt"),
+        OUTFILE("outfile", "<filename>", "output.file.name"),
+        PROTECTED("protected", null, "password.through.protected.mechanism"),
+        PROVIDERARG("providerarg", "<arg>", "provider.argument"),
+        PROVIDERCLASS("providerclass", "<providerclass>", "provider.class.name"),
+        PROVIDERNAME("providername", "<providername>", "provider.name"),
+        PROVIDERPATH("providerpath", "<pathlist>", "provider.classpath"),
+        RFC("rfc", null, "output.in.RFC.style"),
+        SIGALG("sigalg", "<sigalg>", "signature.algorithm.name"),
+        SRCALIAS("srcalias", "<srcalias>", "source.alias"),
+        SRCKEYPASS("srckeypass", "<arg>", "source.key.password"),
+        SRCKEYSTORE("srckeystore", "<srckeystore>", "source.keystore.name"),
+        SRCPROTECTED("srcprotected", null, "source.keystore.password.protected"),
+        SRCPROVIDERNAME("srcprovidername", "<srcprovidername>", "source.keystore.provider.name"),
+        SRCSTOREPASS("srcstorepass", "<arg>", "source.keystore.password"),
+        SRCSTORETYPE("srcstoretype", "<srcstoretype>", "source.keystore.type"),
+        SSLSERVER("sslserver", "<server[:port]>", "SSL.server.host.and.port"),
+        JARFILE("jarfile", "<filename>", "signed.jar.file"),
+        STARTDATE("startdate", "<startdate>", "certificate.validity.start.date.time"),
+        STOREPASS("storepass", "<arg>", "keystore.password"),
+        STORETYPE("storetype", "<storetype>", "keystore.type"),
+        TRUSTCACERTS("trustcacerts", null, "trust.certificates.from.cacerts"),
+        V("v", null, "verbose.output"),
+        VALIDITY("validity", "<valDays>", "validity.number.of.days");
+
+        final String name, arg, description;
+        Option(String name, String arg, String description) {
+            this.name = name;
+            this.arg = arg;
+            this.description = description;
+        }
+        @Override
+        public String toString() {
+            return "-" + name;
+        }
+    };
+
+    private static final Class<?>[] PARAM_STRING = { String.class };
+
+    private static final String NONE = "NONE";
+    private static final String P11KEYSTORE = "PKCS11";
+    private static final String P12KEYSTORE = "PKCS12";
+    private final String keyAlias = "mykey";
+
+    // for i18n
+    private static final java.util.ResourceBundle rb =
+        java.util.ResourceBundle.getBundle(
+            "sun.security.tools.keytool.Resources");
+    private static final Collator collator = Collator.getInstance();
+    static {
+        // this is for case insensitive string comparisons
+        collator.setStrength(Collator.PRIMARY);
+    };
+
+    private Main() { }
+
+    public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
+        Main kt = new Main();
+        kt.run(args, System.out);
+    }
+
+    private void run(String[] args, PrintStream out) throws Exception {
+        try {
+            args = parseArgs(args);
+            if (command != null) {
+                doCommands(out);
+            }
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            System.out.println(rb.getString("keytool.error.") + e);
+            if (verbose) {
+                e.printStackTrace(System.out);
+            }
+            if (!debug) {
+                System.exit(1);
+            } else {
+                throw e;
+            }
+        } finally {
+            for (char[] pass : passwords) {
+                if (pass != null) {
+                    Arrays.fill(pass, ' ');
+                    pass = null;
+                }
+            }
+
+            if (ksStream != null) {
+                ksStream.close();
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Parse command line arguments.
+     */
+    String[] parseArgs(String[] args) throws Exception {
+
+        int i=0;
+        boolean help = args.length == 0;
+
+        String confFile = null;
+
+        for (i=0; i < args.length; i++) {
+            String flags = args[i];
+            if (flags.startsWith("-")) {
+                if (collator.compare(flags, "-conf") == 0) {
+                    if (i == args.length - 1) {
+                        errorNeedArgument(flags);
+                    }
+                    confFile = args[++i];
+                } else {
+                    Command c = Command.getCommand(flags);
+                    if (c != null) command = c;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        if (confFile != null && command != null) {
+            args = KeyStoreUtil.expandArgs("keytool", confFile,
+                    command.toString(),
+                    command.getAltName(), args);
+        }
+
+        debug = Arrays.stream(args).anyMatch(
+                x -> collator.compare(x, "-debug") == 0);
+
+        if (debug) {
+            // No need to localize debug output
+            System.out.println("Command line args: " +
+                    Arrays.toString(args));
+        }
+
+        for (i=0; (i < args.length) && args[i].startsWith("-"); i++) {
+
+            String flags = args[i];
+
+            // Check if the last option needs an arg
+            if (i == args.length - 1) {
+                for (Option option: Option.values()) {
+                    // Only options with an arg need to be checked
+                    if (collator.compare(flags, option.toString()) == 0) {
+                        if (option.arg != null) errorNeedArgument(flags);
+                        break;
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+
+            /*
+             * Check modifiers
+             */
+            String modifier = null;
+            int pos = flags.indexOf(':');
+            if (pos > 0) {
+                modifier = flags.substring(pos+1);
+                flags = flags.substring(0, pos);
+            }
+
+            /*
+             * command modes
+             */
+            Command c = Command.getCommand(flags);
+
+            if (c != null) {
+                command = c;
+            } else if (collator.compare(flags, "-help") == 0) {
+                help = true;
+            } else if (collator.compare(flags, "-conf") == 0) {
+                i++;
+            }
+
+            /*
+             * specifiers
+             */
+            else if (collator.compare(flags, "-keystore") == 0 ||
+                    collator.compare(flags, "-destkeystore") == 0) {
+                ksfname = args[++i];
+            } else if (collator.compare(flags, "-storepass") == 0 ||
+                    collator.compare(flags, "-deststorepass") == 0) {
+                storePass = getPass(modifier, args[++i]);
+                passwords.add(storePass);
+            } else if (collator.compare(flags, "-storetype") == 0 ||
+                    collator.compare(flags, "-deststoretype") == 0) {
+                storetype = args[++i];
+            } else if (collator.compare(flags, "-srcstorepass") == 0) {
+                srcstorePass = getPass(modifier, args[++i]);
+                passwords.add(srcstorePass);
+            } else if (collator.compare(flags, "-srcstoretype") == 0) {
+                srcstoretype = args[++i];
+            } else if (collator.compare(flags, "-srckeypass") == 0) {
+                srckeyPass = getPass(modifier, args[++i]);
+                passwords.add(srckeyPass);
+            } else if (collator.compare(flags, "-srcprovidername") == 0) {
+                srcProviderName = args[++i];
+            } else if (collator.compare(flags, "-providername") == 0 ||
+                    collator.compare(flags, "-destprovidername") == 0) {
+                providerName = args[++i];
+            } else if (collator.compare(flags, "-providerpath") == 0) {
+                pathlist = args[++i];
+            } else if (collator.compare(flags, "-keypass") == 0) {
+                keyPass = getPass(modifier, args[++i]);
+                passwords.add(keyPass);
+            } else if (collator.compare(flags, "-new") == 0) {
+                newPass = getPass(modifier, args[++i]);
+                passwords.add(newPass);
+            } else if (collator.compare(flags, "-destkeypass") == 0) {
+                destKeyPass = getPass(modifier, args[++i]);
+                passwords.add(destKeyPass);
+            } else if (collator.compare(flags, "-alias") == 0 ||
+                    collator.compare(flags, "-srcalias") == 0) {
+                alias = args[++i];
+            } else if (collator.compare(flags, "-dest") == 0 ||
+                    collator.compare(flags, "-destalias") == 0) {
+                dest = args[++i];
+            } else if (collator.compare(flags, "-dname") == 0) {
+                dname = args[++i];
+            } else if (collator.compare(flags, "-keysize") == 0) {
+                keysize = Integer.parseInt(args[++i]);
+            } else if (collator.compare(flags, "-keyalg") == 0) {
+                keyAlgName = args[++i];
+            } else if (collator.compare(flags, "-sigalg") == 0) {
+                sigAlgName = args[++i];
+            } else if (collator.compare(flags, "-startdate") == 0) {
+                startDate = args[++i];
+            } else if (collator.compare(flags, "-validity") == 0) {
+                validity = Long.parseLong(args[++i]);
+            } else if (collator.compare(flags, "-ext") == 0) {
+                v3ext.add(args[++i]);
+            } else if (collator.compare(flags, "-id") == 0) {
+                ids.add(args[++i]);
+            } else if (collator.compare(flags, "-file") == 0) {
+                filename = args[++i];
+            } else if (collator.compare(flags, "-infile") == 0) {
+                infilename = args[++i];
+            } else if (collator.compare(flags, "-outfile") == 0) {
+                outfilename = args[++i];
+            } else if (collator.compare(flags, "-sslserver") == 0) {
+                sslserver = args[++i];
+            } else if (collator.compare(flags, "-jarfile") == 0) {
+                jarfile = args[++i];
+            } else if (collator.compare(flags, "-srckeystore") == 0) {
+                srcksfname = args[++i];
+            } else if ((collator.compare(flags, "-provider") == 0) ||
+                        (collator.compare(flags, "-providerclass") == 0)) {
+                if (providers == null) {
+                    providers = new HashSet<Pair <String, String>> (3);
+                }
+                String providerClass = args[++i];
+                String providerArg = null;
+
+                if (args.length > (i+1)) {
+                    flags = args[i+1];
+                    if (collator.compare(flags, "-providerarg") == 0) {
+                        if (args.length == (i+2)) errorNeedArgument(flags);
+                        providerArg = args[i+2];
+                        i += 2;
+                    }
+                }
+                providers.add(
+                        Pair.of(providerClass, providerArg));
+            }
+
+            /*
+             * options
+             */
+            else if (collator.compare(flags, "-v") == 0) {
+                verbose = true;
+            } else if (collator.compare(flags, "-debug") == 0) {
+                // Already processed
+            } else if (collator.compare(flags, "-rfc") == 0) {
+                rfc = true;
+            } else if (collator.compare(flags, "-noprompt") == 0) {
+                noprompt = true;
+            } else if (collator.compare(flags, "-trustcacerts") == 0) {
+                trustcacerts = true;
+            } else if (collator.compare(flags, "-protected") == 0 ||
+                    collator.compare(flags, "-destprotected") == 0) {
+                protectedPath = true;
+            } else if (collator.compare(flags, "-srcprotected") == 0) {
+                srcprotectedPath = true;
+            } else  {
+                System.err.println(rb.getString("Illegal.option.") + flags);
+                tinyHelp();
+            }
+        }
+
+        if (i<args.length) {
+            System.err.println(rb.getString("Illegal.option.") + args[i]);
+            tinyHelp();
+        }
+
+        if (command == null) {
+            if (help) {
+                usage();
+            } else {
+                System.err.println(rb.getString("Usage.error.no.command.provided"));
+                tinyHelp();
+            }
+        } else if (help) {
+            usage();
+            command = null;
+        }
+
+        return args;
+    }
+
+    boolean isKeyStoreRelated(Command cmd) {
+        return cmd != PRINTCERT && cmd != PRINTCERTREQ;
+    }
+
+
+    /**
+     * Execute the commands.
+     */
+    void doCommands(PrintStream out) throws Exception {
+        if (storetype == null) {
+            storetype = KeyStore.getDefaultType();
+        }
+        storetype = KeyStoreUtil.niceStoreTypeName(storetype);
+
+        if (srcstoretype == null) {
+            srcstoretype = KeyStore.getDefaultType();
+        }
+        srcstoretype = KeyStoreUtil.niceStoreTypeName(srcstoretype);
+
+        if (P11KEYSTORE.equalsIgnoreCase(storetype) ||
+                KeyStoreUtil.isWindowsKeyStore(storetype)) {
+            token = true;
+            if (ksfname == null) {
+                ksfname = NONE;
+            }
+        }
+        if (NONE.equals(ksfname)) {
+            nullStream = true;
+        }
+
+        if (token && !nullStream) {
+            System.err.println(MessageFormat.format(rb.getString
+                (".keystore.must.be.NONE.if.storetype.is.{0}"), storetype));
+            System.err.println();
+            tinyHelp();
+        }
+
+        if (token &&
+            (command == KEYPASSWD || command == STOREPASSWD)) {
+            throw new UnsupportedOperationException(MessageFormat.format(rb.getString
+                        (".storepasswd.and.keypasswd.commands.not.supported.if.storetype.is.{0}"), storetype));
+        }
+
+        if (P12KEYSTORE.equalsIgnoreCase(storetype) && command == KEYPASSWD) {
+            throw new UnsupportedOperationException(rb.getString
+                        (".keypasswd.commands.not.supported.if.storetype.is.PKCS12"));
+        }
+
+        if (token && (keyPass != null || newPass != null || destKeyPass != null)) {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException(MessageFormat.format(rb.getString
+                (".keypass.and.new.can.not.be.specified.if.storetype.is.{0}"), storetype));
+        }
+
+        if (protectedPath) {
+            if (storePass != null || keyPass != null ||
+                    newPass != null || destKeyPass != null) {
+                throw new IllegalArgumentException(rb.getString
+                        ("if.protected.is.specified.then.storepass.keypass.and.new.must.not.be.specified"));
+            }
+        }
+
+        if (srcprotectedPath) {
+            if (srcstorePass != null || srckeyPass != null) {
+                throw new IllegalArgumentException(rb.getString
+                        ("if.srcprotected.is.specified.then.srcstorepass.and.srckeypass.must.not.be.specified"));
+            }
+        }
+
+        if (KeyStoreUtil.isWindowsKeyStore(storetype)) {
+            if (storePass != null || keyPass != null ||
+                    newPass != null || destKeyPass != null) {
+                throw new IllegalArgumentException(rb.getString
+                        ("if.keystore.is.not.password.protected.then.storepass.keypass.and.new.must.not.be.specified"));
+            }
+        }
+
+        if (KeyStoreUtil.isWindowsKeyStore(srcstoretype)) {
+            if (srcstorePass != null || srckeyPass != null) {
+                throw new IllegalArgumentException(rb.getString
+                        ("if.source.keystore.is.not.password.protected.then.srcstorepass.and.srckeypass.must.not.be.specified"));
+            }
+        }
+
+        if (validity <= (long)0) {
+            throw new Exception
+                (rb.getString("Validity.must.be.greater.than.zero"));
+        }
+
+        // Try to load and install specified provider
+        if (providers != null) {
+            ClassLoader cl = null;
+            if (pathlist != null) {
+                String path = null;
+                path = PathList.appendPath(
+                        path, System.getProperty("java.class.path"));
+                path = PathList.appendPath(
+                        path, System.getProperty("env.class.path"));
+                path = PathList.appendPath(path, pathlist);
+
+                URL[] urls = PathList.pathToURLs(path);
+                cl = new URLClassLoader(urls);
+            } else {
+                cl = ClassLoader.getSystemClassLoader();
+            }
+
+            for (Pair <String, String> provider: providers) {
+                String provName = provider.fst;
+                Class<?> provClass;
+                if (cl != null) {
+                    provClass = cl.loadClass(provName);
+                } else {
+                    provClass = Class.forName(provName);
+                }
+
+                String provArg = provider.snd;
+                Object obj;
+                if (provArg == null) {
+                    obj = provClass.newInstance();
+                } else {
+                    Constructor<?> c = provClass.getConstructor(PARAM_STRING);
+                    obj = c.newInstance(provArg);
+                }
+                if (!(obj instanceof Provider)) {
+                    MessageFormat form = new MessageFormat
+                        (rb.getString("provName.not.a.provider"));
+                    Object[] source = {provName};
+                    throw new Exception(form.format(source));
+                }
+                Security.addProvider((Provider)obj);
+            }
+        }
+
+        if (command == LIST && verbose && rfc) {
+            System.err.println(rb.getString
+                ("Must.not.specify.both.v.and.rfc.with.list.command"));
+            tinyHelp();
+        }
+
+        // Make sure provided passwords are at least 6 characters long
+        if (command == GENKEYPAIR && keyPass!=null && keyPass.length < 6) {
+            throw new Exception(rb.getString
+                ("Key.password.must.be.at.least.6.characters"));
+        }
+        if (newPass != null && newPass.length < 6) {
+            throw new Exception(rb.getString
+                ("New.password.must.be.at.least.6.characters"));
+        }
+        if (destKeyPass != null && destKeyPass.length < 6) {
+            throw new Exception(rb.getString
+                ("New.password.must.be.at.least.6.characters"));
+        }
+
+        // Check if keystore exists.
+        // If no keystore has been specified at the command line, try to use
+        // the default, which is located in $HOME/.keystore.
+        // If the command is "genkey", "identitydb", "import", or "printcert",
+        // it is OK not to have a keystore.
+        if (isKeyStoreRelated(command)) {
+            if (ksfname == null) {
+                ksfname = System.getProperty("user.home") + File.separator
+                    + ".keystore";
+            }
+
+            if (!nullStream) {
+                try {
+                    ksfile = new File(ksfname);
+                    // Check if keystore file is empty
+                    if (ksfile.exists() && ksfile.length() == 0) {
+                        throw new Exception(rb.getString
+                        ("Keystore.file.exists.but.is.empty.") + ksfname);
+                    }
+                    ksStream = new FileInputStream(ksfile);
+                } catch (FileNotFoundException e) {
+                    if (command != GENKEYPAIR &&
+                        command != GENSECKEY &&
+                        command != IDENTITYDB &&
+                        command != IMPORTCERT &&
+                        command != IMPORTPASS &&
+                        command != IMPORTKEYSTORE &&
+                        command != PRINTCRL) {
+                        throw new Exception(rb.getString
+                                ("Keystore.file.does.not.exist.") + ksfname);
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        if ((command == KEYCLONE || command == CHANGEALIAS)
+                && dest == null) {
+            dest = getAlias("destination");
+            if ("".equals(dest)) {
+                throw new Exception(rb.getString
+                        ("Must.specify.destination.alias"));
+            }
+        }
+
+        if (command == DELETE && alias == null) {
+            alias = getAlias(null);
+            if ("".equals(alias)) {
+                throw new Exception(rb.getString("Must.specify.alias"));
+            }
+        }
+
+        // Create new keystore
+        if (providerName == null) {
+            keyStore = KeyStore.getInstance(storetype);
+        } else {
+            keyStore = KeyStore.getInstance(storetype, providerName);
+        }
+
+        /*
+         * Load the keystore data.
+         *
+         * At this point, it's OK if no keystore password has been provided.
+         * We want to make sure that we can load the keystore data, i.e.,
+         * the keystore data has the right format. If we cannot load the
+         * keystore, why bother asking the user for his or her password?
+         * Only if we were able to load the keystore, and no keystore
+         * password has been provided, will we prompt the user for the
+         * keystore password to verify the keystore integrity.
+         * This means that the keystore is loaded twice: first load operation
+         * checks the keystore format, second load operation verifies the
+         * keystore integrity.
+         *
+         * If the keystore password has already been provided (at the
+         * command line), however, the keystore is loaded only once, and the
+         * keystore format and integrity are checked "at the same time".
+         *
+         * Null stream keystores are loaded later.
+         */
+        if (!nullStream) {
+            keyStore.load(ksStream, storePass);
+            if (ksStream != null) {
+                ksStream.close();
+            }
+        }
+
+        // All commands that create or modify the keystore require a keystore
+        // password.
+
+        if (nullStream && storePass != null) {
+            keyStore.load(null, storePass);
+        } else if (!nullStream && storePass != null) {
+            // If we are creating a new non nullStream-based keystore,
+            // insist that the password be at least 6 characters
+            if (ksStream == null && storePass.length < 6) {
+                throw new Exception(rb.getString
+                        ("Keystore.password.must.be.at.least.6.characters"));
+            }
+        } else if (storePass == null) {
+
+            // only prompt if (protectedPath == false)
+
+            if (!protectedPath && !KeyStoreUtil.isWindowsKeyStore(storetype) &&
+                (command == CERTREQ ||
+                        command == DELETE ||
+                        command == GENKEYPAIR ||
+                        command == GENSECKEY ||
+                        command == IMPORTCERT ||
+                        command == IMPORTPASS ||
+                        command == IMPORTKEYSTORE ||
+                        command == KEYCLONE ||
+                        command == CHANGEALIAS ||
+                        command == SELFCERT ||
+                        command == STOREPASSWD ||
+                        command == KEYPASSWD ||
+                        command == IDENTITYDB)) {
+                int count = 0;
+                do {
+                    if (command == IMPORTKEYSTORE) {
+                        System.err.print
+                                (rb.getString("Enter.destination.keystore.password."));
+                    } else {
+                        System.err.print
+                                (rb.getString("Enter.keystore.password."));
+                    }
+                    System.err.flush();
+                    storePass = Password.readPassword(System.in);
+                    passwords.add(storePass);
+
+                    // If we are creating a new non nullStream-based keystore,
+                    // insist that the password be at least 6 characters
+                    if (!nullStream && (storePass == null || storePass.length < 6)) {
+                        System.err.println(rb.getString
+                                ("Keystore.password.is.too.short.must.be.at.least.6.characters"));
+                        storePass = null;
+                    }
+
+                    // If the keystore file does not exist and needs to be
+                    // created, the storepass should be prompted twice.
+                    if (storePass != null && !nullStream && ksStream == null) {
+                        System.err.print(rb.getString("Re.enter.new.password."));
+                        char[] storePassAgain = Password.readPassword(System.in);
+                        passwords.add(storePassAgain);
+                        if (!Arrays.equals(storePass, storePassAgain)) {
+                            System.err.println
+                                (rb.getString("They.don.t.match.Try.again"));
+                            storePass = null;
+                        }
+                    }
+
+                    count++;
+                } while ((storePass == null) && count < 3);
+
+
+                if (storePass == null) {
+                    System.err.println
+                        (rb.getString("Too.many.failures.try.later"));
+                    return;
+                }
+            } else if (!protectedPath
+                    && !KeyStoreUtil.isWindowsKeyStore(storetype)
+                    && isKeyStoreRelated(command)) {
+                // here we have EXPORTCERT and LIST (info valid until STOREPASSWD)
+                if (command != PRINTCRL) {
+                    System.err.print(rb.getString("Enter.keystore.password."));
+                    System.err.flush();
+                    storePass = Password.readPassword(System.in);
+                    passwords.add(storePass);
+                }
+            }
+
+            // Now load a nullStream-based keystore,
+            // or verify the integrity of an input stream-based keystore
+            if (nullStream) {
+                keyStore.load(null, storePass);
+            } else if (ksStream != null) {
+                ksStream = new FileInputStream(ksfile);
+                keyStore.load(ksStream, storePass);
+                ksStream.close();
+            }
+        }
+
+        if (storePass != null && P12KEYSTORE.equalsIgnoreCase(storetype)) {
+            MessageFormat form = new MessageFormat(rb.getString(
+                "Warning.Different.store.and.key.passwords.not.supported.for.PKCS12.KeyStores.Ignoring.user.specified.command.value."));
+            if (keyPass != null && !Arrays.equals(storePass, keyPass)) {
+                Object[] source = {"-keypass"};
+                System.err.println(form.format(source));
+                keyPass = storePass;
+            }
+            if (newPass != null && !Arrays.equals(storePass, newPass)) {
+                Object[] source = {"-new"};
+                System.err.println(form.format(source));
+                newPass = storePass;
+            }
+            if (destKeyPass != null && !Arrays.equals(storePass, destKeyPass)) {
+                Object[] source = {"-destkeypass"};
+                System.err.println(form.format(source));
+                destKeyPass = storePass;
+            }
+        }
+
+        // Create a certificate factory
+        if (command == PRINTCERT || command == IMPORTCERT
+                || command == IDENTITYDB || command == PRINTCRL) {
+            cf = CertificateFactory.getInstance("X509");
+        }
+
+        if (trustcacerts) {
+            caks = KeyStoreUtil.getCacertsKeyStore();
+        }
+
+        // Perform the specified command
+        if (command == CERTREQ) {
+            if (filename != null) {
+                try (PrintStream ps = new PrintStream(new FileOutputStream
+                                                      (filename))) {
+                    doCertReq(alias, sigAlgName, ps);
+                }
+            } else {
+                doCertReq(alias, sigAlgName, out);
+            }
+            if (verbose && filename != null) {
+                MessageFormat form = new MessageFormat(rb.getString
+                        ("Certification.request.stored.in.file.filename."));
+                Object[] source = {filename};
+                System.err.println(form.format(source));
+                System.err.println(rb.getString("Submit.this.to.your.CA"));
+            }
+        } else if (command == DELETE) {
+            doDeleteEntry(alias);
+            kssave = true;
+        } else if (command == EXPORTCERT) {
+            if (filename != null) {
+                try (PrintStream ps = new PrintStream(new FileOutputStream
+                                                   (filename))) {
+                    doExportCert(alias, ps);
+                }
+            } else {
+                doExportCert(alias, out);
+            }
+            if (filename != null) {
+                MessageFormat form = new MessageFormat(rb.getString
+                        ("Certificate.stored.in.file.filename."));
+                Object[] source = {filename};
+                System.err.println(form.format(source));
+            }
+        } else if (command == GENKEYPAIR) {
+            if (keyAlgName == null) {
+                keyAlgName = "DSA";
+            }
+            doGenKeyPair(alias, dname, keyAlgName, keysize, sigAlgName);
+            kssave = true;
+        } else if (command == GENSECKEY) {
+            if (keyAlgName == null) {
+                keyAlgName = "DES";
+            }
+            doGenSecretKey(alias, keyAlgName, keysize);
+            kssave = true;
+        } else if (command == IMPORTPASS) {
+            if (keyAlgName == null) {
+                keyAlgName = "PBE";
+            }
+            // password is stored as a secret key
+            doGenSecretKey(alias, keyAlgName, keysize);
+            kssave = true;
+        } else if (command == IDENTITYDB) {
+            if (filename != null) {
+                try (InputStream inStream = new FileInputStream(filename)) {
+                    doImportIdentityDatabase(inStream);
+                }
+            } else {
+                doImportIdentityDatabase(System.in);
+            }
+        } else if (command == IMPORTCERT) {
+            InputStream inStream = System.in;
+            if (filename != null) {
+                inStream = new FileInputStream(filename);
+            }
+            String importAlias = (alias!=null)?alias:keyAlias;
+            try {
+                if (keyStore.entryInstanceOf(
+                        importAlias, KeyStore.PrivateKeyEntry.class)) {
+                    kssave = installReply(importAlias, inStream);
+                    if (kssave) {
+                        System.err.println(rb.getString
+                            ("Certificate.reply.was.installed.in.keystore"));
+                    } else {
+                        System.err.println(rb.getString
+                            ("Certificate.reply.was.not.installed.in.keystore"));
+                    }
+                } else if (!keyStore.containsAlias(importAlias) ||
+                        keyStore.entryInstanceOf(importAlias,
+                            KeyStore.TrustedCertificateEntry.class)) {
+                    kssave = addTrustedCert(importAlias, inStream);
+                    if (kssave) {
+                        System.err.println(rb.getString
+                            ("Certificate.was.added.to.keystore"));
+                    } else {
+                        System.err.println(rb.getString
+                            ("Certificate.was.not.added.to.keystore"));
+                    }
+                }
+            } finally {
+                if (inStream != System.in) {
+                    inStream.close();
+                }
+            }
+        } else if (command == IMPORTKEYSTORE) {
+            doImportKeyStore();
+            kssave = true;
+        } else if (command == KEYCLONE) {
+            keyPassNew = newPass;
+
+            // added to make sure only key can go thru
+            if (alias == null) {
+                alias = keyAlias;
+            }
+            if (keyStore.containsAlias(alias) == false) {
+                MessageFormat form = new MessageFormat
+                    (rb.getString("Alias.alias.does.not.exist"));
+                Object[] source = {alias};
+                throw new Exception(form.format(source));
+            }
+            if (!keyStore.entryInstanceOf(alias, KeyStore.PrivateKeyEntry.class)) {
+                MessageFormat form = new MessageFormat(rb.getString(
+                        "Alias.alias.references.an.entry.type.that.is.not.a.private.key.entry.The.keyclone.command.only.supports.cloning.of.private.key"));
+                Object[] source = {alias};
+                throw new Exception(form.format(source));
+            }
+
+            doCloneEntry(alias, dest, true);  // Now everything can be cloned
+            kssave = true;
+        } else if (command == CHANGEALIAS) {
+            if (alias == null) {
+                alias = keyAlias;
+            }
+            doCloneEntry(alias, dest, false);
+            // in PKCS11, clone a PrivateKeyEntry will delete the old one
+            if (keyStore.containsAlias(alias)) {
+                doDeleteEntry(alias);
+            }
+            kssave = true;
+        } else if (command == KEYPASSWD) {
+            keyPassNew = newPass;
+            doChangeKeyPasswd(alias);
+            kssave = true;
+        } else if (command == LIST) {
+            if (alias != null) {
+                doPrintEntry(alias, out, true);
+            } else {
+                doPrintEntries(out);
+            }
+        } else if (command == PRINTCERT) {
+            doPrintCert(out);
+        } else if (command == SELFCERT) {
+            doSelfCert(alias, dname, sigAlgName);
+            kssave = true;
+        } else if (command == STOREPASSWD) {
+            storePassNew = newPass;
+            if (storePassNew == null) {
+                storePassNew = getNewPasswd("keystore password", storePass);
+            }
+            kssave = true;
+        } else if (command == GENCERT) {
+            if (alias == null) {
+                alias = keyAlias;
+            }
+            InputStream inStream = System.in;
+            if (infilename != null) {
+                inStream = new FileInputStream(infilename);
+            }
+            PrintStream ps = null;
+            if (outfilename != null) {
+                ps = new PrintStream(new FileOutputStream(outfilename));
+                out = ps;
+            }
+            try {
+                doGenCert(alias, sigAlgName, inStream, out);
+            } finally {
+                if (inStream != System.in) {
+                    inStream.close();
+                }
+                if (ps != null) {
+                    ps.close();
+                }
+            }
+        } else if (command == GENCRL) {
+            if (alias == null) {
+                alias = keyAlias;
+            }
+            if (filename != null) {
+                try (PrintStream ps =
+                         new PrintStream(new FileOutputStream(filename))) {
+                    doGenCRL(ps);
+                }
+            } else {
+                doGenCRL(out);
+            }
+        } else if (command == PRINTCERTREQ) {
+            if (filename != null) {
+                try (InputStream inStream = new FileInputStream(filename)) {
+                    doPrintCertReq(inStream, out);
+                }
+            } else {
+                doPrintCertReq(System.in, out);
+            }
+        } else if (command == PRINTCRL) {
+            doPrintCRL(filename, out);
+        }
+
+        // If we need to save the keystore, do so.
+        if (kssave) {
+            if (verbose) {
+                MessageFormat form = new MessageFormat
+                        (rb.getString(".Storing.ksfname."));
+                Object[] source = {nullStream ? "keystore" : ksfname};
+                System.err.println(form.format(source));
+            }
+
+            if (token) {
+                keyStore.store(null, null);
+            } else {
+                char[] pass = (storePassNew!=null) ? storePassNew : storePass;
+                if (nullStream) {
+                    keyStore.store(null, pass);
+                } else {
+                    ByteArrayOutputStream bout = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+                    keyStore.store(bout, pass);
+                    try (FileOutputStream fout = new FileOutputStream(ksfname)) {
+                        fout.write(bout.toByteArray());
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Generate a certificate: Read PKCS10 request from in, and print
+     * certificate to out. Use alias as CA, sigAlgName as the signature
+     * type.
+     */
+    private void doGenCert(String alias, String sigAlgName, InputStream in, PrintStream out)
+            throws Exception {
+
+
+        Certificate signerCert = keyStore.getCertificate(alias);
+        byte[] encoded = signerCert.getEncoded();
+        X509CertImpl signerCertImpl = new X509CertImpl(encoded);
+        X509CertInfo signerCertInfo = (X509CertInfo)signerCertImpl.get(
+                X509CertImpl.NAME + "." + X509CertImpl.INFO);
+        X500Name issuer = (X500Name)signerCertInfo.get(X509CertInfo.SUBJECT + "." +
+                                           X509CertInfo.DN_NAME);
+
+        Date firstDate = getStartDate(startDate);
+        Date lastDate = new Date();
+        lastDate.setTime(firstDate.getTime() + validity*1000L*24L*60L*60L);
+        CertificateValidity interval = new CertificateValidity(firstDate,
+                                                               lastDate);
+
+        PrivateKey privateKey =
+                (PrivateKey)recoverKey(alias, storePass, keyPass).fst;
+        if (sigAlgName == null) {
+            sigAlgName = getCompatibleSigAlgName(privateKey.getAlgorithm());
+        }
+        Signature signature = Signature.getInstance(sigAlgName);
+        signature.initSign(privateKey);
+
+        X509CertInfo info = new X509CertInfo();
+        info.set(X509CertInfo.VALIDITY, interval);
+        info.set(X509CertInfo.SERIAL_NUMBER, new CertificateSerialNumber(
+                    new java.util.Random().nextInt() & 0x7fffffff));
+        info.set(X509CertInfo.VERSION,
+                    new CertificateVersion(CertificateVersion.V3));
+        info.set(X509CertInfo.ALGORITHM_ID,
+                    new CertificateAlgorithmId(
+                        AlgorithmId.get(sigAlgName)));
+        info.set(X509CertInfo.ISSUER, issuer);
+
+        BufferedReader reader = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(in));
+        boolean canRead = false;
+        StringBuffer sb = new StringBuffer();
+        while (true) {
+            String s = reader.readLine();
+            if (s == null) break;
+            // OpenSSL does not use NEW
+            //if (s.startsWith("-----BEGIN NEW CERTIFICATE REQUEST-----")) {
+            if (s.startsWith("-----BEGIN") && s.indexOf("REQUEST") >= 0) {
+                canRead = true;
+            //} else if (s.startsWith("-----END NEW CERTIFICATE REQUEST-----")) {
+            } else if (s.startsWith("-----END") && s.indexOf("REQUEST") >= 0) {
+                break;
+            } else if (canRead) {
+                sb.append(s);
+            }
+        }
+        byte[] rawReq = Base64.getMimeDecoder().decode(new String(sb));
+        PKCS10 req = new PKCS10(rawReq);
+
+        info.set(X509CertInfo.KEY, new CertificateX509Key(req.getSubjectPublicKeyInfo()));
+        info.set(X509CertInfo.SUBJECT,
+                    dname==null?req.getSubjectName():new X500Name(dname));
+        CertificateExtensions reqex = null;
+        Iterator<PKCS10Attribute> attrs = req.getAttributes().getAttributes().iterator();
+        while (attrs.hasNext()) {
+            PKCS10Attribute attr = attrs.next();
+            if (attr.getAttributeId().equals((Object)PKCS9Attribute.EXTENSION_REQUEST_OID)) {
+                reqex = (CertificateExtensions)attr.getAttributeValue();
+            }
+        }
+        CertificateExtensions ext = createV3Extensions(
+                reqex,
+                null,
+                v3ext,
+                req.getSubjectPublicKeyInfo(),
+                signerCert.getPublicKey());
+        info.set(X509CertInfo.EXTENSIONS, ext);
+        X509CertImpl cert = new X509CertImpl(info);
+        cert.sign(privateKey, sigAlgName);
+        dumpCert(cert, out);
+        for (Certificate ca: keyStore.getCertificateChain(alias)) {
+            if (ca instanceof X509Certificate) {
+                X509Certificate xca = (X509Certificate)ca;
+                if (!isSelfSigned(xca)) {
+                    dumpCert(xca, out);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void doGenCRL(PrintStream out)
+            throws Exception {
+        if (ids == null) {
+            throw new Exception("Must provide -id when -gencrl");
+        }
+        Certificate signerCert = keyStore.getCertificate(alias);
+        byte[] encoded = signerCert.getEncoded();
+        X509CertImpl signerCertImpl = new X509CertImpl(encoded);
+        X509CertInfo signerCertInfo = (X509CertInfo)signerCertImpl.get(
+                X509CertImpl.NAME + "." + X509CertImpl.INFO);
+        X500Name owner = (X500Name)signerCertInfo.get(X509CertInfo.SUBJECT + "." +
+                                                      X509CertInfo.DN_NAME);
+
+        Date firstDate = getStartDate(startDate);
+        Date lastDate = (Date) firstDate.clone();
+        lastDate.setTime(lastDate.getTime() + validity*1000*24*60*60);
+        CertificateValidity interval = new CertificateValidity(firstDate,
+                                                               lastDate);
+
+
+        PrivateKey privateKey =
+                (PrivateKey)recoverKey(alias, storePass, keyPass).fst;
+        if (sigAlgName == null) {
+            sigAlgName = getCompatibleSigAlgName(privateKey.getAlgorithm());
+        }
+
+        X509CRLEntry[] badCerts = new X509CRLEntry[ids.size()];
+        for (int i=0; i<ids.size(); i++) {
+            String id = ids.get(i);
+            int d = id.indexOf(':');
+            if (d >= 0) {
+                CRLExtensions ext = new CRLExtensions();
+                ext.set("Reason", new CRLReasonCodeExtension(Integer.parseInt(id.substring(d+1))));
+                badCerts[i] = new X509CRLEntryImpl(new BigInteger(id.substring(0, d)),
+                        firstDate, ext);
+            } else {
+                badCerts[i] = new X509CRLEntryImpl(new BigInteger(ids.get(i)), firstDate);
+            }
+        }
+        X509CRLImpl crl = new X509CRLImpl(owner, firstDate, lastDate, badCerts);
+        crl.sign(privateKey, sigAlgName);
+        if (rfc) {
+            out.println("-----BEGIN X509 CRL-----");
+            out.println(Base64.getMimeEncoder().encodeToString(crl.getEncodedInternal()));
+            out.println("-----END X509 CRL-----");
+        } else {
+            out.write(crl.getEncodedInternal());
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a PKCS#10 cert signing request, corresponding to the
+     * keys (and name) associated with a given alias.
+     */
+    private void doCertReq(String alias, String sigAlgName, PrintStream out)
+        throws Exception
+    {
+        if (alias == null) {
+            alias = keyAlias;
+        }
+
+        Pair<Key,char[]> objs = recoverKey(alias, storePass, keyPass);
+        PrivateKey privKey = (PrivateKey)objs.fst;
+        if (keyPass == null) {
+            keyPass = objs.snd;
+        }
+
+        Certificate cert = keyStore.getCertificate(alias);
+        if (cert == null) {
+            MessageFormat form = new MessageFormat
+                (rb.getString("alias.has.no.public.key.certificate."));
+            Object[] source = {alias};
+            throw new Exception(form.format(source));
+        }
+        PKCS10 request = new PKCS10(cert.getPublicKey());
+        CertificateExtensions ext = createV3Extensions(null, null, v3ext, cert.getPublicKey(), null);
+        // Attribute name is not significant
+        request.getAttributes().setAttribute(X509CertInfo.EXTENSIONS,
+                new PKCS10Attribute(PKCS9Attribute.EXTENSION_REQUEST_OID, ext));
+
+        // Construct a Signature object, so that we can sign the request
+        if (sigAlgName == null) {
+            sigAlgName = getCompatibleSigAlgName(privKey.getAlgorithm());
+        }
+
+        Signature signature = Signature.getInstance(sigAlgName);
+        signature.initSign(privKey);
+        X500Name subject = dname == null?
+                new X500Name(((X509Certificate)cert).getSubjectDN().toString()):
+                new X500Name(dname);
+
+        // Sign the request and base-64 encode it
+        request.encodeAndSign(subject, signature);
+        request.print(out);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Deletes an entry from the keystore.
+     */
+    private void doDeleteEntry(String alias) throws Exception {
+        if (keyStore.containsAlias(alias) == false) {
+            MessageFormat form = new MessageFormat
+                (rb.getString("Alias.alias.does.not.exist"));
+            Object[] source = {alias};
+            throw new Exception(form.format(source));
+        }
+        keyStore.deleteEntry(alias);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Exports a certificate from the keystore.
+     */
+    private void doExportCert(String alias, PrintStream out)
+        throws Exception
+    {
+        if (storePass == null
+                && !KeyStoreUtil.isWindowsKeyStore(storetype)) {
+            printWarning();
+        }
+        if (alias == null) {
+            alias = keyAlias;
+        }
+        if (keyStore.containsAlias(alias) == false) {
+            MessageFormat form = new MessageFormat
+                (rb.getString("Alias.alias.does.not.exist"));
+            Object[] source = {alias};
+            throw new Exception(form.format(source));
+        }
+
+        X509Certificate cert = (X509Certificate)keyStore.getCertificate(alias);
+        if (cert == null) {
+            MessageFormat form = new MessageFormat
+                (rb.getString("Alias.alias.has.no.certificate"));
+            Object[] source = {alias};
+            throw new Exception(form.format(source));
+        }
+        dumpCert(cert, out);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Prompt the user for a keypass when generating a key entry.
+     * @param alias the entry we will set password for
+     * @param orig the original entry of doing a dup, null if generate new
+     * @param origPass the password to copy from if user press ENTER
+     */
+    private char[] promptForKeyPass(String alias, String orig, char[] origPass) throws Exception{
+        if (P12KEYSTORE.equalsIgnoreCase(storetype)) {
+            return origPass;
+        } else if (!token && !protectedPath) {
+            // Prompt for key password
+            int count;
+            for (count = 0; count < 3; count++) {
+                MessageFormat form = new MessageFormat(rb.getString
+                        ("Enter.key.password.for.alias."));
+                Object[] source = {alias};
+                System.err.println(form.format(source));
+                if (orig == null) {
+                    System.err.print(rb.getString
+                            (".RETURN.if.same.as.keystore.password."));
+                } else {
+                    form = new MessageFormat(rb.getString
+                            (".RETURN.if.same.as.for.otherAlias."));
+                    Object[] src = {orig};
+                    System.err.print(form.format(src));
+                }
+                System.err.flush();
+                char[] entered = Password.readPassword(System.in);
+                passwords.add(entered);
+                if (entered == null) {
+                    return origPass;
+                } else if (entered.length >= 6) {
+                    System.err.print(rb.getString("Re.enter.new.password."));
+                    char[] passAgain = Password.readPassword(System.in);
+                    passwords.add(passAgain);
+                    if (!Arrays.equals(entered, passAgain)) {
+                        System.err.println
+                            (rb.getString("They.don.t.match.Try.again"));
+                        continue;
+                    }
+                    return entered;
+                } else {
+                    System.err.println(rb.getString
+                        ("Key.password.is.too.short.must.be.at.least.6.characters"));
+                }
+            }
+            if (count == 3) {
+                if (command == KEYCLONE) {
+                    throw new Exception(rb.getString
+                        ("Too.many.failures.Key.entry.not.cloned"));
+                } else {
+                    throw new Exception(rb.getString
+                            ("Too.many.failures.key.not.added.to.keystore"));
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        return null;    // PKCS11, MSCAPI, or -protected
+    }
+
+    /*
+     * Prompt the user for the password credential to be stored.
+     */
+    private char[] promptForCredential() throws Exception {
+        // Handle password supplied via stdin
+        if (System.console() == null) {
+            char[] importPass = Password.readPassword(System.in);
+            passwords.add(importPass);
+            return importPass;
+        }
+
+        int count;
+        for (count = 0; count < 3; count++) {
+            System.err.print(
+                rb.getString("Enter.the.password.to.be.stored."));
+            System.err.flush();
+            char[] entered = Password.readPassword(System.in);
+            passwords.add(entered);
+            System.err.print(rb.getString("Re.enter.password."));
+            char[] passAgain = Password.readPassword(System.in);
+            passwords.add(passAgain);
+            if (!Arrays.equals(entered, passAgain)) {
+                System.err.println(rb.getString("They.don.t.match.Try.again"));
+                continue;
+            }
+            return entered;
+        }
+
+        if (count == 3) {
+            throw new Exception(rb.getString
+                ("Too.many.failures.key.not.added.to.keystore"));
+        }
+
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a new secret key.
+     */
+    private void doGenSecretKey(String alias, String keyAlgName,
+                              int keysize)
+        throws Exception
+    {
+        if (alias == null) {
+            alias = keyAlias;
+        }
+        if (keyStore.containsAlias(alias)) {
+            MessageFormat form = new MessageFormat(rb.getString
+                ("Secret.key.not.generated.alias.alias.already.exists"));
+            Object[] source = {alias};
+            throw new Exception(form.format(source));
+        }
+
+        // Use the keystore's default PBE algorithm for entry protection
+        boolean useDefaultPBEAlgorithm = true;
+        SecretKey secKey = null;
+
+        if (keyAlgName.toUpperCase(Locale.ENGLISH).startsWith("PBE")) {
+            SecretKeyFactory factory = SecretKeyFactory.getInstance("PBE");
+
+            // User is prompted for PBE credential
+            secKey =
+                factory.generateSecret(new PBEKeySpec(promptForCredential()));
+
+            // Check whether a specific PBE algorithm was specified
+            if (!"PBE".equalsIgnoreCase(keyAlgName)) {
+                useDefaultPBEAlgorithm = false;
+            }
+
+            if (verbose) {
+                MessageFormat form = new MessageFormat(rb.getString(
+                    "Generated.keyAlgName.secret.key"));
+                Object[] source =
+                    {useDefaultPBEAlgorithm ? "PBE" : secKey.getAlgorithm()};
+                System.err.println(form.format(source));
+            }
+        } else {
+            KeyGenerator keygen = KeyGenerator.getInstance(keyAlgName);
+            if (keysize == -1) {
+                if ("DES".equalsIgnoreCase(keyAlgName)) {
+                    keysize = 56;
+                } else if ("DESede".equalsIgnoreCase(keyAlgName)) {
+                    keysize = 168;
+                } else {
+                    throw new Exception(rb.getString
+                        ("Please.provide.keysize.for.secret.key.generation"));
+                }
+            }
+            keygen.init(keysize);
+            secKey = keygen.generateKey();
+
+            if (verbose) {
+                MessageFormat form = new MessageFormat(rb.getString
+                    ("Generated.keysize.bit.keyAlgName.secret.key"));
+                Object[] source = {keysize,
+                                    secKey.getAlgorithm()};
+                System.err.println(form.format(source));
+            }
+        }
+
+        if (keyPass == null) {
+            keyPass = promptForKeyPass(alias, null, storePass);
+        }
+
+        if (useDefaultPBEAlgorithm) {
+            keyStore.setKeyEntry(alias, secKey, keyPass, null);
+        } else {
+            keyStore.setEntry(alias, new KeyStore.SecretKeyEntry(secKey),
+                new KeyStore.PasswordProtection(keyPass, keyAlgName, null));
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * If no signature algorithm was specified at the command line,
+     * we choose one that is compatible with the selected private key
+     */
+    private static String getCompatibleSigAlgName(String keyAlgName)
+            throws Exception {
+        if ("DSA".equalsIgnoreCase(keyAlgName)) {
+            return "SHA1WithDSA";
+        } else if ("RSA".equalsIgnoreCase(keyAlgName)) {
+            return "SHA256WithRSA";
+        } else if ("EC".equalsIgnoreCase(keyAlgName)) {
+            return "SHA256withECDSA";
+        } else {
+            throw new Exception(rb.getString
+                    ("Cannot.derive.signature.algorithm"));
+        }
+    }
+    /**
+     * Creates a new key pair and self-signed certificate.
+     */
+    private void doGenKeyPair(String alias, String dname, String keyAlgName,
+                              int keysize, String sigAlgName)
+        throws Exception
+    {
+        if (keysize == -1) {
+            if ("EC".equalsIgnoreCase(keyAlgName)) {
+                keysize = 256;
+            } else if ("RSA".equalsIgnoreCase(keyAlgName)) {
+                keysize = 2048;
+            } else {
+                keysize = 1024;
+            }
+        }
+
+        if (alias == null) {
+            alias = keyAlias;
+        }
+
+        if (keyStore.containsAlias(alias)) {
+            MessageFormat form = new MessageFormat(rb.getString
+                ("Key.pair.not.generated.alias.alias.already.exists"));
+            Object[] source = {alias};
+            throw new Exception(form.format(source));
+        }
+
+        if (sigAlgName == null) {
+            sigAlgName = getCompatibleSigAlgName(keyAlgName);
+        }
+        CertAndKeyGen keypair =
+                new CertAndKeyGen(keyAlgName, sigAlgName, providerName);
+
+
+        // If DN is provided, parse it. Otherwise, prompt the user for it.
+        X500Name x500Name;
+        if (dname == null) {
+            x500Name = getX500Name();
+        } else {
+            x500Name = new X500Name(dname);
+        }
+
+        keypair.generate(keysize);
+        PrivateKey privKey = keypair.getPrivateKey();
+
+        CertificateExtensions ext = createV3Extensions(
+                null,
+                null,
+                v3ext,
+                keypair.getPublicKeyAnyway(),
+                null);
+
+        X509Certificate[] chain = new X509Certificate[1];
+        chain[0] = keypair.getSelfCertificate(
+                x500Name, getStartDate(startDate), validity*24L*60L*60L, ext);
+
+        if (verbose) {
+            MessageFormat form = new MessageFormat(rb.getString
+                ("Generating.keysize.bit.keyAlgName.key.pair.and.self.signed.certificate.sigAlgName.with.a.validity.of.validality.days.for"));
+            Object[] source = {keysize,
+                                privKey.getAlgorithm(),
+                                chain[0].getSigAlgName(),
+                                validity,
+                                x500Name};
+            System.err.println(form.format(source));
+        }
+
+        if (keyPass == null) {
+            keyPass = promptForKeyPass(alias, null, storePass);
+        }
+        keyStore.setKeyEntry(alias, privKey, keyPass, chain);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Clones an entry
+     * @param orig original alias
+     * @param dest destination alias
+     * @changePassword if the password can be changed
+     */
+    private void doCloneEntry(String orig, String dest, boolean changePassword)
+        throws Exception
+    {
+        if (orig == null) {
+            orig = keyAlias;
+        }
+
+        if (keyStore.containsAlias(dest)) {
+            MessageFormat form = new MessageFormat
+                (rb.getString("Destination.alias.dest.already.exists"));
+            Object[] source = {dest};
+            throw new Exception(form.format(source));
+        }
+
+        Pair<Entry,char[]> objs = recoverEntry(keyStore, orig, storePass, keyPass);
+        Entry entry = objs.fst;
+        keyPass = objs.snd;
+
+        PasswordProtection pp = null;
+
+        if (keyPass != null) {  // protected
+            if (!changePassword || P12KEYSTORE.equalsIgnoreCase(storetype)) {
+                keyPassNew = keyPass;
+            } else {
+                if (keyPassNew == null) {
+                    keyPassNew = promptForKeyPass(dest, orig, keyPass);
+                }
+            }
+            pp = new PasswordProtection(keyPassNew);
+        }
+        keyStore.setEntry(dest, entry, pp);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Changes a key password.
+     */
+    private void doChangeKeyPasswd(String alias) throws Exception
+    {
+
+        if (alias == null) {
+            alias = keyAlias;
+        }
+        Pair<Key,char[]> objs = recoverKey(alias, storePass, keyPass);
+        Key privKey = objs.fst;
+        if (keyPass == null) {
+            keyPass = objs.snd;
+        }
+
+        if (keyPassNew == null) {
+            MessageFormat form = new MessageFormat
+                (rb.getString("key.password.for.alias."));
+            Object[] source = {alias};
+            keyPassNew = getNewPasswd(form.format(source), keyPass);
+        }
+        keyStore.setKeyEntry(alias, privKey, keyPassNew,
+                             keyStore.getCertificateChain(alias));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Imports a JDK 1.1-style identity database. We can only store one
+     * certificate per identity, because we use the identity's name as the
+     * alias (which references a keystore entry), and aliases must be unique.
+     */
+    private void doImportIdentityDatabase(InputStream in)
+        throws Exception
+    {
+        System.err.println(rb.getString
+            ("No.entries.from.identity.database.added"));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Prints a single keystore entry.
+     */
+    private void doPrintEntry(String alias, PrintStream out,
+                              boolean printWarning)
+        throws Exception
+    {
+        if (storePass == null && printWarning
+                && !KeyStoreUtil.isWindowsKeyStore(storetype)) {
+            printWarning();
+        }
+
+        if (keyStore.containsAlias(alias) == false) {
+            MessageFormat form = new MessageFormat
+                (rb.getString("Alias.alias.does.not.exist"));
+            Object[] source = {alias};
+            throw new Exception(form.format(source));
+        }
+
+        if (verbose || rfc || debug) {
+            MessageFormat form = new MessageFormat
+                (rb.getString("Alias.name.alias"));
+            Object[] source = {alias};
+            out.println(form.format(source));
+
+            if (!token) {
+                form = new MessageFormat(rb.getString
+                    ("Creation.date.keyStore.getCreationDate.alias."));
+                Object[] src = {keyStore.getCreationDate(alias)};
+                out.println(form.format(src));
+            }
+        } else {
+            if (!token) {
+                MessageFormat form = new MessageFormat
+                    (rb.getString("alias.keyStore.getCreationDate.alias."));
+                Object[] source = {alias, keyStore.getCreationDate(alias)};
+                out.print(form.format(source));
+            } else {
+                MessageFormat form = new MessageFormat
+                    (rb.getString("alias."));
+                Object[] source = {alias};
+                out.print(form.format(source));
+            }
+        }
+
+        if (keyStore.entryInstanceOf(alias, KeyStore.SecretKeyEntry.class)) {
+            if (verbose || rfc || debug) {
+                Object[] source = {"SecretKeyEntry"};
+                out.println(new MessageFormat(
+                        rb.getString("Entry.type.type.")).format(source));
+            } else {
+                out.println("SecretKeyEntry, ");
+            }
+        } else if (keyStore.entryInstanceOf(alias, KeyStore.PrivateKeyEntry.class)) {
+            if (verbose || rfc || debug) {
+                Object[] source = {"PrivateKeyEntry"};
+                out.println(new MessageFormat(
+                        rb.getString("Entry.type.type.")).format(source));
+            } else {
+                out.println("PrivateKeyEntry, ");
+            }
+
+            // Get the chain
+            Certificate[] chain = keyStore.getCertificateChain(alias);
+            if (chain != null) {
+                if (verbose || rfc || debug) {
+                    out.println(rb.getString
+                        ("Certificate.chain.length.") + chain.length);
+                    for (int i = 0; i < chain.length; i ++) {
+                        MessageFormat form = new MessageFormat
+                                (rb.getString("Certificate.i.1."));
+                        Object[] source = {(i + 1)};
+                        out.println(form.format(source));
+                        if (verbose && (chain[i] instanceof X509Certificate)) {
+                            printX509Cert((X509Certificate)(chain[i]), out);
+                        } else if (debug) {
+                            out.println(chain[i].toString());
+                        } else {
+                            dumpCert(chain[i], out);
+                        }
+                    }
+                } else {
+                    // Print the digest of the user cert only
+                    out.println
+                        (rb.getString("Certificate.fingerprint.SHA1.") +
+                        getCertFingerPrint("SHA1", chain[0]));
+                }
+            }
+        } else if (keyStore.entryInstanceOf(alias,
+                KeyStore.TrustedCertificateEntry.class)) {
+            // We have a trusted certificate entry
+            Certificate cert = keyStore.getCertificate(alias);
+            Object[] source = {"trustedCertEntry"};
+            String mf = new MessageFormat(
+                    rb.getString("Entry.type.type.")).format(source) + "\n";
+            if (verbose && (cert instanceof X509Certificate)) {
+                out.println(mf);
+                printX509Cert((X509Certificate)cert, out);
+            } else if (rfc) {
+                out.println(mf);
+                dumpCert(cert, out);
+            } else if (debug) {
+                out.println(cert.toString());
+            } else {
+                out.println("trustedCertEntry, ");
+                out.println(rb.getString("Certificate.fingerprint.SHA1.")
+                            + getCertFingerPrint("SHA1", cert));
+            }
+        } else {
+            out.println(rb.getString("Unknown.Entry.Type"));
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Load the srckeystore from a stream, used in -importkeystore
+     * @returns the src KeyStore
+     */
+    KeyStore loadSourceKeyStore() throws Exception {
+        boolean isPkcs11 = false;
+
+        InputStream is = null;
+
+        if (P11KEYSTORE.equalsIgnoreCase(srcstoretype) ||
+                KeyStoreUtil.isWindowsKeyStore(srcstoretype)) {
+            if (!NONE.equals(srcksfname)) {
+                System.err.println(MessageFormat.format(rb.getString
+                    (".keystore.must.be.NONE.if.storetype.is.{0}"), srcstoretype));
+                System.err.println();
+                tinyHelp();
+            }
+            isPkcs11 = true;
+        } else {
+            if (srcksfname != null) {
+                File srcksfile = new File(srcksfname);
+                    if (srcksfile.exists() && srcksfile.length() == 0) {
+                        throw new Exception(rb.getString
+                                ("Source.keystore.file.exists.but.is.empty.") +
+                                srcksfname);
+                }
+                is = new FileInputStream(srcksfile);
+            } else {
+                throw new Exception(rb.getString
+                        ("Please.specify.srckeystore"));
+            }
+        }
+
+        KeyStore store;
+        try {
+            if (srcProviderName == null) {
+                store = KeyStore.getInstance(srcstoretype);
+            } else {
+                store = KeyStore.getInstance(srcstoretype, srcProviderName);
+            }
+
+            if (srcstorePass == null
+                    && !srcprotectedPath
+                    && !KeyStoreUtil.isWindowsKeyStore(srcstoretype)) {
+                System.err.print(rb.getString("Enter.source.keystore.password."));
+                System.err.flush();
+                srcstorePass = Password.readPassword(System.in);
+                passwords.add(srcstorePass);
+            }
+
+            // always let keypass be storepass when using pkcs12
+            if (P12KEYSTORE.equalsIgnoreCase(srcstoretype)) {
+                if (srckeyPass != null && srcstorePass != null &&
+                        !Arrays.equals(srcstorePass, srckeyPass)) {
+                    MessageFormat form = new MessageFormat(rb.getString(
+                        "Warning.Different.store.and.key.passwords.not.supported.for.PKCS12.KeyStores.Ignoring.user.specified.command.value."));
+                    Object[] source = {"-srckeypass"};
+                    System.err.println(form.format(source));
+                    srckeyPass = srcstorePass;
+                }
+            }
+
+            store.load(is, srcstorePass);   // "is" already null in PKCS11
+        } finally {
+            if (is != null) {
+                is.close();
+            }
+        }
+
+        if (srcstorePass == null
+                && !KeyStoreUtil.isWindowsKeyStore(srcstoretype)) {
+            // anti refactoring, copied from printWarning(),
+            // but change 2 lines
+            System.err.println();
+            System.err.println(rb.getString
+                (".WARNING.WARNING.WARNING."));
+            System.err.println(rb.getString
+                (".The.integrity.of.the.information.stored.in.the.srckeystore."));
+            System.err.println(rb.getString
+                (".WARNING.WARNING.WARNING."));
+            System.err.println();
+        }
+
+        return store;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * import all keys and certs from importkeystore.
+     * keep alias unchanged if no name conflict, otherwise, prompt.
+     * keep keypass unchanged for keys
+     */
+    private void doImportKeyStore() throws Exception {
+
+        if (alias != null) {
+            doImportKeyStoreSingle(loadSourceKeyStore(), alias);
+        } else {
+            if (dest != null || srckeyPass != null) {
+                throw new Exception(rb.getString(
+                        "if.alias.not.specified.destalias.and.srckeypass.must.not.be.specified"));
+            }
+            doImportKeyStoreAll(loadSourceKeyStore());
+        }
+        /*
+         * Information display rule of -importkeystore
+         * 1. inside single, shows failure
+         * 2. inside all, shows sucess
+         * 3. inside all where there is a failure, prompt for continue
+         * 4. at the final of all, shows summary
+         */
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Import a single entry named alias from srckeystore
+     * @returns 1 if the import action succeed
+     *          0 if user choose to ignore an alias-dumplicated entry
+     *          2 if setEntry throws Exception
+     */
+    private int doImportKeyStoreSingle(KeyStore srckeystore, String alias)
+            throws Exception {
+
+        String newAlias = (dest==null) ? alias : dest;
+
+        if (keyStore.containsAlias(newAlias)) {
+            Object[] source = {alias};
+            if (noprompt) {
+                System.err.println(new MessageFormat(rb.getString(
+                        "Warning.Overwriting.existing.alias.alias.in.destination.keystore")).format(source));
+            } else {
+                String reply = getYesNoReply(new MessageFormat(rb.getString(
+                        "Existing.entry.alias.alias.exists.overwrite.no.")).format(source));
+                if ("NO".equals(reply)) {
+                    newAlias = inputStringFromStdin(rb.getString
+                            ("Enter.new.alias.name.RETURN.to.cancel.import.for.this.entry."));
+                    if ("".equals(newAlias)) {
+                        System.err.println(new MessageFormat(rb.getString(
+                                "Entry.for.alias.alias.not.imported.")).format(
+                                source));
+                        return 0;
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        Pair<Entry,char[]> objs = recoverEntry(srckeystore, alias, srcstorePass, srckeyPass);
+        Entry entry = objs.fst;
+
+        PasswordProtection pp = null;
+
+        // According to keytool.html, "The destination entry will be protected
+        // using destkeypass. If destkeypass is not provided, the destination
+        // entry will be protected with the source entry password."
+        // so always try to protect with destKeyPass.
+        char[] newPass = null;
+        if (destKeyPass != null) {
+            newPass = destKeyPass;
+            pp = new PasswordProtection(destKeyPass);
+        } else if (objs.snd != null) {
+            newPass = objs.snd;
+            pp = new PasswordProtection(objs.snd);
+        }
+
+        try {
+            keyStore.setEntry(newAlias, entry, pp);
+            // Place the check so that only successful imports are blocked.
+            // For example, we don't block a failed SecretEntry import.
+            if (P12KEYSTORE.equalsIgnoreCase(storetype)) {
+                if (newPass != null && !Arrays.equals(newPass, storePass)) {
+                    throw new Exception(rb.getString(
+                            "The.destination.pkcs12.keystore.has.different.storepass.and.keypass.Please.retry.with.destkeypass.specified."));
+                }
+            }
+            return 1;
+        } catch (KeyStoreException kse) {
+            Object[] source2 = {alias, kse.toString()};
+            MessageFormat form = new MessageFormat(rb.getString(
+                    "Problem.importing.entry.for.alias.alias.exception.Entry.for.alias.alias.not.imported."));
+            System.err.println(form.format(source2));
+            return 2;
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void doImportKeyStoreAll(KeyStore srckeystore) throws Exception {
+
+        int ok = 0;
+        int count = srckeystore.size();
+        for (Enumeration<String> e = srckeystore.aliases();
+                                        e.hasMoreElements(); ) {
+            String alias = e.nextElement();
+            int result = doImportKeyStoreSingle(srckeystore, alias);
+            if (result == 1) {
+                ok++;
+                Object[] source = {alias};
+                MessageFormat form = new MessageFormat(rb.getString("Entry.for.alias.alias.successfully.imported."));
+                System.err.println(form.format(source));
+            } else if (result == 2) {
+                if (!noprompt) {
+                    String reply = getYesNoReply("Do you want to quit the import process? [no]:  ");
+                    if ("YES".equals(reply)) {
+                        break;
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        Object[] source = {ok, count-ok};
+        MessageFormat form = new MessageFormat(rb.getString(
+                "Import.command.completed.ok.entries.successfully.imported.fail.entries.failed.or.cancelled"));
+        System.err.println(form.format(source));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Prints all keystore entries.
+     */
+    private void doPrintEntries(PrintStream out)
+        throws Exception
+    {
+        if (storePass == null
+                && !KeyStoreUtil.isWindowsKeyStore(storetype)) {
+            printWarning();
+        } else {
+            out.println();
+        }
+
+        out.println(rb.getString("Keystore.type.") + keyStore.getType());
+        out.println(rb.getString("Keystore.provider.") +
+                keyStore.getProvider().getName());
+        out.println();
+
+        MessageFormat form;
+        form = (keyStore.size() == 1) ?
+                new MessageFormat(rb.getString
+                        ("Your.keystore.contains.keyStore.size.entry")) :
+                new MessageFormat(rb.getString
+                        ("Your.keystore.contains.keyStore.size.entries"));
+        Object[] source = {keyStore.size()};
+        out.println(form.format(source));
+        out.println();
+
+        for (Enumeration<String> e = keyStore.aliases();
+                                        e.hasMoreElements(); ) {
+            String alias = e.nextElement();
+            doPrintEntry(alias, out, false);
+            if (verbose || rfc) {
+                out.println(rb.getString("NEWLINE"));
+                out.println(rb.getString
+                        ("STAR"));
+                out.println(rb.getString
+                        ("STARNN"));
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static <T> Iterable<T> e2i(final Enumeration<T> e) {
+        return new Iterable<T>() {
+            @Override
+            public Iterator<T> iterator() {
+                return new Iterator<T>() {
+                    @Override
+                    public boolean hasNext() {
+                        return e.hasMoreElements();
+                    }
+                    @Override
+                    public T next() {
+                        return e.nextElement();
+                    }
+                    public void remove() {
+                        throw new UnsupportedOperationException("Not supported yet.");
+                    }
+                };
+            }
+        };
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Loads CRLs from a source. This method is also called in JarSigner.
+     * @param src the source, which means System.in if null, or a URI,
+     *        or a bare file path name
+     */
+    public static Collection<? extends CRL> loadCRLs(String src) throws Exception {
+        InputStream in = null;
+        URI uri = null;
+        if (src == null) {
+            in = System.in;
+        } else {
+            try {
+                uri = new URI(src);
+                if (uri.getScheme().equals("ldap")) {
+                    // No input stream for LDAP
+                } else {
+                    in = uri.toURL().openStream();
+                }
+            } catch (Exception e) {
+                try {
+                    in = new FileInputStream(src);
+                } catch (Exception e2) {
+                    if (uri == null || uri.getScheme() == null) {
+                        throw e2;   // More likely a bare file path
+                    } else {
+                        throw e;    // More likely a protocol or network problem
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        if (in != null) {
+            try {
+                // Read the full stream before feeding to X509Factory,
+                // otherwise, keytool -gencrl | keytool -printcrl
+                // might not work properly, since -gencrl is slow
+                // and there's no data in the pipe at the beginning.
+                ByteArrayOutputStream bout = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+                byte[] b = new byte[4096];
+                while (true) {
+                    int len = in.read(b);
+                    if (len < 0) break;
+                    bout.write(b, 0, len);
+                }
+                return CertificateFactory.getInstance("X509").generateCRLs(
+                        new ByteArrayInputStream(bout.toByteArray()));
+            } finally {
+                if (in != System.in) {
+                    in.close();
+                }
+            }
+        } else {    // must be LDAP, and uri is not null
+            // Lazily load LDAPCertStoreHelper if present
+            CertStoreHelper helper = CertStoreHelper.getInstance("LDAP");
+            String path = uri.getPath();
+            if (path.charAt(0) == '/') path = path.substring(1);
+            CertStore s = helper.getCertStore(uri);
+            X509CRLSelector sel =
+                    helper.wrap(new X509CRLSelector(), null, path);
+            return s.getCRLs(sel);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns CRLs described in a X509Certificate's CRLDistributionPoints
+     * Extension. Only those containing a general name of type URI are read.
+     */
+    public static List<CRL> readCRLsFromCert(X509Certificate cert)
+            throws Exception {
+        List<CRL> crls = new ArrayList<>();
+        CRLDistributionPointsExtension ext =
+                X509CertImpl.toImpl(cert).getCRLDistributionPointsExtension();
+        if (ext == null) return crls;
+        List<DistributionPoint> distPoints =
+                ext.get(CRLDistributionPointsExtension.POINTS);
+        for (DistributionPoint o: distPoints) {
+            GeneralNames names = o.getFullName();
+            if (names != null) {
+                for (GeneralName name: names.names()) {
+                    if (name.getType() == GeneralNameInterface.NAME_URI) {
+                        URIName uriName = (URIName)name.getName();
+                        for (CRL crl: loadCRLs(uriName.getName())) {
+                            if (crl instanceof X509CRL) {
+                                crls.add((X509CRL)crl);
+                            }
+                        }
+                        break;  // Different name should point to same CRL
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        return crls;
+    }
+
+    private static String verifyCRL(KeyStore ks, CRL crl)
+            throws Exception {
+        X509CRLImpl xcrl = (X509CRLImpl)crl;
+        X500Principal issuer = xcrl.getIssuerX500Principal();
+        for (String s: e2i(ks.aliases())) {
+            Certificate cert = ks.getCertificate(s);
+            if (cert instanceof X509Certificate) {
+                X509Certificate xcert = (X509Certificate)cert;
+                if (xcert.getSubjectX500Principal().equals(issuer)) {
+                    try {
+                        ((X509CRLImpl)crl).verify(cert.getPublicKey());
+                        return s;
+                    } catch (Exception e) {
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    private void doPrintCRL(String src, PrintStream out)
+            throws Exception {
+        for (CRL crl: loadCRLs(src)) {
+            printCRL(crl, out);
+            String issuer = null;
+            if (caks != null) {
+                issuer = verifyCRL(caks, crl);
+                if (issuer != null) {
+                    out.printf(rb.getString(
+                            "verified.by.s.in.s"), issuer, "cacerts");
+                    out.println();
+                }
+            }
+            if (issuer == null && keyStore != null) {
+                issuer = verifyCRL(keyStore, crl);
+                if (issuer != null) {
+                    out.printf(rb.getString(
+                            "verified.by.s.in.s"), issuer, "keystore");
+                    out.println();
+                }
+            }
+            if (issuer == null) {
+                out.println(rb.getString
+                        ("STAR"));
+                out.println(rb.getString
+                        ("warning.not.verified.make.sure.keystore.is.correct"));
+                out.println(rb.getString
+                        ("STARNN"));
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void printCRL(CRL crl, PrintStream out)
+            throws Exception {
+        if (rfc) {
+            X509CRL xcrl = (X509CRL)crl;
+            out.println("-----BEGIN X509 CRL-----");
+            out.println(Base64.getMimeEncoder().encodeToString(xcrl.getEncoded()));
+            out.println("-----END X509 CRL-----");
+        } else {
+            out.println(crl.toString());
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void doPrintCertReq(InputStream in, PrintStream out)
+            throws Exception {
+
+        BufferedReader reader = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(in));
+        StringBuffer sb = new StringBuffer();
+        boolean started = false;
+        while (true) {
+            String s = reader.readLine();
+            if (s == null) break;
+            if (!started) {
+                if (s.startsWith("-----")) {
+                    started = true;
+                }
+            } else {
+                if (s.startsWith("-----")) {
+                    break;
+                }
+                sb.append(s);
+            }
+        }
+        PKCS10 req = new PKCS10(Base64.getMimeDecoder().decode(new String(sb)));
+
+        PublicKey pkey = req.getSubjectPublicKeyInfo();
+        out.printf(rb.getString("PKCS.10.Certificate.Request.Version.1.0.Subject.s.Public.Key.s.format.s.key."),
+                req.getSubjectName(), pkey.getFormat(), pkey.getAlgorithm());
+        for (PKCS10Attribute attr: req.getAttributes().getAttributes()) {
+            ObjectIdentifier oid = attr.getAttributeId();
+            if (oid.equals((Object)PKCS9Attribute.EXTENSION_REQUEST_OID)) {
+                CertificateExtensions exts = (CertificateExtensions)attr.getAttributeValue();
+                if (exts != null) {
+                    printExtensions(rb.getString("Extension.Request."), exts, out);
+                }
+            } else {
+                out.println("Attribute: " + attr.getAttributeId());
+                PKCS9Attribute pkcs9Attr =
+                        new PKCS9Attribute(attr.getAttributeId(),
+                                           attr.getAttributeValue());
+                out.print(pkcs9Attr.getName() + ": ");
+                Object attrVal = attr.getAttributeValue();
+                out.println(attrVal instanceof String[] ?
+                            Arrays.toString((String[]) attrVal) :
+                            attrVal);
+            }
+        }
+        if (debug) {
+            out.println(req);   // Just to see more, say, public key length...
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Reads a certificate (or certificate chain) and prints its contents in
+     * a human readable format.
+     */
+    private void printCertFromStream(InputStream in, PrintStream out)
+        throws Exception
+    {
+        Collection<? extends Certificate> c = null;
+        try {
+            c = cf.generateCertificates(in);
+        } catch (CertificateException ce) {
+            throw new Exception(rb.getString("Failed.to.parse.input"), ce);
+        }
+        if (c.isEmpty()) {
+            throw new Exception(rb.getString("Empty.input"));
+        }
+        Certificate[] certs = c.toArray(new Certificate[c.size()]);
+        for (int i=0; i<certs.length; i++) {
+            X509Certificate x509Cert = null;
+            try {
+                x509Cert = (X509Certificate)certs[i];
+            } catch (ClassCastException cce) {
+                throw new Exception(rb.getString("Not.X.509.certificate"));
+            }
+            if (certs.length > 1) {
+                MessageFormat form = new MessageFormat
+                        (rb.getString("Certificate.i.1."));
+                Object[] source = {i + 1};
+                out.println(form.format(source));
+            }
+            if (rfc)
+                dumpCert(x509Cert, out);
+            else
+                printX509Cert(x509Cert, out);
+            if (i < (certs.length-1)) {
+                out.println();
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void doPrintCert(final PrintStream out) throws Exception {
+        if (jarfile != null) {
+            JarFile jf = new JarFile(jarfile, true);
+            Enumeration<JarEntry> entries = jf.entries();
+            Set<CodeSigner> ss = new HashSet<>();
+            byte[] buffer = new byte[8192];
+            int pos = 0;
+            while (entries.hasMoreElements()) {
+                JarEntry je = entries.nextElement();
+                try (InputStream is = jf.getInputStream(je)) {
+                    while (is.read(buffer) != -1) {
+                        // we just read. this will throw a SecurityException
+                        // if a signature/digest check fails. This also
+                        // populate the signers
+                    }
+                }
+                CodeSigner[] signers = je.getCodeSigners();
+                if (signers != null) {
+                    for (CodeSigner signer: signers) {
+                        if (!ss.contains(signer)) {
+                            ss.add(signer);
+                            out.printf(rb.getString("Signer.d."), ++pos);
+                            out.println();
+                            out.println();
+                            out.println(rb.getString("Signature."));
+                            out.println();
+                            for (Certificate cert: signer.getSignerCertPath().getCertificates()) {
+                                X509Certificate x = (X509Certificate)cert;
+                                if (rfc) {
+                                    out.println(rb.getString("Certificate.owner.") + x.getSubjectDN() + "\n");
+                                    dumpCert(x, out);
+                                } else {
+                                    printX509Cert(x, out);
+                                }
+                                out.println();
+                            }
+                            Timestamp ts = signer.getTimestamp();
+                            if (ts != null) {
+                                out.println(rb.getString("Timestamp."));
+                                out.println();
+                                for (Certificate cert: ts.getSignerCertPath().getCertificates()) {
+                                    X509Certificate x = (X509Certificate)cert;
+                                    if (rfc) {
+                                        out.println(rb.getString("Certificate.owner.") + x.getSubjectDN() + "\n");
+                                        dumpCert(x, out);
+                                    } else {
+                                        printX509Cert(x, out);
+                                    }
+                                    out.println();
+                                }
+                            }
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            jf.close();
+            if (ss.isEmpty()) {
+                out.println(rb.getString("Not.a.signed.jar.file"));
+            }
+        } else if (sslserver != null) {
+            // Lazily load SSLCertStoreHelper if present
+            CertStoreHelper helper = CertStoreHelper.getInstance("SSLServer");
+            CertStore cs = helper.getCertStore(new URI("https://" + sslserver));
+            Collection<? extends Certificate> chain;
+            try {
+                chain = cs.getCertificates(null);
+                if (chain.isEmpty()) {
+                    // If the certs are not retrieved, we consider it an error
+                    // even if the URL connection is successful.
+                    throw new Exception(rb.getString(
+                                        "No.certificate.from.the.SSL.server"));
+                }
+            } catch (CertStoreException cse) {
+                if (cse.getCause() instanceof IOException) {
+                    throw new Exception(rb.getString(
+                                        "No.certificate.from.the.SSL.server"),
+                                        cse.getCause());
+                } else {
+                    throw cse;
+                }
+            }
+
+            int i = 0;
+            for (Certificate cert : chain) {
+                try {
+                    if (rfc) {
+                        dumpCert(cert, out);
+                    } else {
+                        out.println("Certificate #" + i++);
+                        out.println("====================================");
+                        printX509Cert((X509Certificate)cert, out);
+                        out.println();
+                    }
+                } catch (Exception e) {
+                    if (debug) {
+                        e.printStackTrace();
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        } else {
+            if (filename != null) {
+                try (FileInputStream inStream = new FileInputStream(filename)) {
+                    printCertFromStream(inStream, out);
+                }
+            } else {
+                printCertFromStream(System.in, out);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    /**
+     * Creates a self-signed certificate, and stores it as a single-element
+     * certificate chain.
+     */
+    private void doSelfCert(String alias, String dname, String sigAlgName)
+        throws Exception
+    {
+        if (alias == null) {
+            alias = keyAlias;
+        }
+
+        Pair<Key,char[]> objs = recoverKey(alias, storePass, keyPass);
+        PrivateKey privKey = (PrivateKey)objs.fst;
+        if (keyPass == null)
+            keyPass = objs.snd;
+
+        // Determine the signature algorithm
+        if (sigAlgName == null) {
+            sigAlgName = getCompatibleSigAlgName(privKey.getAlgorithm());
+        }
+
+        // Get the old certificate
+        Certificate oldCert = keyStore.getCertificate(alias);
+        if (oldCert == null) {
+            MessageFormat form = new MessageFormat
+                (rb.getString("alias.has.no.public.key"));
+            Object[] source = {alias};
+            throw new Exception(form.format(source));
+        }
+        if (!(oldCert instanceof X509Certificate)) {
+            MessageFormat form = new MessageFormat
+                (rb.getString("alias.has.no.X.509.certificate"));
+            Object[] source = {alias};
+            throw new Exception(form.format(source));
+        }
+
+        // convert to X509CertImpl, so that we can modify selected fields
+        // (no public APIs available yet)
+        byte[] encoded = oldCert.getEncoded();
+        X509CertImpl certImpl = new X509CertImpl(encoded);
+        X509CertInfo certInfo = (X509CertInfo)certImpl.get(X509CertImpl.NAME
+                                                           + "." +
+                                                           X509CertImpl.INFO);
+
+        // Extend its validity
+        Date firstDate = getStartDate(startDate);
+        Date lastDate = new Date();
+        lastDate.setTime(firstDate.getTime() + validity*1000L*24L*60L*60L);
+        CertificateValidity interval = new CertificateValidity(firstDate,
+                                                               lastDate);
+        certInfo.set(X509CertInfo.VALIDITY, interval);
+
+        // Make new serial number
+        certInfo.set(X509CertInfo.SERIAL_NUMBER, new CertificateSerialNumber(
+                    new java.util.Random().nextInt() & 0x7fffffff));
+
+        // Set owner and issuer fields
+        X500Name owner;
+        if (dname == null) {
+            // Get the owner name from the certificate
+            owner = (X500Name)certInfo.get(X509CertInfo.SUBJECT + "." +
+                                           X509CertInfo.DN_NAME);
+        } else {
+            // Use the owner name specified at the command line
+            owner = new X500Name(dname);
+            certInfo.set(X509CertInfo.SUBJECT + "." +
+                         X509CertInfo.DN_NAME, owner);
+        }
+        // Make issuer same as owner (self-signed!)
+        certInfo.set(X509CertInfo.ISSUER + "." +
+                     X509CertInfo.DN_NAME, owner);
+
+        // The inner and outer signature algorithms have to match.
+        // The way we achieve that is really ugly, but there seems to be no
+        // other solution: We first sign the cert, then retrieve the
+        // outer sigalg and use it to set the inner sigalg
+        X509CertImpl newCert = new X509CertImpl(certInfo);
+        newCert.sign(privKey, sigAlgName);
+        AlgorithmId sigAlgid = (AlgorithmId)newCert.get(X509CertImpl.SIG_ALG);
+        certInfo.set(CertificateAlgorithmId.NAME + "." +
+                     CertificateAlgorithmId.ALGORITHM, sigAlgid);
+
+        certInfo.set(X509CertInfo.VERSION,
+                        new CertificateVersion(CertificateVersion.V3));
+
+        CertificateExtensions ext = createV3Extensions(
+                null,
+                (CertificateExtensions)certInfo.get(X509CertInfo.EXTENSIONS),
+                v3ext,
+                oldCert.getPublicKey(),
+                null);
+        certInfo.set(X509CertInfo.EXTENSIONS, ext);
+        // Sign the new certificate
+        newCert = new X509CertImpl(certInfo);
+        newCert.sign(privKey, sigAlgName);
+
+        // Store the new certificate as a single-element certificate chain
+        keyStore.setKeyEntry(alias, privKey,
+                             (keyPass != null) ? keyPass : storePass,
+                             new Certificate[] { newCert } );
+
+        if (verbose) {
+            System.err.println(rb.getString("New.certificate.self.signed."));
+            System.err.print(newCert.toString());
+            System.err.println();
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Processes a certificate reply from a certificate authority.
+     *
+     * <p>Builds a certificate chain on top of the certificate reply,
+     * using trusted certificates from the keystore. The chain is complete
+     * after a self-signed certificate has been encountered. The self-signed
+     * certificate is considered a root certificate authority, and is stored
+     * at the end of the chain.
+     *
+     * <p>The newly generated chain replaces the old chain associated with the
+     * key entry.
+     *
+     * @return true if the certificate reply was installed, otherwise false.
+     */
+    private boolean installReply(String alias, InputStream in)
+        throws Exception
+    {
+        if (alias == null) {
+            alias = keyAlias;
+        }
+
+        Pair<Key,char[]> objs = recoverKey(alias, storePass, keyPass);
+        PrivateKey privKey = (PrivateKey)objs.fst;
+        if (keyPass == null) {
+            keyPass = objs.snd;
+        }
+
+        Certificate userCert = keyStore.getCertificate(alias);
+        if (userCert == null) {
+            MessageFormat form = new MessageFormat
+                (rb.getString("alias.has.no.public.key.certificate."));
+            Object[] source = {alias};
+            throw new Exception(form.format(source));
+        }
+
+        // Read the certificates in the reply
+        Collection<? extends Certificate> c = cf.generateCertificates(in);
+        if (c.isEmpty()) {
+            throw new Exception(rb.getString("Reply.has.no.certificates"));
+        }
+        Certificate[] replyCerts = c.toArray(new Certificate[c.size()]);
+        Certificate[] newChain;
+        if (replyCerts.length == 1) {
+            // single-cert reply
+            newChain = establishCertChain(userCert, replyCerts[0]);
+        } else {
+            // cert-chain reply (e.g., PKCS#7)
+            newChain = validateReply(alias, userCert, replyCerts);
+        }
+
+        // Now store the newly established chain in the keystore. The new
+        // chain replaces the old one.
+        if (newChain != null) {
+            keyStore.setKeyEntry(alias, privKey,
+                                 (keyPass != null) ? keyPass : storePass,
+                                 newChain);
+            return true;
+        } else {
+            return false;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Imports a certificate and adds it to the list of trusted certificates.
+     *
+     * @return true if the certificate was added, otherwise false.
+     */
+    private boolean addTrustedCert(String alias, InputStream in)
+        throws Exception
+    {
+        if (alias == null) {
+            throw new Exception(rb.getString("Must.specify.alias"));
+        }
+        if (keyStore.containsAlias(alias)) {
+            MessageFormat form = new MessageFormat(rb.getString
+                ("Certificate.not.imported.alias.alias.already.exists"));
+            Object[] source = {alias};
+            throw new Exception(form.format(source));
+        }
+
+        // Read the certificate
+        X509Certificate cert = null;
+        try {
+            cert = (X509Certificate)cf.generateCertificate(in);
+        } catch (ClassCastException | CertificateException ce) {
+            throw new Exception(rb.getString("Input.not.an.X.509.certificate"));
+        }
+
+        // if certificate is self-signed, make sure it verifies
+        boolean selfSigned = false;
+        if (isSelfSigned(cert)) {
+            cert.verify(cert.getPublicKey());
+            selfSigned = true;
+        }
+
+        if (noprompt) {
+            keyStore.setCertificateEntry(alias, cert);
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        // check if cert already exists in keystore
+        String reply = null;
+        String trustalias = keyStore.getCertificateAlias(cert);
+        if (trustalias != null) {
+            MessageFormat form = new MessageFormat(rb.getString
+                ("Certificate.already.exists.in.keystore.under.alias.trustalias."));
+            Object[] source = {trustalias};
+            System.err.println(form.format(source));
+            reply = getYesNoReply
+                (rb.getString("Do.you.still.want.to.add.it.no."));
+        } else if (selfSigned) {
+            if (trustcacerts && (caks != null) &&
+                    ((trustalias=caks.getCertificateAlias(cert)) != null)) {
+                MessageFormat form = new MessageFormat(rb.getString
+                        ("Certificate.already.exists.in.system.wide.CA.keystore.under.alias.trustalias."));
+                Object[] source = {trustalias};
+                System.err.println(form.format(source));
+                reply = getYesNoReply
+                        (rb.getString("Do.you.still.want.to.add.it.to.your.own.keystore.no."));
+            }
+            if (trustalias == null) {
+                // Print the cert and ask user if they really want to add
+                // it to their keystore
+                printX509Cert(cert, System.out);
+                reply = getYesNoReply
+                        (rb.getString("Trust.this.certificate.no."));
+            }
+        }
+        if (reply != null) {
+            if ("YES".equals(reply)) {
+                keyStore.setCertificateEntry(alias, cert);
+                return true;
+            } else {
+                return false;
+            }
+        }
+
+        // Try to establish trust chain
+        try {
+            Certificate[] chain = establishCertChain(null, cert);
+            if (chain != null) {
+                keyStore.setCertificateEntry(alias, cert);
+                return true;
+            }
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            // Print the cert and ask user if they really want to add it to
+            // their keystore
+            printX509Cert(cert, System.out);
+            reply = getYesNoReply
+                (rb.getString("Trust.this.certificate.no."));
+            if ("YES".equals(reply)) {
+                keyStore.setCertificateEntry(alias, cert);
+                return true;
+            } else {
+                return false;
+            }
+        }
+
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Prompts user for new password. New password must be different from
+     * old one.
+     *
+     * @param prompt the message that gets prompted on the screen
+     * @param oldPasswd the current (i.e., old) password
+     */
+    private char[] getNewPasswd(String prompt, char[] oldPasswd)
+        throws Exception
+    {
+        char[] entered = null;
+        char[] reentered = null;
+
+        for (int count = 0; count < 3; count++) {
+            MessageFormat form = new MessageFormat
+                (rb.getString("New.prompt."));
+            Object[] source = {prompt};
+            System.err.print(form.format(source));
+            entered = Password.readPassword(System.in);
+            passwords.add(entered);
+            if (entered == null || entered.length < 6) {
+                System.err.println(rb.getString
+                    ("Password.is.too.short.must.be.at.least.6.characters"));
+            } else if (Arrays.equals(entered, oldPasswd)) {
+                System.err.println(rb.getString("Passwords.must.differ"));
+            } else {
+                form = new MessageFormat
+                        (rb.getString("Re.enter.new.prompt."));
+                Object[] src = {prompt};
+                System.err.print(form.format(src));
+                reentered = Password.readPassword(System.in);
+                passwords.add(reentered);
+                if (!Arrays.equals(entered, reentered)) {
+                    System.err.println
+                        (rb.getString("They.don.t.match.Try.again"));
+                } else {
+                    Arrays.fill(reentered, ' ');
+                    return entered;
+                }
+            }
+            if (entered != null) {
+                Arrays.fill(entered, ' ');
+                entered = null;
+            }
+            if (reentered != null) {
+                Arrays.fill(reentered, ' ');
+                reentered = null;
+            }
+        }
+        throw new Exception(rb.getString("Too.many.failures.try.later"));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Prompts user for alias name.
+     * @param prompt the {0} of "Enter {0} alias name:  " in prompt line
+     * @returns the string entered by the user, without the \n at the end
+     */
+    private String getAlias(String prompt) throws Exception {
+        if (prompt != null) {
+            MessageFormat form = new MessageFormat
+                (rb.getString("Enter.prompt.alias.name."));
+            Object[] source = {prompt};
+            System.err.print(form.format(source));
+        } else {
+            System.err.print(rb.getString("Enter.alias.name."));
+        }
+        return (new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(
+                                        System.in))).readLine();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Prompts user for an input string from the command line (System.in)
+     * @prompt the prompt string printed
+     * @returns the string entered by the user, without the \n at the end
+     */
+    private String inputStringFromStdin(String prompt) throws Exception {
+        System.err.print(prompt);
+        return (new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(
+                                        System.in))).readLine();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Prompts user for key password. User may select to choose the same
+     * password (<code>otherKeyPass</code>) as for <code>otherAlias</code>.
+     */
+    private char[] getKeyPasswd(String alias, String otherAlias,
+                                char[] otherKeyPass)
+        throws Exception
+    {
+        int count = 0;
+        char[] keyPass = null;
+
+        do {
+            if (otherKeyPass != null) {
+                MessageFormat form = new MessageFormat(rb.getString
+                        ("Enter.key.password.for.alias."));
+                Object[] source = {alias};
+                System.err.println(form.format(source));
+
+                form = new MessageFormat(rb.getString
+                        (".RETURN.if.same.as.for.otherAlias."));
+                Object[] src = {otherAlias};
+                System.err.print(form.format(src));
+            } else {
+                MessageFormat form = new MessageFormat(rb.getString
+                        ("Enter.key.password.for.alias."));
+                Object[] source = {alias};
+                System.err.print(form.format(source));
+            }
+            System.err.flush();
+            keyPass = Password.readPassword(System.in);
+            passwords.add(keyPass);
+            if (keyPass == null) {
+                keyPass = otherKeyPass;
+            }
+            count++;
+        } while ((keyPass == null) && count < 3);
+
+        if (keyPass == null) {
+            throw new Exception(rb.getString("Too.many.failures.try.later"));
+        }
+
+        return keyPass;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Prints a certificate in a human readable format.
+     */
+    private void printX509Cert(X509Certificate cert, PrintStream out)
+        throws Exception
+    {
+        /*
+        out.println("Owner: "
+                    + cert.getSubjectDN().toString()
+                    + "\n"
+                    + "Issuer: "
+                    + cert.getIssuerDN().toString()
+                    + "\n"
+                    + "Serial number: " + cert.getSerialNumber().toString(16)
+                    + "\n"
+                    + "Valid from: " + cert.getNotBefore().toString()
+                    + " until: " + cert.getNotAfter().toString()
+                    + "\n"
+                    + "Certificate fingerprints:\n"
+                    + "\t MD5:  " + getCertFingerPrint("MD5", cert)
+                    + "\n"
+                    + "\t SHA1: " + getCertFingerPrint("SHA1", cert));
+        */
+
+        MessageFormat form = new MessageFormat
+                (rb.getString(".PATTERN.printX509Cert"));
+        Object[] source = {cert.getSubjectDN().toString(),
+                        cert.getIssuerDN().toString(),
+                        cert.getSerialNumber().toString(16),
+                        cert.getNotBefore().toString(),
+                        cert.getNotAfter().toString(),
+                        getCertFingerPrint("MD5", cert),
+                        getCertFingerPrint("SHA1", cert),
+                        getCertFingerPrint("SHA-256", cert),
+                        cert.getSigAlgName(),
+                        cert.getVersion()
+                        };
+        out.println(form.format(source));
+
+        if (cert instanceof X509CertImpl) {
+            X509CertImpl impl = (X509CertImpl)cert;
+            X509CertInfo certInfo = (X509CertInfo)impl.get(X509CertImpl.NAME
+                                                           + "." +
+                                                           X509CertImpl.INFO);
+            CertificateExtensions exts = (CertificateExtensions)
+                    certInfo.get(X509CertInfo.EXTENSIONS);
+            if (exts != null) {
+                printExtensions(rb.getString("Extensions."), exts, out);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static void printExtensions(String title, CertificateExtensions exts, PrintStream out)
+            throws Exception {
+        int extnum = 0;
+        Iterator<Extension> i1 = exts.getAllExtensions().iterator();
+        Iterator<Extension> i2 = exts.getUnparseableExtensions().values().iterator();
+        while (i1.hasNext() || i2.hasNext()) {
+            Extension ext = i1.hasNext()?i1.next():i2.next();
+            if (extnum == 0) {
+                out.println();
+                out.println(title);
+                out.println();
+            }
+            out.print("#"+(++extnum)+": "+ ext);
+            if (ext.getClass() == Extension.class) {
+                byte[] v = ext.getExtensionValue();
+                if (v.length == 0) {
+                    out.println(rb.getString(".Empty.value."));
+                } else {
+                    new sun.misc.HexDumpEncoder().encodeBuffer(ext.getExtensionValue(), out);
+                    out.println();
+                }
+            }
+            out.println();
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns true if the certificate is self-signed, false otherwise.
+     */
+    private boolean isSelfSigned(X509Certificate cert) {
+        return signedBy(cert, cert);
+    }
+
+    private boolean signedBy(X509Certificate end, X509Certificate ca) {
+        if (!ca.getSubjectDN().equals(end.getIssuerDN())) {
+            return false;
+        }
+        try {
+            end.verify(ca.getPublicKey());
+            return true;
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            return false;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Locates a signer for a given certificate from a given keystore and
+     * returns the signer's certificate.
+     * @param cert the certificate whose signer is searched, not null
+     * @param ks the keystore to search with, not null
+     * @return <code>cert</code> itself if it's already inside <code>ks</code>,
+     * or a certificate inside <code>ks</code> who signs <code>cert</code>,
+     * or null otherwise.
+     */
+    private static Certificate getTrustedSigner(Certificate cert, KeyStore ks)
+            throws Exception {
+        if (ks.getCertificateAlias(cert) != null) {
+            return cert;
+        }
+        for (Enumeration<String> aliases = ks.aliases();
+                aliases.hasMoreElements(); ) {
+            String name = aliases.nextElement();
+            Certificate trustedCert = ks.getCertificate(name);
+            if (trustedCert != null) {
+                try {
+                    cert.verify(trustedCert.getPublicKey());
+                    return trustedCert;
+                } catch (Exception e) {
+                    // Not verified, skip to the next one
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Gets an X.500 name suitable for inclusion in a certification request.
+     */
+    private X500Name getX500Name() throws IOException {
+        BufferedReader in;
+        in = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(System.in));
+        String commonName = "Unknown";
+        String organizationalUnit = "Unknown";
+        String organization = "Unknown";
+        String city = "Unknown";
+        String state = "Unknown";
+        String country = "Unknown";
+        X500Name name;
+        String userInput = null;
+
+        int maxRetry = 20;
+        do {
+            if (maxRetry-- < 0) {
+                throw new RuntimeException(rb.getString(
+                        "Too.many.retries.program.terminated"));
+            }
+            commonName = inputString(in,
+                    rb.getString("What.is.your.first.and.last.name."),
+                    commonName);
+            organizationalUnit = inputString(in,
+                    rb.getString
+                        ("What.is.the.name.of.your.organizational.unit."),
+                    organizationalUnit);
+            organization = inputString(in,
+                    rb.getString("What.is.the.name.of.your.organization."),
+                    organization);
+            city = inputString(in,
+                    rb.getString("What.is.the.name.of.your.City.or.Locality."),
+                    city);
+            state = inputString(in,
+                    rb.getString("What.is.the.name.of.your.State.or.Province."),
+                    state);
+            country = inputString(in,
+                    rb.getString
+                        ("What.is.the.two.letter.country.code.for.this.unit."),
+                    country);
+            name = new X500Name(commonName, organizationalUnit, organization,
+                                city, state, country);
+            MessageFormat form = new MessageFormat
+                (rb.getString("Is.name.correct."));
+            Object[] source = {name};
+            userInput = inputString
+                (in, form.format(source), rb.getString("no"));
+        } while (collator.compare(userInput, rb.getString("yes")) != 0 &&
+                 collator.compare(userInput, rb.getString("y")) != 0);
+
+        System.err.println();
+        return name;
+    }
+
+    private String inputString(BufferedReader in, String prompt,
+                               String defaultValue)
+        throws IOException
+    {
+        System.err.println(prompt);
+        MessageFormat form = new MessageFormat
+                (rb.getString(".defaultValue."));
+        Object[] source = {defaultValue};
+        System.err.print(form.format(source));
+        System.err.flush();
+
+        String value = in.readLine();
+        if (value == null || collator.compare(value, "") == 0) {
+            value = defaultValue;
+        }
+        return value;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Writes an X.509 certificate in base64 or binary encoding to an output
+     * stream.
+     */
+    private void dumpCert(Certificate cert, PrintStream out)
+        throws IOException, CertificateException
+    {
+        if (rfc) {
+            out.println(X509Factory.BEGIN_CERT);
+            out.println(Base64.getMimeEncoder().encodeToString(cert.getEncoded()));
+            out.println(X509Factory.END_CERT);
+        } else {
+            out.write(cert.getEncoded()); // binary
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Converts a byte to hex digit and writes to the supplied buffer
+     */
+    private void byte2hex(byte b, StringBuffer buf) {
+        char[] hexChars = { '0', '1', '2', '3', '4', '5', '6', '7', '8',
+                            '9', 'A', 'B', 'C', 'D', 'E', 'F' };
+        int high = ((b & 0xf0) >> 4);
+        int low = (b & 0x0f);
+        buf.append(hexChars[high]);
+        buf.append(hexChars[low]);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Converts a byte array to hex string
+     */
+    private String toHexString(byte[] block) {
+        StringBuffer buf = new StringBuffer();
+        int len = block.length;
+        for (int i = 0; i < len; i++) {
+             byte2hex(block[i], buf);
+             if (i < len-1) {
+                 buf.append(":");
+             }
+        }
+        return buf.toString();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Recovers (private) key associated with given alias.
+     *
+     * @return an array of objects, where the 1st element in the array is the
+     * recovered private key, and the 2nd element is the password used to
+     * recover it.
+     */
+    private Pair<Key,char[]> recoverKey(String alias, char[] storePass,
+                                       char[] keyPass)
+        throws Exception
+    {
+        Key key = null;
+
+        if (keyStore.containsAlias(alias) == false) {
+            MessageFormat form = new MessageFormat
+                (rb.getString("Alias.alias.does.not.exist"));
+            Object[] source = {alias};
+            throw new Exception(form.format(source));
+        }
+        if (!keyStore.entryInstanceOf(alias, KeyStore.PrivateKeyEntry.class) &&
+                !keyStore.entryInstanceOf(alias, KeyStore.SecretKeyEntry.class)) {
+            MessageFormat form = new MessageFormat
+                (rb.getString("Alias.alias.has.no.key"));
+            Object[] source = {alias};
+            throw new Exception(form.format(source));
+        }
+
+        if (keyPass == null) {
+            // Try to recover the key using the keystore password
+            try {
+                key = keyStore.getKey(alias, storePass);
+
+                keyPass = storePass;
+                passwords.add(keyPass);
+            } catch (UnrecoverableKeyException e) {
+                // Did not work out, so prompt user for key password
+                if (!token) {
+                    keyPass = getKeyPasswd(alias, null, null);
+                    key = keyStore.getKey(alias, keyPass);
+                } else {
+                    throw e;
+                }
+            }
+        } else {
+            key = keyStore.getKey(alias, keyPass);
+        }
+
+        return Pair.of(key, keyPass);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Recovers entry associated with given alias.
+     *
+     * @return an array of objects, where the 1st element in the array is the
+     * recovered entry, and the 2nd element is the password used to
+     * recover it (null if no password).
+     */
+    private Pair<Entry,char[]> recoverEntry(KeyStore ks,
+                            String alias,
+                            char[] pstore,
+                            char[] pkey) throws Exception {
+
+        if (ks.containsAlias(alias) == false) {
+            MessageFormat form = new MessageFormat
+                (rb.getString("Alias.alias.does.not.exist"));
+            Object[] source = {alias};
+            throw new Exception(form.format(source));
+        }
+
+        PasswordProtection pp = null;
+        Entry entry;
+
+        try {
+            // First attempt to access entry without key password
+            // (PKCS11 entry or trusted certificate entry, for example)
+
+            entry = ks.getEntry(alias, pp);
+            pkey = null;
+        } catch (UnrecoverableEntryException une) {
+
+            if(P11KEYSTORE.equalsIgnoreCase(ks.getType()) ||
+                KeyStoreUtil.isWindowsKeyStore(ks.getType())) {
+                // should not happen, but a possibility
+                throw une;
+            }
+
+            // entry is protected
+
+            if (pkey != null) {
+
+                // try provided key password
+
+                pp = new PasswordProtection(pkey);
+                entry = ks.getEntry(alias, pp);
+
+            } else {
+
+                // try store pass
+
+                try {
+                    pp = new PasswordProtection(pstore);
+                    entry = ks.getEntry(alias, pp);
+                    pkey = pstore;
+                } catch (UnrecoverableEntryException une2) {
+                    if (P12KEYSTORE.equalsIgnoreCase(ks.getType())) {
+
+                        // P12 keystore currently does not support separate
+                        // store and entry passwords
+
+                        throw une2;
+                    } else {
+
+                        // prompt for entry password
+
+                        pkey = getKeyPasswd(alias, null, null);
+                        pp = new PasswordProtection(pkey);
+                        entry = ks.getEntry(alias, pp);
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        return Pair.of(entry, pkey);
+    }
+    /**
+     * Gets the requested finger print of the certificate.
+     */
+    private String getCertFingerPrint(String mdAlg, Certificate cert)
+        throws Exception
+    {
+        byte[] encCertInfo = cert.getEncoded();
+        MessageDigest md = MessageDigest.getInstance(mdAlg);
+        byte[] digest = md.digest(encCertInfo);
+        return toHexString(digest);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Prints warning about missing integrity check.
+     */
+    private void printWarning() {
+        System.err.println();
+        System.err.println(rb.getString
+            (".WARNING.WARNING.WARNING."));
+        System.err.println(rb.getString
+            (".The.integrity.of.the.information.stored.in.your.keystore."));
+        System.err.println(rb.getString
+            (".WARNING.WARNING.WARNING."));
+        System.err.println();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Validates chain in certification reply, and returns the ordered
+     * elements of the chain (with user certificate first, and root
+     * certificate last in the array).
+     *
+     * @param alias the alias name
+     * @param userCert the user certificate of the alias
+     * @param replyCerts the chain provided in the reply
+     */
+    private Certificate[] validateReply(String alias,
+                                        Certificate userCert,
+                                        Certificate[] replyCerts)
+        throws Exception
+    {
+        // order the certs in the reply (bottom-up).
+        // we know that all certs in the reply are of type X.509, because
+        // we parsed them using an X.509 certificate factory
+        int i;
+        PublicKey userPubKey = userCert.getPublicKey();
+        for (i=0; i<replyCerts.length; i++) {
+            if (userPubKey.equals(replyCerts[i].getPublicKey())) {
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+        if (i == replyCerts.length) {
+            MessageFormat form = new MessageFormat(rb.getString
+                ("Certificate.reply.does.not.contain.public.key.for.alias."));
+            Object[] source = {alias};
+            throw new Exception(form.format(source));
+        }
+
+        Certificate tmpCert = replyCerts[0];
+        replyCerts[0] = replyCerts[i];
+        replyCerts[i] = tmpCert;
+
+        X509Certificate thisCert = (X509Certificate)replyCerts[0];
+
+        for (i=1; i < replyCerts.length-1; i++) {
+            // find a cert in the reply who signs thisCert
+            int j;
+            for (j=i; j<replyCerts.length; j++) {
+                if (signedBy(thisCert, (X509Certificate)replyCerts[j])) {
+                    tmpCert = replyCerts[i];
+                    replyCerts[i] = replyCerts[j];
+                    replyCerts[j] = tmpCert;
+                    thisCert = (X509Certificate)replyCerts[i];
+                    break;
+                }
+            }
+            if (j == replyCerts.length) {
+                throw new Exception
+                    (rb.getString("Incomplete.certificate.chain.in.reply"));
+            }
+        }
+
+        if (noprompt) {
+            return replyCerts;
+        }
+
+        // do we trust the cert at the top?
+        Certificate topCert = replyCerts[replyCerts.length-1];
+        Certificate root = getTrustedSigner(topCert, keyStore);
+        if (root == null && trustcacerts && caks != null) {
+            root = getTrustedSigner(topCert, caks);
+        }
+        if (root == null) {
+            System.err.println();
+            System.err.println
+                    (rb.getString("Top.level.certificate.in.reply."));
+            printX509Cert((X509Certificate)topCert, System.out);
+            System.err.println();
+            System.err.print(rb.getString(".is.not.trusted."));
+            String reply = getYesNoReply
+                    (rb.getString("Install.reply.anyway.no."));
+            if ("NO".equals(reply)) {
+                return null;
+            }
+        } else {
+            if (root != topCert) {
+                // append the root CA cert to the chain
+                Certificate[] tmpCerts =
+                    new Certificate[replyCerts.length+1];
+                System.arraycopy(replyCerts, 0, tmpCerts, 0,
+                                 replyCerts.length);
+                tmpCerts[tmpCerts.length-1] = root;
+                replyCerts = tmpCerts;
+            }
+        }
+
+        return replyCerts;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Establishes a certificate chain (using trusted certificates in the
+     * keystore), starting with the user certificate
+     * and ending at a self-signed certificate found in the keystore.
+     *
+     * @param userCert the user certificate of the alias
+     * @param certToVerify the single certificate provided in the reply
+     */
+    private Certificate[] establishCertChain(Certificate userCert,
+                                             Certificate certToVerify)
+        throws Exception
+    {
+        if (userCert != null) {
+            // Make sure that the public key of the certificate reply matches
+            // the original public key in the keystore
+            PublicKey origPubKey = userCert.getPublicKey();
+            PublicKey replyPubKey = certToVerify.getPublicKey();
+            if (!origPubKey.equals(replyPubKey)) {
+                throw new Exception(rb.getString
+                        ("Public.keys.in.reply.and.keystore.don.t.match"));
+            }
+
+            // If the two certs are identical, we're done: no need to import
+            // anything
+            if (certToVerify.equals(userCert)) {
+                throw new Exception(rb.getString
+                        ("Certificate.reply.and.certificate.in.keystore.are.identical"));
+            }
+        }
+
+        // Build a hash table of all certificates in the keystore.
+        // Use the subject distinguished name as the key into the hash table.
+        // All certificates associated with the same subject distinguished
+        // name are stored in the same hash table entry as a vector.
+        Hashtable<Principal, Vector<Certificate>> certs = null;
+        if (keyStore.size() > 0) {
+            certs = new Hashtable<Principal, Vector<Certificate>>(11);
+            keystorecerts2Hashtable(keyStore, certs);
+        }
+        if (trustcacerts) {
+            if (caks!=null && caks.size()>0) {
+                if (certs == null) {
+                    certs = new Hashtable<Principal, Vector<Certificate>>(11);
+                }
+                keystorecerts2Hashtable(caks, certs);
+            }
+        }
+
+        // start building chain
+        Vector<Certificate> chain = new Vector<>(2);
+        if (buildChain((X509Certificate)certToVerify, chain, certs)) {
+            Certificate[] newChain = new Certificate[chain.size()];
+            // buildChain() returns chain with self-signed root-cert first and
+            // user-cert last, so we need to invert the chain before we store
+            // it
+            int j=0;
+            for (int i=chain.size()-1; i>=0; i--) {
+                newChain[j] = chain.elementAt(i);
+                j++;
+            }
+            return newChain;
+        } else {
+            throw new Exception
+                (rb.getString("Failed.to.establish.chain.from.reply"));
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Recursively tries to establish chain from pool of trusted certs.
+     *
+     * @param certToVerify the cert that needs to be verified.
+     * @param chain the chain that's being built.
+     * @param certs the pool of trusted certs
+     *
+     * @return true if successful, false otherwise.
+     */
+    private boolean buildChain(X509Certificate certToVerify,
+                        Vector<Certificate> chain,
+                        Hashtable<Principal, Vector<Certificate>> certs) {
+        Principal issuer = certToVerify.getIssuerDN();
+        if (isSelfSigned(certToVerify)) {
+            // reached self-signed root cert;
+            // no verification needed because it's trusted.
+            chain.addElement(certToVerify);
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        // Get the issuer's certificate(s)
+        Vector<Certificate> vec = certs.get(issuer);
+        if (vec == null) {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        // Try out each certificate in the vector, until we find one
+        // whose public key verifies the signature of the certificate
+        // in question.
+        for (Enumeration<Certificate> issuerCerts = vec.elements();
+             issuerCerts.hasMoreElements(); ) {
+            X509Certificate issuerCert
+                = (X509Certificate)issuerCerts.nextElement();
+            PublicKey issuerPubKey = issuerCert.getPublicKey();
+            try {
+                certToVerify.verify(issuerPubKey);
+            } catch (Exception e) {
+                continue;
+            }
+            if (buildChain(issuerCert, chain, certs)) {
+                chain.addElement(certToVerify);
+                return true;
+            }
+        }
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Prompts user for yes/no decision.
+     *
+     * @return the user's decision, can only be "YES" or "NO"
+     */
+    private String getYesNoReply(String prompt)
+        throws IOException
+    {
+        String reply = null;
+        int maxRetry = 20;
+        do {
+            if (maxRetry-- < 0) {
+                throw new RuntimeException(rb.getString(
+                        "Too.many.retries.program.terminated"));
+            }
+            System.err.print(prompt);
+            System.err.flush();
+            reply = (new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader
+                                        (System.in))).readLine();
+            if (collator.compare(reply, "") == 0 ||
+                collator.compare(reply, rb.getString("n")) == 0 ||
+                collator.compare(reply, rb.getString("no")) == 0) {
+                reply = "NO";
+            } else if (collator.compare(reply, rb.getString("y")) == 0 ||
+                       collator.compare(reply, rb.getString("yes")) == 0) {
+                reply = "YES";
+            } else {
+                System.err.println(rb.getString("Wrong.answer.try.again"));
+                reply = null;
+            }
+        } while (reply == null);
+        return reply;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Stores the (leaf) certificates of a keystore in a hashtable.
+     * All certs belonging to the same CA are stored in a vector that
+     * in turn is stored in the hashtable, keyed by the CA's subject DN
+     */
+    private void keystorecerts2Hashtable(KeyStore ks,
+                Hashtable<Principal, Vector<Certificate>> hash)
+        throws Exception {
+
+        for (Enumeration<String> aliases = ks.aliases();
+                                        aliases.hasMoreElements(); ) {
+            String alias = aliases.nextElement();
+            Certificate cert = ks.getCertificate(alias);
+            if (cert != null) {
+                Principal subjectDN = ((X509Certificate)cert).getSubjectDN();
+                Vector<Certificate> vec = hash.get(subjectDN);
+                if (vec == null) {
+                    vec = new Vector<Certificate>();
+                    vec.addElement(cert);
+                } else {
+                    if (!vec.contains(cert)) {
+                        vec.addElement(cert);
+                    }
+                }
+                hash.put(subjectDN, vec);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the issue time that's specified the -startdate option
+     * @param s the value of -startdate option
+     */
+    private static Date getStartDate(String s) throws IOException {
+        Calendar c = new GregorianCalendar();
+        if (s != null) {
+            IOException ioe = new IOException(
+                    rb.getString("Illegal.startdate.value"));
+            int len = s.length();
+            if (len == 0) {
+                throw ioe;
+            }
+            if (s.charAt(0) == '-' || s.charAt(0) == '+') {
+                // Form 1: ([+-]nnn[ymdHMS])+
+                int start = 0;
+                while (start < len) {
+                    int sign = 0;
+                    switch (s.charAt(start)) {
+                        case '+': sign = 1; break;
+                        case '-': sign = -1; break;
+                        default: throw ioe;
+                    }
+                    int i = start+1;
+                    for (; i<len; i++) {
+                        char ch = s.charAt(i);
+                        if (ch < '0' || ch > '9') break;
+                    }
+                    if (i == start+1) throw ioe;
+                    int number = Integer.parseInt(s.substring(start+1, i));
+                    if (i >= len) throw ioe;
+                    int unit = 0;
+                    switch (s.charAt(i)) {
+                        case 'y': unit = Calendar.YEAR; break;
+                        case 'm': unit = Calendar.MONTH; break;
+                        case 'd': unit = Calendar.DATE; break;
+                        case 'H': unit = Calendar.HOUR; break;
+                        case 'M': unit = Calendar.MINUTE; break;
+                        case 'S': unit = Calendar.SECOND; break;
+                        default: throw ioe;
+                    }
+                    c.add(unit, sign * number);
+                    start = i + 1;
+                }
+            } else  {
+                // Form 2: [yyyy/mm/dd] [HH:MM:SS]
+                String date = null, time = null;
+                if (len == 19) {
+                    date = s.substring(0, 10);
+                    time = s.substring(11);
+                    if (s.charAt(10) != ' ')
+                        throw ioe;
+                } else if (len == 10) {
+                    date = s;
+                } else if (len == 8) {
+                    time = s;
+                } else {
+                    throw ioe;
+                }
+                if (date != null) {
+                    if (date.matches("\\d\\d\\d\\d\\/\\d\\d\\/\\d\\d")) {
+                        c.set(Integer.valueOf(date.substring(0, 4)),
+                                Integer.valueOf(date.substring(5, 7))-1,
+                                Integer.valueOf(date.substring(8, 10)));
+                    } else {
+                        throw ioe;
+                    }
+                }
+                if (time != null) {
+                    if (time.matches("\\d\\d:\\d\\d:\\d\\d")) {
+                        c.set(Calendar.HOUR_OF_DAY, Integer.valueOf(time.substring(0, 2)));
+                        c.set(Calendar.MINUTE, Integer.valueOf(time.substring(0, 2)));
+                        c.set(Calendar.SECOND, Integer.valueOf(time.substring(0, 2)));
+                        c.set(Calendar.MILLISECOND, 0);
+                    } else {
+                        throw ioe;
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        return c.getTime();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Match a command (may be abbreviated) with a command set.
+     * @param s the command provided
+     * @param list the legal command set. If there is a null, commands after it
+     * are regarded experimental, which means they are supported but their
+     * existence should not be revealed to user.
+     * @return the position of a single match, or -1 if none matched
+     * @throws Exception if s is ambiguous
+     */
+    private static int oneOf(String s, String... list) throws Exception {
+        int[] match = new int[list.length];
+        int nmatch = 0;
+        int experiment = Integer.MAX_VALUE;
+        for (int i = 0; i<list.length; i++) {
+            String one = list[i];
+            if (one == null) {
+                experiment = i;
+                continue;
+            }
+            if (one.toLowerCase(Locale.ENGLISH)
+                    .startsWith(s.toLowerCase(Locale.ENGLISH))) {
+                match[nmatch++] = i;
+            } else {
+                StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
+                boolean first = true;
+                for (char c: one.toCharArray()) {
+                    if (first) {
+                        sb.append(c);
+                        first = false;
+                    } else {
+                        if (!Character.isLowerCase(c)) {
+                            sb.append(c);
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+                if (sb.toString().equalsIgnoreCase(s)) {
+                    match[nmatch++] = i;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        if (nmatch == 0) {
+            return -1;
+        } else if (nmatch == 1) {
+            return match[0];
+        } else {
+            // If multiple matches is in experimental commands, ignore them
+            if (match[1] > experiment) {
+                return match[0];
+            }
+            StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
+            MessageFormat form = new MessageFormat(rb.getString
+                ("command.{0}.is.ambiguous."));
+            Object[] source = {s};
+            sb.append(form.format(source));
+            sb.append("\n    ");
+            for (int i=0; i<nmatch && match[i]<experiment; i++) {
+                sb.append(' ');
+                sb.append(list[match[i]]);
+            }
+            throw new Exception(sb.toString());
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Create a GeneralName object from known types
+     * @param t one of 5 known types
+     * @param v value
+     * @return which one
+     */
+    private GeneralName createGeneralName(String t, String v)
+            throws Exception {
+        GeneralNameInterface gn;
+        int p = oneOf(t, "EMAIL", "URI", "DNS", "IP", "OID");
+        if (p < 0) {
+            throw new Exception(rb.getString(
+                    "Unrecognized.GeneralName.type.") + t);
+        }
+        switch (p) {
+            case 0: gn = new RFC822Name(v); break;
+            case 1: gn = new URIName(v); break;
+            case 2: gn = new DNSName(v); break;
+            case 3: gn = new IPAddressName(v); break;
+            default: gn = new OIDName(v); break; //4
+        }
+        return new GeneralName(gn);
+    }
+
+    private static final String[] extSupported = {
+                        "BasicConstraints",
+                        "KeyUsage",
+                        "ExtendedKeyUsage",
+                        "SubjectAlternativeName",
+                        "IssuerAlternativeName",
+                        "SubjectInfoAccess",
+                        "AuthorityInfoAccess",
+                        null,
+                        "CRLDistributionPoints",
+    };
+
+    private ObjectIdentifier findOidForExtName(String type)
+            throws Exception {
+        switch (oneOf(type, extSupported)) {
+            case 0: return PKIXExtensions.BasicConstraints_Id;
+            case 1: return PKIXExtensions.KeyUsage_Id;
+            case 2: return PKIXExtensions.ExtendedKeyUsage_Id;
+            case 3: return PKIXExtensions.SubjectAlternativeName_Id;
+            case 4: return PKIXExtensions.IssuerAlternativeName_Id;
+            case 5: return PKIXExtensions.SubjectInfoAccess_Id;
+            case 6: return PKIXExtensions.AuthInfoAccess_Id;
+            case 8: return PKIXExtensions.CRLDistributionPoints_Id;
+            default: return new ObjectIdentifier(type);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Create X509v3 extensions from a string representation. Note that the
+     * SubjectKeyIdentifierExtension will always be created non-critical besides
+     * the extension requested in the <code>extstr</code> argument.
+     *
+     * @param reqex the requested extensions, can be null, used for -gencert
+     * @param ext the original extensions, can be null, used for -selfcert
+     * @param extstrs -ext values, Read keytool doc
+     * @param pkey the public key for the certificate
+     * @param akey the public key for the authority (issuer)
+     * @return the created CertificateExtensions
+     */
+    private CertificateExtensions createV3Extensions(
+            CertificateExtensions reqex,
+            CertificateExtensions ext,
+            List <String> extstrs,
+            PublicKey pkey,
+            PublicKey akey) throws Exception {
+
+        if (ext != null && reqex != null) {
+            // This should not happen
+            throw new Exception("One of request and original should be null.");
+        }
+        if (ext == null) ext = new CertificateExtensions();
+        try {
+            // name{:critical}{=value}
+            // Honoring requested extensions
+            if (reqex != null) {
+                for(String extstr: extstrs) {
+                    if (extstr.toLowerCase(Locale.ENGLISH).startsWith("honored=")) {
+                        List<String> list = Arrays.asList(
+                                extstr.toLowerCase(Locale.ENGLISH).substring(8).split(","));
+                        // First check existence of "all"
+                        if (list.contains("all")) {
+                            ext = reqex;    // we know ext was null
+                        }
+                        // one by one for others
+                        for (String item: list) {
+                            if (item.equals("all")) continue;
+
+                            // add or remove
+                            boolean add = true;
+                            // -1, unchanged, 0 crtical, 1 non-critical
+                            int action = -1;
+                            String type = null;
+                            if (item.startsWith("-")) {
+                                add = false;
+                                type = item.substring(1);
+                            } else {
+                                int colonpos = item.indexOf(':');
+                                if (colonpos >= 0) {
+                                    type = item.substring(0, colonpos);
+                                    action = oneOf(item.substring(colonpos+1),
+                                            "critical", "non-critical");
+                                    if (action == -1) {
+                                        throw new Exception(rb.getString
+                                            ("Illegal.value.") + item);
+                                    }
+                                }
+                            }
+                            String n = reqex.getNameByOid(findOidForExtName(type));
+                            if (add) {
+                                Extension e = reqex.get(n);
+                                if (!e.isCritical() && action == 0
+                                        || e.isCritical() && action == 1) {
+                                    e = Extension.newExtension(
+                                            e.getExtensionId(),
+                                            !e.isCritical(),
+                                            e.getExtensionValue());
+                                    ext.set(n, e);
+                                }
+                            } else {
+                                ext.delete(n);
+                            }
+                        }
+                        break;
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            for(String extstr: extstrs) {
+                String name, value;
+                boolean isCritical = false;
+
+                int eqpos = extstr.indexOf('=');
+                if (eqpos >= 0) {
+                    name = extstr.substring(0, eqpos);
+                    value = extstr.substring(eqpos+1);
+                } else {
+                    name = extstr;
+                    value = null;
+                }
+
+                int colonpos = name.indexOf(':');
+                if (colonpos >= 0) {
+                    if (oneOf(name.substring(colonpos+1), "critical") == 0) {
+                        isCritical = true;
+                    }
+                    name = name.substring(0, colonpos);
+                }
+
+                if (name.equalsIgnoreCase("honored")) {
+                    continue;
+                }
+                int exttype = oneOf(name, extSupported);
+                switch (exttype) {
+                    case 0:     // BC
+                        int pathLen = -1;
+                        boolean isCA = false;
+                        if (value == null) {
+                            isCA = true;
+                        } else {
+                            try {   // the abbr format
+                                pathLen = Integer.parseInt(value);
+                                isCA = true;
+                            } catch (NumberFormatException ufe) {
+                                // ca:true,pathlen:1
+                                for (String part: value.split(",")) {
+                                    String[] nv = part.split(":");
+                                    if (nv.length != 2) {
+                                        throw new Exception(rb.getString
+                                                ("Illegal.value.") + extstr);
+                                    } else {
+                                        if (nv[0].equalsIgnoreCase("ca")) {
+                                            isCA = Boolean.parseBoolean(nv[1]);
+                                        } else if (nv[0].equalsIgnoreCase("pathlen")) {
+                                            pathLen = Integer.parseInt(nv[1]);
+                                        } else {
+                                            throw new Exception(rb.getString
+                                                ("Illegal.value.") + extstr);
+                                        }
+                                    }
+                                }
+                            }
+                        }
+                        ext.set(BasicConstraintsExtension.NAME,
+                                new BasicConstraintsExtension(isCritical, isCA,
+                                pathLen));
+                        break;
+                    case 1:     // KU
+                        if(value != null) {
+                            boolean[] ok = new boolean[9];
+                            for (String s: value.split(",")) {
+                                int p = oneOf(s,
+                                       "digitalSignature",  // (0),
+                                       "nonRepudiation",    // (1)
+                                       "keyEncipherment",   // (2),
+                                       "dataEncipherment",  // (3),
+                                       "keyAgreement",      // (4),
+                                       "keyCertSign",       // (5),
+                                       "cRLSign",           // (6),
+                                       "encipherOnly",      // (7),
+                                       "decipherOnly",      // (8)
+                                       "contentCommitment"  // also (1)
+                                       );
+                                if (p < 0) {
+                                    throw new Exception(rb.getString("Unknown.keyUsage.type.") + s);
+                                }
+                                if (p == 9) p = 1;
+                                ok[p] = true;
+                            }
+                            KeyUsageExtension kue = new KeyUsageExtension(ok);
+                            // The above KeyUsageExtension constructor does not
+                            // allow isCritical value, so...
+                            ext.set(KeyUsageExtension.NAME, Extension.newExtension(
+                                    kue.getExtensionId(),
+                                    isCritical,
+                                    kue.getExtensionValue()));
+                        } else {
+                            throw new Exception(rb.getString
+                                    ("Illegal.value.") + extstr);
+                        }
+                        break;
+                    case 2:     // EKU
+                        if(value != null) {
+                            Vector<ObjectIdentifier> v = new Vector<>();
+                            for (String s: value.split(",")) {
+                                int p = oneOf(s,
+                                        "anyExtendedKeyUsage",
+                                        "serverAuth",       //1
+                                        "clientAuth",       //2
+                                        "codeSigning",      //3
+                                        "emailProtection",  //4
+                                        "",                 //5
+                                        "",                 //6
+                                        "",                 //7
+                                        "timeStamping",     //8
+                                        "OCSPSigning"       //9
+                                       );
+                                if (p < 0) {
+                                    try {
+                                        v.add(new ObjectIdentifier(s));
+                                    } catch (Exception e) {
+                                        throw new Exception(rb.getString(
+                                                "Unknown.extendedkeyUsage.type.") + s);
+                                    }
+                                } else if (p == 0) {
+                                    v.add(new ObjectIdentifier("2.5.29.37.0"));
+                                } else {
+                                    v.add(new ObjectIdentifier("1.3.6.1.5.5.7.3." + p));
+                                }
+                            }
+                            ext.set(ExtendedKeyUsageExtension.NAME,
+                                    new ExtendedKeyUsageExtension(isCritical, v));
+                        } else {
+                            throw new Exception(rb.getString
+                                    ("Illegal.value.") + extstr);
+                        }
+                        break;
+                    case 3:     // SAN
+                    case 4:     // IAN
+                        if(value != null) {
+                            String[] ps = value.split(",");
+                            GeneralNames gnames = new GeneralNames();
+                            for(String item: ps) {
+                                colonpos = item.indexOf(':');
+                                if (colonpos < 0) {
+                                    throw new Exception("Illegal item " + item + " in " + extstr);
+                                }
+                                String t = item.substring(0, colonpos);
+                                String v = item.substring(colonpos+1);
+                                gnames.add(createGeneralName(t, v));
+                            }
+                            if (exttype == 3) {
+                                ext.set(SubjectAlternativeNameExtension.NAME,
+                                        new SubjectAlternativeNameExtension(
+                                            isCritical, gnames));
+                            } else {
+                                ext.set(IssuerAlternativeNameExtension.NAME,
+                                        new IssuerAlternativeNameExtension(
+                                            isCritical, gnames));
+                            }
+                        } else {
+                            throw new Exception(rb.getString
+                                    ("Illegal.value.") + extstr);
+                        }
+                        break;
+                    case 5:     // SIA, always non-critical
+                    case 6:     // AIA, always non-critical
+                        if (isCritical) {
+                            throw new Exception(rb.getString(
+                                    "This.extension.cannot.be.marked.as.critical.") + extstr);
+                        }
+                        if(value != null) {
+                            List<AccessDescription> accessDescriptions =
+                                    new ArrayList<>();
+                            String[] ps = value.split(",");
+                            for(String item: ps) {
+                                colonpos = item.indexOf(':');
+                                int colonpos2 = item.indexOf(':', colonpos+1);
+                                if (colonpos < 0 || colonpos2 < 0) {
+                                    throw new Exception(rb.getString
+                                            ("Illegal.value.") + extstr);
+                                }
+                                String m = item.substring(0, colonpos);
+                                String t = item.substring(colonpos+1, colonpos2);
+                                String v = item.substring(colonpos2+1);
+                                int p = oneOf(m,
+                                        "",
+                                        "ocsp",         //1
+                                        "caIssuers",    //2
+                                        "timeStamping", //3
+                                        "",
+                                        "caRepository"  //5
+                                        );
+                                ObjectIdentifier oid;
+                                if (p < 0) {
+                                    try {
+                                        oid = new ObjectIdentifier(m);
+                                    } catch (Exception e) {
+                                        throw new Exception(rb.getString(
+                                                "Unknown.AccessDescription.type.") + m);
+                                    }
+                                } else {
+                                    oid = new ObjectIdentifier("1.3.6.1.5.5.7.48." + p);
+                                }
+                                accessDescriptions.add(new AccessDescription(
+                                        oid, createGeneralName(t, v)));
+                            }
+                            if (exttype == 5) {
+                                ext.set(SubjectInfoAccessExtension.NAME,
+                                        new SubjectInfoAccessExtension(accessDescriptions));
+                            } else {
+                                ext.set(AuthorityInfoAccessExtension.NAME,
+                                        new AuthorityInfoAccessExtension(accessDescriptions));
+                            }
+                        } else {
+                            throw new Exception(rb.getString
+                                    ("Illegal.value.") + extstr);
+                        }
+                        break;
+                    case 8: // CRL, experimental, only support 1 distributionpoint
+                        if(value != null) {
+                            String[] ps = value.split(",");
+                            GeneralNames gnames = new GeneralNames();
+                            for(String item: ps) {
+                                colonpos = item.indexOf(':');
+                                if (colonpos < 0) {
+                                    throw new Exception("Illegal item " + item + " in " + extstr);
+                                }
+                                String t = item.substring(0, colonpos);
+                                String v = item.substring(colonpos+1);
+                                gnames.add(createGeneralName(t, v));
+                            }
+                            ext.set(CRLDistributionPointsExtension.NAME,
+                                    new CRLDistributionPointsExtension(
+                                        isCritical, Collections.singletonList(
+                                        new DistributionPoint(gnames, null, null))));
+                        } else {
+                            throw new Exception(rb.getString
+                                    ("Illegal.value.") + extstr);
+                        }
+                        break;
+                    case -1:
+                        ObjectIdentifier oid = new ObjectIdentifier(name);
+                        byte[] data = null;
+                        if (value != null) {
+                            data = new byte[value.length() / 2 + 1];
+                            int pos = 0;
+                            for (char c: value.toCharArray()) {
+                                int hex;
+                                if (c >= '0' && c <= '9') {
+                                    hex = c - '0' ;
+                                } else if (c >= 'A' && c <= 'F') {
+                                    hex = c - 'A' + 10;
+                                } else if (c >= 'a' && c <= 'f') {
+                                    hex = c - 'a' + 10;
+                                } else {
+                                    continue;
+                                }
+                                if (pos % 2 == 0) {
+                                    data[pos/2] = (byte)(hex << 4);
+                                } else {
+                                    data[pos/2] += hex;
+                                }
+                                pos++;
+                            }
+                            if (pos % 2 != 0) {
+                                throw new Exception(rb.getString(
+                                        "Odd.number.of.hex.digits.found.") + extstr);
+                            }
+                            data = Arrays.copyOf(data, pos/2);
+                        } else {
+                            data = new byte[0];
+                        }
+                        ext.set(oid.toString(), new Extension(oid, isCritical,
+                                new DerValue(DerValue.tag_OctetString, data)
+                                        .toByteArray()));
+                        break;
+                    default:
+                        throw new Exception(rb.getString(
+                                "Unknown.extension.type.") + extstr);
+                }
+            }
+            // always non-critical
+            ext.set(SubjectKeyIdentifierExtension.NAME,
+                    new SubjectKeyIdentifierExtension(
+                        new KeyIdentifier(pkey).getIdentifier()));
+            if (akey != null && !pkey.equals(akey)) {
+                ext.set(AuthorityKeyIdentifierExtension.NAME,
+                        new AuthorityKeyIdentifierExtension(
+                        new KeyIdentifier(akey), null, null));
+            }
+        } catch(IOException e) {
+            throw new RuntimeException(e);
+        }
+        return ext;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Prints the usage of this tool.
+     */
+    private void usage() {
+        if (command != null) {
+            System.err.println("keytool " + command +
+                    rb.getString(".OPTION."));
+            System.err.println();
+            System.err.println(rb.getString(command.description));
+            System.err.println();
+            System.err.println(rb.getString("Options."));
+            System.err.println();
+
+            // Left and right sides of the options list
+            String[] left = new String[command.options.length];
+            String[] right = new String[command.options.length];
+
+            // Check if there's an unknown option
+            boolean found = false;
+
+            // Length of left side of options list
+            int lenLeft = 0;
+            for (int j=0; j<left.length; j++) {
+                Option opt = command.options[j];
+                left[j] = opt.toString();
+                if (opt.arg != null) left[j] += " " + opt.arg;
+                if (left[j].length() > lenLeft) {
+                    lenLeft = left[j].length();
+                }
+                right[j] = rb.getString(opt.description);
+            }
+            for (int j=0; j<left.length; j++) {
+                System.err.printf(" %-" + lenLeft + "s  %s\n",
+                        left[j], right[j]);
+            }
+            System.err.println();
+            System.err.println(rb.getString(
+                    "Use.keytool.help.for.all.available.commands"));
+        } else {
+            System.err.println(rb.getString(
+                    "Key.and.Certificate.Management.Tool"));
+            System.err.println();
+            System.err.println(rb.getString("Commands."));
+            System.err.println();
+            for (Command c: Command.values()) {
+                if (c == KEYCLONE) break;
+                System.err.printf(" %-20s%s\n", c, rb.getString(c.description));
+            }
+            System.err.println();
+            System.err.println(rb.getString(
+                    "Use.keytool.command.name.help.for.usage.of.command.name"));
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void tinyHelp() {
+        usage();
+        if (debug) {
+            throw new RuntimeException("NO BIG ERROR, SORRY");
+        } else {
+            System.exit(1);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void errorNeedArgument(String flag) {
+        Object[] source = {flag};
+        System.err.println(new MessageFormat(
+                rb.getString("Command.option.flag.needs.an.argument.")).format(source));
+        tinyHelp();
+    }
+
+    private char[] getPass(String modifier, String arg) {
+        char[] output = KeyStoreUtil.getPassWithModifier(modifier, arg, rb);
+        if (output != null) return output;
+        tinyHelp();
+        return null;    // Useless, tinyHelp() already exits.
+    }
+}
+
+// This class is exactly the same as com.sun.tools.javac.util.Pair,
+// it's copied here since the original one is not included in JRE.
+class Pair<A, B> {
+
+    public final A fst;
+    public final B snd;
+
+    public Pair(A fst, B snd) {
+        this.fst = fst;
+        this.snd = snd;
+    }
+
+    public String toString() {
+        return "Pair[" + fst + "," + snd + "]";
+    }
+
+    public boolean equals(Object other) {
+        return
+            other instanceof Pair &&
+            Objects.equals(fst, ((Pair)other).fst) &&
+            Objects.equals(snd, ((Pair)other).snd);
+    }
+
+    public int hashCode() {
+        if (fst == null) return (snd == null) ? 0 : snd.hashCode() + 1;
+        else if (snd == null) return fst.hashCode() + 2;
+        else return fst.hashCode() * 17 + snd.hashCode();
+    }
+
+    public static <A,B> Pair<A,B> of(A a, B b) {
+        return new Pair<>(a,b);
+    }
+}
+