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 * DO NOT ALTER OR REMOVE COPYRIGHT NOTICES OR THIS FILE HEADER.

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 * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU General Public License

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 * accompanied this code).

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package javax.xml.bind;

import org.w3c.dom.Node;

import java.util.Collections;

import java.util.Map;

import java.util.Properties;

import java.io.IOException;

import java.io.InputStream;

/**

 * <p>

 * The <tt>JAXBContext</tt> class provides the client's entry point to the

 * JAXB API. It provides an abstraction for managing the XML/Java binding

 * information necessary to implement the JAXB binding framework operations:

 * unmarshal, marshal and validate.

 *

 * <p>A client application normally obtains new instances of this class using

 * one of these two styles for newInstance methods, although there are other

 * specialized forms of the method available:

 *

 * <ul>

 *   <li>{@link #newInstance(String,ClassLoader) JAXBContext.newInstance( "com.acme.foo:com.acme.bar" )} <br/>

 *   The JAXBContext instance is initialized from a list of colon

 *   separated Java package names. Each java package contains

 *   JAXB mapped classes, schema-derived classes and/or user annotated

 *   classes. Additionally, the java package may contain JAXB package annotations

 *   that must be processed. (see JLS, Section 7.4.1 "Named Packages").

 *   </li>

 *   <li>{@link #newInstance(Class...) JAXBContext.newInstance( com.acme.foo.Foo.class )} <br/>

 *    The JAXBContext instance is initialized with class(es)

 *    passed as parameter(s) and classes that are statically reachable from

 *    these class(es). See {@link #newInstance(Class...)} for details.

 *   </li>

 * </ul>

 *

 * <p>

 * <i><B>SPEC REQUIREMENT:</B> the provider must supply an implementation

 * class containing the following method signatures:</i>

 *

 * <pre>

 * public static JAXBContext createContext( String contextPath, ClassLoader classLoader, Map<String,Object> properties ) throws JAXBException

 * public static JAXBContext createContext( Class[] classes, Map<String,Object> properties ) throws JAXBException

 * </pre>

 *

 * <p><i>

 * The following JAXB 1.0 requirement is only required for schema to

 * java interface/implementation binding. It does not apply to JAXB annotated

 * classes. JAXB Providers must generate a <tt>jaxb.properties</tt> file in

 * each package containing schema derived classes.  The property file must

 * contain a property named <tt>javax.xml.bind.context.factory</tt> whose

 * value is the name of the class that implements the <tt>createContext</tt>

 * APIs.</i>

 *

 * <p><i>

 * The class supplied by the provider does not have to be assignable to

 * <tt>javax.xml.bind.JAXBContext</tt>, it simply has to provide a class that

 * implements the <tt>createContext</tt> APIs.</i>

 *

 * <p><i>

 * In addition, the provider must call the

 * {@link DatatypeConverter#setDatatypeConverter(DatatypeConverterInterface)

 * DatatypeConverter.setDatatypeConverter} api prior to any client

 * invocations of the marshal and unmarshal methods.  This is necessary to

 * configure the datatype converter that will be used during these operations.</i>

 *

 * <a name="Unmarshalling"></a>

 * <h3>Unmarshalling</h3>

 * <p>

 * The {@link Unmarshaller} class provides the client application the ability

 * to convert XML data into a tree of Java content objects.

 * The unmarshal method allows for

 * any global XML element declared in the schema to be unmarshalled as

 * the root of an instance document.

 * Additionally, the unmarshal method allows for an unrecognized root element that

 * has  an xsi:type attribute's value that references a type definition declared in

 * the schema  to be unmarshalled as the root of an instance document.

 * The <tt>JAXBContext</tt> object

 * allows the merging of global elements and type definitions across a set of schemas (listed

 * in the <tt>contextPath</tt>). Since each schema in the schema set can belong

 * to distinct namespaces, the unification of schemas to an unmarshalling

 * context should be namespace independent.  This means that a client

 * application is able to unmarshal XML documents that are instances of

 * any of the schemas listed in the <tt>contextPath</tt>.  For example:

 *

 * <pre>

 *        JAXBContext jc = JAXBContext.newInstance( "com.acme.foo:com.acme.bar" );

 *        Unmarshaller u = jc.createUnmarshaller();

 *        FooObject fooObj = (FooObject)u.unmarshal( new File( "foo.xml" ) ); // ok

 *        BarObject barObj = (BarObject)u.unmarshal( new File( "bar.xml" ) ); // ok

 *        BazObject bazObj = (BazObject)u.unmarshal( new File( "baz.xml" ) ); // error, "com.acme.baz" not in contextPath

 * </pre>

 *

 * <p>

 * The client application may also generate Java content trees explicitly rather

 * than unmarshalling existing XML data.  For all JAXB-annotated value classes,

 * an application can create content using constructors.

 * For schema-derived interface/implementation classes and for the

 * creation of elements that are not bound to a JAXB-annotated

 * class, an application needs to have access and knowledge about each of

 * the schema derived <tt> ObjectFactory</tt> classes that exist in each of

 * java packages contained in the <tt>contextPath</tt>.  For each schema

 * derived java class, there is a static factory method that produces objects

 * of that type.  For example,

 * assume that after compiling a schema, you have a package <tt>com.acme.foo</tt>

 * that contains a schema derived interface named <tt>PurchaseOrder</tt>.  In

 * order to create objects of that type, the client application would use the

 * factory method like this:

 *

 * <pre>

 *       com.acme.foo.PurchaseOrder po =

 *           com.acme.foo.ObjectFactory.createPurchaseOrder();

 * </pre>

 *

 * <p>

 * Once the client application has an instance of the the schema derived object,

 * it can use the mutator methods to set content on it.

 *

 * <p>

 * For more information on the generated <tt>ObjectFactory</tt> classes, see

 * Section 4.2 <i>Java Package</i> of the specification.

 *

 * <p>

 * <i><B>SPEC REQUIREMENT:</B> the provider must generate a class in each

 * package that contains all of the necessary object factory methods for that

 * package named ObjectFactory as well as the static

 * <tt>newInstance( javaContentInterface )</tt> method</i>

 *

 * <h3>Marshalling</h3>

 * <p>

 * The {@link Marshaller} class provides the client application the ability

 * to convert a Java content tree back into XML data.  There is no difference

 * between marshalling a content tree that is created manually using the factory

 * methods and marshalling a content tree that is the result an <tt>unmarshal

 * </tt> operation.  Clients can marshal a java content tree back to XML data

 * to a <tt>java.io.OutputStream</tt> or a <tt>java.io.Writer</tt>.  The

 * marshalling process can alternatively produce SAX2 event streams to a

 * registered <tt>ContentHandler</tt> or produce a DOM Node object.

 * Client applications have control over the output encoding as well as

 * whether or not to marshal the XML data as a complete document or

 * as a fragment.

 *

 * <p>

 * Here is a simple example that unmarshals an XML document and then marshals

 * it back out:

 *

 * <pre>

 *        JAXBContext jc = JAXBContext.newInstance( "com.acme.foo" );

 *

 *        // unmarshal from foo.xml

 *        Unmarshaller u = jc.createUnmarshaller();

 *        FooObject fooObj = (FooObject)u.unmarshal( new File( "foo.xml" ) );

 *

 *        // marshal to System.out

 *        Marshaller m = jc.createMarshaller();

 *        m.marshal( fooObj, System.out );

 * </pre>

 *

 *

 * <h3>Validation</h3>

 * <p>

 * Validation has been changed significantly since JAXB 1.0.  The {@link Validator}

 * class has been deprecated and made optional.  This means that you are advised

 * not to use this class and, in fact, it may not even be available depending on

 * your JAXB provider.  JAXB 1.0 client applications that rely on <tt>Validator</tt>

 * will still work properly when deployed with the JAXB 1.0 runtime system.

 *

 * In JAXB 2.0, the {@link Unmarshaller} has included convenince methods that expose

 * the JAXP 1.3 {@link javax.xml.validation} framework.  Please refer to the

 * {@link Unmarshaller#setSchema(javax.xml.validation.Schema)} API for more

 * information.

 *

 *

 * <h3>JAXB Runtime Binding Framework Compatibility</h3>

 * <p>

 * The following JAXB 1.0 restriction only applies to binding schema to

 * interfaces/implementation classes.

 * Since this binding does not require a common runtime system, a JAXB

 * client application must not attempt to mix runtime objects (<tt>JAXBContext,

 * Marshaller</tt>, etc. ) from different providers.  This does not

 * mean that the client application isn't portable, it simply means that a

 * client has to use a runtime system provided by the same provider that was

 * used to compile the schema.

 *

 *

 * <h3>Discovery of JAXB implementation</h3>

 * <p>

 * When one of the <tt>newInstance</tt> methods is called, a JAXB implementation is discovered

 * by the following steps.

 *

 * <ol>

 * <li>

 * For each package/class explicitly passed in to the {@link #newInstance} method, in the order they are specified,

 * <tt>jaxb.properties</tt> file is looked up in its package, by using the associated classloader &mdash;

 * this is {@link Class#getClassLoader() the owner class loader} for a {@link Class} argument, and for a package

 * the specified {@link ClassLoader}.

 *

 * <p>

 * If such a file is discovered, it is {@link Properties#load(InputStream) loaded} as a property file, and

 * the value of the {@link #JAXB_CONTEXT_FACTORY} key will be assumed to be the provider factory class.

 * This class is then loaded by the associated classloader discussed above.

 *

 * <p>

 * This phase of the look up allows some packages to force the use of a certain JAXB implementation.

 * (For example, perhaps the schema compiler has generated some vendor extension in the code.)

 *

 * <li>

 * If the system property {@link #JAXB_CONTEXT_FACTORY} exists, then its value is assumed to be the provider

 * factory class. This phase of the look up enables per-JVM override of the JAXB implementation.

 *

 * <li>

 * Look for <tt>/META-INF/services/javax.xml.bind.JAXBContext</tt> file in the associated classloader.

 * This file follows the standard service descriptor convention, and if such a file exists, its content

 * is assumed to be the provider factory class. This phase of the look up is for automatic discovery.

 * It allows users to just put a JAXB implementation in a classpath and use it without any furhter configuration.

 *

 * <li>

 * Finally, if all the steps above fail, then the rest of the look up is unspecified. That said,

 * the recommended behavior is to simply look for some hard-coded platform default JAXB implementation.

 * This phase of the look up is so that JavaSE can have its own JAXB implementation as the last resort.

 * </ol>

 *

 * <p>

 * Once the provider factory class is discovered, its

 * <tt>public static JAXBContext createContext(String,ClassLoader,Map)</tt> method

 * (see {@link #newInstance(String, ClassLoader, Map)} for the parameter semantics.)

 * or <tt>public static JAXBContext createContet(Class[],Map)</tt> method

 * (see {@link #newInstance(Class[], Map)} for the parameter semantics) are invoked

 * to create a {@link JAXBContext}.

 *

 * @author <ul><li>Ryan Shoemaker, Sun Microsystems, Inc.</li><li>Kohsuke Kawaguchi, Sun Microsystems, Inc.</li><li>Joe Fialli, Sun Microsystems, Inc.</li></ul>

 * @see Marshaller

 * @see Unmarshaller

 * @see S 7.4.1 "Named Packages" in Java Language Specification</a>

 * @since 1.6, JAXB 1.0

 */

public abstract class JAXBContext {

    /**

     * The name of the property that contains the name of the class capable

     * of creating new <tt>JAXBContext</tt> objects.

     */

    public static final String JAXB_CONTEXT_FACTORY =

        "javax.xml.bind.context.factory";

    protected JAXBContext() {

    }

    /**

     * <p>

     * Obtain a new instance of a <tt>JAXBContext</tt> class.

     *

     * <p>

     * This is a convenience method to invoke the

     * {@link #newInstance(String,ClassLoader)} method with

     * the context class loader of the current thread.

     *

     * @throws JAXBException if an error was encountered while creating the

     *                       <tt>JAXBContext</tt> such as

     * <ol>

     *   <li>failure to locate either ObjectFactory.class or jaxb.index in the packages</li>

     *   <li>an ambiguity among global elements contained in the contextPath</li>

     *   <li>failure to locate a value for the context factory provider property</li>

     *   <li>mixing schema derived packages from different providers on the same contextPath</li>

     * </ol>

     */

    public static JAXBContext newInstance( String contextPath )

        throws JAXBException {

        //return newInstance( contextPath, JAXBContext.class.getClassLoader() );

        return newInstance( contextPath, getContextClassLoader());

    }

    /**

     * <p>

     * Obtain a new instance of a <tt>JAXBContext</tt> class.

     *

     * <p>

     * The client application must supply a context path which is a list of

     * colon (':', \u005Cu003A) separated java package names that contain

     * schema-derived classes and/or fully qualified JAXB-annotated classes.

     * Schema-derived

     * code is registered with the JAXBContext by the

     * ObjectFactory.class generated per package.

     * Alternatively than being listed in the context path, programmer

     * annotated JAXB mapped classes can be listed in a

     * <tt>jaxb.index</tt> resource file, format described below.

     * Note that a java package can contain both schema-derived classes and

     * user annotated JAXB classes. Additionally, the java package may

     * contain JAXB package annotations  that must be processed. (see JLS,

     * Section 7.4.1 "Named Packages").

     * </p>

     *

     * <p>

     * Every package listed on the contextPath must meet <b>one or both</b> of the

     * following conditions otherwise a <tt>JAXBException</tt> will be thrown:

     * </p>

     * <ol>

     *   <li>it must contain ObjectFactory.class</li>

     *   <li>it must contain jaxb.index</li>

     * </ol>

     *

     * <p>

     * <b>Format for jaxb.index</b>

     * <p>

     * The file contains a newline-separated list of class names.

     * Space and tab characters, as well as blank

     * lines, are ignored. The comment character

     * is '#' (0x23); on each line all characters following the first comment

     * character are ignored. The file must be encoded in UTF-8. Classes that

     * are reachable, as defined in {@link #newInstance(Class...)}, from the

     * listed classes are also registered with JAXBContext.

     * <p>

     * Constraints on class name occuring in a <tt>jaxb.index</tt> file are:

     * <ul>

     *   <li>Must not end with ".class".</li>

     *   <li>Class names are resolved relative to package containing

     *       <tt>jaxb.index</tt> file. Only classes occuring directly in package

     *       containing <tt>jaxb.index</tt> file are allowed.</li>

     *   <li>Fully qualified class names are not allowed.

     *       A qualified class name,relative to current package,

     *       is only allowed to specify a nested or inner class.</li>

     * </ul>

     *

     * <p>

     * To maintain compatibility with JAXB 1.0 schema to java

     * interface/implementation binding, enabled by schema customization

     * <tt>&lt;jaxb:globalBindings valueClass="false"></tt>,

     * the JAXB provider will ensure that each package on the context path

     * has a <tt>jaxb.properties</tt> file which contains a value for the

     * <tt>javax.xml.bind.context.factory</tt> property and that all values

     * resolve to the same provider.  This requirement does not apply to

     * JAXB annotated classes.

     *

     * <p>

     * If there are any global XML element name collisions across the various

     * packages listed on the <tt>contextPath</tt>, a <tt>JAXBException</tt>

     * will be thrown.

     *

     * <p>

     * Mixing generated interface/impl bindings from multiple JAXB Providers

     * in the same context path may result in a <tt>JAXBException</tt>

     * being thrown.

     *

     * <p>

     * The steps involved in discovering the JAXB implementation is discussed in the class javadoc.

     *

     * @param contextPath list of java package names that contain schema

     *                    derived class and/or java to schema (JAXB-annotated)

     *                    mapped classes

     * @param classLoader

     *      This class loader will be used to locate the implementation

     *      classes.

     *

     * @return a new instance of a <tt>JAXBContext</tt>

     * @throws JAXBException if an error was encountered while creating the

     *                       <tt>JAXBContext</tt> such as

     * <ol>

     *   <li>failure to locate either ObjectFactory.class or jaxb.index in the packages</li>

     *   <li>an ambiguity among global elements contained in the contextPath</li>

     *   <li>failure to locate a value for the context factory provider property</li>

     *   <li>mixing schema derived packages from different providers on the same contextPath</li>

     * </ol>

     */

    public static JAXBContext newInstance( String contextPath, ClassLoader classLoader ) throws JAXBException {

        return newInstance(contextPath,classLoader,Collections.<String,Object>emptyMap());

    }

    /**

     * <p>

     * Obtain a new instance of a <tt>JAXBContext</tt> class.

     *

     * <p>

     * This is mostly the same as {@link JAXBContext#newInstance(String, ClassLoader)},

     * but this version allows you to pass in provider-specific properties to configure

     * the instantiation of {@link JAXBContext}.

     *

     * <p>

     * The interpretation of properties is up to implementations. Implementations should

     * throw <tt>JAXBException</tt> if it finds properties that it doesn't understand.

     *

     * @param contextPath list of java package names that contain schema derived classes

     * @param classLoader

     *      This class loader will be used to locate the implementation classes.

     * @param properties

     *      provider-specific properties. Can be null, which means the same thing as passing

     *      in an empty map.

     *

     * @return a new instance of a <tt>JAXBContext</tt>

     * @throws JAXBException if an error was encountered while creating the

     *                       <tt>JAXBContext</tt> such as

     * <ol>

     *   <li>failure to locate either ObjectFactory.class or jaxb.index in the packages</li>

     *   <li>an ambiguity among global elements contained in the contextPath</li>

     *   <li>failure to locate a value for the context factory provider property</li>

     *   <li>mixing schema derived packages from different providers on the same contextPath</li>

     * </ol>

     * @since 1.6, JAXB 2.0

     */

    public static JAXBContext newInstance( String contextPath, ClassLoader classLoader, Map<String,?>  properties  )

        throws JAXBException {

        return ContextFinder.find(

                        /* The default property name according to the JAXB spec */

                        JAXB_CONTEXT_FACTORY,

                        /* the context path supplied by the client app */

                        contextPath,

                        /* class loader to be used */

                        classLoader,

                        properties );

    }

// TODO: resurrect this once we introduce external annotations

//    /**

//     * <p>

//     * Obtain a new instance of a <tt>JAXBContext</tt> class.

//     *

//     * <p>

//     * The client application must supply a list of classes that the new

//     * context object needs to recognize.

//     *

//     * Not only the new context will recognize all the classes specified,

//     * but it will also recognize any classes that are directly/indirectly

//     * referenced statically from the specified classes.

//     *

//     * For example, in the following Java code, if you do

//     * <tt>newInstance(Foo.class)</tt>, the newly created {@link JAXBContext}

//     * will recognize both <tt>Foo</tt> and <tt>Bar</tt>, but not <tt>Zot</tt>:

//     * <pre>

//     * class Foo {

//     *      Bar b;

//     * }

//     * class Bar { int x; }

//     * class Zot extends Bar { int y; }

//     * </pre>

//     *

//     * Therefore, a typical client application only needs to specify the

//     * top-level classes, but it needs to be careful.

//     *

//     * TODO: if we are to define other mechanisms, refer to them.

//     *

//     * @param externalBindings

//     *      list of external binding files. Can be null or empty if none is used.

//     *      when specified, those files determine how the classes are bound.

//     *

//     * @param classesToBeBound

//     *      list of java classes to be recognized by the new {@link JAXBContext}.

//     *      Can be empty, in which case a {@link JAXBContext} that only knows about

//     *      spec-defined classes will be returned.

//     *

//     * @return

//     *      A new instance of a <tt>JAXBContext</tt>. Always non-null valid object.

//     *

//     * @throws JAXBException

//     *      if an error was encountered while creating the

//     *      <tt>JAXBContext</tt>, such as (but not limited to):

//     * <ol>

//     *  <li>No JAXB implementation was discovered

//     *  <li>Classes use JAXB annotations incorrectly

//     *  <li>Classes have colliding annotations (i.e., two classes with the same type name)

//     *  <li>Specified external bindings are incorrect

//     *  <li>The JAXB implementation was unable to locate

//     *      provider-specific out-of-band information (such as additional

//     *      files generated at the development time.)

//     * </ol>

//     *

//     * @throws IllegalArgumentException

//     *      if the parameter contains {@code null} (i.e., {@code newInstance(null);})

//     *

//     * @since JAXB 2.0

//     */

//    public static JAXBContext newInstance( Source[] externalBindings, Class... classesToBeBound )

//        throws JAXBException {

//

//        // empty class list is not an error, because the context will still include

//        // spec-specified classes like String and Integer.

//        // if(classesToBeBound.length==0)

//        //    throw new IllegalArgumentException();

//

//        // but it is an error to have nulls in it.

//        for( int i=classesToBeBound.length-1; i>=0; i-- )

//            if(classesToBeBound[i]==null)

//                throw new IllegalArgumentException();

//

//        return ContextFinder.find(externalBindings,classesToBeBound);

//    }

    /**

     * <p>

     * Obtain a new instance of a <tt>JAXBContext</tt> class.

     *

     * <p>

     * The client application must supply a list of classes that the new

     * context object needs to recognize.

     *

     * Not only the new context will recognize all the classes specified,

     * but it will also recognize any classes that are directly/indirectly