/*

 * Copyright (c) 1998, 2008, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.

 * DO NOT ALTER OR REMOVE COPYRIGHT NOTICES OR THIS FILE HEADER.

 *

 * This code is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it

 * under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 2 only, as

 * published by the Free Software Foundation.

 *

 * This code is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT

 * ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or

 * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU General Public License

 * version 2 for more details (a copy is included in the LICENSE file that

 * accompanied this code).

 *

 * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License version

 * 2 along with this work; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation,

 * Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA.

 *

 * Please contact Oracle, 500 Oracle Parkway, Redwood Shores, CA 94065 USA

 * or visit www.oracle.com if you need additional information or have any

 * questions.

 *

 */

// The SplitWord construct allows us to colocate the contention queue

// (cxq) with the lock-byte.  The queue elements are ParkEvents, which are

// always aligned on 256-byte addresses - the least significant byte of

// a ParkEvent is always 0.  Colocating the lock-byte with the queue

// allows us to easily avoid what would otherwise be a race in lock()

// if we were to use two completely separate fields for the contention queue

// and the lock indicator.  Specifically, colocation renders us immune

// from the race where a thread might enqueue itself in the lock() slow-path

// immediately after the lock holder drops the outer lock in the unlock()

// fast-path.

//

// Colocation allows us to use a fast-path unlock() form that uses

// A MEMBAR instead of a CAS.  MEMBAR has lower local latency than CAS

// on many platforms.

//

// See:

// +  http://blogs.sun.com/dave/entry/biased_locking_in_hotspot

// +  http://blogs.sun.com/dave/resource/synchronization-public2.pdf

//

// Note that we're *not* using word-tearing the classic sense.

// The lock() fast-path will CAS the lockword and the unlock()

// fast-path will store into the lock-byte colocated within the lockword.

// We depend on the fact that all our reference platforms have

// coherent and atomic byte accesses.  More precisely, byte stores

// interoperate in a safe, sane, and expected manner with respect to

// CAS, ST and LDs to the full-word containing the byte.

// If you're porting HotSpot to a platform where that isn't the case

// then you'll want change the unlock() fast path from:

//    STB;MEMBAR #storeload; LDN

// to a full-word CAS of the lockword.

union SplitWord {   // full-word with separately addressable LSB

  volatile intptr_t FullWord ;

  volatile void * Address ;

  volatile jbyte Bytes [sizeof(intptr_t)] ;

} ;

// Endian-ness ... index of least-significant byte in SplitWord.Bytes[]

#ifdef VM_LITTLE_ENDIAN

 #define _LSBINDEX 0

#else

 #define _LSBINDEX (sizeof(intptr_t)-1)

#endif

class ParkEvent ;

// See orderAccess.hpp.  We assume throughout the VM that mutex lock and

// try_lock do fence-lock-acquire, and that unlock does a release-unlock,

// *in that order*.  If their implementations change such that these

// assumptions are violated, a whole lot of code will break.

// The default length of monitor name is chosen to be 64 to avoid false sharing.

static const int MONITOR_NAME_LEN = 64;

class Monitor : public CHeapObj {

 public:

  // A special lock: Is a lock where you are guaranteed not to block while you are

  // holding it, i.e., no vm operation can happen, taking other locks, etc.

  // NOTE: It is critical that the rank 'special' be the lowest (earliest)

  // (except for "event"?) for the deadlock dection to work correctly.

  // The rank native is only for use in Mutex's created by JVM_RawMonitorCreate,

  // which being external to the VM are not subject to deadlock detection.

  // The rank safepoint is used only for synchronization in reaching a

  // safepoint and leaving a safepoint.  It is only used for the Safepoint_lock

  // currently.  While at a safepoint no mutexes of rank safepoint are held

  // by any thread.

  // The rank named "leaf" is probably historical (and should

  // be changed) -- mutexes of this rank aren't really leaf mutexes

  // at all.

  enum lock_types {

       event,

       special,

       suspend_resume,

       leaf        = suspend_resume +   2,

       safepoint   = leaf           +  10,

       barrier     = safepoint      +   1,

       nonleaf     = barrier        +   1,

       max_nonleaf = nonleaf        + 900,

       native      = max_nonleaf    +   1

  };

  // The WaitSet and EntryList linked lists are composed of ParkEvents.

  // I use ParkEvent instead of threads as ParkEvents are immortal and

  // type-stable, meaning we can safely unpark() a possibly stale

  // list element in the unlock()-path.

 protected:                              // Monitor-Mutex metadata

  SplitWord _LockWord ;                  // Contention queue (cxq) colocated with Lock-byte

  enum LockWordBits { _LBIT=1 } ;

  Thread * volatile _owner;              // The owner of the lock

                                         // Consider sequestering _owner on its own $line

                                         // to aid future synchronization mechanisms.

  ParkEvent * volatile _EntryList ;      // List of threads waiting for entry

  ParkEvent * volatile _OnDeck ;         // heir-presumptive

  volatile intptr_t _WaitLock [1] ;      // Protects _WaitSet

  ParkEvent * volatile  _WaitSet ;       // LL of ParkEvents

  volatile bool     _snuck;              // Used for sneaky locking (evil).

  int NotifyCount ;                      // diagnostic assist

  char _name[MONITOR_NAME_LEN];          // Name of mutex

  // Debugging fields for naming, deadlock detection, etc. (some only used in debug mode)

#ifndef PRODUCT

  bool      _allow_vm_block;

  debug_only(int _rank;)                 // rank (to avoid/detect potential deadlocks)

  debug_only(Monitor * _next;)           // Used by a Thread to link up owned locks

  debug_only(Thread* _last_owner;)       // the last thread to own the lock

  debug_only(static bool contains(Monitor * locks, Monitor * lock);)

  debug_only(static Monitor * get_least_ranked_lock(Monitor * locks);)

  debug_only(Monitor * get_least_ranked_lock_besides_this(Monitor * locks);)

#endif

  void set_owner_implementation(Thread* owner)                        PRODUCT_RETURN;

  void check_prelock_state     (Thread* thread)                       PRODUCT_RETURN;

  void check_block_state       (Thread* thread)                       PRODUCT_RETURN;

  // platform-dependent support code can go here (in os_<os_family>.cpp)

 public:

  enum {

    _no_safepoint_check_flag    = true,

    _allow_vm_block_flag        = true,

    _as_suspend_equivalent_flag = true

  };

  enum WaitResults {

    CONDVAR_EVENT,         // Wait returned because of condition variable notification

    INTERRUPT_EVENT,       // Wait returned because waiting thread was interrupted

    NUMBER_WAIT_RESULTS

  };

 private:

   int  TrySpin (Thread * Self) ;

   int  TryLock () ;

   int  TryFast () ;

   int  AcquireOrPush (ParkEvent * ev) ;

   void IUnlock (bool RelaxAssert) ;

   void ILock (Thread * Self) ;

   int  IWait (Thread * Self, jlong timo);

   int  ILocked () ;

 protected:

   static void ClearMonitor (Monitor * m, const char* name = NULL) ;

   Monitor() ;

 public:

  Monitor(int rank, const char *name, bool allow_vm_block=false);

  ~Monitor();

  // Wait until monitor is notified (or times out).

  // Defaults are to make safepoint checks, wait time is forever (i.e.,

  // zero), and not a suspend-equivalent condition. Returns true if wait

  // times out; otherwise returns false.

  bool wait(bool no_safepoint_check = !_no_safepoint_check_flag,

            long timeout = 0,

            bool as_suspend_equivalent = !_as_suspend_equivalent_flag);

  bool notify();

  bool notify_all();

  void lock(); // prints out warning if VM thread blocks

  void lock(Thread *thread); // overloaded with current thread

  void unlock();

  bool is_locked() const                     { return _owner != NULL; }

  bool try_lock(); // Like lock(), but unblocking. It returns false instead

  // Lock without safepoint check. Should ONLY be used by safepoint code and other code

  // that is guaranteed not to block while running inside the VM.

  void lock_without_safepoint_check();

  void lock_without_safepoint_check (Thread * Self) ;

  // Current owner - not not MT-safe. Can only be used to guarantee that

  // the current running thread owns the lock

  Thread* owner() const         { return _owner; }

  bool owned_by_self() const;

  // Support for JVM_RawMonitorEnter & JVM_RawMonitorExit. These can be called by

  // non-Java thread. (We should really have a RawMonitor abstraction)

  void jvm_raw_lock();

  void jvm_raw_unlock();

  const char *name() const                  { return _name; }

  void print_on_error(outputStream* st) const;

  #ifndef PRODUCT

    void print_on(outputStream* st) const;

    void print() const                      { print_on(tty); }

    debug_only(int    rank() const          { return _rank; })

    bool   allow_vm_block()                 { return _allow_vm_block; }

    debug_only(Monitor *next()  const         { return _next; })

    debug_only(void   set_next(Monitor *next) { _next = next; })

  #endif

  void set_owner(Thread* owner) {

  #ifndef PRODUCT

    set_owner_implementation(owner);

    debug_only(void verify_Monitor(Thread* thr));

  #else

    _owner = owner;

  #endif

  }

};

// Normally we'd expect Monitor to extend Mutex in the sense that a monitor

// constructed from pthreads primitives might extend a mutex by adding

// a condvar and some extra metadata.  In fact this was the case until J2SE7.

//

// Currently, however, the base object is a monitor.  Monitor contains all the

// logic for wait(), notify(), etc.   Mutex extends monitor and restricts the

// visiblity of wait(), notify(), and notify_all().

//

// Another viable alternative would have been to have Monitor extend Mutex and

// implement all the normal mutex and wait()-notify() logic in Mutex base class.

// The wait()-notify() facility would be exposed via special protected member functions

// (e.g., _Wait() and _Notify()) in Mutex.  Monitor would extend Mutex and expose wait()

// as a call to _Wait().  That is, the public wait() would be a wrapper for the protected

// _Wait().

//

// An even better alternative is to simply eliminate Mutex:: and use Monitor:: instead.

// After all, monitors are sufficient for Java-level synchronization.   At one point in time

// there may have been some benefit to having distinct mutexes and monitors, but that time

// has past.

//

// The Mutex/Monitor design parallels that of Java-monitors, being based on

// thread-specific park-unpark platform-specific primitives.

class Mutex : public Monitor {      // degenerate Monitor

 public:

   Mutex (int rank, const char *name, bool allow_vm_block=false);

   ~Mutex () ;

 private:

   bool notify ()    { ShouldNotReachHere(); return false; }

   bool notify_all() { ShouldNotReachHere(); return false; }

   bool wait (bool no_safepoint_check, long timeout, bool as_suspend_equivalent) {

     ShouldNotReachHere() ;

     return false ;

   }

};

/*

 * Per-thread blocking support for JSR166. See the Java-level

 * Documentation for rationale. Basically, park acts like wait, unpark

 * like notify.

 *

 * 6271289 --

 * To avoid errors where an os thread expires but the JavaThread still

 * exists, Parkers are immortal (type-stable) and are recycled across

 * new threads.  This parallels the ParkEvent implementation.

 * Because park-unpark allow spurious wakeups it is harmless if an

 * unpark call unparks a new thread using the old Parker reference.

 *

 * In the future we'll want to think about eliminating Parker and using

 * ParkEvent instead.  There's considerable duplication between the two

 * services.

 *

 */

class Parker : public os::PlatformParker {

private:

  volatile int _counter ;

  Parker * FreeNext ;

  JavaThread * AssociatedWith ; // Current association

public:

  Parker() : PlatformParker() {

    _counter       = 0 ;

    FreeNext       = NULL ;

    AssociatedWith = NULL ;

  }

protected:

  ~Parker() { ShouldNotReachHere(); }

public:

  // For simplicity of interface with Java, all forms of park (indefinite,

  // relative, and absolute) are multiplexed into one call.

  void park(bool isAbsolute, jlong time);

  void unpark();

  // Lifecycle operators

  static Parker * Allocate (JavaThread * t) ;

  static void Release (Parker * e) ;

private:

  static Parker * volatile FreeList ;

  static volatile int ListLock ;

};