jdk-sandbox: comparison make/data/tzdata/europe

equal deleted inserted replaced

-:13588c901957
+:9cf78a70fa4f
 #
 # I have a one inch to one mile map of London and my estimate of the stone's
 # position is 51° 28' 30" N, 0° 18' 45" W. The longitude should
 # be within about ±2". The Ordnance Survey grid reference is TQ172761.
 #
-# [This yields GMTOFF = -0:01:15 for London LMT in the 18th century.]
+# [This yields STDOFF = -0:01:15 for London LMT in the 18th century.]
 # From Paul Eggert (1993-11-18):
 #
 # Howse writes that Britain was the first country to use standard time.
 # The railways cared most about the inconsistencies of local mean time,
 # Summer Time Order 1997 (S.I. 1997/2982)
 # See EU for rules starting in 1996.
 #
 # Use Europe/London for Jersey, Guernsey, and the Isle of Man.
-# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Europe/London	-0:01:15 -	LMT	1847 Dec  1  0:00s
 			 0:00	GB-Eire	%s	1968 Oct 27
 			 1:00	-	BST	1971 Oct 31  2:00u
 			 0:00	GB-Eire	%s	1996
 			 0:00	EU	GMT/BST
 #
 # The following is like GB-Eire and EU, except with standard time in
 # summer and negative daylight saving time in winter.  It is for when
 # negative SAVE values are used.
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
-#Rule	Eire	1971	only	-	Oct	31	 2:00u	-1:00	-
+Rule	Eire	1971	only	-	Oct	31	 2:00u	-1:00	-
-#Rule	Eire	1972	1980	-	Mar	Sun>=16	 2:00u	0	-
+Rule	Eire	1972	1980	-	Mar	Sun>=16	 2:00u	0	-
-#Rule	Eire	1972	1980	-	Oct	Sun>=23	 2:00u	-1:00	-
+Rule	Eire	1972	1980	-	Oct	Sun>=23	 2:00u	-1:00	-
-#Rule	Eire	1981	max	-	Mar	lastSun	 1:00u	0	-
+Rule	Eire	1981	max	-	Mar	lastSun	 1:00u	0	-
-#Rule	Eire	1981	1989	-	Oct	Sun>=23	 1:00u	-1:00	-
+Rule	Eire	1981	1989	-	Oct	Sun>=23	 1:00u	-1:00	-
-#Rule	Eire	1990	1995	-	Oct	Sun>=22	 1:00u	-1:00	-
+Rule	Eire	1990	1995	-	Oct	Sun>=22	 1:00u	-1:00	-
-#Rule	Eire	1996	max	-	Oct	lastSun	 1:00u	-1:00	-
+Rule	Eire	1996	max	-	Oct	lastSun	 1:00u	-1:00	-
-# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Europe/Dublin	-0:25:00 -	LMT	1880 Aug  2
 			-0:25:21 -	DMT	1916 May 21  2:00s
 			-0:25:21 1:00	IST	1916 Oct  1  2:00s
 			 0:00	GB-Eire	%s	1921 Dec  6 # independence
 			 0:00	GB-Eire	GMT/IST	1940 Feb 25  2:00s
 			 0:00	-	GMT	1947 Mar 16  2:00s
 			 0:00	1:00	IST	1947 Nov  2  2:00s
 			 0:00	-	GMT	1948 Apr 18  2:00s
 			 0:00	GB-Eire	GMT/IST	1968 Oct 27
 # The next line is for when negative SAVE values are used.
-#			 1:00	Eire	IST/GMT
+			 1:00	Eire	IST/GMT
 # These three lines are for when SAVE values are always nonnegative.
-			 1:00	-	IST	1971 Oct 31  2:00u
+#			 1:00	-	IST	1971 Oct 31  2:00u
-			 0:00	GB-Eire	GMT/IST	1996
+#			 0:00	GB-Eire	GMT/IST	1996
-			 0:00	EU	GMT/IST
+#			 0:00	EU	GMT/IST
 ###############################################################################
 # Europe
 # Take "abolishing daylight saving time" to mean that time is now considered
 # to be standard.
 # These are for backward compatibility with older versions.
-# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	WET		0:00	EU	WE%sT
 Zone	CET		1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT
 Zone	MET		1:00	C-Eur	ME%sT
 Zone	EET		2:00	EU	EE%sT
 Rule	Albania	1982	only	-	May	 2	0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Albania	1982	only	-	Oct	 3	0:00	0	-
 Rule	Albania	1983	only	-	Apr	18	0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Albania	1983	only	-	Oct	 1	0:00	0	-
 Rule	Albania	1984	only	-	Apr	 1	0:00	1:00	S
-# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Europe/Tirane	1:19:20 -	LMT	1914
 			1:00	-	CET	1940 Jun 16
 			1:00	Albania	CE%sT	1984 Jul
 			1:00	EU	CE%sT
 # Andorra
-# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Europe/Andorra	0:06:04 -	LMT	1901
 			0:00	-	WET	1946 Sep 30
 			1:00	-	CET	1985 Mar 31  2:00
 			1:00	EU	CE%sT
 # Surveying (BEV) gives 1918-09-16 and for Vienna gives the "alleged"
 # date of 1945-04-12 with no time.  For the 1980-04-06 transition
 # Shanks & Pottenger give 02:00, the BEV 00:00.  Go with the BEV,
 # and guess 02:00 for 1945-04-12.
+# From Alois Triendl (2019-07-22):
+# In 1946 the end of DST was on Monday, 7 October 1946, at 3:00 am.
+# Shanks had this right.  Source: Die Weltpresse, 5. Oktober 1946, page 5.
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	Austria	1920	only	-	Apr	 5	2:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Austria	1920	only	-	Sep	13	2:00s	0	-
 Rule	Austria	1946	only	-	Apr	14	2:00s	1:00	S
-Rule	Austria	1946	1948	-	Oct	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	-
+Rule	Austria	1946	only	-	Oct	 7	2:00s	0	-
+Rule	Austria	1947	1948	-	Oct	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	-
 Rule	Austria	1947	only	-	Apr	 6	2:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Austria	1948	only	-	Apr	18	2:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Austria	1980	only	-	Apr	 6	0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Austria	1980	only	-	Sep	28	0:00	0	-
-# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Europe/Vienna	1:05:21 -	LMT	1893 Apr
 			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1920
 			1:00	Austria	CE%sT	1940 Apr  1  2:00s
 			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1945 Apr  2  2:00s
 			1:00	1:00	CEST	1945 Apr 12  2:00s
 #
 # From Alexander Bokovoy (2014-10-09):
 # Belarussian government decided against changing to winter time....
 # http://eng.belta.by/all_news/society/Belarus-decides-against-adjusting-time-in-Russias-wake_i_76335.html
 #
-# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Europe/Minsk	1:50:16 -	LMT	1880
 			1:50	-	MMT	1924 May  2 # Minsk Mean Time
 			2:00	-	EET	1930 Jun 21
 			3:00	-	MSK	1941 Jun 28
 			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1944 Jul  3
 			2:00	Russia	EE%sT	2011 Mar 27  2:00s
 			3:00	-	+03
 # Belgium
 #
-# From Paul Eggert (1997-07-02):
+# From Michael Deckers (2019-08-25):
+# The exposition in the web page
+# https://www.bestor.be/wiki/index.php/Voyager_dans_le_temps._L%E2%80%99introduction_de_la_norme_de_Greenwich_en_Belgique
+# gives several contemporary sources from which one can conclude that
+# the switch in Europe/Brussels on 1892-05-01 was from 00:17:30 to 00:00:00.
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2019-08-28):
+# This quote helps explain the late-1914 situation:
+#   In early November 1914, the Germans imposed the time zone used in central
+#   Europe and forced the inhabitants to set their watches and public clocks
+#   sixty minutes ahead.  Many were reluctant to accept "German time" and
+#   continued to use "Belgian time" among themselves.  Reflecting the spirit of
+#   resistance that arose in the population, a song made fun of this change....
+# The song ended:
+#   Putting your clock forward
+#   Will but hasten the happy hour
+#   When we kick out the Boches!
+# See: Pluvinage G. Brussels on German time. Cahiers Bruxellois -
+# Brusselse Cahiers. 2014;XLVI(1E):15-38.
+# https://www.cairn.info/revue-cahiers-bruxellois-2014-1E-page-15.htm
+#
+# Entries from 1914 through 1917 are taken from "De tijd in België"
+# <https://www.astro.oma.be/GENERAL/INFO/nli001a.html>.
 # Entries from 1918 through 1991 are taken from:
 #	Annuaire de L'Observatoire Royal de Belgique,
 #	Avenue Circulaire, 3, B-1180 BRUXELLES, CLVIIe année, 1991
 #	(Imprimerie HAYEZ, s.p.r.l., Rue Fin, 4, 1080 BRUXELLES, MCMXC),
 #	pp 8-9.
-# LMT before 1892 was 0:17:30, according to the official journal of Belgium:
+# Thanks to Pascal Delmoitie for the 1918/1991 references.
-#	Moniteur Belge, Samedi 30 Avril 1892, N.121.
-# Thanks to Pascal Delmoitie for these references.
 # The 1918 rules are listed for completeness; they apply to unoccupied Belgium.
 # Assume Brussels switched to WET in 1918 when the armistice took effect.
 #
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	Belgium	1918	only	-	Mar	 9	 0:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Belgium	1944	only	-	Sep	17	 2:00s	0	-
 Rule	Belgium	1945	only	-	Apr	 2	 2:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Belgium	1945	only	-	Sep	16	 2:00s	0	-
 Rule	Belgium	1946	only	-	May	19	 2:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Belgium	1946	only	-	Oct	 7	 2:00s	0	-
-# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Europe/Brussels	0:17:30 -	LMT	1880
-			0:17:30	-	BMT	1892 May  1 12:00  # Brussels MT
+			0:17:30	-	BMT	1892 May  1 00:17:30
 			0:00	-	WET	1914 Nov  8
 			1:00	-	CET	1916 May  1  0:00
 			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1918 Nov 11 11:00u
 			0:00	Belgium	WE%sT	1940 May 20  2:00s
 			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1944 Sep  3
 Rule	Bulg	1979	only	-	Mar	31	23:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Bulg	1979	only	-	Oct	 1	 1:00	0	-
 Rule	Bulg	1980	1982	-	Apr	Sat>=1	23:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Bulg	1980	only	-	Sep	29	 1:00	0	-
 Rule	Bulg	1981	only	-	Sep	27	 2:00	0	-
-# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Europe/Sofia	1:33:16 -	LMT	1880
 			1:56:56	-	IMT	1894 Nov 30 # Istanbul MT?
 			2:00	-	EET	1942 Nov  2  3:00
 			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1945
 			1:00	-	CET	1945 Apr  2  3:00
 Rule	Czech	1945	only	-	Oct	 1	2:00s	0	-
 Rule	Czech	1946	only	-	May	 6	2:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Czech	1946	1949	-	Oct	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	-
 Rule	Czech	1947	1948	-	Apr	Sun>=15	2:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Czech	1949	only	-	Apr	 9	2:00s	1:00	S
-# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Europe/Prague	0:57:44 -	LMT	1850
 			0:57:44	-	PMT	1891 Oct    # Prague Mean Time
 			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1945 May  9
 			1:00	Czech	CE%sT	1946 Dec  1  3:00
 # Vanguard section, for zic and other parsers that support negative DST.
-#			1:00	-1:00	GMT	1947 Feb 23  2:00
+			1:00	-1:00	GMT	1947 Feb 23  2:00
 # Rearguard section, for parsers that do not support negative DST.
-			0:00	-	GMT	1947 Feb 23  2:00
+#			0:00	-	GMT	1947 Feb 23  2:00
 # End of rearguard section.
 			1:00	Czech	CE%sT	1979
 			1:00	EU	CE%sT
 # Use Europe/Prague also for Slovakia.
 Rule	Denmark	1947	only	-	May	 4	 2:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Denmark	1947	only	-	Aug	10	 2:00s	0	-
 Rule	Denmark	1948	only	-	May	 9	 2:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Denmark	1948	only	-	Aug	 8	 2:00s	0	-
 #
-# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone Europe/Copenhagen	 0:50:20 -	LMT	1890
 			 0:50:20 -	CMT	1894 Jan  1 # Copenhagen MT
 			 1:00	Denmark	CE%sT	1942 Nov  2  2:00s
 			 1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1945 Apr  2  2:00
 			 1:00	Denmark	CE%sT	1980
 Rule	Thule	1993	2006	-	Apr	Sun>=1	2:00	1:00	D
 Rule	Thule	1993	2006	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	0	S
 Rule	Thule	2007	max	-	Mar	Sun>=8	2:00	1:00	D
 Rule	Thule	2007	max	-	Nov	Sun>=1	2:00	0	S
 #
-# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone America/Danmarkshavn -1:14:40 -	LMT	1916 Jul 28
 			-3:00	-	-03	1980 Apr  6  2:00
 			-3:00	EU	-03/-02	1996
 			0:00	-	GMT
 Zone America/Scoresbysund -1:27:52 -	LMT	1916 Jul 28 # Ittoqqortoormiit
 # Now we are using again EU rules.
 #
 # From Urmet Jänes (2002-03-28):
 # The legislative reference is Government decree No. 84 on 2002-02-21.
-# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Europe/Tallinn	1:39:00	-	LMT	1880
 			1:39:00	-	TMT	1918 Feb    # Tallinn Mean Time
 			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1919 Jul
 			1:39:00	-	TMT	1921 May
 			2:00	-	EET	1940 Aug  6
 Rule	Finland	1981	1982	-	Sep	lastSun	3:00	0	-
 # Milne says Helsinki (Helsingfors) time was 1:39:49.2 (official document);
 # round to nearest.
-# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Europe/Helsinki	1:39:49 -	LMT	1878 May 31
 			1:39:49	-	HMT	1921 May    # Helsinki Mean Time
 			2:00	Finland	EE%sT	1983
 			2:00	EU	EE%sT
 Rule	France	1976	only	-	Sep	26	 1:00	0	-
 # Shanks & Pottenger give 0:09:20 for Paris Mean Time, and Whitman 0:09:05,
 # but Howse quotes the actual French legislation as saying 0:09:21.
 # Go with Howse.  Howse writes that the time in France was officially based
 # on PMT-0:09:21 until 1978-08-09, when the time base finally switched to UTC.
-# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Europe/Paris	0:09:21 -	LMT	1891 Mar 15  0:01
 			0:09:21	-	PMT	1911 Mar 11  0:01 # Paris MT
 # Shanks & Pottenger give 1940 Jun 14 0:00; go with Excoffier and Le Corre.
 			0:00	France	WE%sT	1940 Jun 14 23:00
 # Le Corre says Paris stuck with occupied-France time after the liberation;
 Rule SovietZone	1945	only	-	May	24	2:00	2:00	M # Midsummer
 Rule SovietZone	1945	only	-	Sep	24	3:00	1:00	S
 Rule SovietZone	1945	only	-	Nov	18	2:00s	0	-
-# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Europe/Berlin	0:53:28 -	LMT	1893 Apr
 			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1945 May 24  2:00
 			1:00 SovietZone	CE%sT	1946
 			1:00	Germany	CE%sT	1980
 			1:00	EU	CE%sT
 # Please see the "asia" file for Asia/Tbilisi.
 # Herodotus (Histories, IV.45) says Georgia north of the Phasis (now Rioni)
 # is in Europe.  Our reference location Tbilisi is in the Asian part.
 # Gibraltar
-# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone Europe/Gibraltar	-0:21:24 -	LMT	1880 Aug  2  0:00s
 			0:00	GB-Eire	%s	1957 Apr 14  2:00
 			1:00	-	CET	1982
 			1:00	EU	CE%sT
 Rule	Greece	1978	only	-	Sep	24	4:00	0	-
 Rule	Greece	1979	only	-	Apr	 1	9:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Greece	1979	only	-	Sep	29	2:00	0	-
 Rule	Greece	1980	only	-	Apr	 1	0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Greece	1980	only	-	Sep	28	0:00	0	-
-# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Europe/Athens	1:34:52 -	LMT	1895 Sep 14
 			1:34:52	-	AMT	1916 Jul 28  0:01 # Athens MT
 			2:00	Greece	EE%sT	1941 Apr 30
 			1:00	Greece	CE%sT	1944 Apr  4
 			2:00	Greece	EE%sT	1981
 Rule	Hungary	1956	only	-	Jun	Sun>=1	 0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Hungary	1956	only	-	Sep	lastSun	 0:00	0	-
 Rule	Hungary	1957	only	-	Jun	Sun>=1	 1:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Hungary	1957	only	-	Sep	lastSun	 3:00	0	-
 Rule	Hungary	1980	only	-	Apr	 6	 1:00	1:00	S
-# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Europe/Budapest	1:16:20 -	LMT	1890 Oct
 			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1918
 			1:00	Hungary	CE%sT	1941 Apr  8
 			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1945
 			1:00	Hungary	CE%sT	1980 Sep 28  2:00s
 Rule	Iceland	1947	1967	-	Apr	Sun>=1	 1:00s	1:00	-
 # 1949 and 1967 Oct transitions delayed by 1 week
 Rule	Iceland	1949	only	-	Oct	30	 1:00s	0	-
 Rule	Iceland	1950	1966	-	Oct	Sun>=22	 1:00s	0	-
 Rule	Iceland	1967	only	-	Oct	29	 1:00s	0	-
-# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone Atlantic/Reykjavik	-1:28	-	LMT	1908
 			-1:00	Iceland	-01/+00	1968 Apr  7  1:00s
 			 0:00	-	GMT
 # Italy
 # called Palermo Time (+00:53:28) and Cagliari Time (+00:36:32).
 # During World War II, German-controlled Italy used German time.
 # But these events all occurred before the 1970 cutoff,
 # so record only the time in Rome.
 #
+# From Stephen Trainor (2019-05-06):
+# http://www.ac-ilsestante.it/MERIDIANE/ora_legale/ORA_LEGALE_ESTIVA_IN_ITALIA.htm
+# ... the [1866] law went into effect on 12 December 1866, rather than
+# the date of the decree (22 Sep 1866)
+# https://web.archive.org/web/20070824155341/http://www.iav.it/planetario/didastro/didastro/english.htm
+# ... "In Italy in 1866 there were 6 railway times (Torino, Verona, Firenze,
+# Roma, Napoli, Palermo). On that year it was decided to unify them, adopting
+# the average time of Rome (even if this city was not yet part of the
+# kingdom).  On the 12th December 1866, on the starting of the winter time
+# table, it took effect in the railways, the post office and the telegraph,
+# not only for the internal service but also for the public....  Milano set
+# the public watches on the Rome time on the same day (12th December 1866),
+# Torino and Bologna on the 1st January 1867, Venezia the 1st May 1880 and the
+# last city was Cagliari in 1886."
+#
+# From Luigi Rosa (2019-05-07):
+# this is the scan of the decree:
+# http://www.radiomarconi.com/marconi/filopanti/1866c.jpg
+#
 # From Michael Deckers (2016-10-24):
 # http://www.ac-ilsestante.it/MERIDIANE/ora_legale quotes a law of 1893-08-10
 # ... [translated as] "The preceding dispositions will enter into
 # force at the instant at which, according to the time specified in
 # the 1st article, the 1st of November 1893 will begin...."
 #
 # From Pierpaolo Bernardi (2016-10-20):
 # The authoritative source for time in Italy is the national metrological
 # institute, which has a summary page of historical DST data at
 # http://www.inrim.it/res/tf/ora_legale_i.shtml
+# [now at http://oldsite.inrim.it/res/tf/ora_legale_i.shtml as of 2017]
 # (2016-10-24):
 # http://www.renzobaldini.it/le-ore-legali-in-italia/
 # has still different data for 1944.  It divides Italy in two, as
 # there were effectively two governments at the time, north of Gothic
 # Line German controlled territory, official government RSI, and south
 # Viceregal LEGISLATIVE DECREE. 14 September 1944, no. 219.
 # Restoration of Standard Time. (044U0219) (OJ 62 of 30.9.1944) ...
 # Given the R. law decreed on 1944-03-29, no. 92, by which standard time is
 # advanced to sixty minutes later starting at hour two on 1944-04-02; ...
 # Starting at hour three on the date 1944-09-17 standard time will be resumed.
+#
+# From Alois Triendl (2019-07-02):
+# I spent 6 Euros to buy two archive copies of Il Messaggero, a Roman paper,
+# for 1 and 2 April 1944.  The edition of 2 April has this note: "Tonight at 2
+# am, put forward the clock by one hour.  Remember that in the night between
+# today and Monday the 'ora legale' will come in force again."  That makes it
+# clear that in Rome the change was on Monday, 3 April 1944 at 2 am.
 #
 # From Paul Eggert (2016-10-27):
 # Go with INRiM for DST rules, except as corrected by Inglis for 1944
 # for the Kingdom of Italy.  This is consistent with Renzo Baldini.
 # Model Rome's occupation by using C-Eur rules from 1943-09-10
 Rule	Italy	1975	1977	-	Sep	lastSun	 0:00s	0	-
 Rule	Italy	1976	only	-	May	30	 0:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Italy	1977	1979	-	May	Sun>=22	 0:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Italy	1978	only	-	Oct	 1	 0:00s	0	-
 Rule	Italy	1979	only	-	Sep	30	 0:00s	0	-
-# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone	Europe/Rome	0:49:56 -	LMT	1866 Sep 22
+Zone	Europe/Rome	0:49:56 -	LMT	1866 Dec 12
 			0:49:56	-	RMT	1893 Oct 31 23:49:56 # Rome Mean
 			1:00	Italy	CE%sT	1943 Sep 10
 			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1944 Jun  4
 			1:00	Italy	CE%sT	1980
 			1:00	EU	CE%sT
 # Milne 1899 says Riga was 1:36:28 (Polytechnique House time).
 # Byalokoz 1919 says Latvia was 1:36:34.
 # Go with Byalokoz.
-# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Europe/Riga	1:36:34	-	LMT	1880
 			1:36:34	-	RMT	1918 Apr 15  2:00 # Riga MT
 			1:36:34	1:00	LST	1918 Sep 16  3:00 # Latvian ST
 			1:36:34	-	RMT	1919 Apr  1  2:00
 			1:36:34	1:00	LST	1919 May 22  3:00
 # Liechtenstein
 # From Paul Eggert (2013-09-09):
 # Shanks & Pottenger say Vaduz is like Zurich.
-# From Alois Treindl (2013-09-18):
+# From Alois Treindl (2019-07-04):
-# http://www.eliechtensteinensia.li/LIJ/1978/1938-1978/1941.pdf
+# I was able to access the online archive of the Vaduz paper Vaterland ...
-# ... confirms on p. 6 that Liechtenstein followed Switzerland in 1941 and 1942.
+# I could confirm from the paper that Liechtenstein did in fact follow
-# I ... translate only the last two paragraphs:
+# the same DST in 1941 and 1942 as Switzerland did.
-#    ... during second world war, in the years 1941 and 1942, Liechtenstein
-#    introduced daylight saving time, adapting to Switzerland.  From 1943 on
-#    central European time was in force throughout the year.
-#    From a report of the duke's government to the high council,
-#    regarding the introduction of a time law, of 31 May 1977.
 Link Europe/Zurich Europe/Vaduz
 # Lithuania
 # neighbour Latvia). The text of the Lithuanian government Order of
 # 7.XI.02 to this effect can be found at
 # http://www.lrvk.lt/nut/11/n1749.htm
-# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Europe/Vilnius	1:41:16	-	LMT	1880
 			1:24:00	-	WMT	1917        # Warsaw Mean Time
 			1:35:36	-	KMT	1919 Oct 10 # Kaunas Mean Time
 			1:00	-	CET	1920 Jul 12
 			2:00	-	EET	1920 Oct  9
 Rule	Lux	1925	only	-	Apr	 5	23:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Lux	1926	only	-	Apr	17	23:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Lux	1927	only	-	Apr	 9	23:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Lux	1928	only	-	Apr	14	23:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Lux	1929	only	-	Apr	20	23:00	1:00	S
-# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone Europe/Luxembourg	0:24:36 -	LMT	1904 Jun
 			1:00	Lux	CE%sT	1918 Nov 25
 			0:00	Lux	WE%sT	1929 Oct  6  2:00s
 			0:00	Belgium	WE%sT	1940 May 14  3:00
 			1:00	C-Eur	WE%sT	1944 Sep 18  3:00
 			1:00	Belgium	CE%sT	1977
 			1:00	EU	CE%sT
-# Macedonia
+# North Macedonia
 # See Europe/Belgrade.
 # Malta
 #
 # From Paul Eggert (2016-10-21):
 Rule	Malta	1974	only	-	Apr	21	0:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Malta	1974	only	-	Sep	16	0:00s	0	-
 Rule	Malta	1975	1979	-	Apr	Sun>=15	2:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Malta	1975	1980	-	Sep	Sun>=15	2:00	0	-
 Rule	Malta	1980	only	-	Mar	31	2:00	1:00	S
-# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Europe/Malta	0:58:04 -	LMT	1893 Nov  2  0:00s # Valletta
 			1:00	Italy	CE%sT	1973 Mar 31
 			1:00	Malta	CE%sT	1981
 			1:00	EU	CE%sT
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	Moldova	1997	max	-	Mar	lastSun	 2:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Moldova	1997	max	-	Oct	lastSun	 3:00	0	-
-# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Europe/Chisinau	1:55:20 -	LMT	1880
 			1:55	-	CMT	1918 Feb 15 # Chisinau MT
 			1:44:24	-	BMT	1931 Jul 24 # Bucharest MT
 			2:00	Romania	EE%sT	1940 Aug 15
 			2:00	1:00	EEST	1941 Jul 17
 			2:00	Moldova	EE%sT
 # Monaco
 # Shanks & Pottenger give 0:09:20 for Paris Mean Time; go with Howse's
 # more precise 0:09:21.
-# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Europe/Monaco	0:29:32 -	LMT	1891 Mar 15
 			0:09:21	-	PMT	1911 Mar 11 # Paris Mean Time
 			0:00	France	WE%sT	1945 Sep 16  3:00
 			1:00	France	CE%sT	1977
 			1:00	EU	CE%sT
 Rule	Neth	1938	1939	-	May	15	2:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Neth	1945	only	-	Apr	 2	2:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Neth	1945	only	-	Sep	16	2:00s	0	-
 #
 # Amsterdam Mean Time was +00:19:32.13, but the .13 is omitted
-# below because the current format requires GMTOFF to be an integer.
+# below because the current format requires STDOFF to be an integer.
-# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone Europe/Amsterdam	0:19:32 -	LMT	1835
 			0:19:32	Neth	%s	1937 Jul  1
 			0:20	Neth +0020/+0120 1940 May 16  0:00
 			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1945 Apr  2  2:00
 			1:00	Neth	CE%sT	1977
 Rule	Norway	1945	only	-	Apr	 2	2:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Norway	1945	only	-	Oct	 1	2:00s	0	-
 Rule	Norway	1959	1964	-	Mar	Sun>=15	2:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Norway	1959	1965	-	Sep	Sun>=15	2:00s	0	-
 Rule	Norway	1965	only	-	Apr	25	2:00s	1:00	S
-# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Europe/Oslo	0:43:00 -	LMT	1895 Jan  1
 			1:00	Norway	CE%sT	1940 Aug 10 23:00
 			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1945 Apr  2  2:00
 			1:00	Norway	CE%sT	1980
 			1:00	EU	CE%sT
 Rule	Poland	1959	only	-	May	31	1:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Poland	1959	1961	-	Oct	Sun>=1	1:00s	0	-
 Rule	Poland	1960	only	-	Apr	 3	1:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Poland	1961	1964	-	May	lastSun	1:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Poland	1962	1964	-	Sep	lastSun	1:00s	0	-
-# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Europe/Warsaw	1:24:00 -	LMT	1880
 			1:24:00	-	WMT	1915 Aug  5 # Warsaw Mean Time
 			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1918 Sep 16  3:00
 			2:00	Poland	EE%sT	1922 Jun
 			1:00	Poland	CE%sT	1940 Jun 23  2:00
 Rule	Port	1979	1982	-	Sep	lastSun	 1:00s	0	-
 Rule	Port	1980	only	-	Mar	lastSun	 0:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Port	1981	1982	-	Mar	lastSun	 1:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Port	1983	only	-	Mar	lastSun	 2:00s	1:00	S
 #
-# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Europe/Lisbon	-0:36:45 -	LMT	1884
 			-0:36:45 -	LMT	1912 Jan  1  0:00u # Lisbon MT
 			 0:00	Port	WE%sT	1966 Apr  3  2:00
 			 1:00	-	CET	1976 Sep 26  1:00
 			 0:00	Port	WE%sT	1983 Sep 25  1:00s
 Rule	Romania	1979	only	-	Sep	lastSun	 0:00	0	-
 Rule	Romania	1980	only	-	Apr	 5	23:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Romania	1980	only	-	Sep	lastSun	 1:00	0	-
 Rule	Romania	1991	1993	-	Mar	lastSun	 0:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Romania	1991	1993	-	Sep	lastSun	 0:00s	0	-
-# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone Europe/Bucharest	1:44:24 -	LMT	1891 Oct
 			1:44:24	-	BMT	1931 Jul 24 # Bucharest MT
 			2:00	Romania	EE%sT	1981 Mar 29  2:00s
 			2:00	C-Eur	EE%sT	1991
 			2:00	Romania	EE%sT	1994
 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03):
 # Europe/Kaliningrad covers...
 # 39	RU-KGD	Kaliningrad Oblast
+# From Paul Eggert (2019-07-25):
+# Although Shanks lists 1945-01-01 as the date for transition from
+# +01/+02 to +02/+03, more likely this is a placeholder.  Guess that
+# the transition occurred at 1945-04-10 00:00, which is about when
+# Königsberg surrendered to Soviet troops.  (Thanks to Alois Triendl.)
 # From Paul Eggert (2016-03-18):
 # The 1989 transition is from USSR act No. 227 (1989-03-14).
 # From Stepan Golosunov (2016-03-07):
 # http://www.rgo.ru/ru/kaliningradskoe-oblastnoe-otdelenie/ob-otdelenii/publikacii/kak-nam-zhilos-bez-letnego-vremeni
 # says that Kaliningrad switched to Moscow-1 on 1989-03-26, avoided
 # at the last moment switch to Moscow-1 on 1991-03-31, switched to
 # Moscow on 1991-11-03, switched to Moscow-1 on 1992-01-19.
 Zone Europe/Kaliningrad	 1:22:00 -	LMT	1893 Apr
-			 1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1945
+			 1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1945 Apr 10
-			 2:00	Poland	CE%sT	1946
+			 2:00	Poland	EE%sT	1946 Apr  7
 			 3:00	Russia	MSK/MSD	1989 Mar 26  2:00s
 			 2:00	Russia	EE%sT	2011 Mar 27  2:00s
 			 3:00	-	+03	2014 Oct 26  2:00s
 			 2:00	-	EET
 # San Marino
 # See Europe/Rome.
 # Serbia
-# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Europe/Belgrade	1:22:00	-	LMT	1884
 			1:00	-	CET	1941 Apr 18 23:00
 			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1945
 			1:00	-	CET	1945 May  8  2:00s
 			1:00	1:00	CEST	1945 Sep 16  2:00s
 			1:00	-	CET	1982 Nov 27
 			1:00	EU	CE%sT
 Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Ljubljana	# Slovenia
 Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Podgorica	# Montenegro
 Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Sarajevo	# Bosnia and Herzegovina
-Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Skopje	# Macedonia
+Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Skopje	# North Macedonia
 Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Zagreb	# Croatia
 # Slovakia
 Link Europe/Prague Europe/Bratislava
 Rule SpainAfrica 1976	1977	-	May	 1	 0:00	1:00	S
 Rule SpainAfrica 1976	only	-	Aug	 1	 0:00	0	-
 Rule SpainAfrica 1977	only	-	Sep	28	 0:00	0	-
 Rule SpainAfrica 1978	only	-	Jun	 1	 0:00	1:00	S
 Rule SpainAfrica 1978	only	-	Aug	 4	 0:00	0	-
-# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Europe/Madrid	-0:14:44 -	LMT	1900 Dec 31 23:45:16
 			 0:00	Spain	WE%sT	1940 Mar 16 23:00
 			 1:00	Spain	CE%sT	1979
 			 1:00	EU	CE%sT
 Zone	Africa/Ceuta	-0:21:16 -	LMT	1900 Dec 31 23:38:44
 # at 1916-10-01 00:00 summer time, but they had to wait for another
 # hour before the event took place.
 #
 # Source: The newspaper "Dagens Nyheter", 1916-10-01, page 7 upper left.
-# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone Europe/Stockholm	1:12:12 -	LMT	1879 Jan  1
 			1:00:14	-	SET	1900 Jan  1 # Swedish Time
 			1:00	-	CET	1916 May 14 23:00
 			1:00	1:00	CEST	1916 Oct  1  1:00
 			1:00	-	CET	1980
 # legal civil time probably changed at still some other transition date.
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	Swiss	1941	1942	-	May	Mon>=1	1:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Swiss	1941	1942	-	Oct	Mon>=1	2:00	0	-
-# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Europe/Zurich	0:34:08 -	LMT	1853 Jul 16 # See above comment.
 			0:29:46	-	BMT	1894 Jun    # Bern Mean Time
 			1:00	Swiss	CE%sT	1981
 			1:00	EU	CE%sT
 # Turkey
+# From Alois Treindl (2019-08-12):
+# http://www.astrolojidergisi.com/yazsaati.htm has researched the time zone
+# history of Turkey, based on newspaper archives and official documents.
+# From Paul Eggert (2019-08-28):
+# That source (Oya Vulaş, "Türkiye'de Yaz Saati Uygulamaları")
+# is used for 1940/1972, where it seems more reliable than our other
+# sources.
+# From Kıvanç Yazan (2019-08-12):
+# http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/14539.pdf#page=24
+# 1973-06-03 01:00 -> 02:00, 1973-11-04 02:00 -> 01:00
+#
+# http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/14829.pdf#page=1
+# 1974-03-31 02:00 -> 03:00, 1974-11-03 02:00 -> 01:00
+#
+# http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/15161.pdf#page=1
+# 1975-03-22 02:00 -> 03:00, 1975-11-02 02:00 -> 01:00
+#
+# http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/15535_1.pdf#page=1
+# 1976-03-21 02:00 -> 03:00, 1976-10-31 02:00 -> 01:00
+#
+# http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/15778.pdf#page=5
+# 1977-04-03 02:00 -> 03:00, 1977-10-16 02:00 -> 01:00,
+# 1978-04-02 02:00 -> 03:00 (not applied, see below)
+# 1978-10-15 02:00 -> 01:00 (not applied, see below)
+# 1979-04-01 02:00 -> 03:00 (not applied, see below)
+# 1979-10-14 02:00 -> 01:00 (not applied, see below)
+#
+# http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/16245.pdf#page=17
+# This cancels the previous decision, and repeats it only for 1978.
+# 1978-04-02 02:00 -> 03:00, 1978-10-15 02:00 -> 01:00
+# (not applied due to standard TZ change below)
+#
+# http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/16331.pdf#page=3
+# This decision changes the default longitude for Turkish time zone from 30
+# degrees East to 45 degrees East.  This means a standard TZ change, from +2
+# to +3.  This is published & applied on 1978-06-29.  At that time, Turkey was
+# already on summer time (already on 45E).  Hence, this new law just meant an
+# "continuous summer time".  Note that this was reversed in a few years.
+#
+# http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/18119_1.pdf#page=1
+# 1983-07-31 02:00 -> 03:00 (note that this jumps TZ to +4)
+# 1983-10-02 02:00 -> 01:00 (back to +3)
+#
+# http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/18561.pdf (page 1 and 34)
+# At this time, Turkey is still on +3 with no spring-forward on early
+# 1984.  This decision is published on 10/31/1984.  Page 1 declares
+# the decision of reverting the "default longitude change".  So the
+# standard time should go back to +3 (30E).  And page 34 explains when
+# that will happen: 1984-11-01 02:00 -> 01:00.  You can think of this
+# as "end of continuous summer time, change of standard time zone".
+#
+# http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/18713.pdf#page=1
+# 1985-04-20 01:00 -> 02:00, 1985-09-28 02:00 -> 01:00
 # From Kıvanç Yazan (2016-09-25):
 # 1) For 1986-2006, DST started at 01:00 local and ended at 02:00 local, with
 #    no exceptions.
 # 2) 1994's lastSun was overridden with Mar 20 ...
 # Here are official papers:
-# http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/19032.pdf  - page 2 for 1986
+# http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/19032.pdf#page=2 for 1986
-# http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/19400.pdf  - page 4 for 1987
+# http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/19400.pdf#page=4 for 1987
-# http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/19752.pdf  - page 15 for 1988
+# http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/19752.pdf#page=15 for 1988
-# http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/20102.pdf  - page 6 for 1989
+# http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/20102.pdf#page=6 for 1989
-# http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/20464.pdf  - page 1 for 1990 - 1992
+# http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/20464.pdf#page=1 for 1990 - 1992
-# http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/21531.pdf  - page 15 for 1993 - 1995
+# http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/21531.pdf#page=15 for 1993 - 1995
-# http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/21879.pdf  - page 1 for overriding 1994
+# http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/21879.pdf#page=1 for overriding 1994
-# http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/22588.pdf  - page 1 for 1996, 1997
+# http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/22588.pdf#page=1 for 1996, 1997
-# http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/23286.pdf  - page 10 for 1998 - 2000
+# http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/23286.pdf#page=10 for 1998 - 2000
 # http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2001/03/20010324.htm#2  - for 2001
 # http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2002/03/20020316.htm#2  - for 2002-2006
 # From Paul Eggert (2016-09-25):
 # Prefer the above sources to Shanks & Pottenger for timestamps after 1985.
 # Whitman gives 1923 Apr 28 - Sep 16 and no DST in 1924-1925;
 # go with Shanks & Pottenger.
 Rule	Turkey	1924	only	-	May	13	0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Turkey	1924	1925	-	Oct	 1	0:00	0	-
 Rule	Turkey	1925	only	-	May	 1	0:00	1:00	S
-Rule	Turkey	1940	only	-	Jun	30	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Turkey	1940	only	-	Jul	 1	0:00	1:00	S
-Rule	Turkey	1940	only	-	Oct	 5	0:00	0	-
+Rule	Turkey	1940	only	-	Oct	 6	0:00	0	-
 Rule	Turkey	1940	only	-	Dec	 1	0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Turkey	1941	only	-	Sep	21	0:00	0	-
 Rule	Turkey	1942	only	-	Apr	 1	0:00	1:00	S
-# Whitman omits the next two transition and gives 1945 Oct 1;
-# go with Shanks & Pottenger.
-Rule	Turkey	1942	only	-	Nov	 1	0:00	0	-
-Rule	Turkey	1945	only	-	Apr	 2	0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Turkey	1945	only	-	Oct	 8	0:00	0	-
 Rule	Turkey	1946	only	-	Jun	 1	0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Turkey	1946	only	-	Oct	 1	0:00	0	-
 Rule	Turkey	1947	1948	-	Apr	Sun>=16	0:00	1:00	S
-Rule	Turkey	1947	1950	-	Oct	Sun>=2	0:00	0	-
+Rule	Turkey	1947	1951	-	Oct	Sun>=2	0:00	0	-
 Rule	Turkey	1949	only	-	Apr	10	0:00	1:00	S
-Rule	Turkey	1950	only	-	Apr	19	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Turkey	1950	only	-	Apr	16	0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Turkey	1951	only	-	Apr	22	0:00	1:00	S
-Rule	Turkey	1951	only	-	Oct	 8	0:00	0	-
+# DST for 15 months; unusual but we'll let it pass.
 Rule	Turkey	1962	only	-	Jul	15	0:00	1:00	S
-Rule	Turkey	1962	only	-	Oct	 8	0:00	0	-
+Rule	Turkey	1963	only	-	Oct	30	0:00	0	-
 Rule	Turkey	1964	only	-	May	15	0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Turkey	1964	only	-	Oct	 1	0:00	0	-
-Rule	Turkey	1970	1972	-	May	Sun>=2	0:00	1:00	S
-Rule	Turkey	1970	1972	-	Oct	Sun>=2	0:00	0	-
 Rule	Turkey	1973	only	-	Jun	 3	1:00	1:00	S
-Rule	Turkey	1973	only	-	Nov	 4	3:00	0	-
+Rule	Turkey	1973	1976	-	Oct	Sun>=31	2:00	0	-
 Rule	Turkey	1974	only	-	Mar	31	2:00	1:00	S
-Rule	Turkey	1974	only	-	Nov	 3	5:00	0	-
+Rule	Turkey	1975	only	-	Mar	22	2:00	1:00	S
-Rule	Turkey	1975	only	-	Mar	30	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Turkey	1976	only	-	Mar	21	2:00	1:00	S
-Rule	Turkey	1975	1976	-	Oct	lastSun	0:00	0	-
+Rule	Turkey	1977	1978	-	Apr	Sun>=1	2:00	1:00	S
-Rule	Turkey	1976	only	-	Jun	 1	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Turkey	1977	1978	-	Oct	Sun>=15	2:00	0	-
-Rule	Turkey	1977	1978	-	Apr	Sun>=1	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Turkey	1978	only	-	Jun	29	0:00	0	-
-Rule	Turkey	1977	only	-	Oct	16	0:00	0	-
+Rule	Turkey	1983	only	-	Jul	31	2:00	1:00	S
-Rule	Turkey	1979	1980	-	Apr	Sun>=1	3:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Turkey	1983	only	-	Oct	 2	2:00	0	-
-Rule	Turkey	1979	1982	-	Oct	Mon>=11	0:00	0	-
+Rule	Turkey	1985	only	-	Apr	20	1:00s	1:00	S
-Rule	Turkey	1981	1982	-	Mar	lastSun	3:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Turkey	1985	only	-	Sep	28	1:00s	0	-
-Rule	Turkey	1983	only	-	Jul	31	0:00	1:00	S
-Rule	Turkey	1983	only	-	Oct	 2	0:00	0	-
-Rule	Turkey	1985	only	-	Apr	20	0:00	1:00	S
-Rule	Turkey	1985	only	-	Sep	28	0:00	0	-
 Rule	Turkey	1986	1993	-	Mar	lastSun	1:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Turkey	1986	1995	-	Sep	lastSun	1:00s	0	-
 Rule	Turkey	1994	only	-	Mar	20	1:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Turkey	1995	2006	-	Mar	lastSun	1:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Turkey	1996	2006	-	Oct	lastSun	1:00s	0	-
-# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Europe/Istanbul	1:55:52 -	LMT	1880
 			1:56:56	-	IMT	1910 Oct # Istanbul Mean Time?
-			2:00	Turkey	EE%sT	1978 Oct 15
+			2:00	Turkey	EE%sT	1978 Jun 29
-			3:00	Turkey	+03/+04	1985 Apr 20
+			3:00	Turkey	+03/+04	1984 Nov  1  2:00
 			2:00	Turkey	EE%sT	2007
 			2:00	EU	EE%sT	2011 Mar 27  1:00u
 			2:00	-	EET	2011 Mar 28  1:00u
 			2:00	EU	EE%sT	2014 Mar 30  1:00u
 			2:00	-	EET	2014 Mar 31  1:00u
 # came from old Slavic via French to English, so the two cases have something
 # in common.)  Admittedly English-language spelling of Ukrainian names is
 # controversial, and some day "Kyiv" may become substantially more popular in
 # English; in the meantime, stick with the traditional English "Kiev" as that
 # means less disruption for our users.
-#
-# Anyway, none of the common English-language spellings (Kiev, Kyiv, Kieff,
+# Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-# Kijeff, Kijev, Kiyef, Kiyeff) do justice to the common pronunciation in
-# Ukrainian, namely [ˈkɪjiu̯] (IPA).  This pronunciation has nothing like an
-# English "v" or "f", and instead trails off with what an English-speaker
-# would call a demure "oo" sound, and it would would be better anglicized as
-# "Kuiyu".  Here's a sound file, if you would like to do as the Kuiyuvians do:
-# https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Uk-Київ.ogg
-# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 # This represents most of Ukraine.  See above for the spelling of "Kiev".
 Zone Europe/Kiev	2:02:04 -	LMT	1880
 			2:02:04	-	KMT	1924 May  2 # Kiev Mean Time
 			2:00	-	EET	1930 Jun 21
 			3:00	-	MSK	1941 Sep 20

branch	datagramsocketimpl-branch
changeset 58678	9cf78a70fa4f
parent 52373	c9bbf33fd1ae
child 58679	9c3209ff7550